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Signaling Network Structure Signaling Points

Nodes in a SS7 Network are called Signaling Points (SPs) 3 Types of Signaling Points are distinguished
Service Switching Points (SSPs) are originators and terminators of signaling messages, such as local exchanges Service Control Points (SCPs) are typically databases, such as the line information database (LIDB) or the HLR/VLR in wireless networks Signal Transfer Points (STPs) are SS7 packet switches, or routers, which route packets through the network

Other node types are used to provide enhanced services


Intelligent Peripherals (IPs) provide voice services like voice recognition and announcements (but typically no SS7) Service Nodes (SNs) Combine SCP and IP functionality in a single platform
Slide 1

The Foundation of Innovation

Signaling Network Structure


STP C-Links D-Links D-Links STP C-Links

SCP SCP

A-Links STP D-Links STP

A-Links

A-Links

SSP SSP
F-Link
SCP = Service Control Point STP = Signal Transfer Point SSP = Service Switching Point SN = Service Node IP = Intelligent Peripheral

SSP SSP

IP IP

SN SN
The Foundation of Innovation

Slide 2

Signaling Network Structure Wireless


EIR EIR VLR VLR AUC AUC HLR HLR
MSC MSC MSC MSC PSTN PSTN

EIR EIR VLR VLR HLR HLR AUC AUC


BSC BSC

BSC BSC
AUC = Authentication Center BSC = Base Station Controller EIR = Equipment Identity Register HLR = Home Location Register MSC = Mobile Switching Center VLR = Visitor Location Register
Slide 3

BSC BSC

Media traffic Signaling traffic


The Foundation of Innovation

SS7 Point Codes


Each SP has a unique network address called a point code

Network ID 8 Zone ID 3

Cluster ID 8

Member ID 8

ANSI, - 24 bits China

Area/Network ID 8

SP ID 3

ITU-T - 14 bits

Main SubNumber Number 5 4

Cluster ID 7

Japan - 16 bits

Slide 4

The Foundation of Innovation

SS7 MTP Layers


IS-41 TCAP SCCP MTP Layer 3 MTP Layer 2 MTP Layer 1 GSM MAP INAP IS634

ISUP

TUP

Slide 5

The Foundation of Innovation

MTP-1 Physical Layer


Can be either Terrestrial or Satellite Standard Bit Rates:
ANSI: 56 Kbps (Optionally 64 Kbps) ITU-T: 64 Kbps

Recommended Interfaces:
DS0 (timeslot in a T1 or E1) V.35 DS0-A (not supported on Tx Series)

Slide 6

The Foundation of Innovation

MTP-2 Signaling Data Link Layer Functions


MTP-2 is responsible for the reliable transfer of signal units (SUs) between 2 directly connected SPs Typical Link Layer Functions Error Detection and Correction Flow Control Packet Delimitation SS7 Specific Functions Link Alignment Error Rate Monitoring

Slide 7

The Foundation of Innovation

Signal Units
3 Types of Signal Units (SUs) are transferred on SS7 links
Message Signal Units (MSUs) are the actual signaling messages, maximum 272 bytes signaling information Link Status Signal Units (LSSUs) carry status information regarding the link between MTP-2 entities; 6 or 7 bytes long Fill-In Signal Units (FISUs) are constantly transmitted when there are no other SUs to send (5 bytes long); this allows monitoring of the quality of the link even when traffic is low

Slide 8

The Foundation of Innovation

MTP-2 Signal Unit Formats


F L G 8 CRC 16 2 LI 6 F F B I FSN I BSN L G B B 1 7 1 7 8

FISU

F L G 8

CRC 16

SF 8 or 16 2

LI 6

F F B I FSN I BSN L G B B 1 7 1 7 8

LSSU

F L G 8

CRC 16

SIF 8n, n >2

SIO 8 2

LI 6

F F B I FSN I BSN L G B B 1 7 1 7 8

MSU

272 Bytes Maximum


Slide 9

First Bit Transmitted

The Foundation of Innovation

MTP-2 Link Alignment


Link Alignment is performed when a link is first activated or reactivated after a failure Resynchronizes both ends of the link by exchanging LSSUs Tests the quality of the link by sending FISUs for a period (the proving period) and monitoring the error rate
Emergency Alignment: 1st link in a linkset, short proving period (usually 0.6 seconds) Normal Alignment: Subsequent links in a linkset, longer proving period (usually 2.3 seconds)

Link Activation successful only if error rate during proving period is sufficiently low

Slide 10

The Foundation of Innovation

MTP-2 Error Rate Monitor


In addition to error detection on individual packets, the ongoing error rate on in-service links is also monitored Leaky bucket algorithm:
error rate incremented +1 every error error rate decremented -1 every 256 SUs

Link placed out of service if error rate reaches 64

Slide 11

The Foundation of Innovation

MTP-3 Functions
Message Handling
Message Discrimination Message Routing Message Distribution

Network Management
Traffic Management Route Management Link Management

Slide 12

The Foundation of Innovation

MTP-3 Message Discrimination


Uses the routing label in each MSU to determine if the message is for the receiving machine or another SP.

CK

SIF

SIO

LI

B F I FSN I BSN F B B 1 7 1 7 8

16

Signaling Information

Orig. SLS Point Code


4 or 5 14 or 24

Dest. Point Code


14 or 24

Routing Label

Slide 13

The Foundation of Innovation

MTP-3 Message Distribution


If the message is destined for the receiving SP, Message Distribution delivers it to the proper upper layer - SCCP or User/Application Part - or MTP3 Management based on the value in the Service Information Octet.

CK

SIF

SIO

LI

B F I FSN I BSN F B B 1 7 1 7 8

16

Sub-Service Field
00xx International 01xx Spare (Int'l use) 10xx National 11xx Spare (Nat'l use)

Service Indicator
0 1-2 3 4 5 Network Mgmt Network Test SCCP TUP ISUP

...

Slide 14

The Foundation of Innovation

MTP-3 Management - Functions


Provide reconfiguration in case of link failure, node failure, or congestion Ensure that messages are not lost, duplicated, or put out of order due to failures or congestion MTP-3 has 3 categories of management
Link Management Traffic Management Route Management

Slide 15

The Foundation of Innovation

SS7 SCCP & TCAP Layers


IS-41 TCAP SCCP MTP Layer 3 MTP Layer 2 MTP Layer 1 GSM MAP INAP IS634

ISUP

TUP

Slide 16

The Foundation of Innovation

SCCP Overview
SCCP extends the network service provided by MTP-3 by:
Adding a Subsystem Number (SSN) to the addressing capabilities for extended message distribution within a node (remember MTP-3 has only a 4-bit service indicator to identify the user or application part) Adding a Global Title for extended addressing and routing flexibility Adding 4 classes of service (2 connectionless, 2 connectionoriented) for an OSI-like network layer service

SCCP adds its own management functions for keeping track of SP and subsystem status

Slide 17

The Foundation of Innovation

SCCP Addressing and Routing


SCCP datagrams and connection requests employ a calling party address and called party address, comprised of:
A global title (string of digits - e.g., a telephone number or mobile ID number) and/or A point code and/or A subsystem number

Slide 18

The Foundation of Innovation

TCAP Overview
TCAPs basic function is to allow a signaling application to invoke one or more operations (e.g., database queries, remote call processing commands) at a remote SP and receive the results of the invocation TCAP implements a transaction dialog between 2 user applications using the SCCP connectionless service TCAP transactions can be
Unidirectional (no response) Simple query/response Conversational dialogs with multiple invoke/result components exchanged between applications

Closely aligned with the OSI Remote Operations Service Element (ROSE) X.219

Slide 19

The Foundation of Innovation

TCAP Layer Structure

User Application

TCAP Layer Component Sub-Layer Transaction Sub-Layer

SCCP

MTP

Slide 20

The Foundation of Innovation

TCAP Component Layer


Each transaction message is comprised of one or more components, each of which is a separate operation invocation or response:
Invoke Return Result Return Error Reject

Each component may optionally include one or more parameters (e.g., called party number, business group ID, etc.) Invoke components include an operation code which identifies the remote operation being requested (application-protocol-specific)

Slide 21

The Foundation of Innovation

TCAP Transaction Sub-Layer


Groups components belonging to the same transaction into one of the following transaction messages (also called packages)
ITU-T ANSI Unidirectional Unidirectional Begin Continue End Abort Query With Permission Query Without Permission Conversation With Permission Conversation Without Permission Response Abort

Slide 22

The Foundation of Innovation

Known Switches with which NMS is connected


NMS SS7 products are known to be deployed in nodes connected to:
Ericsson AXE-10, CME-20, MSC Lucent 5ESS Hua Wei Alcatel E-10, S1240, MSC Siemens EWSD, MSC Nortel DMS100 Nokia MSC Motorola NEC Hyundai
Slide 23

The Foundation of Innovation

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