Heather -

I commend you for your approach to learning about World War Two. I hope the following is of
some help to you.
First I should tell you that WW2 is my favorite period of history, that I have read at least 150
books on it, and still own about 50. Also, I’m in the process of writing my own book of memoirs
about my years in Washington during that war.
I will try very hard here to give you only my personal view without relying on the millions of
words I have read on the subject. Here are my brief answers to the nine numbered questions you
asked.
1. During all of WW2 I lived in Washington D.C. I was a 16-year-old high-school graduate
when the war began (I had skipped two grades in grade school), served in the Navy during 1943-
44, , and when the war ended in 1945 was a full-time engineering student.
2. I was drafted the month I turned 18, served 17 months in the Navy as an enlisted man,
nearly all that time in Washington D.C., and got a medical discharge in 1944. That fall I entered
engineering school.
3 and 4. Prior to 1938, my acquaintances viewed Hitler like most Americans did: he was a fam-
ous, forceful German leader who was accomplishing wonderful things in Germany. He was once
Time Magazine’s Man of the Year, and was lauded admiringly by many Americans, including some
in high places. After his Austria takeover in 1938, some Americans began to view Hitler with sus-
picion, but few felt there was anything to be alarmed about. After Chamberlain gave away Su-
daten Czechoslovakia in 1938 in return for Hitler’s sworn promise that he had no other territorial
demands, I and most of my acquaintances breathed easily, since it looked very much like peace in
Europe had been achieved. (Chamberlain was then hailed world-wide as a brilliant hero, but two
years later was seen as a foolish appeaser whose actions had encouraged Hitler to go to war.)
Two of my history teachers in high school, however, were exceptions: they were convinced that
Hitler had the conquest of Europe on his mind, and they accurately predicted a sad future for
Europe. Only when Hitler grabbed the rest of Czechoslovakia in the spring of 1939 did almost
everyone finally realize what a lying, conniving devil he was, but even then, few of us supposed
that he might have visions of conquering all of Europe. (Nor is it clear that he had them at that
time.)
I remember that between the spring of 1939 and 1 September 1939, when war began, there
was a news blackout here. All American reporters had been kicked out of Germany and we had
very little credible news on Hitler. We watched England get ready for war, but our conviction was
that we should not and would not get involved “in a foreign war.”
You must realize that there was no TV, very little transcontinental radio news, and essentially
no transcontinental-telephone communication. Our daily news came mostly from newspapers,
magazines, and radio and there was also Movietone News, about ten minutes of motion-picture
news shown weekly in every movie theater. Like many of today’s TV watchers, there were mil-
lions of Americans who read nothing and who got most of their news during their weekly trip to
the theater. The trouble was that during the war, Movietone News, like all other news, was heav-
ily censored. No violence, no blood, no disappointing statistics, no hint that we were losing on
any war front, and no statistics on losses. Even before the war, Movietone News was so sanitized
to offend no one that I never recall ever hearing a decidedly negative comment about Hitler, for
example, until after he declared war on us.
When did I and most Americans finally come to realize Hitler’s plans for total conquest of
Europe? I think it was when to everyone’s surprise he marched into Russia in May 1941.
5. I was taking a Sunday afternoon ride with my mother and a friend in suburban Washington
when the car radio announced the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Thereafter shocking events

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were reported so thick and fast that I did not seem to have time to contemplate the future. Within
a few hours the radio said the Japanese had bombed the Philippines, then several other British sta-
tions in the far east, among them Singapore, I think. I guess my immature mind was closed to the
possibility that one day soon, American troops, I among them, might be fighting Japanese on sea
and land all other the Pacific. I just didn’t give it any thought.
No, no one of my acquaintance had the slightest thought that Pearl Harbor might happen. We
had been led to believe that Japan was a backward, non-industrial country that made the toy in the
Cracker Jack, which quickly broke when you played with it. Whatever conjecture there had been
in the press that Japan might start shooting anywhere was given a very low profile on the back
pages and no one guessed Hawaii. There was absolutely no clue ever shown on Movietone News.
The U.S. Congress declared war on Japan the next day after Pearl Harbor Sunday, and then
Germany, incredibly, declared war on us later that same week. Immediately Roosevelt implemen-
ted full censorship of all news media, and as a consequence it was more than a year later that we
learned that more than 3,000 were killed in Hawaii on 7 December and that most of our Pacific
Fleet was sunk!
You must realize how thorough war-time censorship was. Not only did we not get valid, un-
biased, up-to-date news on the war, all negative commentary about the war was censored, or it
was never generated for fear of prosecution as a traitor. During the entire was we never saw more
than a few, far-away pictures of dead soldiers or civilians among the millions who were dying
around the world. All casualty numbers--troops slain, airplanes, submarines, and ships lost, posi-
tions overrun, etc.--were omitted or carefully “cooked” to make our war activities look as good
as possible. At no time during the war did we on the home front ever get a realistic view of the
progress of the war. I never had even a wild, unsubstantiated guess as to how many deaths our
armed forces or our allies’ forces had suffered to date or how many bombers over Europe had
gone done in flames. During 1942 and 1943 German submarines sunk several hundred (!) Americ-
an and British ships off the eastern coast of the U.S., but not one was currently reported in the
press.
6. When thousands of Japanese and Japanese-Americans in California were interned in 1942,
that news was managed carefully to give it minimal, usually back-page coverage, and there simply
was no criticism of it at the time. Movietone News had a very brief report on it, all in carefully
worded, neutral terms to make it sound routine. The decision seemed logical to me at the time, in
view of the shelling of a California town by a Japanese submarine and the reported later found to
be mistaken Japanese bombing of Los Angeles, all of this together with reported espionage by Ja-
panese nationals at Hawaii prior to the attack. I can honestly say I never had any revengeful feel-
ings toward any Japanese Americans over the conduct of the Japanese naval forces at Pearl Har-
bor. Revenge never crossed my mind. It might have, conceivably, had I known at the time the
scope and depth of the surprise slaughter of Americans at Pearl Harbor, the Bataan Death March
in 1942, the horrible atrocities committed on Allied prisoners during the war, etc. We knew none
of these horrible things in detail during the war.
I now see the 1942 internment as a terrible miscarriage of justice, a great part of which was de-
priving hundreds of totally innocent Japanese Californians of their livelihoods after the war. Many
lives were ruined without any physical maltreatment by simply reducing the folks to the poverty
level, I have read.
7. “Patriotism” is a tricky word that means different things to different people. In war time to
many people it means willingness to fight an enemy and/or otherwise support the war. By that
definition many Americans were patriots during WW2. Within hours after American declared war,
I saw hundreds of young men lined up at the military recruiting stations. It is easy to suppose that
they were all patriotic, because when asked, that is what most of them would tell reporters was

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their motivation for enlisting. But it is more likely that most of them actually had other practical
reasons, such as an opportunity to leave home or a boring or underpaid job, to get out of a bad
marriage or love affair, to terminate a bad relationship with parents, to get out of the reach of the
law, or to leave the country and add some excitement to one’s life. In any event, each enlistee did
in fact risk his life by enlistee, and thousands of enlistees lost it. (Total American deaths in WW2
were about 410,000.)
I, on the other hand, had no motivation to enlist, and I tried hard but unsuccessfully to get a
draft deferment. Unlike the Viet Nam War, there were no college deferments in WW2. The Viet-
nam-era theory that America’s college students ought to be among the last to go to fight was not
in vogue during WW2. As a college student I was drafted just days after I turned 18, and chose
the Navy. I spent nearly a year in a navy school in Washington. I had no desire to get into combat
and considered myself very fortunate to get a medical discharge just as I was about to be assigned
to sea duty.
As you know, WW2 was a very “popular” war, and during the war I don’t recall ever reading
or hearing a word against our being involved in it. But, as I have said, any such public utterance
would have risked prosecution as a traitor, totally unlike the situation in our wars since then.
There were, by the way, a few conscientious objectors who avoided draft induction, but that was
unreported and generally unknown--in marked contrast to the thousands of Viet Nam objectors.
8. My wife and I, who both lived, before marriage, in Washington all during the war, agree that
wartime Washington was a very pleasant, often thrilling place to be, that we did not suffer at all,
and that the numerous war-time rationing and other constraints had negligible effects on our lives.
Like all our friends, we owned no cars and did only limited cooking, so the gas, tires, meat, and
sugar rationing was of little consequence to us. The censored war news did not make us morose,
as it might well have had it been uncensored. Despite the night-time blackout, there were plenty
of dances, theaters, restaurants, and bars running full-scale, and a good streetcar system to get
around town. Salaries were generally inflated, and layoffs were unheard of. Washingtonians were
well fed and housed and enjoyed the war. Only a gourmet could complain about the shortages of
steak, sugar, etc.
Things were quite different in other parts of the country, where the three-gallon-per-week gas-
oline limit made daily transportation a nightmare for millions, for example, but you have asked me
for my personal experience only.
9. Our personal wartime “sacrifices” were so trivial things like not being able to buy a radio or
nylon stockings that I am not going to discuss them. It would be a misuse of the word “sacrifice,”
knowing, as I do now, that tens of millions of people around the world were being killed during
those years, more than 400,000 of them Americans, and that hundreds of American bodies were
being shipped home each week from overseas theaters of war. That was the real sacrifice.
One last comment. Since WW2 America has decided to let its citizens see the wars its men and
women fight, up close, with all the blood and gore and corpses and body bags, filmed by reporters
right up at the front, and instantly shown in our living rooms. You ask “What was it REALLY like
to be aware of this [WW2] huge conflict our country was involved in?” My answer is that during
that war we never were more than superficially aware of the conflict. Our war news was so care-
fully filtered, scoured, dehumanized, and delayed, with heavily added pro-allies hype and bias, that
our understanding of the war differed enormously from reality. I have been studying it for 50
years to get a valid understanding of it.
I hope this helps your efforts. Let me know if it does. RBabin

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