DATABASES

Dep. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty of Sciences and Technology University of Coimbra

LAB1 Introduction to PHP*

This first lab work aims at introducing the PHP script language and exploiting its potential to create HTML pages having dynamic contents.

1. What is PHP? .................................................................................................................. 2 2. Basics of PHP .................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 First Example ........................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Variables ................................................................................................................. 4 2.3 Comments ............................................................................................................... 4 2.4 Arithmetic Operators ................................................................................................ 5 2.5 Assignment Operators .............................................................................................. 5 2.6 Comparison Operators .............................................................................................. 6 2.7 Logical Operators ..................................................................................................... 6 3. Flow Control and Loops ................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Conditional Statements ............................................................................................. 6 3.2 Loops ...................................................................................................................... 8 4. Functions in PHP ............................................................................................................10 4.1 Information about PHP Function phpinfo() .............................................................10 4.2 Function header() ...................................................................................................11 4.3 Function date() .......................................................................................................12 4.4 Accessing Files ........................................................................................................12 5. Forms ............................................................................................................................15 6. Creating functions ..........................................................................................................15 6.1 Inclusion of other scripts inside of a script ................................................................16 7. Cookies .........................................................................................................................17 7.1 Creating a Cookie Function setcookie() ..................................................................17 7.2 Reading a Cookie Function isset() .........................................................................17 References .........................................................................................................................18 Checklist ............................................................................................................................18

Lab Work

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

1. What is PHP?
PHP is a general-purpose scripting language originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. For this purpose, PHP code is embedded into the HTML source document and interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the web page document. PHP can be deployed on most web servers and as a standalone interpreter, on almost every operating system and platform free of charge. A competitor to Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASP) server-side script engine and similar languages, PHP is currently installed on more than 20 million websites and 1 million web servers [1]. The acronym PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. However, PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page. It was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. The main implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group and serves as the de facto standard for PHP as there is no formal specification [2]. PHP is free software released under the PHP License. PHP is especially suited to server-side web development where PHP generally runs on a web server. Any PHP code in a requested file is executed by the PHP runtime, usually to create dynamic web page content or dynamic images used on web sites or elsewhere. PHP can be deployed on most web servers, many operating systems and platforms, and can be used with many relational database management systems (RDBMS). It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the complete source code for users to build, customize and extend for their own use [2]. PHP primarily acts as a filter, taking input from a file or stream containing text and/or PHP instructions and outputs another stream of data; most commonly the output will be HTML. Since PHP 4, the PHP parser compiles input to produce bytecode for processing by the Zend Engine, giving improved performance over its interpreter predecessor. Originally designed to create dynamic web pages, PHP now focuses mainly on server-side scripting, and it is similar to other server-side scripting languages that provide dynamic content from a web server to a client, such as Microsoft's Asp.net, Sun Microsystems' JavaServer Pages, and mod_perl. The LAMP architecture has become popular in the web industry as a way of deploying web applications. PHP is commonly used as the P in this bundle alongside Linux, Apache and MySQL, although the P may also refer to Python or Perl or some combination of the three. WAMP packages (Windows/ Apache/ MySQL

Lab Work

Page 2/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

/ PHP) and MAMP packages (Mac OS X / Apache / MySQL / PHP) are also available. As of April 2007, over 20 million Internet domains had web services hosted on servers with PHP installed and mod_php was recorded as the most popular Apache HTTP Server module. PHP is used as the server-side programming language on 75% of all web servers. Web content management systems written in PHP include MediaWiki, Joomla, eZ Publish, WordPress, Drupal and Moodle. All websites created using these tools are written in PHP, including the user-facing portion of Wikipedia, Facebook, and Digg.

2. Basics of PHP
Some examples are presented throughout this section and the following sections to introduce PHP. Use your student account to perform the proposed activities, i.e. edit and test these examples through a Web browser in your own webpage located in a URL like: http://alunos.deec.uc.pt/~a<student_number>...

2.1 First Example

A PHP file, i.e. a script, is basically a HTML file which includes a set of instructions to generate dynamic contents. A very simple example is presented below.
1 2 3 4 5

<html> <body> <?php echo "Hello World!"; ?> </body> </html>

Activity 1. Edit and test this first example (file: helloworld.php). Any block of PHP instructions embedded into the HTML file is delimited by tags <?php and ?> and can be placed anywhere inside the HTML file. Each line of PHP code must be terminated with ;. The most basic instructions to generate text in the HTML document are echo and print. In the example above, the former was used to print the message Hello World in the browser.

Lab Work

Page 3/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

2.2 Variables
Every variable in PHP starts with character $. Variables may contain strings, numbers or tables. In the example below, the string Hello World is assigned to a variable named $txt.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

<html> <body> <?php $txt="Hello World"; echo $txt; ?> </body> </html>

The character . can be used to concatenate two or more variables. In the example below, the message Hello World 1234 is printed in the browser.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

<html> <body> <?php $txt1="Hello World"; $txt2="1234"; echo $txt1 . " " . $txt2 ; ?> </body> </html>

Activity 2. Edit and test this example (file: concat.php).

2.3 Comments
As in C++, the sequence // represents a single comment line and a multi-line block of comments is started with /* and ended with */. An example is presented below.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

<html> <body> <?php // This is a comment /* This is a multi-line block of comments */ ?> </body> </html>

Lab Work

Page 4/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

2.4 Arithmetic Operators

Operator Description Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Examples Results

+ * /

x=2 x+2 x=2 5-x x=4 x*5 15/5 5/2 5%2 10%8 10%2 x=5 x++ x=5 x--

4 3 20 3 2.5 1 2 0 x=6 x=4

Modulus (remainder of division)

++ --

Increment Decrement

2.5 Assignment Operators

Operator Example Meaning

= += -= *= /= %=

x=y x+=y x-=y x*=y x/=y x%=y

x=y x=x+y x=x-y x=x*y x=x/y x=x%y

Activity 3. Copy the file helloworld.php to operators.php and expand the code in the latter file to test the operands above. Use echo statements to show the operands result.

Lab Work

Page 5/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

2.6 Comparison Operators

Operator Description Is equal to Is different from Is Greater than Is Less than Is Greater or equal than Is Less or equal than Example Result False True False True False True

== != > < >= <=

5==8 5!=8 5>8 5<8 5>=8 5<=8

2.7 Logical Operators

Operator Description And Or Not Example Result True False True

&& || !

x=6; y=3 (x < 10 && y > 1) x=6; y=3 (x==5 || y==5) x=6; y=3 !(x==y)

3. Flow Control and Loops

3.1 Conditional Statements
Conditional statements are often required to choose different actions according different decisions. There are two types of conditional statements in PHP: if else do an action if a logical condition is true otherwise (else) do another action. switch select an action from a set of different actions according different values of a given expression.

3.1.1 If Statement
The if statement has the following syntax:
1 2 3 4

if <condition> <block to be executed if condition is true> else <block to be executed if condition is false>

Lab Work

Page 6/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

In the example below, the message Have a nice weekend will be presented if today is Friday and Have a nice day otherwise.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

<html> <body> <?php $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") echo "Have a nice weekend!"; else echo "Have a nice day!"; ?> </body> </html>

As in C/C++, if a conditional block has multiple statements, curly brackets are used to delimit them (see the example below).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

<html> <body> <?php date_default_timezone_set('Europe/Lisbon'); $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") { echo "Have a nice weekend!<br />"; echo "See you next week."; } else { echo "Have a nice day!<br />"; echo "See you tomorrow."; } ?> </body> </html>

Activity 4. Edit and test this example (file: weekday.php).

3.1.2 Switch Statement

The switch statement has the following syntax:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

switch <expression> { case <value1>: <block1> break; case <value2>: <block2> break; default: <default_block> break; }

The statement tests sequentially the enumerated cases until the value mentioned in a case statement matches the expression value. Then, the respective block is executed. The break statement is used to avoid executing automatically the

Lab Work

Page 7/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

code block in next case. The default statement defines a block that is executed whenever none of the cases applies. An example is presented below.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

<html> <body> <?php $x=2; switch ($x) { case 1: echo "Number 1"; break; case 2: echo "Number 2"; break; case 3: echo "Number 3"; break; default: echo "It is not a number between 1 and 3"; } ?> </body> </html>

Activity 5. Edit and test this example (file: whatnumber.php). Activity 6. Write the script today.php to print in the Web browser what weekday is today.

3.2 Loops
Loops are often required to repeat the execution of a sequence of statements. In PHP, loops can be programmed using the following statements: while executes a block while a given condition is true; dowhile executes a block once and repeat it while a given condition is true; for executes a block a given number of times; foreach executes a block for each element of a table.

3.2.1 While Loop

The while statement has the following syntax:
1 2

while <condition> <block>

The example below contains a loop that is repeated while a variable is less or equal than 5. The variable is incremented on each iteration.
1 2 3 4 5 6

<html> <body> <?php $i=1; while($i<=5) {

Lab Work

Page 8/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

7 8 9 10 11 12

echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />"; $i++; } ?> </body> </html>

Activity 7. Edit and test this example (file: whileloop.php).

3.2.2 Do-While Loop

The dowhile statement has the following syntax:
1 2 3

do <block> while <condition>;

The example below contains a loop that is executed once and repeated while a variable is less than 5. The variable is incremented on each iteration.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

<html> <body> <?php $i=0; do { $i++; echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />"; } while ($i<5); ?> </body> </html>

Activity 8. Edit and test this example (file: dowhileloop.php).

3.2.3 For Loop

The for statement has the following syntax:
14 15

for (initiate_counter; condition; update_counter) <block>

It has three parameters: the first one is used to set the loop counter initial value; the second one is the logical condition that must evaluate to true before each iteration, otherwise the loop ends; the third one is an arithmetic operation with the loop counter (e.g. increment counter). The example below displays 5 times the message Hello World. On each iteration, it also displays the counter value.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

<html> <body> <?php for ($i=1; $i<=5; $i++) { echo "Hello World! "; echo $i . "<br />";

Lab Work

Page 9/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

8 9 10 11

} ?> </body> </html>

Activity 9. Edit and test this example (file: forloop.php).

3.2.4 Foreach Loop

The foreach statement has the following syntax:
1 2

foreach (<array> as <variable>) <block>

This loop searches an array (or table). On each iteration, current entry is assigned to a variable and a pointer to the array is automatically set to point to next entry. The example below displays the contents of a simple array.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

<html> <body> <?php $a=array("one", "two", "three"); foreach ($a as $value) { echo "Current element: " . $value . "<br />"; } ?> </body> </html>

Activity 10. Edit and test this example (file: foreachloop.php).

4. Functions in PHP
In this section, some functions supported by PHP will be presented. Please refer to [3] for a complete list of functions and more detailed information.

4.1 Information about PHP Function phpinfo()

The function phpinfo() can be used to print some useful information about PHP, namely the version being used and how it is configured. It is useful to solve problems related with PHP configuration. The example below calls twice function phpinfo(). In the first call, only general information is retrieved. In the second call, all the information is retrieved.
1 2 3 4 5 6

<html> <body> <?php // General information only phpinfo(INFO_GENERAL); // All the information

Lab Work

Page 10/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

7 8 9 10

phpinfo(); ?> </body> </html>

Table 1. Options available in function phpinfo(). Option Description General information about PHP server PHP credits

INFO_GENERAL INFO_CREDITS INFO_MODULES INFO_ENVIRONMENT INFO_VARIABLES INFO_LICENSE INFO_ALL

INFO_CONFIGURATION Current Local and Master values for PHP directives

Loaded modules and their respective settings Environment variables information Shows all predefined variables (system, GET, POST, Cookie, Server) PHP license information Shows all of the above (default option)

Activity 11. Edit and test this example (file: phpinfo.php).

4.1.1 PHP Server Variables

Every server stores important information, such as users URL, browser being used, etc. This kind of information is stored in server variables. In PHP, the variable $_SERVER contains important information about the PHP server. The variable is global, which means that it can be accessed from any point in a PHP script. In the example below, it is displayed the users URL, the browser being used and the users IP.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

<html> <body> <?php echo "URL: " . $_SERVER["HTTP_REFERER"] . "<br />"; echo "Browser: " . $_SERVER["HTTP_USER_AGENT"] . "<br />"; echo "IP address: " . $_SERVER["REMOTE_ADDR"]; ?> </body> </html>

Activity 12. Edit and test this example (file: phpservervars.php).

4.2 Function header()

The function header() can be used to send directly HTTP headers to the destination. It is important to call this function in the very beginning of the HTML page.

Lab Work

Page 11/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

The example below redirects the browser to the URL http://www.uc.pt.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

<?php // Redirects the browser header("Location: http://www.uc.pt"); ?> <html> <body> <?php echo "Main body"; ?> </body> </html>

Activity 13. Edit and test this example (file: redirect.php).

4.3 Function date()

The function date() can be used to retrieve date and time in a configurable format, according to the following syntax:
1

date(<date_format>[,int timestamp])

The first parameter is a string that allows specifying the display format; Table 2 (next page) presents the available options. The second one is optional and can be used to display a date different from current date. The example below calls twice function date().
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

<html> <body> <?php // e.g. Thursday 2nd June 2011, 5:49:45 PM $d = date("l jS F Y, g:i:s A"); echo "Today is " . $d . "."; ?> </body> </html>

Activity 14. Edit and test this example (file: date.php). Try different formats.

4.4 Accessing Files

PHP has a set of functions to open, read, write and close files.

4.4.1 Functions fopen() and fclose()

The function fopen() opens a file and returns a pointer that is usually stored in a variable. It accepts two parameters which are used in a very similar way to using fopen() function available in C. The first parameter specifies the filename (and its path) and the second one the mode of operation (see Table 3, page 14). If the function does not succeed, it returns 0 (false).

Lab Work

Page 12/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

Table 2. Format options in function date(). Option Description am or pm AM or PM Swatch Internet time (000-999) Day of the month with a leading zero (01-31) Three characters that represent the day of week (Mon-Sun) The full name of the month (January-December) The hour in 12-hour format without a leading zero (1-12) The hour in 24-hour format without a leading zero (0-23) The hour in 12-hour format with a leading zero (01-12) The hour in 24-hour format with a leading zero (00-23) The minutes with a leading zero (00-59) 1 if the date is in daylight saving time, 0 otherwise Day of the month without a leading zero (1-31) The full name of the day (Monday-Sunday) 1 if the year is a leap year, 0 otherwise The month as number, with a leading zero (01-12) Three characters that represent the name of the month (Jan-Dec) The month as a number, without a leading zero (1-12) The difference to Greenwich time (GMT) in hours An RFC 822 formatted date (e.g. Tue, 2 Jun. 2011 17:23:35 +0400) The seconds with a leading zero (00-59) The English ordinal suffix for the day of the month (st, nd, rd or th) The number of days in the given month (28-31) The local time zone (e.g. GMT) The number of seconds since the Unix Epoch (Jan. 1 1970, 00:00:00, GMT) The day of week as a number (0-6, 0=Sunday) ISO-8601 week number of year, weeks starting on Monday The year as a 4-digit number (e.g. 2009) The year as a 2-digit number (e.g. 09) The day of the year as a number (0-366)

a A B d D F g G h H i I j l L m M n O r s S t T U w W Y y z

The function fclose() is used to close a file which was previously open with fopen().
1

fclose(<pointer>);

Lab Work

Page 13/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

Table 3. Mode options in function fopen(). Mode Description Read only. The file pointer is set to the beginning of the file. Read/Write. The file pointer is set to the beginning of the file. Write only. Either clears the file if the file exists or creates a new file. Read/Write. Either clears the file if the file exists or creates a new file. Append. The file pointer is set to the end of the file if the file exists or creates a new file. Read/Append. The file pointer is set to the end of the file if the file exists or creates a new file. Create and open for writing only. If the file already exists, the fopen() call will return an error, otherwise creates it. Create and open for read/write. If the file already exists, the fopen() call will return an error, otherwise creates it.

r r+ w w+ a a+ x x+

4.4.2 Functions feof(), fgetc() and fwrite()

The function feof() accepts a pointer to a file and can be used to check whether the end of the file has been reached, returning 1 (true) or 0 (false).
1

feof(<pointer>);

Functions fgetc() and fwrite() can be used to, respectively, read a single character from a file or write a single character to a file. Both functions advance the file pointer. The file should have been open in the appropriate mode.
1

fgetc(<pointer>);

fwrite(<pointer>, <character>);

In the example below, a file is open in read mode, it is read and the number of characters read is displayed.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

<html> <body> <?php $name = "file.txt"; echo "Contents of the file '" . $name . "':<br /><br />"; $f = fopen($name, "r"); if (!$f) exit("ERROR: Cannot open file."); $c=0; $s = ""; while (!feof($f)) { $s = $s . fgetc($f); $c++; } echo $s; fclose($f); echo "<br /><br />" . $c . " characters was(were) read."; ?> </body> </html>

Lab Work

Page 14/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

Activity 15. Edit and test this example (file: filesfun.php).

5. Forms
HTML allows defining forms to read data from keyboard. It is important to know how data can be automatically passed to a PHP script. The example below shows a HTML file with two text boxes to read data from keyboard.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

<html> <body> <form action="welcome.php" method="POST"> Name: <input type="text" name="name" /> Age: <input type="text" name="age" /> <input type="submit" /> </form </body> </html> </body> </html>

When the user clicks in the submit button, the PHP script welcome.php is executed. It is presented below an example of a script that processes data inserted in the previous form.
1 2 3 4 5 6

<html> <body> Welcome <?php echo $_POST["name"]; ?>.<br /> You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old. </body> </html>

Variables $_POST["name"] and $_POST["age"] are automatically defined by PHP. Table $_POST contains every data sent through POST method of HTML forms. Activity 16. Edit and test this example of a form (files: form.html and welcome.php).

6. Creating functions
It is possible to create new functions in PHP. This feature makes scripts more modular and makes easier reusing PHP code. A function may accept parameters and return a result with
1

return <result>; A function can only return one result. If a complex result needs to be

returned, an array can be returned. Parameters of a function are listed as an argument list, e.g.:

Lab Work

Page 15/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

function myfun($arg1, $arg2)

The function is called through its name and listing the parameters, e.g.:
1

$result = myfun(4, 7);

The example below defines the function computeVolume() which accepts three parameters and computes a volume.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

<?php function computeVolume($x, $y, $z) { $vol = $x * $y * $z; return $vol; } ?>

6.1 Inclusion of other scripts inside of a script

It is possible in PHP to include a script (an external file) inside another script before the PHP server executes it, by using the function require(). This possibility is often used to create functions, headers and footers that are used many times in different scripts. The example below calls the function computeVolume() defined in the external script named computeVolume.php.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

<html> <head> <!-- Redirects the browser after 3s --> <meta HTTP-EQUIV="refresh" content="5 url=volume.html"> <body> <?php require("computeVolume.php"); echo "The volume is equal to " . computeVolume($_POST["length"], $_POST["width"], $_POST["height"]) . " m3."; ?> </br /> </br /> </br /> You will be redirected to the initial page in 3s... </body> </html>

The parameters are read through the following form:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

<html> <head> <title> Volume Computation </title> <body> <h1> Volume Computation </h1> <form action="callComputeVolume.php" method="POST"> Length (m): <input type="text" name="length" /> Width (m): <input type="text" name="width" /> Height (m): <input type="text" name="height" /> Page 16/18 MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

Lab Work

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

14 15 16 17

<input type="submit" /> </form </body> </html>

Activity

17. Edit and test this example (files: callComputeVolume.php and volume.html).

computeVolume.php,

7. Cookies
A cookie is used to identify a user or some information about the user (e.g. preferences). A cookie is a small file which the browser stores in the users computer. Whenever the same computer sends a request of a web page, the browser sends to the remote HTML server all the cookies stored in the local computer that are related with that server. It is possible to create and access cookies in PHP.

7.1 Creating a Cookie Function setcookie()

The function setcookie() can be used to create cookies. It is usually included before the <html> tag, with the following syntax:
1

setcookie(<name>, <value>, expiration_time, <path>, <domain>);

The example below creates a cookie named username which expires in 1 minute.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

<?php setcookie("username", $nome, time()+60); ?> <html> <body> <p> A cookie was created in this page! It will be active for 1 minute. </p> </body> </html>

7.2 Reading a Cookie Function isset()

Whenever a cookie is created, its name exists in PHP as an element of the array variable $_COOKIE. The function isset() can be used to check whether the cookie exists before trying to access it. The example below test whether cookie username exists and retrieves its value.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

<html> <body> <?php if ( isset($_COOKIE["username"]) ) echo "Welcome " . $_COOKIE["username "] . "!<br />"; else echo "You are not registered in our system.<br />"; ?>

Lab Work

Page 17/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC

LAB1 Introduction to PHP

Databases

9 10

</body> </html>

Activity 18. Create a script that counts the number of visits to the page based on a cookie (file: visits.php). Choose the cookie expiration time to be 5 seconds in order to make easier testing the script.

References
[1] PHP Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, May 28, 2011. [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP [2] PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, 2011. [Online]. Available: http://pt.php.net Last visited: May 30, 2011.

Last visited: May 30, 2011. Last visited: Jun. 2, 2011.

[3] PHP Function List, 2011. [Online]. Available: http://pt.php.net/quickref.php

Checklist
Activity Progress (%) Description 1-3 4-6 7 - 10 11 - 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 20

helloworld.php, concat.php and operators.php weekday.php, whatnumber.php and today.php whileloop.php, dowhileloop.php, forloop.php and foreachloop.php phpinfo.php, phpservervars.php and redirect.php date.php filesfun.php form.html and welcome.php computeVolume.php, callComputeVolume.php and volume.html visits.php

Handout prepared by Rui P. Rocha (DEEC-FCTUC) on June 2011, in the scope of the Databases discipline of the M.Sc. course on Electrical and Computer Engineering (MiEEC).
*

Lab Work

Page 18/18

MiEEC, DEEC-FCTUC