ORAL MIC ANA LEC FINALS (4) ORAL MUCOSA Type of mucosa that covers oral cavity Oral

Oral cavity is lined with an uninterrupted mucous membrane, which is continuous with skin near the vermillion Part of the epithelium that covers the oral cavity Maybe keratinized or non-keratinized depending to the use of that part Those engage in the masticatory functionKERATINIZED not-NON-KERATINIZED

Possess taste buds Includes: o Dorsum of the tongue

Anterior 2/3 (masticatory) Posterior 1/3 (linig)

FUNCTIONS OF ORAL MUCOSA Protection Sensation Secretion Permeabilityand Absorptioin Thermal Regulation Protection o As a surface lining, it separates and protects deeper tissues and organs in the oral region from the environment of the oral cavity o Acts as a major barrier from the mechanical forces (seizing, biting, chewing of food and surface abrasion from the hard particles in the diet), from which the oral soft tissues are exposed

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ORAL MUCOSA:

MASTICATORY MUCOSA Free and attached gingiva and hard palate comes in primary contact with food during mastication and is keratinized (Keratinized epithelium) Has keratinized epithelium because it is subjected to abrasive forces such as grinding and moving the ingested food in the oral cavity Includes: o Gingiva-free and attached o Hard palate LINING MUCOSA The lips, cheeks, vestibule, floor of the mouth, soft palate. It does not function in mastication and therefore has little attrition. It is soft, pliable and non-keratinized (Non-keratinized Epithelium) Act as protective lining of the more sheltered areas Includes: o Those firmly attached to the underlying bone, fascia or muscle o Those loosely attached to the underlying bone, fascia or muscle Firmly Attached Lining Mucosa: Soft palate Lips Cheeks Inferior surface of the tongue Tonsils Loosely Attached Lining Mucosa Alveolar Mucosa Vestibular Mucosa Mucosa of the floor of the mouth (sublingual sulcus) SPECIALIZED MUCOSA On the dorsal surface (dorsum) of the tongue. It is covered with cornified epithelial papillae; presence of papillae Rough and irregular because of protruding papillae

Sensation o The receptors of the mouth respond to

o

temperature, touch, pain, taste (taste buds) Certain receptors respond to the taste of water and signal the satisfaction of thirst Reflexes of swallowing, gagging, retching and salivating (acidic foods) are also initiated by receptors

Secretion o The major secretion associated with the oral mucosa is saliva. It contributes to the maintenance of a moist surface. Sebaceous glands are present but their secretions are insignificant

Permeability and Absorption

o o The thinnest epithelial region, the floor of the mouth, may be more permeable than other areas Certain drugs such as nitroglycerin (administered to relieve angina pectoris) are successfully absorbed when under the tongue (sublingual)

Thermal Regulation o In some animals, the mucosa plays a major role in thermal regulation by dissipating heat through the oral mucosa plays no role in regulating body temperature.

GENERAL HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORAL MUCOSA

2 Main Tissue Components

1. Oral Epithelium stratified squamous 2.

epithelium Lamina Propia or Corium underlying connective tissue layer 1. Surface Epithelium a. Keratinized o Orthokeratinized o Parakeratotic Keratinization Types: o Orthokeratinization- about 20-30% of the gingiva, stratum corneum is homogeneous and made-up of flat, closely packed keratinized cells without nuclei o Parakeratinization- approximately 50-70% of the cases the stratum corneum is homogeneous and consists of flat keratinized cells with pyknotic nuclei and remnants of cytoplasmic organelles o Incomplete Keratinization- least common type approximately 7-10% of cases and is seen only in the region of the marginal gingiva. Stratum corneum is homogeneous and consists of 2 cell types which occasionally from two superimposed layers b. Non-Keratinized 2. Lamina Propria a. Papillary Layer b. Reticular Layer Oral Epithelium (Surface Epithelium) Keratinized Epithelium (Layers) Keratinous Layer or Stratum Corneum (outermost) Granular Layer or Stratum Granulosum Prickle Cell or Stratum Spinosum Basal Cell Layer or Stratum Basale Basal Lamina Basement Membrane or Membrana Propria (innermost) Non-Keratinized Epithelium Layers Superficial Layer (Stratum Superficiale) Intermediate Layer (Stratum Intermedium) Basal Cell Layer (Statum Basale) *no Stratum Corneum and Stratum Granulosum LAYERS OF KERATINIZED SURFACE

assume the form of hexagonal disks called squames

2. Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)

o

Consist of two layers

larger flattened cells containing small granules called keratohyalin granules In some regions of the masticatory oral epithelium (eg, the gingiva), these granules are difficult to see clearly under the light microscope

3. Stratum Spinosum (Prickle Cell Layer) o above the basal layer are several
rows of larger elliptical or spherical cells known as the prickle cell layer or stratum spinosum. o this term arises from the appearance of the cells prepared for histologic examination

4. Stratum Basale (Basal Layer) o cuboidal or columnar cells containing

o 5. tonofilament and other cell organelles site of most cell divisions

Stratum Intermedium o slightly increase in cell size as well as accumulation of glucose in all of the surface layer o rare occasion, keratohyalin granules can be seen

6. Stratum Superficiale (Superficial Layer)

o

cells appear slightly flattened than in the preceding layers and contain dispersed tonofilaments and nuclei, the number of other cell organelles having diminished

Layers of Lamina Propia/Corium Papillary Layer or Connective Tissue Papillae Indents and interdigitates with the epithelium (rete ridges/pegs) May be short or absent in some mucosa Reticular Layer Consists of densely arranged connective tissue fibers (reticular) LINING MUCOSA Lips Lined by a moist, stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium Non-keratinized mucosa is distinguished by a red border known as vermillion border 3 Reason why vermillion border is red: o Epithelium is thin o This epithelium contain eleidin, which is transparent o The blood vessels are near the surface of the papillary layer

1. Stratum Corneum (Keratinous Layer) o dehydrated and

extremely flattened (and thus more resistant to mechanical damage and chemical solvents)

Soft Palate Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium Highly vascularized More pink than the mucosa of the keratinized hard palate lamina propia contains many small blood vessels Beneath the connective tissue of the lamina propia is the submucosa which contains muscles and mucous glands Cheeks Mucosa is same as the lips and soft palate, however, the submucosa containing fat cells and mixed glands (seromucous) located within and between the muscle fibers The presence of these glands is a unique feature of the cheeks Ventral Surface of the Tongue (under) Lining mucosa also contains lamina propia and submucosa In the submucosa, muscle fibers are located under the surface of the tongue The entire areas exhibit dense, interfaced muscle and connective tissue Floor of the Mouth Non-keratinized mucous membrane Covering appears loosely attached to the lamina propia in contrast to the mucosa of the central surface of the tongue which is firmly attached Presence of minor salivary glands and right and left major mucous glands, the sublingual glands GINGIVA INTERDENTAL GINGIVA Firmly attached Pointed and not blunt Pale pink (red inflammation) FREE GINGIVA A narrow band of tissue that follows the scalloped contour of the necks of the teeth and the CEJ Free because it can be moved mechanically along tooth surface as well as away from the tooth Has an epithelial attachment maintained by junctional epithelium along the tooth surface Separated from the attached gingival by a slight indentation called the Free Gingival Groove, whose level corresponds approximately to that of the bottom of the gingival sulcus Marginal Gingiva o Part of free gingival that tapers to a knife-like edge extending along the

cervical level of the tooth on labial or buccal and lingual surfaces Interdental Gingival Papilla o Bulges of gingival tissue on all occlusal direction in between teeth Interdental Col o Constriction in between the facial and lingual interdental gingival papilla Gingival Sulcus o Shallow groove extending around the circumference of the tooth o Depth varies from 0.6mm and has the average depth of 1.8mm

ATTACHED GINGIVA Part attached to the teeth and alveolar bone It is bounded coronally by the free gingival groove and apically by the mucogingival junction DENTOGINGIVAL JUNCTION Represents a unique anatomic feature concerned with attachment og the gingival to the tooth Ectodermal in origin GINGIVAL LIGAMENT OR SUPRA-ALVEOLAR FIBER APPARATUS Dentogingival fibers Dentopeiosteal fibers Alveologingival fibers Circular and semicircular fibers Transseptal fibers Transgingival and intergingival fibers Interpapillary fibers Periosteogingival fibers Intercircular fibers Dentogingival Fibers Most numerous, consists of 3 groups o First group extends from the cementum in an obliquely coronal direction o Second group streams horizontal from cementum into the free marginal gingival o Third group many of which run parallel with the dentoperiosteal fibers Dentoperiosteal Fibers Insert into the supraalveolar cementum at the same level as the transseptal fibers, pass apically over the crest of the alveolar bone into the periosteum of the outer and inner plates of the alveolar process Alveologingival Fibers Insert into the crestof alveolar bone, course coronally and enter the free and attached sections of the marginal and interdental gingival

Circular and Semicircular Circular Small group of fibers that forms a band around the neck of the tooth helping to bond the free gingival into the tooth Semicircular Encircle only the vestibular surface of the tooth Transseptal Fibers Cementum to cementum attachment Also known as interdental fibers Bind the supralaveolar cementum of one tooth to that of the adjacent tooth Implicated as a major cause of ost-retention relapse of orthodontically positioned teeth

Transgingival and Intergingival Fibers Transgingival Identical with semicircular, insert interdentally into a supraalveolar cementum, pass obliquely through the interdental tissue stream into the free gingival of the adjacent tooth where they may unite Intergingival From a continuous series of fibers running under the epithelium along both the vestibular and oral aspects of the dental arch converging distal to the last molar Interpapillary Fibers Cross through the free portion or interdental gingival tissue in an orovestibular direction to tie the oral and vestibular gingival papillae together HARD PALATE Roof of the mouth and is supported by the palatine processes of the maxilla and horizontal parts of the palatine bone At the level of the alveolar tuberosity, it joins the soft palate (posterior) DORSUM OF TONGUE Circumvallate papillae biggest Fungiform papillae mushroom appearance Foliate papillae lateral posterior side of the tongue; contains taste buds TASTE BUDS Microscopically visible Tip (most) sweet Tip salty Lateral (sides) sour Posterior (back) bitter