Delivering 40Gbps

Delivering 40Gbps
Optical
Optical
Communication Systems
Communication Systems
Eldon Staggs, Steve Rousselle, and Daniel Wu Eldon Staggs, Steve Rousselle, and Daniel Wu
Agenda
! Digital Communication System
! Fiber-Optic System Standards
! Single Channel System
! ! Electro Electro- -Optical Transmitter Optical Transmitter
! ! Optical Fiber Optical Fiber
! ! Optical Devices Optical Devices
! ! Electro Electro- -Optical Receiver Optical Receiver
! Conclusions
Agenda
! Digital Communication System
! Single Channel System
! ! Electro Electro- -Optical Transmitter Optical Transmitter
! ! Optical Fiber Optical Fiber
! ! Optical Devices Optical Devices
! ! Electro Electro- -Optical Receiver Optical Receiver
! Conclusions
Digital Communication System
Bit/Symbol Stream Digital/Analog/Optical Waveform
Channel
Encoder
Baseband
Modulate
Multiplex Transmitter
Channel
Model
Receiver
De-
Multiplex
Baseband
Demodulate
Channel
Decoder
N USERS
N USERS
Data
Source
Data
Sink
Synchronization
Waveform
Modulation
Waveform
De-
Modulation
Source
Decoder
Source
Encoder
Digital Communication System
! Optical Communications System
! Information encoded/decoded for pertinent protocol & modulation scheme
! Multiple sets of data are combined/separated through TDM & WDM
! Fiber Optic components provide the channel linking Transmitter to Receiver
N Users/
Wavelength
Video/ Audio/ Data
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Optical Optical
Channel Channel

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Video/ Audio/ Data
Fiber Optic System Standards Section
Fiber Optic System Standards Section
System Network
! ! Network Connectivity Network Connectivity
! Point to Point: one to one
! Broadcast: one to many
! Multicast: many to many
! ! Network Span Network Span
! Local / Metro Area Network
! Wide Area Network
! Long Haul Network
! ! Data Rates Data Rates
! Voice 64kbps
! Video 155Mbps, etc.
! ! Service Types Service Types
! Constant or Variable bit rate
! Messaging
! Quality of Service
OSI Reference Network Model
! ! Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model
! Most systems use some form of OSI
! L1: Physical & electrical elements
! L2: Media access strategy
! L3: Network maintenance (IP)
! L4: Transport management (TCP)
! L5: Link maintenance
! L6: Format presentation
! L7: Application link
! ! Layers Modeled Layers Modeled
! Physical (L1)
! Medium Access (L2)
Fiber Optic System Standards
! ! Sonet Sonet/SDH /SDH
! Multiple data rates allowed
! OC-x (x*51.84Mbps)
! OC-768 = 40Gbps
! ! FDDI FDDI
! 100Mbps, Dual Token Ring
! ! Ethernet Ethernet (IEEE802.3)
! 10Mbps
! High Speed (100Mbps)
! Gigabit Ethernet
! ! ATM ATM
! 53Byte packets
! Connection oriented
SONET/SDH
! ! Network Management Network Management
! Path overhead
! Combining multiple services
! Centralized control
! ! Protection Protection
! Redundant Ring
! Fast Error Detection
! Synchronization
! ! Bandwidth Management Bandwidth Management
! Multiplex all data rates
! Scalability
! Consolidation
Node
A
Node
C
Node
D
Node
B
Working Fibers
Backup Fibers
SONET/SDH
! ! Network Simplification Network Simplification
! Access all signals
! World wide standard
! Component Reduction
! ! Mid Mid- -Fiber Access Fiber Access
! Add/Drop Modules
! Terminal Multiplexer
! Cross-connects
SONET/SDH
! ! Signal Capacities Signal Capacities
! Non-Synchronous - Typically on copper
! Synchronous - Intended for fiber
16 E4 2488.32 STM16 48 DS3 2488.32 STS48/OC48
4 E4 622.08 STM4 12 DS3 622.08 STS12/OC12
1 E4 155.52 STM1 3 DS3 155.52 STS3/OC3
256 E4 39813.12 STM256 768 DS3 39813.12 STS768/OC768
64 E4 9953.28 STM64 192 DS3 9953.28 STS192/OC192
21 E1 51.84 STM0 1 DS3 51.84 STS1/OC1
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7680 V 564.992 E5 4032 V 274.176 T4/DS4
1920 V 139.264 E4 672 V 44.736 T3/DS3
480 V 34.368 E3 96 V 6.312 T2/DS2
120 V 8.448 E2 24 V 1.544 T1/DS1
30 V 2.048 E1 1 Voice(V) 64kbps DS0
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Channels Bit Rate
[Mbps]
Signal Channels Bit Rate
[Mbps]
Signal
ITU-T (Europe) ANSI (North America)
SONET
! ! SONET STS SONET STS- -1 Frame Structure 1 Frame Structure
! Transport Overhead
! Path Overhead
! Bit Rate vs Data Rate
|
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.
|

\
|
= =
= =
Bits Row
Bits Data
Rate Bit Mbps Rate Data
byte
bits
row
bytes
frame
rows frames
Mbps Rate Bit
_ 90
_ 84
_ 384 . 48 _
8 90 9
sec
8000 84 . 51 _
90 Columns (Bytes)
STS-1 Synchronous
Payload Envelope
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Section
Overhead
86 Columns (Bytes)
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SONET
! ! STS STS- -1 Synchronous Payload Envelope 1 Synchronous Payload Envelope
! Virtual Tributaries / Groups
! Pointers
! Column Interleaving
! STS-N Extensions
9

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84 Payload, 2 Stuffed, & 1 POH Column
12 Columns
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Single Channel System Section
Single Channel System Section
Single Channel System
! ! Single Channel Single Channel
! Prove ideal set up first
! Establish system limitations
! TDM & WDM extensions
! ! SONET/SDH SONET/SDH
! OC-768 (40Gbps)
! Defines lower level OSI layers
! ! Physical Medium Physical Medium
! 1550nm wavelength
! Single Mode Fiber
Multiple Channel System
! ! Wavelength Division Multiplexing Wavelength Division Multiplexing
! Multiple protocols can be combined on a single fiber
! Throughput expansion with colors
! Optical Traffic Control
! Add/Drop, Mux/Demux, etc.
! Complex non-linear effects
! FWM, DFG, SRS, SBS, XGM and XPM
! ! Time Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing
! Traditional Electrical systems
! Combine users into time slots
! Timing interference effects
! Aperture jitter, Intersymbol Interference, etc.
Electro
Electro
-
-
Optical Transmitter Section
Optical Transmitter Section
Electro-Optical Transmitter
! ! Source Encoding Source Encoding
! ! Channel Encoding Channel Encoding
! ! Baseband Modulation Baseband Modulation
! ! Baseband Filtering/Pulse Shaping Baseband Filtering/Pulse Shaping
! ! Light Source Generation Light Source Generation
! ! Optical Carrier Modulation Optical Carrier Modulation
Source & Channel Encoding
! ! Source Encoding Source Encoding
! Sample information
! Remove data redundancy
! Frame data in SONET format
! Pseudo-random binary output
for simulation
! ! Channel Encoding Channel Encoding
! Add controlled redundancy
! Random Error Correction
! Block Codes
! Convolutional Codes
! Burst Error Correction
! Interleaving
Baseband Modulation
! ! Baseband Modulation Baseband Modulation
! Pulse Code Modulation
! NRZ is standard optical format
! RZ formatting
! Twice NRZ bandwidth
! More tolerant to dispersion
! Duobinary coding
! Half of NRZ bandwidth
! Pre-coding stops error propagation
Baseband Modulation
! ! Duobinary with Pre Duobinary with Pre- -coding coding
! XOR input w/past output
! Output= XOR + past output
! SNR performance down 4.77dB
! Half of NRZ bandwidth
! Decoding is simply mod2(signal)
NRZ
Duobinary
Baseband Modulation
! ! Polybinary Coding Polybinary Coding
! (Levels-2) memory elements
! Smaller Bandwidth = NRZ/(L-2)

=
=
=
2
0
] [ ] [
)] 2 ( [ ] 1 [ ] [ ] [
L
k
k n y n z
L n y n y n x n y
Baseband Filtering
! ! Baseband Filtering Baseband Filtering
! Spectral Containment
! Pulse Shaping
! RRCF, Gaussian, Sech, etc.
! ! Modulator Pre Modulator Pre- -conditioning conditioning
! Scale signal prior to optical modulator
Optical Source
! ! LED LED
! Low Power, Cost, Speed
! Incoherent light
! Line width (50-100nm)
! ! Laser Laser
! Coherent
! Narrow spectral width (<8nm)
! Temp. & Power control needed
! Noise & Chirp
n-InP
n-InGaAsP
p-InP
1.35eV
1.35eV
0.8eV
ph
ph
hc
h E

= =
LASER Types
! ! Fabry Fabry- -Perot (FP) Perot (FP)
! LED with mirrors
! Index & Gain Guided
! Multiple Modes
! Spectral width (5-8nm)
! ! Distributed Feedback (DFB) Distributed Feedback (DFB)
! Internal Bragg Grating
! Low noise & chirp
! Narrow line width (50kHz)
! Sensitive to Reflections & Temp.
! High cost
Active Region
Active Region
|
.
|

\
|
=
n
m
ph
Bragg
2

|
.
|

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|
=
n
m L
ph
cavity
2

LASER Types
! ! Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR)
! ! External Bragg Grating External Bragg Grating
! ! Same as DFB Same as DFB
! ! Temperature stability Temperature stability
! ! Very good, but high cost Very good, but high cost
! ! VCSEL VCSEL
! ! Emits photons vertically Emits photons vertically
! ! Stable Stable
! ! Low threshold current & power dissipation. Low threshold current & power dissipation.
! ! Good modulation bandwidth Good modulation bandwidth
! ! QW & MQW QW & MQW
! Cavity with very thin layer(s) (~10nm)
! Low power requirements (high gain)
! Narrow line width
Active Region
MQW Active Region
Electro-Optic Modulator
! ! Mach Mach- -Zehnder Interferometer Zehnder Interferometer
! Quadrature splitter/combiners
! Differential Phase
! Electro-Optic conversion
Electro-Optic Modulator
! ! Mach Mach- -Zehnder Modulator Design Zehnder Modulator Design
! Broad-Band optical modulator with traveling-wave electrodes
! The example shows a coplanar waveguide structure with an anisotropic LiNbO
3
substrate
that exhibits a Pockels electro-optic effect
! The electro-optic effect is the change in the refractive index caused by an applied
electric field
! The Pockels effect refers to a material that changes its index of refraction linearly
with the applied electric field(E-Field)
! Applying an E-Field to a length of Pockels material while an optical signal is
passed through it will result in an optical phase shift
! An important parameter for optical modulators is the half-wave voltage(V

).
This is the applied voltage that results in an optical phase shift of .
SiO SiO SiO SiO
2 22 2
Buffer Layer Buffer Layer Buffer Layer Buffer Layer
Electrode Structures Electrode Structures Electrode Structures Electrode Structures
LiNbO LiNbO LiNbO LiNbO
3 33 3
Optical Waveguides Optical Waveguides Optical Waveguides Optical Waveguides
Active Active Active Active
Bend Bend Bend Bend
Taper Taper Taper Taper
In/Output In/Output In/Output In/Output
Electro-Optic Modulator
! ! Electro Electro- -Optical Modulator Design Optical Modulator Design
! The design of the electrodes is critical for optimal performance
! Speed of the modulator is limited by the electrical capacitive effects
! Velocity of the Electrical and Optical signals must be matched
! The length of the Active region or Interaction length is critical
! Demands precise modeling and control of Microwave propagation characteristics
! Evaluation of Frequency dispersion for:
! Microwave effective index
! Characteristic Impedance
! Attenuation Constant
! Evaluation of Electrical performance for:
! Finite electrode thickness and conductivity
! Metalization undercutting
! SiO
2
buffer layer
Vector E Vector E Vector E Vector E- -- -Field Plot Field Plot Field Plot Field Plot
Complex Magnitude of the Electric Field Complex Magnitude of the Electric Field Complex Magnitude of the Electric Field Complex Magnitude of the Electric Field
Ansoft HFSS is used to calculate the Ansoft HFSS is used to calculate the Ansoft HFSS is used to calculate the Ansoft HFSS is used to calculate the
Field Solution inside the conductors Field Solution inside the conductors Field Solution inside the conductors Field Solution inside the conductors
Electro-Optic Modulator
Fiber Optic Channel section
Fiber Optic Channel section
Fiber Optic Channel
! ! Optical Fiber Optical Fiber
! Fiber Types (SM, DSF, DCF)
! NLS Equation
! Dispersion Effects
! Nonlinear Effects
! Optimization
Optical Fiber
! ! Fiber Types Fiber Types
! Single Mode Fiber has energy centered in the core (LP01 mode)
! Multi-Mode Fiber has a large core that support many propagation modes
! DCF, DSF and NZDSF fibers types
! ! Fiber Modes Fiber Modes (See Appendix C for details)
! Maxwells equations with variable permittivity
! Electric field split into envelope and modal distributions
! General Mode field distributions
! ! Single mode condition Single mode condition
radius core a k
n n a k V
o o
o
_ , / 2
4 . 2
2
2
2
1
= =
< =

y or x i t z A
i
), , ( =
z
) 0 , (z A
i
waveform pulse period one for ) , ( T z A
i
t
) , 0 ( t A
i
! ! Electric Field Electric Field
! Envelope has polarization components
! Anisotropic materials are Birefringent
! Spatial, temporal, modal and
polarization dependent
z j jm
i
z
e e F z A r E

=

) ( ) , ( ) , (
~
Field Envelope Description in Optical Fiber
z
Nonlinear Schrdinger(NLS) Equation
velocity group vg vg z t z t T
A
T
A T A A
T
j
A A i
T
A
T
A j
A
z
A
R
o
_ , /
) ) ( (
6 2 2
1
2 2 2
3
3
3
2
2
2
= =

+ =

+ +

! ! NLS Equation (Fiber Wave Propagation) NLS Equation (Fiber Wave Propagation)
! Derived from Maxwells equations
! Solve to find the envelope function versus time and distance
! is the attenuation factor
!
1
is the inverse of the group velocity
!
2
is the group velocity dispersion factor
!
3
is the third order dispersion factor
! is the self phase modulation factor
! /
o
is the self-steepening factor
! T
r
is the Raman scattering factor
Fiber Attenuation
! ! Fiber Loss Fiber Loss
! Attenuation
! SMF Loss = 0.2dB/km at 1550nm
= ) ( log 10 ] / [ 10 e km dB Loss
Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD)
! ! Pulse width spreading Pulse width spreading
! Dispersion = -2**c*
2
/
2
! Dispersion Length
! Ld = 31.25km for PW=25ps=1/40Gbps
2
2
2

o
d
T
L =
Third Order Dispersion (TOD)
! ! Dispersion Induced Oscillations Dispersion Induced Oscillations
! Only occurs when GVD is very small
! TOD Oscillations
! TOD Length
! Ld3 = 156,250km for PW=25ps
3
3
3

o
d
T
L =
Self Phase Modulation
Blue Shift
Red Shift
! ! Spectral Broadening Spectral Broadening
! Increases with Power
! Nonlinear Length
! Induced FM Chirp
o
NL
P
L

1
Fiber Distortion Summary
! ! Attenuation Attenuation
! ! Dispersion Dispersion
! Chromatic (GVD & TOD)
! Polarization (PMD)
! ! Phase distortion Phase distortion
! Self Phase (SPM)
! Cross Phase (XPM)
! ! Nonlinear Energy Transfer Nonlinear Energy Transfer
! Acoustic (SBS)
! Electromagnetic (SRS)
! ! Four Wave Mixing Four Wave Mixing
Fiber Channel Optimization
! ! Loss Management Loss Management
! EDFA / Repeater
! ! Dispersion Compensation Dispersion Compensation
! Normal / Anomalous GVD
! Dispersion Length
! ! Non Non- -Linear Distortion Linear Distortion
! Effective NL length
! Max Power
! Channel Spacing
! ! Noise Noise
! Filters / Isolators
! Repeaters
o
NL
o
d
o
d
P
L
T
L
T
L

= = =

1
, ,
3
3
3
2
2
Optical Devices Section
Optical Devices Section
Optical Devices
! ! Component Technology Component Technology
! ! Fiber Fiber
! ! Planar Waveguide Planar Waveguide
! ! Optical Amplifier (EDFA) Optical Amplifier (EDFA)
! Optical versus Electrical
! Physical Mechanism
! Amplifier Topology
! ! Passive Optical Passive Optical
! Filters
! Splitters/Couplers
! OXCs/OADMs
! Circulators/Isolators
Component Technology
! ! Fiber Technology Fiber Technology
! ! Common link medium Common link medium
! ! Minimal insertion loss Minimal insertion loss
! ! Large number of available devices Large number of available devices
! ! Planar Waveguide Technology Planar Waveguide Technology
! ! Embedded in substrate Embedded in substrate
! ! Easily combine sub Easily combine sub- -components components
! ! Critical Dimension control Critical Dimension control
! ! Difficulty in Fiber interface Difficulty in Fiber interface
Optical Amplifier
! ! Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
! Replace expensive electro-optic repeaters
! Purely optical in 1525nm-1565nm range
! Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) - Noise
! Pump wavelength of 980nm
Pump Laser
980nm or 1490nm
Input Signal
1.53m-1.57m
Amplified Output Signal Erbium doped fiber
Optical Amplifier
! ! Optical versus Electrical Amplifier Optical versus Electrical Amplifier
! Gain saturation
! Soft relaxation time
! Inter-Modulation Distortion
! Only electrical amps
! Noise Figure
! NF = SNRin / SNRout
! Interface issues
! Matching networks
! Stability
! Optical Isolator at output
! Electrical feedback
! Failure
! Optical pass through
! Electrical open
1525-1565nm
9
8
0
n
m
1
4
8
0
n
m
~ 10ms
Optical Filters
! ! Fabry Fabry- -Perot Filter Perot Filter
! Cavity between reflectors
! Finesse based on mirror R
! FSR based on cavity length
! ! Mach Mach- -Zehnder Filter Zehnder Filter
! Delta path delay dictates periodicity
! Cascaded filters provide greater
selectivity
! ! Noise Reduction & Isolation Noise Reduction & Isolation
Passive Optical Elements
! ! Splitters / Couplers Splitters / Couplers
! Signal monitoring
! Broadcasting
! ! OADMs OADMs/ /OXCs OXCs
! Network link
! Network switch
Coupling Length
Cores
Cladding
Gap

1,

2,

1a

1a,

2,
Passive Optical Elements
! ! Circulators/Isolators Circulators/Isolators
! Bi-directional system
! Reflection suppression
! ! In In- -Fiber Bragg Gratings Fiber Bragg Gratings
! Wavelength selector
! Many configurations
! Filter
! Dispersion Compensator
! In-Fiber laser
Bragg n = 2
Non-selected
wavelengths
Input Signal
Selected Wavelength
Electro
Electro
-
-
Optical Receiver Section
Optical Receiver Section
Electro-Optical Receiver
! ! Photodetector Photodetector
! Convert optical power to electrical current
! PIN / APD diode
! Shot & Thermal Noise
! ! Trans Trans- -Impedance Amplifier Impedance Amplifier
! Convert current to voltage
! Amplify small receiver signal
! ! Packaging (BGA) & Substrate Packaging (BGA) & Substrate
! Parasitic Effects
! Coupling Effects
! ! Synchronization Synchronization
! Normalize & Digitize
! Clock/Data Recovery
! ! Baseband Demodulation Baseband Demodulation
PhotoDetector
! ! Optical Power Conversion Optical Power Conversion
! Electrical current
! PIN / APD Diodes
! ! Diode Detectors Diode Detectors
! Dark Current
! Responsivity [A/W]
! Quantum Efficiency ()
W
m
e
h
q
R

= = 1 ,
24 . 1
] [
p-InP i-In
.53
Ga
.47
As n-InP
W
+V
PhotoDetector
! ! Diode Detectors (Contd) Diode Detectors (Contd)
! Wavelength Range
! Bandwidth
! ! Noise Noise
! Thermal noise
! Shot Noise
! APD gain
Cp Rs R v W
BW
L RC drift tr
RC tr
) ( ,
)) ( 2 /( 1
+ = =
+ =


! ! Functional Model Functional Model
! Current Controlled Voltage Source
! Feedback provides sensitivity
! Feedback improves bandwidth
! Amp gain improves response time
Trans-Impedance Amplifier
Gain Loop Open T T Z Z ampin in _ _ , / =
Trans-Impedance Amplifier
! ! Technology Technology
! Large Gain-Bandwidth product needed for 40Gbps
! III-V HBTs (GaAs, InP) (f
T
= 250 GHz, f
max
= 800 GHz)
Trans-Impedance Amplifier
! ! Circuit Example Circuit Example
! Thermal Modeling
! Feedback & Bias
Feedback
& Bias
Bias
Sink
Temperature
Thermal
Resistance
! ! Trans Trans- -Impedance Gain Impedance Gain
! Broadband
Trans-Impedance Amplifier
Trans-Impedance Amplifier & PIN Diode
Nonlinear model in Harmonica:
Term=10
6
PIN Diode
With
Reverse Bias
Trans-Impedance Amplifier & PIN Diode
! ! Addition of Photodiode Addition of Photodiode
! Reverse Bias
! Bandwidth impact
Trans-Impedance Amplifier & PIN Diode
! ! Trans Trans- -Impedance Gain Impedance Gain
! Reactive matching
BGA Package design courtesy of
ConnectCom MicroSystems ConnectCom MicroSystems ConnectCom MicroSystems ConnectCom MicroSystems Inc.
ConnectCom MicroSystems ConnectCom MicroSystems ConnectCom MicroSystems ConnectCom MicroSystems Inc. is a Venture Capital backed
Internet Chip Company. It designs and manufactures ultra-
low power, very high-speed analog and mixed-signal
integrated circuits (ICs). These ICs enable and support
terabit optical switching equipment and networks that form
the new backbone infrastructure for the exploding Internet
traffic.
ConnectCom ConnectCom ConnectCom ConnectCom employs innovative and patented designs
techniques that are technology independent; to achieve
power savings of up to 70% over traditional solutions for
standards compliant SONET and SDH based applications.
This will allow the company to offer superior, predictable
economies, reliability and flexibility to the system designers
of switch fabrics, DWDM equipment and optical modules.
CORPORATE OVERVI EW CORPORATE OVERVI EW
BGA: Critical Net Design
! Ansoft HFSS, Full-Wave Spice, and Symphony provide
high-speed package designers the ability to characterize
individual components or entire systems
! Full-Wave Spice and Symphony bridge the gap between
frequency- and time-domain simulation
! Integration with industry standard layout tools provides a
clean design flow from layout to analysis to production
Via Via Via Via
Solder Solder Solder Solder
Balls Balls Balls Balls
Ground Ground Ground Ground
Net Net Net Net
Signal Net Signal Net Signal Net Signal Net
Power Power Power Power
BGA: Design Integration
AnsoftLinks AnsoftLinks AnsoftLinks AnsoftLinks
3D Physical 3D Physical 3D Physical 3D Physical
Model Model Model Model
APD APD APD APD
Allegro Allegro Allegro Allegro
Encore Encore Encore Encore
Zuken Zuken Zuken Zuken
IGES, STEP, GDSII, IGES, STEP, GDSII, IGES, STEP, GDSII, IGES, STEP, GDSII,
ACIS, DXF, AutoCAD ACIS, DXF, AutoCAD ACIS, DXF, AutoCAD ACIS, DXF, AutoCAD
Ansoft HFSS Ansoft HFSS Ansoft HFSS Ansoft HFSS
BGA: Simulation Results
BGA: Field Plots
Surface
Current
E-Field on
Surface of Core
BGA: Time-Domain Analysis
! Full-Wave Spice generates broad-
band SPICE sub-circuits
! Supports Ansoft Maxwell Spice,
PSPICE, or HSPICE
Crosstalk Crosstalk Crosstalk Crosstalk Input/Output Input/Output Input/Output Input/Output
Full Full Full Full- -- -Wave Spice Wave Spice Wave Spice Wave Spice
BGA: TDR Simulations
BGA:Eye Diagrams
BGA: BER
Signal Conditioning
! ! AGC / Limiter AGC / Limiter
! Normalize average gain variation
! Protect follow on circuitry
! ! Matched Filter Matched Filter
! Digitize signal with ADC
! Digital filter matched to transmitter
! Minimizes out of band noise
Synchronization
! ! Phase Lock Loop Phase Lock Loop
! Pilot sequence
! Over sample and detect edges
! Provides data alignment
! ! Integrate Integrate
! Sum over a symbol period
! Normalize output
Synchronization & Demodulation
! ! Baseband Demodulation Baseband Demodulation
! Invert the modulation scheme
! Threshold detection for NRZ & RZ
! Polybinary requires modulo-2
detection
Conclusions Section
Conclusions Section
Conclusions
! ! System Limitations System Limitations
! Loss Amplifier/Repeater stages
! Dispersion DSF/DCF fiber use
! Nonlinearity Unequal channel spacing
! Noise Repeaters & Filters
! ! Tools Used Tools Used
! Symphony/Matlab System Level Simulation
! Harmonica Circuit Level Simulation
! HFSS Physical Level Simulation
! ! System Optimization System Optimization
! Simulation needed for practical realization
! Break design into smaller pieces
Appendix A (Acronyms)
Appendix A (Acronyms)
! ! ADM ADM Add-Drop Module
! ! AGC AGC Automatic Gain Control
! ! AM AM Amplitude Modulation
! ! APD APD Avalanche Photodiode
! ! ASE ASE Amplified Spontaneous Emission
! ! ATM ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
! ! BER BER Bit Error Rate
! ! BGA BGA Ball Grid Array
! ! BJT BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor
! ! CDR CDR Clock/Data Recovery
! ! CSMA CSMA Carrier-Sense Multiple Access
! ! CW CW Continuous Wave
! ! DBR DBR Distributed Bragg Reflector
! ! DCF DCF Dispersion Compensating Fiber
! ! DFB DFB Distributed Feedback
! ! DFG DFG Difference Frequency Generation
! ! DSF DSF Dispersion Shifted Fiber
! ! DWDM DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
! ! EDFA EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
! ! FDDI FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface
! ! FET FET Field Effect Transistor
! ! FP FP Fabry-Perot
! ! FSR FSR Free Spectral Range (Channel Spacing)
! ! FWHM FWHM Full Width at Half Maximum (3dB BW)
! ! FWM FWM Four Wave Mixing
! ! GVD GVD Group Velocity Dispersion
! ! HBT HBT Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor
! ! IP IP Internet Protocol
! ! ISI ISI Inter-Symbol Interference
! ! LAN LAN Local Area Network
! ! LASER LASER Light Amplified Stimulated Emission of
Radiation
! ! LED LED Light Emitting Diode
! ! MAN MAN Metropolitan Area Network
Appendix A (Acronyms)
Appendix A (Acronyms)
! ! MZ MZ Mach-Zehnder
! ! MMF MMF Multi-Mode Fiber
! ! MQW MQW Multi-Quantum Well
! ! NLS NLS Non-Linear Schrdinger Equation
! ! NRZ NRZ Non-Return to Zero
! ! NZDSF NZDSF Nonzero Dispersion Shifted Fiber
! ! OC OC Optical Carrier
! ! OXC OXC Optical Cross-Connect
! ! PCM PCM Pulse Code Modulation
! ! PIN PIN p-i-n semiconductor
! ! PLL PLL Phase Locked Loop
! ! PMD PMD Polarization Mode Dispersion
! ! RZ RZ Return to Zero
! ! SBS SBS Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
! ! SDH SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
! ! SINAD SINAD Signal-to-Noise and Distortion
! ! SMF SMF Single Mode Fiber
! ! SNR SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
! ! SONET SONET Synchronous Optical Network
! ! SPM SPM Self Phase Modulation
! ! SRS SRS Stimulated Raman Scattering
! ! STM STM Synchronous Transport Module
! ! STS STS Synchronous Transport Signals
! ! TCP TCP Transfer Control Protocol
! ! TDM TDM Time Division Multiplexing
! ! TIA TIA Transfer-Impedance Amplifier
! ! TOD TOD Third Order Dispersion
! ! VCSEL VCSEL Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser
! ! VT VT Virtual Tributary
! ! WAN WAN Wide Area Network
! ! WDM WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
! ! XGM XGM Cross Gain Modulation
! ! XPM XPM Cross Phase Modulation
Appendix B (Protocol Details)
Appendix B (Protocol Details)
Fiber Distributed Data Interface
! FDDI (ANSI X3T12)
! Dual Token Ring, Opposite directions
! 4B/5B NRZ Encoding
! 100Mbps = 125Mbaud*(4/5)
Ethernet
! !
Ethernet (
Ethernet (IEEE802.3 IEEE802.3
)
)
! CSMA/CD scheme
! 10Mbps (10Base-FL)
! 100Mbps (100Base-FX)
! 1Gbps (1000Base-SX,LX)
! ! OSI Layers OSI Layers
! MAC & PHY (no LLC)
! ! Frame Format Frame Format
Preamble
Dest
Addr
Source
Addr
Type Payload Postamble
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
! ! Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
! 53 Byte cells (48 Byte data sets = AAL + Data)
! Service types: CBR, CVR and Data
! Virtual Channels / Virtual Paths
Data + AAL
(48B)
Header (5B)
UNI Header NNI Header
VCI
HEC
GFC VPI
VCI PT
C
LP
VPI VCI
VCI
HEC
VPI
VCI PT
C
LP
VPI VCI
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
! ! ATM Adaptation Layer ATM Adaptation Layer
! AAL1 Constant Bit Rate
! AAL2 Variable Bit Rate
! AAL3/4 Connection & Connectionless
! AAL5 IP Packets & Other
AAL1
AAL3/4
AAL2
AAL5
SAR-SDU (43B=344b)
ST
(4b)
SN
(4b)
RES/MID
(10b)
SAR-SDU CRC
(10b)
LI
(6b)
SN
(4b)
IT
(4b)
SAR-SDU CRC
(10b)
LI
(6b)
SN
(4b)
SNP
(4b)
SAR-SDU
SAR-SDU = Data
Appendix C (Fiber Model Derivations)
Appendix C (Fiber Model Derivations)
Nonlinear Schrdinger (NLS) Equation
iable var complex
t
E
c
E
t
E
B B
t
E
B D
t
D
H
t
B
E
J Fiber in Assume
B D
t
D
J H
t
B
E
Equations s Maxwell
Equations s Maxwell from NLS of Derivation
r
r
r o o
_ ,
,
0 , 0 , ,
0 , 0 : _ _
0 , , ,
: _ '
_ ' _ _ _ __
2
2
2
2
=

=
= =

=
= =
= =

+ =

Nonlinear Schrdinger (NLS) Equation

Quoted from Nonlinear Fiber Optics by Govind P. Agrawal
z j jm
m
m
z j jm
o
o o r r
e e F z A E
k n k n
a K b
a J b
F
e Z e
envelope pulse ying slowly z A
z Z F z A E
s Coordinate l Cylindrica in iables of separation Use
k E k E E
c
E
domain frequency in Solve

) ( ) , (
, ,
: ) (
: ) (
) (
,
_, __ __ var __ ) , (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
: _ __ _ __ __ var __ __ __
/ 2 , 0
: __ _ _
2
0
2
1
2 2 2 2
0
2
1
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
=
= =

>

=
= =
=
=
= = + = +

Nonlinear Schrdinger (NLS) Equation
Quoted from Nonlinear Fiber Optics by Govind P. Agrawal
velocity group vg vg z t z t T
A
T
A T A A
T
j
A A i
T
A
T
A j
A
z
A
dt d j z A t z A
d
d
n
linearity non A
z
A
j
Equation Mode o back ting Substitu
e z A y x F E
m Fiber Mode Single For
R
o
o o
m
m
m
n
o
n
n
o o
z j
o
o
_ , /
) ) ( (
6 2 2
) / ( ) ( )}, , ( { ) , (
, ) (
!
) (
, ) ( ) ( , 0 ) ( 2
: _ __ int __ __ _
) , ( ) , (
0 : __ __ __
1
2 2 2
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
0
2 2
= =

+ =

+ +

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
= + = = +

=
=

Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD)
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

= =
= =
= =

=
= +

=
< >
= +

z i T
T
T
T
T i
T i z
i
i
T i
R o
e
z i T
T
T z U e T U
dT e T U U d e U T z U
e U z U U
z
U
i
d e z U T z U
T z U
U A
T
U
z
U
i
if
NLS A A
t
A
z
A
i
T T T ps T
A A i A
t
A i
t
A
z
A

2
0
2
0
2
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
0
0
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
1
0 0
2
2
2
2 1
) , ( ) , 0 (
, 0
2
1
, 0
~
, , 0
~
2
1
) , (
, 0
~
,
~

~
2
1
~

,
~
2
1
,
, of Transform Fourier of help the th wi
amplitude normalized with replace and ,
2

assumption ty nonlineari zero for 0
....... 0
2
1

to reduced be could queation then case, special the in , 0 if
neglect. be can equation above the in term last two that the
0.001) ( small so become and then , 5 with pulse the if
2 2
Self Phase Modulation (SPM)
( )
( )
( ) [ ]
[ ]
[ ]
2
2
2
,
1
0
2
2
) , 0 ( (T)
1

1
) , 0 (

) , 0 ( ) , ( 0


exp ng substituti s Let'
amplitude ion normalizat the is

assumption dispersion zero for 0
T U
T L
L
T
e L
L
e
T U V
L
ie
z
e T U T L U
z
V
i V U
P L and U where
U U
L
ie
z
U
then
If
NL
eff
NL
L
eff
NL
L
NL
NL
z
NL
T L i
NL
NL
NL
z
N

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
=

= =

= =

=
=
=

Quoted from pp98~99 Nonlinear Fiber Optics by Govind P. Agrawal

Appendix D (References)
Appendix D (References)
! Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 3
rd
Edition, Govind Agrawal
! Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, 2
nd
Edition, Govind Agrawal
! Digital Communications, Bernard Sklar
! Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 3
rd
Edition, Arfken
! Understanding Optical Communications, IBM Redbook, Harry Dutton
! Synchronous Optical Network, Tektronix App. Note
! Electronic Circuit Analysis, Colclaser, Neaman & Hawkins