TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 GRAMMAR POINTS

1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10

Future Going to vs. Will.....6 ...7

.....9 ..10

.....11

...12

2.0

COMMON MISTAKES..13

3.0

REFERENCE MATERIALS

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

Irregular verbs...15 Regular verbs....16 Translation lists..17 Common Mistakes.....27 Verb Tense Charts....28

*** IMPORTANT: This Student Pack contains all the materials you will need during the course. Please print a copy and bring it with you. The activities and exercises are to be completed during the course, and therefore should not be done previously. However, we do recommend that you review the vocabulary as preparation. *** IMPORTANTE: Este "Student Pack" contiene todos los materiales que necesitar durante el curso. Por favor, imprima una copia y trigala consigo. Las actividades y los ejercicios se realizarn a lo largo del programa, por lo que no deberan hacerse previamente. S se recomienda, sin embargo, que se revise el vocabulario como preparacin al curso.

Past to be and regular verbs......

1.3

Present simple vs. Present continuous..

4
2

1.2

Question tags.

1.1

Question words..

elpmis tsaP .sv tcefrep tneserP

suounitnoc tcefrep tneserP

sbrev ralugerri tsaP

noitagilbo - sladoM

smrof llA erutuF

1.0
1.1

GRAMMAR POINTS
QUESTION WORDS

Haces bien en aprender estas palabras a la perfeccin, ya que muchos alumnos las suelen confundir. Who Quin? What Qu? When Cando? Why Por qu? Where Dnde? How Cmo? Which Cal? (de los dos o de los pocos) Ten cuidado, ya que palabras como cal es tu nombre? en ingls se dice What is your name? Cuando se trata de muchas o todas las posibilidades del mundo, se usa what.

1. Cmo te llamas? 2. Cundo es Navidad? 3. Dnde est el cuarto de bao? 4. Por qu el peridico esta en el csped? 5. Quin es el jefe? 6. Cundo es la reunin? 7. Cmo ests? 8. Dnde est Malta? 9. Por qu los pjaros estn aqu ahora? 10. Dnde est tu casa? 11. Cual es gratis? 12. Quin eres? 13. Dnde estoy? 14. Quin es tu padre? 15. Cmo estn los nios? 16. Dnde ests? 17. Qu es una impresora? 18. Cundo es la fiesta? 19. Quin es? 20. Dnde est el boli? 21. Cal de los perros esta enfermo? 22. Dnde estn los sellos? 23. Qu es un bolso? 24. Por qu estn all? 25. De qu color es?

1.2

QUESTION TAGS

Una forma de hacer una pregunta en ingls es usar un question tag, que consiste en poner el auxiliar en el contrario con el sujeto al final de una afirmacin o negacin. Por ejemplo: - Youll do it, wont you? En afirmativo, aades el auxiliar en negativo. - You cant speak German, can you? En negativo, aades el auxiliary en afirmativo. Si no hay otro auxiliar, se utiliza do, does y did pero ten cuidado por que con este auxiliar, aunque no aparece en afirmativo, lo pones en negativo al final: - She works on Saturday, doesnt she? - Richie played in a band, didnt he? Una excepcin es am: - I am in charge, arent I? En negativo es normal: - I am not the one, am I?

1. Dina vive por aqu, no? 2. Rick era un nio difcil, no? 3. No deberamos preocuparnos, no? 4. El caballo esta mal, no? 5. La pizza no ha llegado, verdad? 6. El busto no podra ser autentico, no? 7. Est lloviendo, no? 8. Kim habla ruso, no? 9. El jardinero no usa guantes, verdad? 10. Ellos compran en el mayorista, no? 11. Ella se estaba duchando cuando llam, no? 12. Felicity ha estado en Sur frica, verdad? 13. Hacia fro anoche verdad? 14. Lo hiciste, no? 15. Estoy de guardia, verdad? 16. Los coches estarn en el parking, no? 17. Tus padres ya no trabajan, verdad? 18. Hal lo hara con poca antelacin, no? 19. Se tuvo que hacer, no? 20. La alarma estaba sonando, no? 21. Ella ser la prxima alcaldesa, verdad? 22. Tu gato araa los muebles, no? 23. T eres ms alto que tu to, no? 24. Los Williams no pueden venir, verdad? 25. Tienen un monovolumen, no?

1. Dina lives around here, _______________? 2. Rick was a difficult child, _______________? 3. We shouldnt worry, _______________? 4. The horse is ill, _______________? 5. The pizza hasnt arrived, _______________? 6. The bust couldnt be real, _______________? 7. Its raining, _______________? 8. Kim speaks Russian, _______________? 9. The gardener doesnt wear gloves, _______________? 10. They shop at the wholesalers, _______________? 11. She was taking a shower when I called, _______________? 12. Felicity has been in South Africa, _______________? 13. It was cold last night, _______________? 14. You did it, _______________? 15. Im on call, _______________? 16. The cars will be in the garage, _______________? 17. Your parents dont work anymore, _______________? 18. Hal would do it without much notice, _______________? 19. It had to be done, _______________? 20. The alarm was going off, _______________? 21. Shell be the next mayor, _______________? 22. Your cat scratches the furniture, _______________? 23. You are taller than your uncle, _______________? 24. The Williams cant come, _______________? 25. They have a minivan, _______________?

1.3

PRESENT SIMPLE vs. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Aqu hay que recordar las dos reglas bsicas: - I do it lo hago (habitualmente). - I am doing it lo estoy haciendo (ahora). En espaol, y especialmente en pregunta, se usa el presente simple para las dos cosas. - Qu haces los domingos? - What do you do on Sunday? - Qu haces? - What are you doing?

1. Voy al supermercado los viernes. 2. Me voy al supermercado. 3. Ests leyendo el prrafo equivocado. 4. Siempre lee (l) el peridico del domingo. 5. Mi jefe viene en tren (de manera habitual). 6. Los invitados estn viniendo en autobs. 7. Alicia juega al hockey. 8. Estn jugando a las cartas. 9. Rob trabaja hasta las siete. 10. Trabaja en Bruselas esta semana. 11. Qu haces? (a qu te dedicas?) 12. Qu haces? (ahora) 13. Dnde vas? 14 Dnde vais en agosto? 15. Qu estn comiendo? 16. Por qu no comen carne? 17. Qu mira (ella)? 18. Lleva (l) gafas? 19. Las lleva puestas? 20. Tiene (ella) coche? 21. Con quin est (ella) tomando un caf? 22. Crees en los fantasmas? 23. Qu dices? 24. Qu se suele decir en esta situacin? 25. De qu est hablando?

1. I _______________________ to the supermarket on Friday. 2. I _____________________________ to the supermarket. 3. You __________________________ the wrong paragraph. 4. He always ________________________ the Sunday paper. 5. My boss ________________________________ by train. 6. The guests _____________________________ by bus. 7. Alice ___________________________________ hockey. 8. They ______________________________________ cards. 9. Rob _________________________________ until seven. 10. He _________________________ in Brussels this week. 11. What _____________ you _____________? 12. What _____________ you _____________? 13. Where _____________ you _____________? 14. Where _____________ you _____________ in August? 15. What _____________ they _____________ ? 16. Why _____________ they _____________ meat? 17. What _____________ she _____________ at? 18. ________________________ he _____________ glasses? 19. ____________________ he _________________ them now? 20. ________________ she ________________ a car? 21. Who _____________ she _____________ a coffee with? 22. ________________ you ________________ in ghosts? 23. What ________________ you ________________ ? 24. What _____________ you _____________ in this situation? 25. What _____________ she _____________ about?

1.4

FUTURE WILL vs. GOING TO

Will se usa para un futuro no seguro: - Perhaps it will get here tomorrow. - Quizs llegue maana. - If I buy one, Ill give you my old one. Si compro uno, te dar el viejo. Y para decisiones tomadas en el momento: - Yes, Ill go. Si, ir. (acabo de decidir) Tambin se usa para ofrecer o pedir ayuda, o ofrecerse a hacer: - Will you open the door for me? Me abres la puerta? - Ill call the plumber for you. - Yo llamar al fontanero. Going to es para un futuro ya decidido o algo inminente. - Im going to go to Vienna next month. Voy a ir a Viena el mes que viene. - Its going to rain. Va a llover. Hay nubes negras, la previsin es de lluvia, estamos en Galicia en noviembre

1. Voy a comer con mi madre maana. 2. El jefe no va a venir a la reunin. 3. Estoy seguro que ser genial 4. Lo har yo. 5. John cree que suspender el examen. 6. Vamos a hacer vela en Semana Santa. 7. Ella no va a ir a la playa el fin de semana que viene. 8. Voy a asistir a un curso el mes que viene. 9. Volver ms tarde. 10. No vamos al viaje con nuestra clase. 11. Mandy me va a mandar un e-mail para confirmar las fechas. 12. Se lo pasarn fenomenal en Acapulco. 13. No te arrepentirs de tu decisin. 14. Voy a jugar al tenis con Fred esta tarde. 15. Va a haber comida gratis en la feria? 16. Crees que vendrn? 17. Se pondr enfermo si sigue comiendo? 18. Por qu no se van a quedar para la segunda pelcula? 19. Encontrar al asesino el detective? 20. Cuando vamos a ver los planos? 21. Qu se va a poner Faye para la boda? 22. Por qu no te vas a quejar sobre eso? 23. Me ayudars si tienes tiempo? 24. Va a empezar Sarah su clase de yoga maana? 25. Por qu no habr un intermedio?

1. I ______________________ lunch with my mother tomorrow. 2. The boss _____________________________ to the meeting. 3. Im sure it __________________________________ great. 4. _____________________________________________ it. 5. John thinks ______________________________ the exam. 6. We _______________________________ sailing at Easter. 7. She _________________________ the beach next weekend. 8. _______________________________ a course next month. 9. _______________________________________ back later. 10. We ___________________________ the trip with our class. 11. Mandy _______________ me an email to confirm the dates. 12. They________________________ a great time in Acapulco. 13. You ________________________________ your decision. 14. I ______________________ tennis with Fred this afternoon. 15._____________there ____________ free food at the fair? 16. Do you think they ________________________________? 17. _______________________________ if he keeps eating? 18. Why ___________________________ for the second film? 19. ___________ the detective ___________ find the murderer? 20. When ____________________ the blueprints? (seguro que los veremos tarde o temprano) 21. What _____________________________ for the wedding? 22. Why _________________________________ about that? 23. ______________________________ me if you have time? 24. __________________________ her yoga class tomorrow? 25. Why ______________________________ an intermission?

1.5

FUTURE ALL FORMS

Ya hemos visto cuando se usa will y going to para el futuro. Hay otras dos formas ms para expresar el futuro. El presente continuo se usa para hablar de cosas programadas en el futuro, cosas en tu agenda. - Me voy a reunir con el Director maana. - Im meeting with the general manager tomorrow. - Aqu se puede usar I am going to meet tambin. El presente simple se usa para hablar de horarios en el futuro. - The train leaves at 6 tomorrow. - El tren sale a las 6 maana.

1. El autocar a Almera sale a las 8 y a las 10. 2. Voy a comer con el vicepresidente maana. 3. Qu ocurrir si el perro se escapa de nuevo? 4. Si, ir a la fiesta. 5. Va a caer un chaparrn. 6. El tren llegar a las 6. 7. Voy a ver a mi contable maana. 8. Ella vuela a Estocolmo maana. 9. Te veo maana? 10. Van a ser muy caticas las rebajas. 11. Si le traes, no te dejarn entrar. 12. No podemos ir por all por que se subir el puente a las 3:30. 13. Qu vas a contarles? 14. Si me escuchan, les dir lo que quieren or. 15. No te preocupes, lo har Raymond. 16. Cuntos invitados va a haber? 17. Maana tomo caf con el coronel. 18. Cundo traern los muebles? 19. No habr nadie aqu si vienen el domingo. 20. Van a traer a su hermanastro. 21. Les vamos a recoger en el aeropuerto maana. 22. Te vas a la cama? 23. La pelcula empieza a las nueve. 24. Te veo maana. 25. Nos vamos a ver el sbado.

1. The bus to Almeria _____________________ at 8 and 10. 2. I ______________________ with the vice-president tomorrow. 3. What _______________________ if the dog escapes again? 4. Yes, I ___________________________________ to the party. 5. There ________________________________ a downpour. 6. The train ___________________________________ at 6. 7. I ___________________________ my accountant tomorrow. 8. She __________________________ to Stockholm tomorrow. 9. ___________________________________ you tomorrow? 10. The sales ________________________________ chaotic. 11. If you bring him, they ______________________ you in. 12. We cant go that way because the bridge _______________ at 3:30. 13. What _____________________________ them. 14. If they listen to me, I ________ them what they want to hear. 15. Dont worry, Raymond _______________________ it. 16. How many guests _____________________________ ? 17. I _____________________ coffee with the colonel tomorrow. 18. When _____________________________ the furniture? 19. Nobody ___________________ if they come on Sunday. 20. They are ________________________ their half-brother. 21. We ________________________ at the airport tomorrow. 22. _____________________________________ to bed? 23. The film ________________________________ at 9. 24. I ________________________________ you tomorrow. 25. We _______________________ each other this Saturday.

1.6

PAST TO BE AND REGULAR VERBS

El verbo to be es el nico en ingls que tiene dos formas en el pasado: was and were. Los verbos regulares terminan en ed. En afirmativa, hay que fijarse en la pronunciacin. Si la palabra termina en t , te, d o de, se pronuncia como el nombre Ted o la palabra dead. - Wanted - [uan-ted]. - Ended - [en-ded]. En todos los dems casos se pronuncia como una t o una suave d, respectivamente, y de forma compacta, e.g.: - [askt] asked. - [pusht] pushed. - [pleid] played.

1. Comprobaron el documento tres veces. 2. El conductor empuj la silla de ruedas de mi abuelo. 3. Bailamos toda la noche. 4. Recibimos tres envos anteayer. 5. Aparqu en la calle. 6. Cuando era joven, quera un perro. 7. Viaj en barco, pero no visit Alejandra. 8. El partido finaliz cuando George decidi irse a casa. 9. No comenc porque no haba papel. 10. Jugamos al ajedrez y luego pedimos una baraja de mus. 11. Prob la sopa, pero no prob la tarta. 12. Solicit el trabajo el martes. 13. Un espaol invent la fregona. 14. Hablamos de eso anoche. 15. Nos sirvieron el segundo plato primero. 16. Choc (l) contra un rbol. 17. Su perro (de ellos) me atac. 18. Gaud nunca termin su catedral. 19. Gastaron todo el combustible. 20. El paquete incluy todos los traslados. 21. Por qu necesitaban catorce bastones? 22. Descansasteis ms de lo que descansamos? 23. Imprimiste los documentos que yo quera? 24 Volvisteis por la autopista? 25. Cuntas veces lo intentaste?

1. They ___________________ the document three times. 2. The driver ________________ my grandfathers wheelchair. 3. We _______________________ all night. 4. We __________ three shipments the day before yesterday. 5. I _______________________ in the street. 6. When I _____________________ young, I wanted a dog. 7. _________________ on a ship, but I didnt visit Alexandria. 8. The match ___________ when George decided to go home. 9. I didnt start because there __________________ any paper. 10. We________chess and then we __________ a deck of cards. 11. I ___________________ the soup, but I didnt try the cake. 12. I _________________________ for the job on Tuesday. 13. A Spaniard ____________________________ the mop. 14. We __________________________ about that last night. 15. They ___________________ us the second course first. 16. He ________________________________ into a tree. 17. Their dog __________________________________ me. 18. Gaudi never ________________________ his cathedral. 19. They ________________________________ all the fuel. 20. The package ____________________ all of the transfers. 21. Why ___________________________ fourteen canes? 22. Did you rest longer than we _____________________? 23. Did you print the documents that I ________________? 24. _________________________________ on the highway? 25. How many times _______________________________ ?

1.7

PAST IRREGULAR VERBS

Aqu tienes algunos de los verbos irregulares ms comunes. Recuerda que slo se usa esta forma en afirmativa. Did you go? No, I didnt go. Yes, I went. No hay secreto, es cuestin de aprenderlos bien.

1. Vino (ella) el lunes, pero no vino ayer. 2. Me romp la pierna practicando judo. 3. Cog el autobs, pero no lo cog en la estacin. 4. Compramos la carne donde comprasteis el jamn. 5. Se cort (l) y luego se quem. 6. Bebiste la cerveza que trajo (l). 7. Conduje el Ferrari, pero no el tractor. 8. Comieron todo el cocido y se encontraban mal por la noche. 9. Romp la impresora cuando le di un golpe. 10. El estante se cay por el peso. 11. Vol a Npoles y fui al hotel en taxi. 12. Olvidaste el cumpleaos de tu madre! 13. Lo consigui (l), me lo dio, y lo perd. 14. Tomamos caf y las galletas que hiciste. 15. Salimos anoche y conoc a tu cuado. 16. Me pagaron en metlico. 17. Le el peridico en el metro. 18. Durmi en el sof porque se gast todo su (de ellos) dinero. 19. Habl con l y me lo dijo. 20. Ella me ense lo que pensaba que estaba bien. 21. Tom (l) la pastilla y se despert al da siguiente 22. Tiraste mis viejas deportivas. 23. Hemmingway escribi Fiesta despus de correr un encierro. 24. Llev chanclas al concierto. 25. Me levant tarde porque mi equipo gan el trofeo.

1. She ___________ on Monday, but she didnt come yesterday. 2. I ____________________ my leg doing judo. 3. I ___________ the bus, but I didnt catch it at the station. 4. We __________ the meat where you __________ the ham. 5. He ___________ himself and then he ___________ himself. 6. You _______________ the beer that he _______________ . 7. I _________________ the Ferrari, but I didnt drive the tractor. 8. They ___________ all of the stew and they ___________ bad later that night. 9. I ________________ the printer when I _______________ it. 10. The shelf ______________________ because of the weight. 11. I ____________ to Naples and then ___________ to the hotel by taxi. (cab) 12. You ______________________ your moms birthday! 13. He _________ it, ________ it to me and I _________ it. 14. We __________ coffee and the cookies that you _________ . 15. We __________ last night and I ______ your brother-in-law. 16. They _______________ me in cash. 17. I ______________ the paper on the subway. (underground) 18. He ___________ on the sofa because he ___________ all of their money. 19. I ________________ to him and he ________________ me. 20. She _____________ me what she _____________ was right. 21. He _____________ the pill and ____________ the next day. 22. You _____________ my old tennis shoes. (sneakers, trainers) 23. Hemmingway ___________ Fiesta after he ran with the bulls. 24. I ___________________ sandals to the concert. 25. I _________ late because my team ___________ the trophy.

1.8

PRESENT PERFECT vs. PAST SIMPLE

En castellano parece haber una diferencia entre el pasado reciente y el pasado lejano, i.e. qu has dicho? pero qu dijo el doctor cuando naciste? En ingls no hay tal diferencia. Esta frase puede ayudarte: the past is the past. Si algo empez en el pasado y ya termin, se dice en pasado, como hace la gente en el norte de Espaa o los latinoamericanos. Cundo ha llamado (l)? - When did he call? (accin terminada). Cuntas veces ha llamado esta semana? - How many times has he called this week? (la semana no ha terminado, an se puede llamar).

1. He dormido muy mal esta noche. 2. No s lo que has dicho. 3. He ledo dos artculos esta semana. (la semana no ha terminado) 4. Le hemos hecho una oferta. 5. Han llegado tarde. 6. Nunca han llegado tarde. (hasta ahora) 7. Trabaj en Dubai en 1997. 8. He comprado uno esta semana, pero compr tres la semana pasada. 9. Hemos cambiado de asegurador. 10. Nos han rechazado. 11. Has bebido mucho caf hoy. 12. Est (l) rojo porque ha estado en la playa. 13. Nunca hemos estado en Turqua. (an podemos ir) 14. Han estado aqu. (ya no estn) 15. Has visto a Elaine hoy? 16. Dnde has puesto mi bolgrafo? 17. Qu te han dado? 18. Te lo han dicho alguna vez? (en tu vida, que obviamente sigue). 19. Cuntas veces lo has visto? (hasta ahora y puedes seguir vindolo). 20. Lo has visto? 21. Dnde habis desayunado? 22. Has comido ya? 23. Cmo han venido? 24. Ha estado ella en Praga este ao? 25. Qu te ha preguntado ese seor?

1. I ______________________ very badly last night. 2. I dont know what you _______________________ . 3. I _______________________ two articles this week. 4. We ____________________________ him an offer. 5. They ______________________ late. 6. They _______________________ late. 7. I ________________________ in Dubai in 1997. 8. I ___________ one this week, but I ___________ three last week. 9. We _____________________ insurance companies. 10. They _____________________________ us. 11. You ____________________ a lot of coffee today. 12. Hes red because he ______________ at the beach 13. We ______________________________ to Turkey. 14. They _________________________________ here. 15. _______________________________ Elaine today? 16. Where ____________________________ my pen? 17. What ___________________________ you? 18. _____________________________ you? 19. How many times _________________________ it? 20. __________________________ that? 21. Where _________________________ breakfast? 22. _______________________________ yet? 23. How _________________________________ ? 24. ________________________ to Prague this year? 25. What ___________ that man ___________ you?

10

1.9

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Cuando la pregunta o sentido de la frase es desde cundo - how long- y el verbo es una accin que contina, se emplea el presente perfecto continuo. - How long have you been working in Switzerland? - Ive been working here for 5 months. Tambin se usa para una accin continua que acaba de terminar. - What have you been doing? - Ive been talking to David. Si el verbo no es una accin, sino un estado o condicin, se contesta con el presente perfecto simple. - How long have you been a teacher? - Ive been a teacher for 12 years. - Ive been a teacher since 1994. En la respuesta se usa for para periodos de tiempo y since para puntos en el tiempo, por ejemplo, fechas.

1. Llevamos aqu 20 minutos. 2. Le estoy llamando desde hace una hora. 3. Es (ella) mdico desde octubre. 4. Juegan al football desde que eran nios. 5. Llevan una hora esperndonos. 6. Viene (l) en autobs desde que tuvo el accidente de coche. 7. Tengo este reloj desde navidad. 8. Nos conocemos desde hace mucho tiempo. 9. Llevamos aqu sentados dos horas. 10. Hay mucha gente aqu desde que vino ese reportero. 11. Dirige (l) la tienda desde hace siglos. 12. Pertenezco a ese club desde enero. 13. Hace (ella) yoga desde hace 6 meses. 14. Cenan all desde hace aos. 15. Esa seal lleva mucho tiempo en la esquina. 16. La casa necesita una mano de pintura desde que la compraron. 17. Llevamos meses negociando con ellos. 18. Quiero un coche nuevo desde hace mucho tiempo. 19. Desde cundo usas gafas? 20. Desde cundo hay un semforo aqu? 21. Cunto tiempo llevis yendo a esa playa? 22. Desde cundo es blanco? 23. Cunto tiempo hace que tienes el catarro? 24. Cunto tiempo llevas como directivo? 25. Desde cundo est aqu?

1. We ___________________________ here for 20 minutes. 2. I _________________________ calling him for an hour. 3. She ______________________ a doctor since October. 4. They ___________________ football since they were children. 5. They ___________________________ for us for an hour. 6. He ______________ by bus since he had the car accident. 7. I _________________________ this watch since Christmas. 8. We ______________________ each other for a long time. 9. We ___________________________ here for two hours. 10. There ___________ a lot of people here since that reporter came. 11. He ____________________________ the shop for ages. 12. I _________________________ to that club since January. 13. She ___________________________ yoga for six months. 14. They ___________________________ dinner there for years. 15. That sign _______________ on the corner for a long time. 16. The house ___________ a coat of paint since they bought it. 17. We __________________________ with them for months. 18. I ___________________________ a new car for a long time. 19. How long __________________________ glasses? 20. How long _________________________ a traffic light here? 21. How long __________________________ to that beach? 22. How long ________________________________ white? 23. How long ______________________________ a cold? 24. How long ___________________________ a manager? 25. How long __________________________________ here?

11

1.10

MODALS - OBLIGATION

Must-obligacin personal Have to-obligacin externa (en pasado los dos tienen la forma had to) Mustnt-prohibicin Neednt-posibilidad, no hacer falta (tambin: dont/doesnt have to or need to) Should-consejo, opinin, lo correcto Had better-amenaza o advertencia de una accin con consecuencias Fjate que el nico que lleva to detrs es have to. No se dice must to ni should to ni had better to. En espaol, a veces, hay grados para debe, que puede ser sugerencia u obligacin. En ingls, should es sugerencia y no tan fuerte como must o mustnt.

1. Debo estudiar ms. 2. No debes llevar camiseta a la oficina. 3. No deberas llevar a los nios all. 4. No es necesario que vayas en coche. 5. John tiene que mejorar su rendimiento. 6. Ms vale que est (l) en la reunin. 7. Ms vale que no digas nada, porque si no 8. Ms te vale. 9. Tiene que haber una salida de emergencia 10. Si no desaparece, deberas ir al mdico. 11. No debes tocar el florero. 12. Deberamos vernos ms a menudo. 13. Tendremos que ir algn da. 14. Debemos darnos prisa. 15. No necesito traer comida. 16. Qu debera comer si quiero adelgazar? 17. Qu debo hacer? 18. Cul tengo que coger? 19. Dnde debera firmar ella? 20. Quin no tiene que venir? 21. Cundo tendremos que elegir? 22. Tuviste que hacerlo? 23. Por qu no debe ir all por la noche? 24. Cundo deberamos estar all? 25. Por qu no tiene que hacerlo ella?

1. I __________________________ study more. 2. You ______________________ wear a T-shirt to the office. 3. You _____________________ take the children there. (kids) 4. You ______________________ go by car. 5. John ______________________ improve his performance. 6. He __________________________ be at the meeting. 7. You ____________________ say anything, otherwise 8. You __________________________ . 9. There __________________________ be an emergency exit. 10. If it doesnt go away, you _______________ go to the doctor. 11. You ______________________________ touch the vase. 12. We _______________________ see each other more often. 13. We _____________________________ go some day. 14. We ____________________________________ hurry. 15. I ____________________ bring any food. 16. What ___________ I eat if I want to lose weight? 17. What _________________________ I do? 18. Which one do I _______________________ take? 19. Where ______________________________ she sign? 20. Who _________________________________ come? 21. When _____________________________ choose? 22. __________________________ do it? 23. Why ________________________ he go there at night? 24. When ____________________________ we be there? 25. Why doesnt she __________________________ it?

12

2.0

COMMON MISTAKES
SET 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Im thinking in the problem. Im thinking in you. That depends of the weather. I spent a lot of money in the car. I paid the drinks. I bought a present to Jack. I was working in the project for two years. I work at the Sales Department. I am mainly focussed in Sales. I know to do that. SET 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Im responsible of Production. They told to us all their problems. I asked to him the question. I am agreed with you. I said them that I could go. I can explain you how to do it. You must listen me very carefully. I proposed them that we go. Did you have a good travel? Would you like to make any questions? SET 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

I practise ski-ing every winter. I took 3 coffees this morning. We arrived to an agreement. They lost a lot of time coming by train. People is very worried. We were three in the meeting. I take 2 hours to get here. I finished it yesterday night. This night we will go out. Its the same that we saw yesterday.

13

SET 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 We must do it according with the rules. I must to go now. I have to call to her at the office. Its an important problem. The important is to do it well. We must take a decision quickly. I made three courses last year. I did a mistake. I did a big effort. We are making a lot of business in China. SET 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I am very compromised with my job. We must get all our objectives this year. I passed time with our clients last week. I must take my coat before we go. I stayed in that shop last week. I went out of that company last year. I have 36 years old. Thanks for all. Are you agreed? People is always complaining. SET 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Actualmente estoy trabajando en Produccin. De hecho estoy trabajando en Produccin. Estoy muy ilusionado/a. Es muy emocionante. Me puedes prestar el libro? Le ped prestado el libro. Les cont una historia. Vas a asistir a la reunin? Le vas a ayudar? Tengo otro compromiso.

14

3.0
3.1

REFERENCE MATERIALS
REGULAR VERBS
t sound Hard d sound Agreed Allowed Answered Appeared Arrived Believed Belonged Blamed Borrowed Called Carried Changed Cleaned Closed Confused Continued Copied Covered Cried Died Earned Enjoyed Explained Followed Gained Happened Joined Learned Listened to Lived Moved Notified Offered Owned Planned Prepared Played Poured Preferred Pulled Rained Raised Realised Received Retired Saved Seemed Served Showed Smiled Snowed Stayed Studied Tried Turned Used Warmed Warned Worried Asked Checked Crashed Cooked Crossed Danced Escaped Faced Finished Fished Flipped Helped Hoped Jumped Laughed Launched Liked Locked Looked Missed Noticed Parked Passed Picked Pressed Progressed Promised Pushed Reached Rushed Shipped Stopped Stuffed Talked Tipped Walked Washed Watched Wished Worked ed extra syllable Accepted Acted Added Adjust Attended Attracted Avoided Contacted Counted Created Decided Depended on Divided Eliminated Ended Existed Expanded Expected Extended Founded Hated Included Insisted Invented Invited Landed Lasted Lifted Limited Needed Noted Pointed Printed Promoted Rented Rested Shouted Started Sorted Tasted Treated Waited Wanted

15

3.2

IRREGULAR VERBS
Past Past Participle was, were been beat beaten became become began begun blew blown broke broken built built burnt burnt bought bought brought brought caught caught chose chosen came come cost cost cut cut dealt with dealt with dug dug did done drew drawn drank drunk ate eaten fell fallen fed fed felt felt fought fought found found fit fit flew flown forgot forgotten forgave forgiven froze frozen got got/gotten gave given went gone grew grown hung hung had had heard heard hid hidden hit hit held held hurt hurt kept kept knelt knelt knew known led led left left lent lent let let lay/lied** lain/lied** lost lost Present make mean meet pay prove* put quit read ride ring rise run say see sell send set shake show shut sing sink sit sleep speak spell* spend split spread stand steal sting strike swear take teach tear tell think throw understand wake* wear win write buy
bring

Present am, is, are beat become begin blow break build* burn buy bring catch choose come cost cut deal with dig do draw drink eat fall feed feel fight find fit* fly forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang* have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel know lead leave lend let lie* lose

Past Past Participle made made meant meant met met paid paid proved proven put put quit quit read read rode ridden rang rung rose risen ran run said said saw seen sold sold sent sent set set shook shaken showed shown shut shut sang sung sank sunk sat sat slept slept spoken spoken spelt spelt spent spent split split spread spread stood stood stole stolen stang stung struck struck swore sworn taught taken taught taught tore torn told told thought thought threw thrown understood understood woke woken wore worn won won wrote written bought bought [bot]
brought

brought [brot]

catch fight teach think

caught fought taught thought

caught [cot] fought [fot] taught [tot] thought [thot]

16

3.3 1.1

GRAMMAR POINTS TRANSLATION LISTS QUESTION WORDS

Haces bien en aprender estas palabras a la perfeccin, ya que muchos alumnos las suelen confundir. Who Quin? What Qu? When Cando? Why Por qu? Where Dnde? How Cmo? Which Cal? (de los dos o de los pocos) Ten cuidado, ya que palabras como cal es tu nombre? en ingls se dice What is your name? Cuando se trata de muchas o todas las posibilidades del mundo, se usa what.

1. Cmo te llamas? 2. Cundo es Navidad? 3. Dnde est el cuarto de bao? 4. Por qu el peridico esta en el csped? 5. Quin es el jefe? 6. Cundo es la reunin? 7. Cmo ests? 8. Dnde est Malta? 9. Por qu los pjaros estn aqu ahora? 10. Dnde est tu casa? 11. Cual es gratis? 12. Quin eres? 13. Dnde estoy? 14. Quin es tu padre? 15. Cmo estn los nios? 16. Dnde ests? 17. Qu es una impresora? 18. Cundo es la fiesta? 19. Quin es? 20. Dnde est el boli? 21. Cal de los perros esta enfermo? 22. Dnde estn los sellos? 23. Qu es un bolso? 24. Por qu estn all? 25. De qu color es?

1. What is your name? 2. When is Christmas? 3. Where is the bathroom? 4. Why is the newspaper on the grass? 5. Who is the boss? 6. When is the meeting? 7. How are you? 8. Where is Malta? 9. Why are the birds here now? 10. Where is your house? 11. Which one is free? 12. Who are you? 13. Where am I? 14. Who is your father? 15. How are the children? 16. Where are you? 17. What is a printer? 18. When is the party? 19. Who is it? 20. Where is the pen? 21. Which dog is ill? 22. Where are the stamps? 23. What is a purse? 24. Why are they there? 25. What color is it?

17

1.2

QUESTION TAGS

Una forma de hacer una pregunta en ingls es usar un question tag, que consiste en poner el auxiliar en el contrario con el sujeto al final de una afirmacin o negacin. Por ejemplo: - Youll do it, wont you? En afirmativo, aades el auxiliar en negativo. - You cant speak German, can you? En negativo, aades el auxiliary en afirmativo. Si no hay otro auxiliar, se utiliza do, does y did pero ten cuidado por que con este auxiliar, aunque no aparece en afirmativo, lo pones en negativo al final: - She works on Saturday, doesnt she? - Richie played in a band, didnt he? Una excepcin es am: - I am in charge, arent I? En negativo es normal: - I am not the one, am I?

1. Dina vive por aqu, no? 2. Rick era un nio difcil, no? 3. No deberamos preocuparnos, no? 4. El caballo esta mal, no? 5. La pizza no ha llegado, verdad? 6. El busto no podra ser autentico, no? 7. Est lloviendo, no? 8. Kim habla ruso, no? 9. El jardinero no usa guantes, verdad? 10. Ellos compran en el mayorista, no? 11. Ella se estaba duchando cuando llam, no? 12. Felicity ha estado en Sur frica, verdad? 13. Hacia fro anoche verdad? 14. Lo hiciste, no? 15. Estoy de guardia, verdad? 16. Los coches estarn en el parking, no? 17. Tus padres ya no trabajan, verdad? 18. Hal lo hara con poca antelacin, no? 19. Se tuvo que hacer, no? 20. La alarma estaba sonando, no? 21. Ella ser la prxima alcaldesa, verdad? 22. Tu gato araa los muebles, no? 23. T eres ms alto que tu to, no? 24. Los Williams no pueden venir, verdad? 25. Tienen un monovolumen, no?

1. Dina lives around here, doesnt she? 2. Rick was a difficult child, wasnt he? 3. We shouldnt worry, should we? 4. The horse is ill, isnt it? 5. The pizza hasnt arrived, has it? 6. The bust couldnt be real, could it? 7. Its raining, isnt it? 8. Kim speaks Russian, doesnt she? 9. The gardener doesnt wear gloves, does he? 10. They shop at the wholesalers, dont they? 11. She was taking a shower when I called, wasnt she? 12. Felicity has been in South Africa, hasnt she? 13. It was cold last night, wasnt it? 14. You did it, didnt you? 15. Im on call, arent I? 16. The cars will be in the garage, wont they? 17. Your parents dont work anymore, do they? 18. Hal would do it without much notice, wouldnt he? 19. It had to be done, didnt it? 20. The alarm was going off, wasnt it? 21. Shell be the next mayor, wont she? 22. Your cat scratches the furniture, doesnt it? 23. You are taller than your uncle, arent you? 24. The Williams cant come, can they? 25. They have a minivan, dont they?

18

1.3

PRESENT SIMPLE vs. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Aqu hay que recordar las dos reglas bsicas: - I do it lo hago (habitualmente). - I am doing it lo estoy haciendo (ahora). En espaol, y especialmente en pregunta, se usa el presente simple para las dos cosas. - Qu haces los domingos? - What do you do on Sunday? - Qu haces? - What are you doing?

1. Voy al supermercado los viernes. 2. Me voy al supermercado. 3. Ests leyendo el prrafo equivocado. 4. Siempre lee (l) el peridico del domingo. 5. Mi jefe viene en tren (de manera habitual). 6. Los invitados estn viniendo en autobs. 7. Alicia juega al hockey. 8. Estn jugando a las cartas. 9. Rob trabaja hasta las siete. 10. Trabaja en Bruselas esta semana. 11. Qu haces? (a qu te dedicas?) 12. Qu haces? (ahora) 13. Dnde vas? 14 Dnde vais en agosto? 15. Qu estn comiendo? 16. Por qu no comen carne? 17. Qu mira (ella)? 18. Lleva (l) gafas? 19. Las lleva puestas? 20. Tiene (ella) coche? 21. Con quin est (ella) tomando un caf? 22. Crees en los fantasmas? 23. Qu dices? 24. Qu se suele decir en esta situacin? 25. De qu est hablando?

1. I go to the supermarket on Friday. 2. Im going to the supermarket. 3. You are reading the wrong paragraph. 4. He always reads the Sunday paper. 5. My boss comes by train. 6. The guests are coming by bus. 7. Alice plays hockey. 8. They are playing cards. 9. Rob works until seven. 10. He is working in Brussels this week. 11. What do you do? 12. What are you doing? 13. Where are you going? 14. Where do you go in August? 15. What are they eating? 16. Why dont they eat meat? 17. What is she looking at? 18. Does he wear glasses? 19. Is he wearing them now? 20. Does she have a car? 21. Who is she having a coffee with? 22. Do you believe in ghosts? 23. What are you saying? 24. What do you say in this situation? 25. What is she talking about?

19

1.4

FUTURE WILL vs. GOING TO

Will se usa para un futuro no seguro: - Perhaps it will get here tomorrow. - Quizs llegue maana. - If I buy one, Ill give you my old one. Si compro uno, te dar el viejo. Y para decisiones tomadas en el momento: - Yes, Ill go. Si, ir. (acabo de decidir) Tambin se usa para ofrecer o pedir ayuda, o ofrecerse a hacer: - Will you open the door for me? Me abres la puerta? - Ill call the plumber for you. - Yo llamar al fontanero. Going to es para un futuro ya decidido o algo inminente. - Im going to go to Vienna next month. Voy a ir a Viena el mes que viene. - Its going to rain. Va a llover. Hay nubes negras, la previsin es de lluvia, estamos en Galicia en noviembre

1. Voy a comer con mi madre maana. 2. El jefe no va a venir a la reunin. 3. Estoy seguro que ser genial 4. Lo har yo. 5. John cree que suspender el examen. 6. Vamos a hacer vela en Semana Santa. 7. Ella no va a ir a la playa el fin de semana que viene. 8. Voy a asistir a un curso el mes que viene. 9. Volver ms tarde. 10. No vamos al viaje con nuestra clase. 11. Mandy me va a mandar un e-mail para confirmar las fechas. 12. Se lo pasarn fenomenal en Acapulco. 13. No te arrepentirs de tu decisin. 14. Voy a jugar al tenis con Fred esta tarde. 15. Va a haber comida gratis en la feria? 16. Crees que vendrn? 17. Se pondr enfermo si sigue comiendo? 18. Por qu no se van a quedar para la segunda pelcula? 19. Encontrar al asesino el detective? 20. Cuando vamos a ver los planos? 21. Qu se va a poner Faye para la boda? 22. Por qu no te vas a quejar sobre eso? 23. Me ayudars si tienes tiempo? 24. Va a empezar Sarah su clase de yoga maana? 25. Por qu no habr un intermedio?

1. Im going to have lunch with my mother tomorrow. 2. The boss isnt going to come to the meeting. 3. Im sure it will be great. 4. Ill do it. 5. John thinks hell fail the exam. 6. We are going to go sailing at Easter. 7. She isnt going to the beach next weekend. 8. Im going to attend a course next month. 9. Ill be back later. 10. We arent going on the trip with our class. 11. Mandys going to send me an email to confirm the dates. 12. Theyll have a great time in Acapulco. 13. You wont regret your decision. 14. Im going to play tennis with Fred this afternoon. 15. Is there going to be free food at the fair? 16. Do you think theyll come? 17. Will he get sick if he keeps eating? 18. Why arent they going to stay for the second film? 19. Will the detective find the murderer? 20. When are we going to see the blueprints? (seguro que los veremos tarde o temprano) 21. What is Faye going to wear for the wedding? 22. Why arent you going to complain about that? 23. Will you help me if you have time? 24. Is Sarah going to start her yoga class tomorrow? 25. Why wont there be an intermission?

20

1.5

FUTURE ALL FORMS

Ya hemos visto cuando se usa will y going to para el futuro. Hay otras dos formas ms para expresar el futuro. El presente continuo se usa para hablar de cosas programadas en el futuro, cosas en tu agenda. - Me voy a reunir con el Director maana. - Im meeting with the general manager tomorrow. - Aqu se puede usar I am going to meet tambin. El presente simple se usa para hablar de horarios en el futuro. - The train leaves at 6 tomorrow. - El tren sale a las 6 maana.

1. El autocar a Almera sale a las 8 y a las 10. 2. Voy a comer con el vicepresidente maana. 3. Qu ocurrir si el perro se escapa de nuevo? 4. Si, ir a la fiesta. 5. Va a caer un chaparrn. 6. El tren llegar a las 6. 7. Voy a ver a mi contable maana. 8. Ella vuela a Estocolmo maana. 9. Te veo maana? 10. Van a ser muy caticas las rebajas. 11. Si le traes, no te dejarn entrar. 12. No podemos ir por all por que se subir el puente a las 3:30. 13. Qu vas a contarles? 14. Si me escuchan, les dir lo que quieren or. 15. No te preocupes, lo har Raymond. 16. Cuntos invitados va a haber? 17. Maana tomo caf con el coronel. 18. Cundo traern los muebles? 19. No habr nadie aqu si vienen el domingo. 20. Van a traer a su hermanastro. 21. Les vamos a recoger en el aeropuerto maana. 22. Te vas a la cama? 23. La pelcula empieza a las nueve. 24. Te veo maana. 25. Nos vamos a ver el sbado.

1. The bus to Almeria leaves at 8 and 10. 2. Im eating with the vice-president tomorrow. 3. What will happen if the dog escapes again? 4. Yes, Ill go to the party. 5. Theres going to be a downpour. 6. The train arrives at 6. 7. Im going to see my accountant tomorrow. 8. She is flying to Stockholm tomorrow. 9. Will I see you tomorrow? 10. The sales are going to be chaotic. 11. If you bring him, they wont let you in. 12. We cant go that way because the bridge goes up at 3:30. 13. What are you going to tell them. 14. If they listen to me, Ill tell them what they want to hear. 15. Dont worry, Raymond will do it. 16. How many guests are there going to be? 17. Im having coffee with the colonel tomorrow. 18. When will they bring the furniture? 19. Nobody will be here if they come on Sunday. 20. They are going to bring their half-brother. 21. Were picking them up at the airport tomorrow. 22. Are you going to bed? 23. The film starts at 9. 24. Ill see you tomorrow. 25. Were going to see each other this Saturday.

21

1.6

PAST TO BE AND REGULAR VERBS

El verbo to be es el nico en ingls que tiene dos formas en el pasado: was and were. Los verbos regulares terminan en ed. En afirmativa, hay que fijarse en la pronunciacin. Si la palabra termina en t , te, d o de, se pronuncia como el nombre Ted o la palabra dead. - Wanted - [uan-ted]. - Ended - [en-ded]. En todos los dems casos se pronuncia como una t o una suave d, respectivamente, y de forma compacta, e.g.: - [askt] asked. - [pusht] pushed. - [pleid] played.

1. Comprobaron el documento tres veces. 2. El conductor empuj la silla de ruedas de mi abuelo. 3. Bailamos toda la noche. 4. Recibimos tres envos anteayer. 5. Aparqu en la calle. 6. Cuando era joven, quera un perro. 7. Viaj en barco, pero no visit Alejandra. 8. El partido finaliz cuando George decidi irse a casa. 9. No comenc porque no haba papel. 10. Jugamos al ajedrez y luego pedimos una baraja de mus. 11. Prob la sopa, pero no prob la tarta. 12. Solicit el trabajo el martes. 13. Un espaol invent la fregona. 14. Hablamos de eso anoche. 15. Nos sirvieron el segundo plato primero. 16. Choc (l) contra un rbol. 17. Su perro (de ellos) me atac. 18. Gaud nunca termin su catedral. 19. Gastaron todo el combustible. 20. El paquete incluy todos los traslados. 21. Por qu necesitaban catorce bastones? 22. Descansasteis ms de lo que descansamos? 23. Imprimiste los documentos que yo quera? 24 Volvisteis por la autopista? 25. Cuntas veces lo intentaste?

1. They checked the document three times. 2. The driver pushed my grandfathers wheelchair. 3. We danced all night. 4. We received three shipments the day before yesterday. 5. I parked in the street. 6. When I was young, I wanted a dog. 7. I travelled on a ship, but I didnt visit Alexandria. 8. The game ended when George decided to go home. (match) 9. I didnt start because there wasnt any paper. 10. We played chess and then we asked for a deck of cards. 11. I tried the soup, but I didnt try the cake. 12. I applied for the job on Tuesday. 13. A Spaniard invented the mop. (Spanish man) 14. We talked about that last night. 15. They served us the second course first. 16. He crashed into a tree. 17. Their dog attacked me. 18. Gaudi never finished his cathedral. 19. They used all the fuel. 20. The package included all of the transfers. 21. Why did they need fourteen canes? 22. Did you rest longer than we rested? 23. Did you print the documents that I wanted? 24. Did you return on the highway? 25. How many times did you try?

22

1.7

PAST IRREGULAR VERBS

Aqu tienes algunos de los verbos irregulares ms comunes. Recuerda que slo se usa esta forma en afirmativa. Did you go? No, I didnt go. Yes, I went. No hay secreto, es cuestin de aprenderlos bien.

1. Vino (ella) el lunes, pero no vino ayer. 2. Me romp la pierna practicando judo. 3. Cog el autobs, pero no lo cog en la estacin. 4. Compramos la carne donde comprasteis el jamn. 5. Se cort (l) y luego se quem. 6. Bebiste la cerveza que trajo (l). 7. Conduje el Ferrari, pero no el tractor. 8. Comieron todo el cocido y se encontraban mal por la noche. 9. Romp la impresora cuando le di un golpe. 10. El estante se cay por el peso. 11. Vol a Npoles y fui al hotel en taxi. 12. Olvidaste el cumpleaos de tu madre! 13. Lo consigui (l), me lo dio, y lo perd. 14. Tomamos caf y las galletas que hiciste. 15. Salimos anoche y conoc a tu cuado. 16. Me pagaron en metlico. 17. Le el peridico en el metro. 18. Durmi en el sof porque se gast todo su (de ellos) dinero. 19. Habl con l y me lo dijo. 20. Ella me ense lo que pensaba que estaba bien. 21. Tom (l) la pastilla y se despert al da siguiente 22. Tiraste mis viejas deportivas. 23. Hemmingway escribi Fiesta despus de correr un encierro. 24. Llev chanclas al concierto. 25. Me levant tarde porque mi equipo gan el trofeo.

1. She came on Monday, but she didnt come yesterday. 2. I broke my leg doing judo. 3. I caught the bus, but I didnt catch it at the station. 4. We bought the meat where you bought the ham. 5. He cut himself and then he burned himself. (burnt) 6. You drank the beer that he brought. 7. I drove the Ferrari, but I didnt drive the tractor. 8. They ate all of the stew and they felt bad later that night. 9. I broke the printer when I hit it. 10. The shelf fell because of the weight. 11. I flew to Naples and then went to the hotel by taxi. (cab) 12. You forgot your moms birthday! 13. He got it, gave it to me and I lost it. 14. We had coffee and the cookies that you made. 15. We went out last night and I met your brother-in-law. 16. They paid me in cash. 17. I read the paper on the subway. (underground) 18. He slept on the sofa because he spent all of their money. 19. I spoke to him and he told me. 20. She taught me what she thought was right. 21. He took the pill and woke up the next day. 22. You threw away my old tennis shoes. (sneakers, trainers) 23. Hemmingway wrote Fiesta after he ran with the bulls. 24. I wore sandals to the concert. 25. I woke up late because my team won the trophy.

23

1.8

PRESENT PERFECT vs. PAST SIMPLE

En castellano parece haber una diferencia entre el pasado reciente y el pasado lejano, i.e. qu has dicho? pero qu dijo el doctor cuando naciste? En ingls no hay tal diferencia. Esta frase puede ayudarte: the past is the past. Si algo empez en el pasado y ya termin, se dice en pasado, como hace la gente en el norte de Espaa o los latinoamericanos. Cundo ha llamado (l)? - When did he call? (accin terminada). Cuntas veces ha llamado esta semana? - How many times has he called this week? (la semana no ha terminado, an se puede llamar).

1. He dormido muy mal esta noche. 2. No s lo que has dicho. 3. He ledo dos artculos esta semana. (la semana no ha terminado) 4. Le hemos hecho una oferta. 5. Han llegado tarde. 6. Nunca han llegado tarde. (hasta ahora) 7. Trabaj en Dubai en 1997. 8. He comprado uno esta semana, pero compr tres la semana pasada. 9. Hemos cambiado de asegurador. 10. Nos han rechazado. 11. Has bebido mucho caf hoy. 12. Est (l) rojo porque ha estado en la playa. 13. Nunca hemos estado en Turqua. (an podemos ir) 14. Han estado aqu. (ya no estn) 15. Has visto a Elaine hoy? 16. Dnde has puesto mi bolgrafo? 17. Qu te han dado? 18. Te lo han dicho alguna vez? (en tu vida, que obviamente sigue). 19. Cuntas veces lo has visto? (hasta ahora y puedes seguir vindolo). 20. Lo has visto? 21. Dnde habis desayunado? 22. Has comido ya? 23. Cmo han venido? 24. Ha estado ella en Praga este ao? 25. Qu te ha preguntado ese seor?

1. I slept very badly last night. 2. I dont know what you said. 3. Ive read two articles this week. 4. We made him an offer. 5. They arrived late. 6. They have never arrived late. 7. I worked in Dubai in 1997. 8. Ive bought one this week, but I bought three last week. 9. We changed insurance companies. 10. They rejected us. 11. Youve had a lot of coffee today. 12. Hes red because he was at the beach 13. Weve never been to Turkey. 14. They were here. 15. Have you seen Elaine today? 16. Where did you put my pen? 17. What did they give you? 18. Have they ever told you? 19. How many times have you seen it? 20. Did you see that? 21. Where did you eat breakfast? 22. Have you eaten yet? 23. How did they come? 24. Has she been to Prague this year? 25. What did that man ask you?

24

1.9

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Cuando la pregunta o sentido de la frase es desde cundo - how long- y el verbo es una accin que contina, se emplea el presente perfecto continuo. - How long have you been working in Switzerland? - Ive been working here for 5 months. Tambin se usa para una accin continua que acaba de terminar. - What have you been doing? - Ive been talking to David. Si el verbo no es una accin, sino un estado o condicin, se contesta con el presente perfecto simple. - How long have you been a teacher? - Ive been a teacher for 12 years. - Ive been a teacher since 1994. En la respuesta se usa for para periodos de tiempo y since para puntos en el tiempo, por ejemplo, fechas.

1. Llevamos aqu 20 minutos. 2. Le estoy llamando desde hace una hora. 3. Es (ella) mdico desde octubre. 4. Juegan al football desde que eran nios. 5. Llevan una hora esperndonos. 6. Viene (l) en autobs desde que tuvo el accidente de coche. 7. Tengo este reloj desde navidad. 8. Nos conocemos desde hace mucho tiempo. 9. Llevamos aqu sentados dos horas. 10. Hay mucha gente aqu desde que vino ese reportero. 11. Dirige (l) la tienda desde hace siglos. 12. Pertenezco a ese club desde enero. 13. Hace (ella) yoga desde hace 6 meses. 14. Cenan all desde hace aos. 15. Esa seal lleva mucho tiempo en la esquina. 16. La casa necesita una mano de pintura desde que la compraron. 17. Llevamos meses negociando con ellos. 18. Quiero un coche nuevo desde hace mucho tiempo. 19. Desde cundo usas gafas? 20. Desde cundo hay un semforo aqu? 21. Cunto tiempo llevis yendo a esa playa? 22. Desde cundo es blanco? 23. Cunto tiempo hace que tienes el catarro? 24. Cunto tiempo llevas como directivo? 25. Desde cundo est aqu?

1. Weve been here for 20 minutes. 2. Ive been calling him for an hour. 3. She has been a doctor since October. 4. Theyve been playing football since they were children. (soccer US) 5. They have been waiting for us for an hour. 6. He has been coming by bus since he had the car accident. 7. I have had this watch since Christmas. 8. We have known each other for a long time. 9. Weve been sitting here for two hours. 10. There have been a lot of people here since that reporter came. 11. He has been running the shop for ages. 12. I have belonged to that club since January. 13. She has been doing yoga for six months. 14. Theyve been eating dinner there for years. 15. That sign has been on the corner for a long time. 16. The house has needed a coat of paint since they bought it. 17. We have been negotiating with them for months. 18. I have wanted a new car for a long time. 19. How long have you been wearing glasses? 20. How long has there been a traffic light here? 21. How long have you been going to that beach? 22. How long has it been white? 23. How long have you had a cold? 24. How long have you been a manager? 25. How long has he been here?

25

1.10

MODALS - OBLIGATION

Must-obligacin personal Have to-obligacin externa (en pasado los dos tienen la forma had to) Mustnt-prohibicin Neednt-posibilidad, no hacer falta (tambin: dont/doesnt have to or need to) Should-consejo, opinin, lo correcto Had better-amenaza o advertencia de una accin con consecuencias Fjate que el nico que lleva to detrs es have to. No se dice must to ni should to ni had better to. En espaol, a veces, hay grados para debe, que puede ser sugerencia u obligacin. En ingls, should es sugerencia y no tan fuerte como must o mustnt.

1. Debo estudiar ms. 2. No debes llevar camiseta a la oficina. 3. No deberas llevar a los nios all. 4. No es necesario que vayas en coche. 5. John tiene que mejorar su rendimiento. 6. Ms vale que est (l) en la reunin. 7. Ms vale que no digas nada, porque si no 8. Ms te vale. 9. Tiene que haber una salida de emergencia 10. Si no desaparece, deberas ir al mdico. 11. No debes tocar el florero. 12. Deberamos vernos ms a menudo. 13. Tendremos que ir algn da. 14. Debemos darnos prisa. 15. No necesito traer comida. 16. Qu debera comer si quiero adelgazar? 17. Qu debo hacer? 18. Cul tengo que coger? 19. Dnde debera firmar ella? 20. Quin no tiene que venir? 21. Cundo tendremos que elegir? 22. Tuviste que hacerlo? 23. Por qu no debe ir all por la noche? 24. Cundo deberamos estar all? 25. Por qu no tiene que hacerlo ella?

1. I must study more. 2. You mustnt wear a T-shirt to the office. 3. You shouldnt take the children there. (kids) 4. You neednt go by car. (dont need to) 5. John has to improve his performance. 6. He had better be at the meeting. 7. You had better not say anything, otherwise (tambin or else) 8. You had better. 9. There has to be an emergency exit. 10. If it doesnt go away, you should go to the doctor. 11. You mustnt touch the vase. 12. We should see each other more often. 13. We will have to go some day. 14. We must hurry. 15. I neednt bring any food. (dont have to) 16. What should I eat if I want to lose weight? (get thin) 17. What must I do? 18. Which one do I have to take? 19. Where should she sign? 20. Who doesnt have to come? 21. When will we have to choose? 22. Did you have to do it? 23. Why mustnt he go there at night? 24. When should we be there? 25. Why doesnt she have to do it?

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3.4

COMMON MISTAKES

SET 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Im thinking in the problem. Im thinking in you. That depends of the weather. I spent a lot of money in the car. I paid the drinks. I bought a present to Jack. I was working in the project for two years. I work at the Sales Department. I am mainly focussed in Sales. I know to do that. SET 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Im responsible of Production. They told to us all their problems. I asked to him the question. I am agreed with you. I said them that I could go. I can explain you how to do it. You must listen me very carefully. I proposed them that we go. Did you have a good travel? Would you like to make any questions? SET 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I practise ski-ing every winter. I took 3 coffees this morning. We arrived to an agreement. They lost a lot of time coming by train. People is very worried. We were three in the meeting. I take 2 hours to get here. I finished it yesterday night. This night we will go out. Its the same that we saw yesterday. I go ski-ing every winter. I had 3 coffees this morning. We reached an agreement. They wasted a lot of time coming by train. People are very worried. There were three of us in the meeting. It takes me 2 hours to get here. I finished it last night. We will go out tonight. Its the same as we saw yesterday. Im responsible for Production. They told us all their problems. I asked him the question. I agree with you. I told them that I could go. / I said to them that I could go. I can explain to you how to do it. You must listen to me very carefully. I proposed to them that we go. Did you have a good trip? Would you like to ask any questions? Im thinking about the problem. Im thinking of / about you. That depends on the weather. I spent a lot of money on the car. I paid for the drinks. I bought a present for Jack. I was working on the project for two years. I work in the Sales Department. I am mainly focussed on Sales. I know how to do that.

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SET 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 We must do it according with the rules. I must to go now. I have to call to her at the office. Its an important problem. The important is to do it well. We must take a decision quickly. I made three courses last year. I did a mistake. I did a big effort. We are making a lot of business in China. SET 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I am very compromised with my job. We must get all our objectives this year. I passed time with our clients last week. I must take my coat before we go. I stayed in that shop last week. I went out of that company last year. I have 36 years old. Thanks for all. Are you agreed? People is always complaining. SET 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Actualmente estoy trabajando en Produccin. De hecho estoy trabajando en Produccin. Estoy muy ilusionado/a. Es muy emocionante. Me puedes prestar el libro? Le ped prestado el libro. Les cont una historia. Vas a asistir a la reunin? Le vas a ayudar? Tengo otro compromiso. Im currently working in Production. Actually, Im working in Production. Im very excited. Its very exciting. Can you lend me the book? I borrowed the book (from him/her). I told them a story. Are you going to attend the meeting? Are you going to help/assist him? I have another commitment. I am very committed to my job. We must achieve all our objectives this year. I spent time with our clients last week. I must get my coat before we go. I was in that shop last week. I left that company last year. Im 36 (years old). Thanks for everything. Do you agree? People are always complaining. We must do it according to the rules. I must (no to) go now. I have to call (no to) her at the office. Its a big problem. The important thing is to do it well. We must make a decision quickly. (People now sometimes use take - more in UK than in US - but its not as common as make). I did/went on three courses last year. I made a mistake. I made a big effort. We are doing a lot of business in China.

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PRESENT SIMPLE

To be: I am, you are, he/she/it is, we are, you are, they are Other verbs: e.g. work / works (he/she/it)

To talk about things that are always true

e.g. Water boils at 100 degrees e.g. It gets cold here in winter

To talk about regular and repeated actions

e.g. My mother always talks a lot e.g I go to work every day

To talk about general facts about our lives

e.g. We live in Madrid e.g. They have a dog called Sam

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

am / is / are + ing form of the verb

To talk about things that are happening right now

e.g. I am working at the moment e.g. It is raining this morning

To talk about a temporary situation

e.g. I'm working in Madrid for a month e.g. They're staying with friends for a while e.g. Life is getting easier thanks to technology e.g. Your English is improving every day e.g. She's always correcting me e.g. You're always interrupting me!

To talk about change, development and progress

With 'always' to complain about or criticise what someone does

PRESENT PERFECT

have / has + past participle

1 2 3 4 5

To talk about something that happened in the past but has an effect in the present To talk about the very recent past To talk about something that happened in the past and is still going on To ask questions about the past up to the present For something which still hasn't happened but is expected to happen

e.g. I've already seen that film e.g. John's just passed his exams e.g. I've seen three films so far this year. e.g. Have you ever seen that film? e.g. I haven't finished the report yet.

PAST SIMPLE

Regular verbs: base form + "-ed" e.g. worked

To talk about things that happened in the past (normally with a specific time reference)

e.g. I stayed in that hotel last week. e.g. He finished the report yesterday.

To talk about the general past

e.g. We lived in France when I was a child. e.g. They were happy.

To talk about regular actions in the past

e.g. We visited them every week. e.g. She walked to work every day.

PAST CONTINUOUS

was / were + ing form of the verb

To talk about an action that was interrupted by another action

e.g. I was watching television when you rang. e.g. She was working when he called.

To talk about an action that was in progress at a particular time

e.g. At 2pm we were waiting for the bus. e.g. He was talking quietly during the meeting.

PAST PERFECT

had + past participle

To talk about something that happened previously to something you are talking about in the past.

e.g. I didn't go to the cinema with the others because I had already seen the film. e.g. John didn't go to work because he had had a bad accident. e.g. I hadn't finished the report when they asked for it. e.g. He still hadn't seen her when he had to go.

To talk about something that hadn't happened at the time you are talking about.

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FUTURE WITH "WILL"

will + base form e.g. I will go

To make a prediction

e.g. I think it will rain tomorrow. e.g. I think he'll come to the meeting.

To make a promise or offer

e.g. I'll ring you tonight. e.g. I'll help you with the report.

To talk about a decision you've just made

e.g. I'll shut the window. e.g. I'll go and see him tomorrow.

FUTURE WITH "GOING TO"

to be going to + base form

To make a prediction based on facts

To tell someone a decision that you have made

e.g. I had to go back for my umbrella so I'm going to be late. e.g. There are dark clouds in the sky. It's going to rain. e.g. I'm going to stay in tonight and work e.g. I'm going to go out later.

To talk about a decision that somebody else has made

e.g. He's going to come and help us. e.g. They're going to go shopping.

FUTURE USING PRESENT SIMPLE

To be: I am, you are, he/she/it is, we are, you are, they are Other verbs: e.g. work / works (he/she/it)

To talk about something that is arranged for a definite time in the future

e.g. The meeting is at 2pm tomorrow. e.g. The train leaves at 6pm.

To talk about fixed dates in the future

e.g. It's my birthday on Friday. e.g. Tomorrow is Tuesday.

FUTURE USING PRESENT CONTINUOUS

am / is / are + ing form of the verb

To talk about a future plan

e.g. We're having a party next week e.g. We're going to the beach this weekend 31