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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO.

001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION

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Below we define the basis of design to the two wind load codes and the effects they have on design. SABS 0160 is a specification adapted to local conditions directly derived from BS CP3 Chapter V. BASIC WIND SPEED The basic wind speed V depends on its geographical location within a country. These values are given as ispleths (lines of equal wind speed) on the map of figure 1 for CP3 : Chapter V and figure 3 for SABS 0160. The isopleths are a statistical evaluation of wind in each region over an extended period of time being more than 100 years in Britain and 50 years in South Africa. This map gives wind speed values for the United Kingdom and varies from 40m/s to 52m/s. Using SABS 0160-1989 shaded regions giving wind speed values for South Africa are indicated on figure 3. The wind speed values vary from 40m/s to 50m/s.

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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION

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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION

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TOPOGRAPHY FACTOR (S1) The topography factor takes into account local effects such as hills, valleys, etc. This constant is termed k. 2.1 The British Code specifies 3 local effects, for a fixed density pressure namely:

TOPOGRAPHY a ) b ) All cases except those in b and c below. Very exposed hill slopes and crests where acceleration of the wind is known to occur. Valleys shaped to produce a funnelling of the wind. c) Steep sided, enclosed valleys sheltered from all winds.

VALUE OF S1 1.0 1.1

0.9

2.2 The South African Code has a set of rules to calculate a artificial ground datum. This artificial ground datum is added to the height of the structure to calculate a higher wind speed multiplier (kz) to account for the topography i.e. exposed hill, edge of cliff, etc.

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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION

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VERTICAL PROFILE OF WIND SPEED AND TERRAIN CATEGORIES INCLUDING THE EFFECTS ON STRUCTURE TYPES (S2) 3.1 TERRAIN CATEGORY An important characteristic of surface winds is the variation of speed with heights. Although differently named, their definitions are identical. 1.1.1 In the South Africa Code four categories are specified, namely: i. ii. CAT 1 CAT 2 exposed, smooth (coastal areas, grasslands) open (farmlands and parklands) suburban and industrial city central

iii. CAT 3 iv. CAT 4

In the British Code the terrain category in defined as the ground roughness. Four categories are specified, namely: i. ii. Ground roughness 1 Ground roughness 2 open country with no obstructions open country with scattered windbreaks

iii. Ground roughness 3 country with many windbreaks, small towns, outskirts of large cities iv. Ground roughness 4 obstructions i.e. city centre surface with large and frequent

3.2 CLASS OF STRUCTURE OR ELEMENT The South African Code and British Code 3 class of structure are specified, namely: i. CLASS A For the determination of forces on units of cladding, roofing, glazing and individual members of unclad structures.

ii. CLASS B For the determination of forces on main structural members as well as for the overall resultant forces and for overtuning moments on buildings, where neither the heightnor the width nor the depth of the building exceeds 50m. iii. CLASS C For the determination of the overall resultant forces Rev. No.: 0
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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION

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and overtuning moments on buildings where the height or the width or the depth exceeds 50m. For most lattice tower or monopole designs will either be a class B or class C structure depending on the height of the structure. Structure < Structure > 50m = 50m = Class B Class C

PERIOD OF EXPOSURE OR RETURN PERIOD 4.1 The British Code uses a factor S3 that takes into account the degree of security and the period of time the structure will be exposed to the wind. For a 50 year exposure period and the following probability levels S 3 is as follows: Probability level of exceeding design wind speed 1.0 0.1 0.01 0.001 = S3 S3 0.63 = = S3 1.17 1.35 = 1.53 S3 =

Fig. 2 shows the probability level that the chosen basic wind WILL be exceeded for the chosen period of exposure in years to which a factor is assigned (S3), i.e. using a 50yr exposure period and having a 63% 17 September 2011 Rev. No.: 0
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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION

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probability (0.63) that the basic wind speed will be exceeded the statistical factor S3 = 1. Going to a lower probability level i.e. 1% probability (0.01) that the basic wind speed will be exceeded the statistical factor S3 with then be = 1.35. It can this be seen that as you decrease the probability that the basic wind speed will be exceeded, the statistical factor S3 increases. 4.2 The South African Code uses a return period, where the design wind speed wont be exceeded. A return period of 50 years is specified in the code. A correction factor kr for other mean return periods are also given and are as follows: 10yr return kr = 50yr return kr = 300yr return kr= 0.9 1.0 1.1

CALCULATION OF DESIGN WIND SPEED 5.1 The design wind speed as calculated using CP3 : Chapter V is as follows: Vs = VS1S2S3 S1 = topography factor ground roughness, building size and height above statistical factor

Where

S2 = ground factor S3 =

5.2 The design wind speed as calculated using SABS 0160 is as follows: Vz = kz x V x kr regional basic wind speed

Where V = kz

= wind speed multiplier as given in table 5 for various heights, terrain categories and class of structure kr = correction factor for mean return periods

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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION

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TABLE 5 VARIATION OF CHARACTERISTIC WIND SPEED WITH TERRAIN, HEIGHT AND CLASS OF STRUCTURE

10

11

12

13

WIND SPEED MULTIPLIER* kz HEIGHT z, m Up 5 to 10 15 20 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Above 500 TERRAIN CAT 1 A 1.03 1.09 1.12 1.14 1.22 1.28 1.31 1.34 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 B 1.02 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.21 1.27 1.31 1.34 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 C 1.00 1.05 1.09 1.11 1.20 1.27 1.31 1.34 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 TERRAIN CAT 2 A 0.94 1.00 1.04 1.07 1.16 1.23 1.28 1.31 1.34 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 B 0.92 0.98 1.02 1.05 1.15 1.22 1.27 1.31 1.34 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 C 0.88 0.95 0.99 1.02 1.13 1.21 1.26 1.30 1.34 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 TERRAIN CAT 3 A 0.67 0.74 0.81 0.86 1.00 1.11 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.34 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 B 0.64 0.71 0.78 0.83 0.98 1.10 1.17 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.34 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 C 0.60 0.68 0.76 0.81 0.96 1.08 1.16 1.22 1.26 1.31 1.34 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 TERRAIN CAT 4 A 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.86 1.00 1.08 1.15 1.20 1.24 1.27 1.31 1.33 1.36 1.36 B 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.84 0.98 1.06 1.13 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.33 1.36 1.36 C 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.80 0.95 1.04 1.11 1.17 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.33 1.36 1.36 CLASS OF BUILDING OR ELEMENT+

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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION

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TABLE 3 GROUND ROUGHNESS, BUILDING SIZE AND HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND FACTOR S2

(1) OPEN COUNTRY WITH NO OBSTRUCTIONS CLASS A 0.83 0.88 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 B 0.78 0.83 0.95 0.99 1.01 1.05 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.24 C 0.73 0.78 0.90 0.94 0.96 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.21

(2) OPEN COUNTRY WITH SCATTERED WINDBREAKS CLASS A 0.72 0.79 0.93 1.00 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.25 1.26 B 0.67 0.74 0.88 0.95 0.98 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.24 C 0.63 0.70 0.83 0.91 0.94 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.21

(3) COUNTRY WITH MANY WINDBREAKS; SMALL TOWERS, OUTSKIRTS OF LARGE CITIES CLASS A 0.64 0.70 0.78 0.88 0.95 1.01 1.05 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.24 B 0.60 0.65 0.74 0.83 0.90 0.97 1.01 1.04 1.06 1.10 1.12 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.20 1.21 C 0.55 0.60 0.69 0.78 0.85 0.92 0.96 1.00 1.02 1.06 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.18

(4) SURFACE WITH LARGE AND FREQUENT OBSTRUCTIONS, E.G. CITY CENTRES CLASS A 0.56 0.60 0.67 0.74 0.79 0.90 0.97 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.22 B 0.52 0.55 0.62 0.69 0.75 0.85 0.93 0.98 1.02 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.21 C 0.47 0.50 0.58 0.64 0.70 0.79 0.89 0.94 0.98 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18

H m 3 or less 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION If the same input values are used such as: Ground roughness 1/terrain category 1 Class B structure The two codes yield the following results using Table 3 (CP3 Chapter V) and Table 5 (SABS 0160): Ground roughness S2 = 1.10 CP3 Chapter V 1.21 SABS 0160

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Wind speed multiplier kz = WIND PRESSURE CALCULATION

6.1 The wind pressure using CP3 Chapter V is calculated as follows: qs = kV2 V2 = = design wind speed

Where k

0.613

As the UK is almost all at sea level no account for increase in site altitude is allowed in the British Code. 6.2 The wind pressure using SABS 0160 is calculated as follows: qz where = Vz kp Vz2 = design wind speed

kp = site altitude factor which depends where the structure is located geographically where kp kp kp = = = 0.6 at sea level

0.56 at 500m above sea level 0.5 at 1500m above sea level

SA has levels of plateaus, that provide variations of altitude up to 2000 metre. The density pressure is modified to take these variations of pressure into account. One can see that with an increase in height from the sea i.e Durban to a height above seal level at 1500m i.e. Johannesburg, the site altitude factor decreases. 17 September 2011 Rev. No.: 0
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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION

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This is the only large difference between the two codes where the SA code takes into account the site altitude.

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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION 7. COMPARISON OF WIND LOADING CODES

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CP CHAPTER V

SABS 0610

Basic wind speed V (3 second gust) Regional basic wind speed V (3 second obtained from Fig. 1 [40m/s-50m/s] gust) obtained from Fig. 3 [40m/s 50m/s] Design wind speed Vs Vs= VS1S2S3 S1 topography factor Table 2 [0.9 to 1.1] a) Exposed hill (funnelling valley) = 1.1 b) Steep sided valleys (sheltered) = 0.9 c) Other cases = 1.0 S2 ground roughness, building size and height above ground factor Ground rougness Four categories: a) CAT1 open country b) CAT2 open windbreaks country scattered Design wind speed Vz Vz = kz x V x kr kz wind speed multiplier depends on: a) terrain category 4 categories [1, 2, 3 & 4] b) class of building 3 classes [A, B & C]

c) CAT3 small towns, outskirts of large cities d) CAT4 city centres Building size and height Three classes [A, B & C] Table 3 S3 period of exposure 50yr probability level 0.63 = 1.0 0.1 = 1.17 0.1 = 1.35 0.001 1.55 see fig. 2 kr correction factor for mean return periods 10yr return kr = 0.9 50yr return kr = 1.0 300yr return kr 1.1 see fig. 4

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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION

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Dynamic pressure of wind q = kVs2 k = 0.613

Nominal wind pressure qz = kpVz2 kp depends on site altitude kp = 0.6 @ 0 MASL kp = 0.56 @ 500 MASL kp = 0.5 @ 1500 MASL Note: Topography factor is accounted for in the calculation of an artificial ground datum. This artificial ground datum is added to the height of the structure to calculate a higher multiplier to account for the topography.

EXAMPLE V = 40m/s CAT 1 Class B S1 = 1.0 50yr return Calc pressure at 50m level V = 40m/s fig. 1 S1 = 1.0 table 2 S2 = 1.1 table 3 S3 = 1.0 fig. 2 V50 = VS1S2S3 = 40 x 1 x 1.1 x 1.0 V50 = 44m/s q50 = 0.613 x 442 = 1.187kPa V50 = V x kz x kr = 40 x 1.21 x 1 V50 = 48.4m/s q50 = 0.6 x 48.42 = 1.405kPa V = 40m/s 0 MASL Class B 50yr return 0m artificial ground datum Calc pressure at 50m level V = 40m/s kz = 1.21 table 5 kr = 1.0 fig. 4

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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION

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From the above calculation the South African Codes are more conservative in their approach. 8. MONOPOL.E GEOMETRY AND AERODYNAMICS The aerodynamic drag in a monopole is a function of the shape and roughness of the pole. The wind flow around a smooth and circular pole is deflected around the pole and to the back of it with no vortex drag. Such a pole has an aerodynamic coefficient of 0.7 which means that the width of the pole is taken as 0.7 of its actual width when calculating the wind load effect on such a pole. The wind flow around a polygonal is disturbed by the facets and corners on the geometry. This does not allow the wind to follow the shape of the pole resulting in Vortesies being generated behind the pole. A drag co-efficient of such a pole is up to 1.3. The width of the pole is 1.3 time the actual width when calculating the wind load effect on such a pole. The attached table is an extract from SABS 0225, which shows this force co-efficients of the shapes of monopoles.

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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION

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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION 9. DEFLECTION Below we define a basis for calculation of deflection on a structure that has already been designed. Formula to determine deflection of a circular monopole. max = WL3 8EI max = Deflection at the top of the monopole L = height of monopole (m) W = load on monopole due to windload (kN/m). This is the effect of the wind on antennas and the tower body. I = moment of inertia for the specific section (m4). Moments of inertia is the area moment about the neutral axis of the section. E = modulus of elasticity for steel = 206GPa. Modulus of elasticity is defined as the ratio of tensile stress over tensile strain.

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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION

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max

I for a circular hollow section =

d1

(d -d
4

64

From the above-mentioned formulas the following conclusions can be made: i. ii. Increasing of the load will increase the deflection. Increasing of the height of the monopole, will increase the deflection.

iii. The modules of elasticity stay the same for all steel sections and does not have an effect on steel structure deflections. iv. The effect of the moment of Inertia. a) Increasing of the outer diameter will increase the stiffness of the section and decrease the deflection. b) Increasing the thickness of the section (or decreasing the inner diameter) increases the stiffness and decrease the deflection.

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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION

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c) To decrease the deflection of a monopole without increasing the weight the outer diameter should be increased and the thickness of the section decreased. Refer to example 1. 9.1 CONCLUSION The only way to decrease deflections at the top of a monopole is by increasing the moment of inertia of the section. By increasing the diameter of a pole the deflection decrease considerably. EXAMPLE 1 SECTION 1 d = 500mm I = max = = d1 = 490mm (L = 10m W = 10kN/m E = 206GPa)

64

(500

4904)

2.3817 x 10-4m4 = 10 x 103 8 x 206 x 2.3817 25.47mm at top

SECTION 2 A1 = A2 (This will ensure that section 2 will have the same weight as section 1.)

(500
d1 I

4902) = 4 4

(1000

d12)

= = =

995.03mm

(1000

995.034) 64

9.686 x 10-4m4 10 x 103 8 x 206 x 9.686 6.26mm < 25.47mm

max= =

Sections 1 and 2 have the same weight but by increasing the outer 17 September 2011 Rev. No.: 0
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Brolaz Projects (Pty) Ltd. LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES CONTRACT NO. GP0/GSM/S1/09060 AMENDMENT NO. 001 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIND LOADING DESIGN TO BRITISH STANDARD CP3 CHAPTER V AND SABS 0160 AND THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AERODYNAMICS AND DEFLECTION diameter the deflection decreases. NB! Remember that the wind load will also increase if the diameter increases, which would increase the deflection. 9.2 ROTATION max

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Rotation

Degree rotation

Atan L

max

From example section 2 Degree rotation = = Atan 6.26mm 10000mm

0.0359

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