Engineeringdrawingi 090303074237 Phpapp01

Engineering Drawing
Courses ouLllne
lnLroducLlon 8aslc concepLs of englneerlng
drawlng lnsLrumenLs and Lhelr uses llrsL and
Lhlrd angle pro[ecLlons CrLhographlc drawlngs
rlnclpal vlews lsomeLrlc vlews Mlsslng llnes and
vlews SecLlonal vlews and convenLlonal
pracLlces Auxlllary vlews
2 Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
@exL 8ef books
lundamenLals of
Lnglneerlng urawlng
by lrench vlerck
MeLrlc urafLlng
by aul Wallah
urafLlng @echnology and
racLlce
by Wllllam Spence
Mechanlcal Lnglneerlng
urawlng
by ur Md Cuamrul lslam
Class Schedule
1 lnLroducLlon 8aslc urawlng racLlce
2 CrLhogonal vlews of slmple block
3 CrLhogonal vlews wlLh clrcular holes
4 CrLhogonal vlews wlLh fllleLs and rounds
3 SecLlonal vlews
6 SecLlonal vlews (convenLlonal pracLlces)
7 Auxlllary vlews
8 lsomeLrlc vlews
9 lsomeLrlc vlews wlLh clrcular holes
10 Mlsslng Llnes and Mlsslng vlews
Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
-oLe
lf a sLudenL falls Lo aLLend ln any drawlng class
he/she wlll geL 2LkC GkAD ln LhaL drawlng
-o sLudenL wlll be allowed ln Lhe class wlLhouL
necessary -@kUML-@ and -@kUC@C-
LL@
@here wlll be a U2 LkAM ]an CkAL LkAM
durlng Lhe Lerm Llme Marks obLalned ln Lhese
exams and Lhose ln drawlng performed ln Lhe
classes wlll be added LogeLher Lo calculaLe Lhe
flnal grade
Graphics Language
. Try to write a description of
this object.
2. Test your written description
by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size size, shape shape and features features completely as well as
concisely.
You can easily understand that .
Graphic language in "engineering appIication" use
ines ines to represent the surfaces surfaces, edges edges and contours contours
of objects.
A drawing can be done using freehand freehand, instruments instruments
or computer computer methods.
Composition of Graphic Language
The language is known as "drawing drawing or "drafting drafting .
Freehand drawing Freehand drawing
%he lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.
ExampIe
Instrument drawing Instrument drawing
nstruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. %hus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.
ExampIe
Computer drawing Computer drawing
%he drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.
ExampIe
Engineering
Drawing
lnLroducLlon
O An eng|neer|ng draw|ng ls a Lype of Lechnlcal
drawlng used Lo fully and clearly deflne
requlremenLs for englneered lLems and ls usually
creaLed ln accordance wlLh sLandardlzed
convenLlons for layouL nomenclaLure
lnLerpreLaLlon appearance slze eLc
O lLs purpose ls Lo accuraLely and unamblguously
capLure all Lhe geomeLrlc feaLures of a producL or
a componenL
O @he end goal of an englneerlng drawlng ls Lo
convey all Lhe requlred lnformaLlon LhaL wlll allow
a manufacLurer Lo produce LhaL componenL
urpose of an Lnglneerlng urawlng
. An engineering drawing is not an illustration.
2. t is a specification of the size and shape of a part or assembly.
3. The important information on a drawing is the dimension and
tolerance of all of its features.
EIements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics anguage graphics anguage
and word anguage word anguage.
Graphics
anguage
Describe a shape
(mainly).
Word
anguage
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.

Basic KnowIedge for Drafting
Graphics
anguage
Word
anguage
Line
types
Geometric
construction
Lettering
Projection
method
PROJECTION
METHOD
PROJECTION METHOD
Perspective
Oblique Orthographic
Axonometric
Multiview
Parallel
PROJECTION THEORY
The projection theory is based on two variables:
) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
The projection theory is used to graphically represent
3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).
Line of sight Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer's eye and an object.
Line of sight
!arae projection !arae projection
Line of sight
!erspective projection !erspective projection
There are 2 types of LOS :
parallel converge and
PIane of projection PIane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where
the LOS pierce the projection plane.
!arae projection !arae projection !erspective projection !erspective projection
Plane of projection
Plane of projection
Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is not not
used by engineer for manu-
facturing of parts, because
) t is difficult to create.
2) t does not reveal exact
shape and size.
Width is distorted
Orthographic
Projection
Orthographic
Projection
CrLhographlc pro[ecLlon
CrLhographlc comes from Lhe Creek word for sLralghL
wrlLlng (or drawlng) @hls pro[ecLlon shows Lhe ob[ecL
as lL looks from Lhe fronL rlghL lefL Lop boLLom or
back and are Lyplcally poslLloned relaLlve Lo each oLher
accordlng Lo Lhe rules of elLher llrsL Angle" or @hlrd
Angle" pro[ecLlon
lcLorlal
O 3dlmenslonal represenLaLlons
O CnepolnL
O one vanlshlng polnL
O llnes LhaL are noL verLlcal
or horlzonLal converge Lo
slngle polnL ln dlsLance
O @wopolnL or @hreepolnL
O Lwo or Lhree vanlshlng polnLs
O WlLh Lwo polnLs verLlcal r
horlzonLal llnes parallel buL noL boLh
O WlLh LhreepolnL no llnes are parallel
O lsomeLrlc
O urawlng shows corner of ob[ecL
buL parallel llnes on ob[ecL are
parallel ln drawlng
O Shows Lhree dlmenslons buL no
vanlshlng polnL(s)
One-point
Two-Point
Symbols for @hlrd Angle (rlghL)or llrsL Angle (lefL)
O llrsL angle pro[ecLlon ls Lhe lSC sLandard and ls prlmarlly used ln
Lurope @he 3u ob[ecL ls pro[ecLed lnLo 2u paper space as lf you
were looklng aL an xray of Lhe ob[ecL Lhe Lop vlew ls under Lhe
fronL vlew Lhe rlghL vlew ls aL Lhe lefL of Lhe fronL vlew
O @hlrd angle pro[ecLlon ls prlmarlly used ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes and
Canada where lL ls Lhe defaulL pro[ecLlon sysLem accordlng Lo 8S
88882006 Lhe lefL vlew ls placed on Lhe lefL Lhe Lop vlew on Lhe
Lop
Orthographic projection Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique

in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicuar to the
projection plane
MEANING
Object views from top
Projection plane
2
3
2 3
lmage of a parL represenLed ln llrsL Angle ro[ecLlon
CrLhographlc / MulLlvlew
uraw ob[ecL from Lwo / Lhree perpendlcular vlews
Orthographic
What it looks
like pictorially
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
rthographic view rthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight.
Two dimensions of an
object is shown.
Three dimensions of an object is shown.
Rotate
Tilt
ore than one view is needed
to represent the object.
utiview drawing utiview drawing
Axonometric drawing Axonometric drawing
MuItiview Drawing
t represents accurate shape and size. Advantage Advantage
Disadvantage Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.
Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing) ExampIe
Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing
Easy to understand
Right angle becomes obtuse angle.
Circular hole
becomes ellipse.
Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing
Advantage Advantage
Disadvantage Disadvantage Shape and angle distortion
ExampIe
etr|c prect|n
etr|c prect|n
SecLlonal vlews
Auxlllary vlews
used Lo show Lrue dlmenslons of an lncllned
plane
Aux|||ary prect|n
Aux|||ary prect|n
TraditionaI
Drawing TooIs
TraditionaI
Drawing TooIs
lnsLrumenLs
O urawlng board/Lable
O urawlng sheeL/paper
O urafLlng Lape
O enclls
O Lraser
O Sharpener
O @square
O SeLsquares/Lrlangles
O Scales
O Compass and dlvlder
urawlng board
urawlng Lable
urawlng sheeL/paper
216 x 280 mm
280 x 382 mm
382 x 360 mm
k 726
urafLlng Lape
enclls
Wood penclls P 2P
3P 4P 3P 6P 7P
8P 9P 8 P8 28 38
48 38 68
SemlauLomaLlc enclls
(lead holder) are more
convenlenL Lhen
ordlnary wood penclls
Lraser
rasing Shield
Sharpener
@square
SeLsquares/Lrlangles
ircle Template
Scales
Compass and dlvlder
Sandpaper
Tissue paper
lean paper
Drawing Standard
Introduction
Standards Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.
Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey
the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
SO
International Standards Organization
Standard Code
ANS American National Standard Institute
USA
JS
Japanese Industrial Standard
Japan
BS
British Standard UK
AS
Australian Standard Australia
Deutsches Institut fQr Normung DN Germany
Country Code
Full name
un.
n?un4?uu?n1_?u
nBnDmV nn?un11u
Thailand
PartiaI List of Drawing Standards
JS Z 83 $izes and Format of Drawings $izes and Format of Drawings
JS Z 832 Line Conventions Line Conventions
JS Z 833 Lettering Lettering
JS Z 83 $caes $caes
JS Z 83 Projection methods
JS Z 83 Presentation of Views and Sections
JS Z 83 Dimensioning
Code number Contents
Drawing Sheet
Trimmed paper of
a size A ~ A.
Standard sheet size
(JIS)
A 2 x 2
A3 2 x 2
A2 2 x
A x 8
A 8 x 8
A
A3
A2
A
A
Dimensions in millimeters)
Drawing space
Drawing
space
%itle block
d
d
c
c
c
Border
lines
. Type X (A~A)
2. Type Y (A only)
Orientation of drawing sheet
%itle block
Sheet size c (min) d (min)
A 2
A3 2
A2 2
A 2 2
A 2 2
Drawing ScaIes
ScaIe ScaIe is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.
Size in drawing Actual size
ength, size
:

Drawing ScaIes
Designation of a scale consists of the word "SCALE
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow
SCALE : for full size
SCALE X: for enargement enargement scales (X > )
SCALE :X for reduction reduction scales (X > )
Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond
to "true size of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
Basic Line Types
Types of Lines Appearance
Name according
to appIication
Continuous thick line Visible line
Continuous thin line
Dimension line
Extension line
Leader line
Dash thick line Hidden line
Chain thin line Center line
NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.
'isibe ines 'isibe ines represent features that can be seen in the
current view
Meaning of Lines
idden ines idden ines represent features that can not be seen in
the current view
Center ine Center ine represents symmetry, path of motion, centers
of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts
Dimension and Extension ines Dimension and Extension ines indicate the sizes and
location of features on a drawing
@ypes of Llne
Llne ConvenLlons
vlslble Llnes solld Lhlck llnes LhaL represenL vlslble edges or conLours
Pldden Llnes shorL evenly spaced dashes LhaL deplcL hldden feaLures
SecLlon Llnes solld Lhln llnes LhaL lndlcaLe cuL surfaces
CenLer Llnes alLernaLlng long and shorL dashes
ulmenslonlng
ulmenslon Llnes solld Lhln llnes showlng dlmenslon exLenL/dlrecLlon
LxLenslon Llnes solld Lhln llnes showlng polnL or llne Lo whlch dlmenslon applles
Leaders dlrecL noLes dlmenslons symbols parL numbers eLc Lo feaLures on
drawlng
CuLLlnglane and vlewlnglane Llnes lndlcaLe locaLlon of cuLLlng planes for secLlonal
vlews and Lhe vlewlng poslLlon for removed parLlal vlews
8reak Llnes lndlcaLe only porLlon of ob[ecL ls drawn May be random squlggled" llne
or Lhln dashes [olned by zlgzags
hanLom Llnes long Lhln dashes separaLed by palrs of shorL dashes lndlcaLe alLernaLe
poslLlons of movlng parLs ad[acenL poslLlon of relaLed parLs and repeaLed deLall
Chaln Llne Llnes or surfaces wlLh speclal requlremenLs
2
3

3
2

Viewing-plane line
Extension
line
Dimension
Line
Center Line
Hidden Line
Break Line
Cutting-plane Line
Visible Line
Center Line (of motion)
Leader
VEW B-B SECTON A-A
Section Line
Phantom
Line

ABCDEFGHJKLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZABCDEFGHJKL
MNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCD
ABCDEFGHJKLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZABCDEFGHJKL
MNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCD
EF
Lettering
Text on Drawings
Text on engineering drawing is used :
To communicate nongraphic information.
As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance
where text can communicate the needed information
more clearly and quickly.
&niformity &niformity - size
- line thickness
Legibiity Legibiity
- shape
- space between letters and words
Thus, it must be written with
ExampIe !lacement of the text on drawing
Dimension & Notes
Notes
Title Block
Lettering Standard
ANSI Standard This course
Use a Gothic text style,
either inclined or vertical.
Use all capital letters.
Use 3 mm for most
text height.
Space between lines
of text is at Ieast 3
of text height.
Use only a vertical Gothic
text style.
Use both capital and
lower-case letters.
Same. For letters in title
block it is recommend to use
~8 mm text height
NA.
Follows ANS rule.
Basic Strokes
Straight SIanted Curved HorizontaI
2
3
ExampIes : Application of basic stroke
"I letter "A letter

2
3

"B letter
Suggested Strokes Sequence
Straight line
letters
Curved line
letters
Curved line
letters &
Numerals
Upper-case Ietters & NumeraIs
The text' s body height is about 23 the height of a capital
letter.
Suggested Strokes Sequence
Lower-case Ietters
Stroke Sequence
L
T
F
E H
V X W
Stroke Sequence
N M K Z
Y A
Stroke Sequence

O Q C G
Stroke Sequence
D U P B
R J
Stroke Sequence
2
Stroke Sequence
Stroke Sequence
S
3
Stroke Sequence
l i
Stroke Sequence
v w x k
z
Stroke Sequence
j y f
r
t
Stroke Sequence
c o a b
d p
q e
Stroke Sequence
g n m h
u s
Word Composition
Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.
JRAPONG
J G O R N P A
Which one is easier to read ?
A) Non-uniform spacing
B) Uniform spacing
Word Composition
JRAPONG
\ \
|
)(
)
| (
|
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Spacing
Contour || ||
General conclusions are:
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
GOOD
Not uniform in style.
Not uniform in height.
Not uniformly vertical or inclined.
Not uniform in thickness of stroke.
Area between letters not uniform.
Area between words not uniform.
ExampIe : ood and !oor ettering
8
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter "O.
ExampIe
Sentence Composition
ALL DMENSONS ARE N
MLLMETERS
O O O
OUNLESS
OTHERWSE SPECFED. O
Dimensioning
ulmenslonlng Culdellnes
The term "feature refers to surfaces, faces, holes, slots, corners,
bends, arcs and fillets that add up to form an engineering part.
Dimensions define the size of a feature or its Iocation relative to other
features or a frame of reference, called a datum.
The basic rules of dimensioning are:
. Dimension where the feature contour is shown;
2. Place dimensions between the views;
3. Dimension off the views;
. Dimension mating features for assembly;
. Do not dimension to hidden lines;
. Stagger dimensioning values;
. Create a logical arrangement of dimensions;
8. Consider fabrication processes and capabilities;
. Consider inspection processes and capabilities.
2
lmporLanL elemenLs of dlmenslonlng
Two types of dimensioning: (1) Size and location
dimensions and (2) Detail dimensioning
CeomeLrlcs
@he sclence of speclfylng and Loleranclng
shapes and locaLlons of feaLures of on ob[ecLs
CeomeLrlcs
lL ls lmporLanL LhaL all persons readlng a
drawlng lnLerpreL lL exacLly Lhe same way
arLs are dlmensloned based on Lwo crlLerla
8aslc slze and locaLlons of Lhe feaLures
ueLalls of consLrucLlon for manufacLurlng
SLandards from A-Sl (Amerlcan -aLlonal
SLandards lnsLlLuLe)
Scallng vs ulmenslonlng
urawlngs can be a dlfferenL scales buL
dlmenslons are ALWA?S aL full scale
unlLs of Measure
LengLh
Lngllsh lnches unless
oLherwlse sLaLed
up Lo 72 lnches feeL and
lnches over
Sl mllllmeLer mm
Angle
degrees mlnuLes seconds
ngle Dimensions
LlemenLs of a dlmensloned drawlng (8e famlllar
wlLh Lhese Lerms
ArrangemenL of ulmenslons
Keep dimension off of the part where possible.
Arrange extension lines so the larger dimensions are outside of the smaller dimensions.
Stagger the dimension value labels to ensure they are clearly defined.
ulmenslonlng Poles
Dimension the diameter of a hole.
Locate the center-line.
Use a notes and designators for repeated
hole sizes

ulmenslonlng Lhe 8adlus of an Arc
Dimension an arcs by its radius.
Locate the center of the radius or two
tangents to the arc.
urllled Poles CounLer bores and CounLerslnks

Use the depth symbol to define the
depth of a drilled hole.
Use the depth symbol or a section
view to dimension a counter bore.
Countersinks do not need a section
view.
2
Angles Chamfers and @apers
Dimension the one vertex for an angled face, the other vertex is determined by an
intersection.
Chamfers are generally H with the width of the face specified. 3
8ounded 8ars and SloLs
The rounded end of a bar or slot has a radius that is 2 its width.
Use R to denote this radius, do not dimension it twice.
Locate the center of the arc, or the center of the slot.
LlmlLs of Slze
All dimensions have minimum and maximum values
specified by the tolerance block.
Tolerances accumulate in a chain of dimensions.
Accumulation can be avoided by using a single baseline.
llL 8eLween arLs

Clearance Fit
nterference Fit
Transition Fit
. Clearance fit: The shaft maximum diameter is smaller than the hole minimum
diameter.
2. nterference fit: The shaft minimum diameter is larger than the hole maximum
diameter.
3. Transition fit: The shaft maximum diameter and hole minimum have an interference
fit, while the shaft minimum diameter and hole maximum diameter have a clearance
fit
ulmenslonlng sLandards
P.
ulmenslon LexL placemenL
P. 8
unldlrecLlonal or allgned dlmenslonlng?
uual dlmenslonlng
2
ulmenslonlng 8aslc Shapes AssumpLlons
9erpend|cu|ar|ty
Assume llnes LhaL appear
perpendlcular Lo be 90 unless
oLherwlse noLed
yetry
lf a parL appears symmeLrlcal lL ls
(unless lL ls dlmensloned
oLherwlse)
Poles ln Lhe cenLer of a cyllndrlcal
ob[ecL are auLomaLlcally locaLed
2
ulmenslonlng 8aslc Shapes
8ecLangular rlsm
22
Cyllnders
oslLlve
-egaLlve
23
Cone lrusLum
2
Clrcle aLLern CenLer Llnes
Crouplng ulmenslons
ulmenslons should always be placed ouLslde
Lhe parL
es
No
ulmenslon guldellnes
Dimensions should be placed in the view that
most clearly describes the feature being
dimensioned (contour (shape) dimensioning)
aintain a minimum
spacing between the
object and the
dimension between
multiple dimensions.
visible gap shall be
placed between the
ends of extension lines
and the feature to
which they refer.
void dimensioning hidden
lines.
Leader lines for diameters
and radii should be radial
lines.
Where and how should we place dlmenslons
when we have many dlmenslons?
Where and how should we place dlmenslons
when we have many dlmenslons? (conL)
SLaggerlng ulmenslons
uL Lhe lesser
dlmenslons closer
Lo Lhe parL
@ry Lo reference
dlmenslons from
one surface
@hls wlll depend
on Lhe parL and
how Lhe
Lolerances are
based
LxLenslon Llne racLlces
8epeLlLlve leaLures
Use the SymboI 'x' to
Dimension Repetitive
Features
Symbols for urllllng CperaLlons
8eferences
Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood 3
T. Dragomatz
"ntroduction to Engineering, by Paul Wright
"Design Dimensioning and Tolerance, by J. M.
McCarthy
Dr. Ashish K Darpe

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Engineering Drawing

Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

Orthographic projection Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique

Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

8 Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

8 Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

urllled Poles CounLer bores and CounLerslnks

llL 8eLween arLs

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