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Measurements
Consistency Consistency is the ability of an instrument in measuring a quantity in a consistent manner with only a small relative deviation between readings. Relative Deviation The relative deviation is the percentage of mean deviation for a set of measurements and it is defined by the following formula: Accuracy The accuracy of a measurement is how close the measurement made is to the actual value of the quantity of physics. Sensitivity Sensitivity of a measuring tool is its ability to detect small changes in the quantity that is being measured. Systematic Error Systematic errors are errors which tend to shift all measurements in a systematic way so their mean value is displaced. Zero Error A zero error arises when the measuring instrument does not start from exactly zero. Random Error Random errors arise from unknown and unpredictable variations in condition. It fluctuates from one measurement to the next. Parallax Error A parallax error is an error in reading an instrument due to the eye of the observer and pointer are not in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale.
Scientific Investigation
Inference An inference is an initial interpretation or explanation concerning the observation. Variable A variable is a physical quantity that can be varied in an experiment.
Distance Distance is defined as the total path traveled by an object from one point to the other. Displacement Displacement is defined as the shortest distance between two point in a specific direction. Speed Speed is defined as the rate of change of distance. Velocity Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement. Acceleration Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity.
Deceleration Deceleration is the rate of decrease of velocity or how fast a velocity of a moving object decreases.
2.3 Inertia
Inertia Inertia is the tendency of an object resist to change its motion state. An object at rest will tend to remain at rest, or if moving will tend to continue its motion in a straight line.
2.4 Momentum
Momentum The momentum of an object is the product of the mass and the velocity of the object. Law of Conservation Of Momentum In a reaction between objects (collision or explosion), the total momentum before the reaction is equal to the total momentum after the reaction, provided that no external force acts on the system. Elastic Collision Elastic collision is the collision where the kinetic energy is conserved after the collision. Inelastic Collision Inelastic collision is the collision where the kinetic energy is not conserved after the collision.
Newtons Third Law Newton's third law of motion states that for every force, there is a reaction force with the same magnitude but in the opposite direction. Friction Friction is a force opposing motion. How the crumble zone of a car can reduce injuries to passenger? Friction Compensated Runway A friction compensated run way is a runway which the friction of an object placed on it is balanced by the weight of the object itself.
How the crumble zone of a car can reduce injuries to passenger? The crumple zone increases the time of collision. This causes the impulsive force to be small. The smaller the impulsive force, the smaller the injuries Seat Belt Prevent the driver and passengers from being flung forward or thrown out of the car during an emergency break. Airbag The inflated airbag during an accident acts as a cushion to lessen the impact when the driver flings forward hitting the steering wheel or dashboard. Head Rest Reduce neck injury when driver and passengers are thrown backwards when the car is banged from backward.
2.8 Gravity
Mass Mass is defined as quantity of matter. The S.I. unit of mass is kg. Weight Weight of an object is the gravitational force acting on the object. Gravitational Field Strength Gravitational Acceleration
Equilirium of Force Forces acting on an object are in equilibrium if the net force acting on the object is zero.
2.11 Eleasticity
Spring Constant Spring/force constant is the force required to extend the spring by one unit of extension. Hookes Law Hooke's law states that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.