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Course MAT290H1F MATLAB Module #1 Fall 2011
University of Toronto 3 ECE Department
You can also define your own variables. Type in the following commands to create the variables a and b:

>> a = 14/4
a =
3.5000

>> b = a+1
b =
4.5000

The command whos displays a list of variables, their sizes, and their data class. Try it now.

The entry of very large and very small numbers can be simplified using scientific notation. For example,
enter the numbers
0
= 0.000000000008854 = 8.854 x 10
-12
,
0
= 4 x 10
-7
,
and 6.022 x 10
23
by typing:

>> epsilon = 8.854e-12

and

>> mu = 4*pi*1e-7

and

>> Avogadros_constant = 6.022e23

Do the following exercises:

1. Evaluate the following expressions using MATLAB. Fill in the table as you go.

Expression Prediction Result from MATLAB
8 * 5 + 3
8 * (5 + 3)
10 / 2 / 5 3 + 2 * 4
3 ^ 2 ^ 3
exp(j*pi/4)
c = a^39 where a = 3
1/sqrt(epsilon*mu)
where epsilon and mu are defined
as above.


2. When the command is followed by a semicolon ;, the output is suppressed. Check the
difference between the following expressions:

>> 3 + 7.5 % without semicolon
>> 3 + 7.5; % with semicolon

Note that the last stored answer can always be viewed by typing ans in the command window.
Also note that the text following the % sign is ignored by MATLAB. It is useful for inserting
comments, explanations or reminders.
Course M
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Course MAT290H1F MATLAB Module #1 Fall 2011
University of Toronto 5 ECE Department
While the dot product, or element by element multiplication, is done by using the .* command.
For example, the result of

>> [1 2;3 4].*[2 0;1 3]
ans =
2 0
3 12

Try these examples:

Expression Prediction Result from MATLAB
A2*A2

A2.*A2

A2.*A2


Building Matrices and Extracting Parts of Matrices

It is often necessary to build a larger matrix from a smaller one; for example

>> x = [4; -1], y = [-1 3]
x =
4
-1
y =
-1 3

>> z = [x y] % z consists of the columns x and y
z =
4 -1
-1 3

Right after the above example, try

>> z^2

>> z.^2

What is the difference between the two results?

Next type in

>> z = x + y

>> z^2 % does this work?

>> z.^2 % what about this?

Course M
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Course MAT290H1F MATLAB Module #1 Fall 2011
University of Toronto 7 ECE Department
Do the following exercise:

1. Given the vectors (or row matrices) x = [1 3 7], y = [2 4 2] and the matrices A = [3 1 6; 5 2 7],
B = [1 4; 7 8; 2 2], determine which of the following statements will correctly execute (and if
not, try to understand why) and provide the result or explanation why it doesnt work:

Expression Prediction Result from MATLAB/Explanation
x + y
x + A
[x; y]
B [x y]
A 3
B * A
A * B
A* B
2 * B
B(:,2)
A.^2
exp(B(1,1))
cos(pi*A)
sin((pi/2)*A(1,2))
exp(j*pi/4*B)

Course MAT290H1F MATLAB Module #1 Fall 2011
University of Toronto 8 ECE Department
Applications Arrays

1. Solving sets of simultaneous equations
In ECE212 (Circuit Analysis) you often need to solve sets of simultaneous equations which
result from the basic techniques of circuit analysis (nodal and mesh analysis). Doing this by
hand can be a time consuming process, but in MATLAB the solutions to these equations can be
easily found.

This is of course only useful if we are dealing with cases where the coefficients of the
equations are numbers. In cases where the coefficients contain one or more variables we must
know how to solve this by hand. This might occur in a design-type problem where the value of
a resistor is not known and the purpose of the problem is to determine the correct resistor value
for a desired circuit operation.

To start, consider the set of equations given by:
SI
1
6I
2
= u
1uI
1
+ 14I
2
= 2

This can be converted to matrix form as:
j
S 6
1u 14
[ _
I
1
I
2
_ = j
u
2
[
With the solution given by:
_
I
1
I
2
_ = j
S 6
1u 14
[
-1
j
u
2
[ = j
1.2
1
[
In MATLAB this can be solving using the inv command (see help inv):
>> inv([5 -6;-10 14])*[0;2]

ans =

1.2000
1.0000

Note, that the matrix multiplier, *, is used rather than the dot multipler, .*, since we want
real matrix multiplication rather than element-by-element multiplication.

Use MATLAB to solve the following sets of equations:
a)
16I
1
2I
2
4I
3
= 6
2I
1
+6I
2
2I
4
= u
4I
1
2I
2
+ 4I
3
+ 6I
4
= u
I
3
+ I
4
= S

b)
9I
1
2I
2
2I
3
= 4
2I
1
+ 1uI
2
4I
3
I
4
I
5
= 6
2I
1
4I
2
+ 9I
3
= 6
I
2
+ 8I
4
SI
5
= u
I
2
SI
4
+ 4I
5
= 6

Course M
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Course MAT290H1F MATLAB Module #1 Fall 2011
University of Toronto 12 ECE Department

You can adjust the range of the axes of this plot by using the command axis. For example try the
command:
>> axis([0 5 -1 1])

What are the new ranges of the x and y axes?

Note, the command axis equal sets the ranges of the x and y axes to be the same.

Applications Two-Dimensional Plots

1. Graphical Determination of the Roots of a Polynomial
One of the great uses of programs such as MATLAB is that it can be used to easily graph
complicated functions. One use for this utility is that the real-valued roots to a polynomial can
be determined graphically by plotting the function and identifying where the curve crosses the
independent variable axis (i.e., the x-axis).

As an example, determine the real-valued roots of the polynomials given by:

a) m
2
+2m + 2 = u

b) 2m
8
+ 9m
7
+ 2m
5
+ m
4
+ 2m
3
+ 2m
2
+2m + 1 = u

You plot for part b) should look similar to the figure on the first page of this module.