Lab #10: How Chemicals Change Introduction: When a physical change occurs, only the form of the substance

changes. Chemical changes, however, result in the formation of new substances with different properties. Some general signs of a chemical change include a change of color or odor, the formation of a precipitate (solid), the formation of a gas, and a change in heat or light. In this lab, you will perform different activities and, based on your observations, determine whether a chemical or physical change has taken place. Objectives: 1. To investigate some characteristics of chemical changes. 2. To learn that a chemical change changes the composition of the substance. 3. To learn that the formation of gas bubbles is an indication of a chemical change. 4. To learn that a color change is an indication of a chemical change. 5. To learn that the disappearance of color is an indication of a chemical change. Materials needed: Apple Match Test tubes Clear plastic cup Knife Stir rod Vinegar Water Spatula Procedure: 1. Create a data chart in your lab notebook. It can look something like this: Experiment Hypothesis: (What Observations (before and Physical or Number do you think will after) Chemical? happen?) How do you know? Baking soda Paper Water Clorox bleach Milk Food coloring Ammonium nitrate Pen Hydrogen peroxide Calcium chloride Rubber Band Clay Candle Splints Mossy Zinc HCl

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Experiment #1: Take the paper and cut it in half. One half, rip in any way you want. Record your observations. Experiment #2: Take the other half of the paper and write on it with the pen. Record your observations. Experiment #3: Cut an apple in half and observe the exposed section's color immediately. Observe again after a few minutes. Observe what happens to the inside color. Experiment #4: Put a pipette-full of vinegar in a test tube. Add a scoop of baking soda to the vinegar and observe.

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Experiment #5: Put one drop of food color into a test tube and add 10 ml of water. Stir and observe the color. Using a pipette add some Clorox bleach to the food coloring in the tube. Keep stirring and observe what happens to the color. Experiment #6: Stretch the rubber band. Make and record your observations. Experiment #7: Put a quarter cup of 3% hydrogen peroxide in a clear plastic cup and add a slice of apple. Observe the slice of apple.

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9. Experiment #8: Light a splint and blow it out (so that the stick is glowing). Hold it over the liquid in the cup with the apple and hydrogen peroxide. Make and record your observations.

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Experiment #9: Mold the clay into a ball. Pound it into a flat disk. Make and record your observations. Experiment #10: Add a pipette-full of milk and a pipette-full of vinegar to a test tube. Observe and record. Experiment #11: Add a pipette-full of milk to a test tube and 2 scoops of ammonium nitrate. Hold the tube in your hand. Make and record your observations. Experiment #12: Add a pipette-full of milk and 2 scoops of calcium chloride to the test tube. Hold the test tube in your hand. Make and record your observations. Experiment #13: Light a single match. Make and record your observations.

Experiment #14: Measure out 100 ml of water. Add a drop of food coloring. Make and record your observations.

16. Experiment #15: Place a piece of mossy zinc into a test tube. Add a pipette-full of hydrochloric acid. Make and record your observations.

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Experiment #16: Light a splint. Place it at the mouth of the test tube. Make and record your observations. Experiment #17A@: Add a pipette-full of lead nitrate to a test tube. Add about 10 drops of potassium iodide to the test tube. Make and record your observations.

Performance Assessment: Your family will vacation in Dakar, Senegal. As a student of science you will be given the opportunity to work at a junior chemistry laboratory. You must pass a test before you are hired at the Senegalese laboratory. Your challenge is to classify a list of chemical and physical changes. Identify as a Chemical or Physical Change: 1. Burning of a building 2. Adding sugar to lemonade 3. Water changing to steam 4. Rusting of iron 5. Fluffy egg whites 6. Leaves changing color 7. Milk turning sour 8. Faded cloth 9. Churning of milk 10. Baking rolls 11. Ripening of tomatoes 12. A stick broken into small pieces 13. Growing vegetables 14. Formation of a gas bubble 15. Disappearance of color 16. Making ice cream 17. Using hot water to expand a metal cup 18. Opened canned fruit left out of the refrigerator for a few days 19. Digestion of food 20. Popcorn popping 21. Freezing water Conclusion: a. b. c. d. e. What happened and why. What went well and why. What didnt go well and why. Were your hypotheses supported, why or why not? What were your sources of error? What would you do better next time? How could the lab be improved?