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Internet
The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. No one owns the Internet. Every person who makes a connection owns a slice of the Internet. There is no central administration of Internet. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet. Information that travels over the Internet does so via a variety of languages known as protocols.
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What is an Internet ?
A community of people
Who use and develop the networks
A collection of resources
That can be reached from those networks.
Client/Server Architecture
Numerous applications run in a client/server environment, this means that client computers (computers forming part of the network) contact a server, generally a very powerful computer in terms of input/output, which provides services to the client computers. These services are programmes which provide data such as the time, files, a connection, etc. The services are used by programs client programs which run on client computers. Designed to run on a client computer, capable of processing data received from a server (in the case of the FTP client we are dealing with files whereas for the email client we deal with email).
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2 Tier Architecture
2-tier architecture is used to describe client/server systems where the client requests resources and the server responds directly to the request, using its own resources. The server does not call on in another application order to provide part of the service.
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3 Tier Architecture
In 3-tier architecture, there is intermediary level, an meaning the architecture is generally split up between: A client, i.e. the computer, which requests the resources, equipped with a user interface (usually a web browser) for presentation purposes The application server (also called middleware), whose task it is to provide the requested resources, but by calling on another server The data server, which provides the application server with the data it requires
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TCP/IP Protocol
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TCP/IP
TCP/IP is the communication protocol for the internet. TCP/IP defines the rule computers must communicate with each other over the internet. follow to
TCP/IP standard there are several protocols for handling data communication:
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) communication between applications UDP (User Datagram Protocol) simple communication between applications IP (Internet Protocol) communication between computers ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) for errors and statistics DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) for dynamic addressing
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TCP
TCP is for communication between applications. If one application wants to communicate with another via TCP, it sends a communication request. This request must be sent to an exact address. After a "handshake" between the two applications, TCP will set up a "full-duplex" communication between the two applications. The "full-duplex" communication will occupy the communication line between the two computers until it is closed by one of the two applications. UDP is very similar to TCP, but simpler and less reliable.
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IP
Network layer protocol Internet Protocol (IP). of internet is
Its job is to provide a best-effort way to transport datagrams from source to destination, without regard to whether or not these machines are on the same network, or whether or not there are other networks in between them.
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IP Addresses
Every host & router on the Internet has an IP address, which encodes its network number and host number. All IP addresses are 32 bits long and are used in the source address & destination address fields of IP packets. Those machines connected to multiple networks have a different IP address on each network.
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Applications of Internet
1.Remote Login TELNET Rlogin 2.File Transfer and Access FTP TFTP NFS 3.Electronic Mail SMTP MIME 4.Internet Management SNMP 5.USENET NEWS
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TELNET
Ex: when a user invokes TELNET, an application program on the users machine becomes the client. The client establishes a TCP connection to the server over which they will communicate. Once the connection has been established, the client accepts keystrokes from the users keyboard and sends them to the server, while it concurrently accepts characters that the server sends back and displays them on the users screen. Then server must accept a TCP connection from the client, and then relay data between the TCP connection and the local operating system.
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Email System
Electronic mail is among the most widely available application services. Like most TCP/IP services, it uses the client-server paradigm. The mail system buffers outgoing and incoming messages, allowing the transfer from client and server to occur in background.
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Composition : process of creating messages and answers. Transfer : moving messages from the originator to the recipient. Reporting : telling the originator what happened to the message. Displaying : Simple conversions and formatting required for reading incoming messages. Disposition : Concerns what the recipient does with the message after receiving it.
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Message Transfer
Establish a transport connection from the source machine to the destination machine and then just transfer the message
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This daemon accepts incoming connections and copies messages into the appropriate mailboxes. If message not delivered, an error report containing the first part of the undelivered message is returned to the sender.
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Message Formats
Format of the email messages
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Network Management
In addition to protocols that provide network level services and application programs that use those services, an Internet needs software that allow managers to debug problems, control routing and find computers that violate protocol standards. Such activities are referred as Internet Management.
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USENET NEWS
A newsgroup is a worldwide discussion forum on some specific topic. People interested in the subject can subscribe to the newsgroup. Subscribers can use a special kind of user agent, a news reader, to read all the articles to the newsgroup. People can also post articles to the newsgroup. Each article posted to a newsgroup is automatically delivered to all the subscribers, wherever they may be in the world.
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