ORAL MIC ANA LEC (March 1) ALVEOLAR BONE Alveolar Process where tooth is embedded BONE Specialized connective

ve tissue composed of intercellular substance and osteocytes with its processes in lacunae and canaliculi Acts as an anchorage because it is where roots are embedded (alveolar socket) Calcified tissue; originate from dental sac (gives rise to PDL, cementum and alveolar bone) Composition 65% Inorganic (Hydroxyapatite) o Mostly Calcium and inorganic orthophosphate deposited between collagen 35% Organic o 28% collagen o 5% Osteocalcin Sialoprotein Phosphoprotein Osteonectin Bone specific protein Functions of Bone 1. Skeletal function of support, protection, locomotion and attachment of muscles 2. Bone constitutes an important reservoir of minerals 3. Bone is for hemopoiesis Structural Elements of Bone 1. Bone Cells a. Odontoblasts forms bone b. Osteocytes maintains bone c. Osteoclasts resorbs bone 2. Bone Matrix 3. Sharpeys Fibers 4. Blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels (Haversian Canals) Histological Arrangement of Mature Bone All bones are a dense sheet of compact bone and a central medullary cavity. The marrow cavity is interrupted throughout I. Compact Bone - are dense outer sheet that are closely packed 3 Distinct Layering: a. Circumferential lamella b. Concentric lamella c. Interstitial lamella Spongy Bone - flattened spicules surrounding the spaces known as marrow spaces containing the bone marrow

Periosteum osteogenic connective tissue membrane that surrounds every compact bone; consists of 2 layers Inner layer consists of bone cells; their precursors and a rich microvascular supply Outer layer more fibrous, gives rise to Bone Formation (Ossification) 1. Endochondral (Intracartilaginous) Bone Ossification a. Has a precatilaginous stage 2. Intramembranous Bone Ossification a. Mandible and maxilla 3. Sutural Bone Growth ALVEOLAR BONE Is the bony portions of the maxillae and mandible in which the roots of the functioning teeth are located Processus Alveolaris in the maxilla Pars Alveolaris in the mandible Develop along with formation and euption of the teeth and are resorbed after teeth are lost Morphology depends on the size, shape and position of teeth Functions 1. Acts as the anchoring of teeth within the alveoli 2. Absorption and distribution of occlusal pressures produced by intermittent tooth contacts during chewing, swallowing, speech and parafunctional activities such as grinding and chewing Structure of Alveolar Bone 1. Cortical Plate outermost part a. Alveolar bone proper or lamina 2. Spongiosa spongy bone Cortical Plate Outer bony plate of varying thickness, which is the outside wall of the maxilla and mandible, covered with periosteum Continuous with the lamina cribriformis at the orifice of the alveoli alveolar crest Consists of haversian systems (osteons) and interstitial lamellae Thicker in the mandible than maxilla Generally greater on the lingual than on the buccal/facial Alveolar Bone Proper or Lamina An inner, heavily perforated bony lamellae, forming the alveolar wall In radiograph, appears as radioopaque line distinct from the adjacent spongiosa Lamina Dura Contains osteons like other cortical bone, but is distinguished by the presence of Bundle Bone Bundle Bone Multiple layers of bone parallel to surface of alveolar wall which are penetrated by bundles of Sharpeys Fibers embedded nearly right angle Spongiosa Are spongy (or cancellous/trabecullar) bone between the 2 bony plates and between the lamina cribriformis of adjacent teeth or roots Consists of delicate trabeculae, between which are marrow spaces, filled mostly with fatty marrow Regions of maxillary tuberosity and the angle of mandible, erythropoietic VASCULAR SUPPLY OF ALVEOLAR PROCESS Alveolar process of the maxilla o Anterior and posterior alveolar arteries (branch from the maxilla and infraorbital arteries) Alveolar process of the mandible o Inferior alveolar arteries (internal) o Periosteal branches of submental and buccal arteries (external) ORAL MUCOSA Type of mucosa that covers oral cavity Oral cavity is lined with an uninterrupted mucous membrane, which is continuous with skin near the vermillion

II.

Circumferential Lamellae - enclose the entire adult bone, forming its outer perimeter Concentric Lamellae - make up the bulk of compact bone and form the basic metabolic unit of bone, the osteon Interstitial Lamellae - interspersed between adjacent concentric lamellae and fill the spaces between them; fragments of preexisting concentric lamellae and can take up multitude of Osteon - basic metabolic unit of bone generally oriented in the long axis of bone Haversian Canal - canal lined by a single layer of bone cells at the outer of an osteon; each cana; houses a capillary Volkmans Canal - channels that connect adjacent haversian canal; contains blood vessels

MASTICATORY MUCOSA Free and attached gingival and hard palate comes in primary contact with food during mastication and is keratinized (Keratinized epithelium) LINING MUCOSA The lips, cheeks, vestibule, floor of the mouth, soft palate. It does not function in mastication and therefore has little attrition. It is soft, pliable and non-keratinized (Non-keratinized Epithelium) SPECIALIZED MUCOSA On the dorsal surface (dorsum) of the tongue. It is covered with cornified epithelial papillae; presence of papillae FUNCTIONS OF ORAL MUCOSA Protection acts as major barrier to microorganisms Sensation receptors that respond to temperature, touch, pain, taste, initiates reflexes such as swallowing, gagging and salivation Secretion saliva, contributes to the maintenance of moist surface Permeability and Absorption thinnest epithelial regions Thermal Regulation GENERAL HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORAL MUCOSA 2 Main Tissue Components 1. Oral Epithelium stratified squamous epithelium 2. Lamina Propia or Corium underlying connective tissue layer Oral Epithelium Keratinized Surface Epithelium Stratum corneum - dead cells without nuclei Stratum granulosum keratohyalin granules Stratum spinosum Prickle cell layer Stratum basale Non-Keratinized Surface Epithelium Stratum basale site of most cell divisions o Cuboidal or columnar cells containing separate tonofilaments and other cell organelles Stratum intermedium slightly increase in cell size as well as accumulation of glucose in all of the surface layer o Rare occasion, keratohyalin granules can be seen Stratum superficial (superficial layer) cells appear slightly flattened than in the preceding layers and contain dispersed tonofilaments and nuclei, the number of other cell organelles having Layers of Lamina Propia/Corium Papillary Layer or Connective Tissue Papillae Indents and interdigitates with the epithelium (rete ridges/pegs) May be short or absent in some mucosa Reticular Layer Consists of densely arranged connective tissue fibers (reticular) LINING MUCOSA Lips Lined by a moist, stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium Non-keratinized mucosa is distinguished by a red border known as vermillion border 3 Reason why vermillion border is red: o Epithelium is thin o This epithelium contain eleidin, which is transparent o The blood vessels are near the surface of the papillary layer Soft Palate Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium Highly vascularized More pink than the mucosa of the keratinized hard palate lamina propia contains many small blood vessels Beneath the connective tissue of the lamina propia is the submucosa which contains muscles and mucous glands

Cheeks Mucosa is same as the lips and soft palate, however, the submucosa containing fat cells and mixed glands (seromucous) located within and between the muscle fibers The presence of these glands is a unique feature of the cheeks Ventral Surface of the Tongue (under) Lining mucosa also contains lamina propia and submucosa In the submucosa, muscle fibers are located under the surface of the tongue Floor of the Mouth Non-keratinized mucous membrane Covering appears loosely attached to the lamina propia in contrast to the mucosa of the central surface of the tongue which is firmly attached Presence of minor salivary glands and right and left major mucous glands, the sublingual glands GINGIVA INTERDENTAL GINGIVA Firmly attached Pointed and not blunt Pale pink (red inflammation) FREE GINGIVA A narrow band of tissue that follows the scalloped contour of the necks of the teeth and the CEJ Free because it can be moved mechanically along tooth surface as well as away from the tooth Has an epithelial attachment maintained by junctional epithelium along the tooth surface Separated from the attached gingival by a slight indentation called the Free Gingival Groove, whose level corresponds approximately to that of the bottom of the gingival sulcus Marginal Gingiva o Part of free gingival that tapers to a knife-like edge extending along the cervical level of the tooth on labial or buccal and lingual surfaces Interdental Gingival Papilla o Bulges of gingival tissue on all occlusal direction in between teeth Interdental Col o Constriction in between the facial and lingual interdental gingival papilla Gingival Sulcus o Shallow groove extending around the circumference of the tooth o Depth varies from 0.6mm and has the average depth of 1.8mm ATTACHED GINGIVA Part attached to the teeth and alveolar bone It is bounded coronally by the free gingival groove and apically by the mucogingival junction DENTOGINGIVAL JUNCTION Represents a unique anatomic feature concerned with attachment og the gingival to the tooth Ectodermal in origin Consist of 3 Fundamental Compartments o Junctional epithelium o Oral sulcus epithelium o Oral GINGIVAL LIGAMENT OR SUPRA-ALVEOLAR FIBER APPARATUS Dentogingival fibers Dentopeiosteal fibers Alveologingival fibers Circular and semicircular fibers Transseptal fibers Transgingival and intergingival fibers Interpapillary fibers Periosteogingival fibers Intercircular fibers

Dentogingival Fibers Most numerous, consists of 3 groups o First group extends from the cementum in an obliquely coronal direction o Second group streams horizontal from cementum into the free marginal gingival o Third group many of which run parallel with the dentoperiosteal fibers Dentoperiosteal Fibers Insert into the supraalveolar cementum at the same level as the transseptal fibers, pass apically over the crest of the alveolar bone into the periosteum of the outer and inner plates of the alveolar process Alveologingival Fibers Insert into the (rest or nest?) of alveolar bone, course coronally and enter the free and attached sections of the marginal and interdental gingival Circular and Semicircular Circular Small group of fibers that forms a band around the neck of the tooth helping to bond the free gingival into the tooth Semicircular Encircle only the vestibular Transseptal Fibers Cementum to cementum attachment Also known as interdental fibers Bind the supralaveolar cementum of one tooth to that of the adjacent tooth Implicated as a major cause of ost-retention relapse of orthodontically positioned teeth Transgingival and Intergingival Fibers Transgingival Identical with semicircular, insert interdentally into a supraalveolar cementum, pass obliquely through the interdental tissue stream into the free gingival of the adjacent tooth where they may unite Intergingival From a continuous series of fibers running under the epithelium along both the vestibular and oral aspects of the dental arch converging distal to the last molar Interpapillary Fibers Cross through the free portion or interdental gingival tissue in an orovestibular direction to tie the oral and vestibular gingival papillae together HARD PALATE Roof of the mouth and is supported by the palatine processes of the maxilla and horizontal parts of the palatine bone At the level of the alveolar tuberosity, it joins the soft palate (posterior) DORSUM OF TONGUE Circumvallate papillae biggest Fungiform papillae mushroom appearance Foliate papillae lateral posterior side of the tongue; contains taste buds TASTE BUDS Microscopically visible Tip (most) sweet Tip salty Lateral (sides) sour Posterior (back) bitter Please refer to OMA lab notes posted yesterday =)