Module 2: Metals 1.

Metals have been extracted and used for many thousands of years Outline and examine some uses of different metals through history, including contemporary uses, as uncombined metals or as alloys Stone Age (up to 3000BC) The use of stone, wood and bone as tools were very common in Stone Age. Primitive tribes were familiar with gold which occurs uncombined in nature, but it was too soft to be useful for anything but jewellery and decoration purposes. Copper Age(3200-2300BC) Copper was first metal to be extracted from its ore by heating copper oxide with charcoal. Molten copper was used to make ornaments, domestic utensils, jewellery and occasionally for knives and spear points. However, working copper was difficult due to its melting point was very high for simple campfires and the finish product were fairly soft. Bronze Age (2300BC-1200BC) It was later discovered that heating copper bearing rocks with tin ores produces an alloy, bronze. Bronze had many advantages over copper in hardness, durability and ability to be reshaped easily due to its low melting point. Bronze was used for tools and weapons. Iron Age (1200BC- 1AD) The extraction of iron from iron ores, occurred later in history than copper and lead. Iron is more reactive than copper, therefore, higher temperatures are required for its extraction. Hematite (FeO) was mixed with charcoal and heated in a primitive furnace to obtain a high temperature. It replaced bronze for making weapons as it had a higher tensile strength and was harder than bronze. However, pure iron metal is susceptible to corrosion. Modern Age(1AD - present) There had been more extraction and uses of other metals such as aluminium, chromium and metal alloys. This was made possible by electricity to extract some metal from their virgin ores or purification and processing them once extracted. Iron is most widely used metal today. Many other metals have come into common use due to the advancement in extraction technology.

Describe the use of common alloys including steel, brass and solder and explain how these relate to their properties Alloys Bronze (90% Cu, 10% Sn) Brass (65% Cu, 35% Zn) Properties Strong, resists wear and corrosion, easily cast Resists corrosion, ductile, easy to machine, polish Uses Casting statues, church bells, ships propellers Plumbing fittings, door knobs, musical instrument

Solder (33% Sn, 67% Pb)

well Low melting point, adheres firmly to other metals when molten Hard but easily worked

Carbon Steel Mild Steel (99.8% Fe, 0.2% C) Structural steel (99.5% Fe, 0.5% C) High-carbon steel (98.5% Fe, 1.5% C) Stainless steel (10-25% Cr, 4-22% Ni)

Joining pipes and wires, joining metals together, particularly in plumbing and electronics Nails, cables and chains, car bodies and roofing Girders, vehicles, rails, Beams, railways Knives, drills bits, chisels, hammers, tool blades Cutlery, sinks, hospital items, food processing machinery

Hard, strong Very hard and strong Corrosion resistant

Explain why energy input is necessary to extract a metal from its ore Metals are mostly found in its combined state with other elements forming naturally occurring compound called minerals. The extraction of a metal from its mineral a large input of energy is required to break and rearrange the strong chemical bonds within the compounds of the mineral. Breaking and re-arranging these bonds will allow the extraction of the metal in its pure elemental form. The higher reactivity of the element, the more energy is required to break the bonds.

Identify why there are more metals available for people to use now than there were 200 years ago Many metals have been available for use due to lower cost of generating electricity and more advanced in commercial extraction techniques. Two hundred years ago, there was a lack of extraction technology and scarcity of metals and resulted in only a limited amount of metals being able to be extracted and used. Some metals ores have very high melting points and it would have been difficult to reach a very high melting point in two hundred years ago with the lack of technology. Advancement in chemistry has allowed them to form useful alloys with much lower melting points and it has also led to the discovery of new metals.

2. Metals differ in their reactivity with other chemicals and this influences their uses Describe observable changes when metals react with dilute acid, water and oxygen Reaction with dilute acids During a reaction, the metals dissolves as electrons are lost and cations are formed. Hydrogen ions from the acid gain these electrons and form hydrogen gas. This is called a redox reaction. (Redox reaction A redox is an electron-transfer reaction. It consists of two half

reactions namely oxidation and reduction.) Metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen Reaction with oxygen Most metals will react with oxygen in the air at room temperature to form metal oxides. When metals react with gases to form new substances, this is called corrosion. Corrosion causes the metal to become weaker. Metal + Oxygen Metal Oxide Reaction with water Most metals when placed in cold water undergo no observable changed and show no sign of chemical reaction. Most metals combine with water to form hydrogen and a metal hydroxide Metal + Water Hydrogen + Metal Hydroxide Reaction with water Cold water Reaction with acid Vigorous bubbling Metal disappears Container gets hot Few bubbles metal doesnt disappear slower reaction No reaction Reaction with oxygen Burns readily with very bright flame Burns slowly as solid Burns readily as powder No reaction

Metal type Most reactive e.g. Potassium Medium Reactive e.g. Zinc Lower Reactive e.g. Gold

Hot steam

No reaction

Describe and justify the criteria used to place metals into an order of activity based on their ease of reaction with oxygen, water and dilute acids

This shows the way in which the metal elements are grouped in order of reactivity based on their ability to react with dilute acids, water and oxygen. Less reactivity metals do not react with oxygen. Metals that are relatively unreactive can be determined by their reactivity with dilute acids, less reactive metals do not react such as gold. Highly

reactive metals react with cold water; very reactive metals react with hot water. Moderate activity metals react with hot steam, less reactive metals do not react with water. Identify the reaction of metals with acids as requiring the transfer of electrons During a reaction, the metal dissolves and gives up electron and becomes positively charged. The hydrogen ions gain electrons to form hydrogen gas. Because the reaction involves the transfer of electrons, it is called a redox (reduction oxidation) reaction.

Outline examples of the selection of metals for different purposes based on their reactivity, with a particular emphasis on current developments in the use of metals Metal Lithium Use Properties Energy of electrons transferred from lithium anode and the high reactivity of lithium Relatively high reactivity and the fact it burns bright when heated with air Relatively low reactivity and does not corrode Low reactivity so it is stable, resistance to corrosion, chemically inert nature in human body

Magnesium

Aluminium Titanium

Pace makers Cameras Button cells Fireworks Military/Emergency purposes (Flares) Inside boilers Cans Aircraft bodies Artificial joints Aircraft/ship bodies Pipes

Outline the relationship between the relation activities of metals and their positions on the periodic table The most reactive metals are in the first group, furthest to the left. Because of their valency, they will easily react with other elements in order to lose electrons. Generally, the further the metal is to the right of the periodic table, the less reactive it is. This is because the metal tends to want to keep its electrons more. The alkali metals group is the most reactive metals of the periodic table. The least reactive metals are found at the bottom of the transition metals.

Identify the importance of first ionization energy in determining the relative reactivity of metals Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the gaseous state. The energy required to remove the first electron from an atom is called the first ionization energy. Reactive metals tend to have low ionization energy and less reactive metals have higher ionization energy. Within periodic table group 1 and 2, the reactivity of metals increases down a group as ionization energy decreases.

3. As metals and other elements were discovered, scientists recognized that patterns in their physical and chemical properties could be used to organize the elements into a periodic table Identify an appropriate model that has been developed to describe atomic structure The Bohrs model is an appropriate model to describe the atomic structure, introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913. It depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus made up of protons and neutrons in the central part surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus, with electrostatic forces providing attraction between positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons.

Outline the history of the Periodic table including its origins, the original data used to construct it and the predictions made after its construction Lavoiser in 1787 classified known elements into metals and non-metals based on their physical and chemical properties. John Dalton proposed Atomic theory in 1808 which explained elements are made up of atoms. In 1829, with about 40 elements known, the German chemist Johann Dobereiner reported the several groups, each containing three elements, shared similar physical and chemical properties. Dobereiner called these groups triads, which included: o Chorine, bromine, iodine o Sulfur, selenium and tellurium o Calcium, strontium and barium o Lithium, sodium and potassium In 1864, John Newlands proposed a law of octaves; If elements are placed in order of increasing atomic mass, there is a repetition of similar properties after every 8 th element; correct for first 20 elements but not after Calcium. Newlands law identified many similarities among the element by incorrectly required similarities where none existed. In 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev, independently produced the forerunner of the modern Periodic Table. He arranged elements in order of increasing atomic mass, and place elements having similar chemical/ physical properties under one another to obtain a table, which illustrated what they called a periodic law. Properties of the elements vary periodically with their atomic weight. Mendeleev recognized that there were probably elements in existence that had not been discovered at that time. He left gaps in his table in order to place similar elements under one another and proposed that there were undiscovered elements to fill the gaps. He then predicted the properties of the unknown and his estimates were very close to the actual results. He is also known as father of periodic table. The irregularities in Mendeleevs table were clarified when the English physicist Henry Moseley proposed the concept of atomic number in 1914. Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, hence also equals the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus in a neutral atom. It was eventually recognized that

the factor that determine chemical properties is the atomic number rather than atomic mass. From this knowledge it is possible to explain modern version of the periodic table by devised according to the electron configuration of elements. Explain the relationship between the position of elements in the Periodic Table, and: Electrical conductivity: The electrical conductivity of elements generally decreases across a period as the metallic characters decreases. Non-metals dont have mobile electrons in their crystal lattice. Down the group, the valence shell is further away from its nucleus therefore it can be more easily to give away electrons. Down a group, it generally increases as the elements become more metallic. The valence electron are further away from the nucleus and can be more freely throughout the lattice. Ionization energy: Ionization energy is the energy required to extract an electron from an atom of the element in the gaseous state. Ionization energy increases across the period due to the atomic radius decreases. The valence electrons get closer to the nucleus will experience a stronger nuclear pull, therefore, ionization energy increases. The ionization energy decreases down the group because the atomic radius gets bigger and the valence electron is further away from the nucleus. Atomic radius: Atomic radius is the average difference from the nucleus to the valence shell. Across a period, the atomic radius decreases as the valence shells are closer to the nucleus. Down a group, the atomic radius increases because the number of electron shells increases. Melting point and Boiling point: Across a period, the melting point increases from group I to group IV and decreases from group IV to group VIII. The lattice changes from metallic bonding to covalent network and then covalent molecular. Down a group, it decreases from group I to IV and increases from group V to VIII and generally increases for transition metals. Combining power (valency): The combining power of a group increases down the periodic table. Across the periodic table, the combining power decreases. Electronegativity: Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom of an element to attract electrons. The electronegativity increases across the period as the metallic character decreases. Down the group, electronegativity decreases as the metallic character increases. Reactivity: The reactivity of elements down a group increases and it decreases as it goes across a period.

4. For efficient resource use, industrial chemical reactions must use measured amounts of each reactant Define the mole as the number of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12 (Avagadros number) A mole is defined as the amount of a substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon of Carbon 12. Chemists have determined that the number of atoms in 12 g of carbon 12 is 6.02 x

Compare mass changes in samples of metals when they combine with oxygen When metals chemically combine with oxygen they gain mass. The oxide formed during the reaction has equal mass to the metal and oxygen according to law of conservation of mass, the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of products.

Describe the contribution of Gay-Lussac to the understanding of gaseous reactions and apply this to an understanding of the mole concept When Dalton was developing his atomic theory, French chemists Gay-Lussac was conducting experiments with gases and determine the volume ratio in which they combined. Gay-Lussac found that the gases always combined in simple whole number volume ratio. He proposed his law of combining gas in 1808, When measured at constant temperature and pressure, the volumes of gases taking part in a chemical reaction show simple whole number ratios to one another. Avogadro put forward the following hypothesis due to confusion over diatomic molecules such as hydrogen and oxygen. When measured at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules.

Recount Avogadros law and describe its importance in developing the mole concept Avogadros law -Where the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases, measured at the same temperature and pressure, contain equal numbers of molecules. The number of molecules in a specific volume of gas is independent of the size or mass of the gas molecular hydrogen and nitrogen would contain the same number of molecules. In this form Avagadros law allows us to convert statements about numbers of molecules in chemical equations into statements about volumes, but only for gaseous reactants and products. Due to Avagadros contribution, the number of atoms or molecules in 1 mole is called Avagadros number

Distinguish between empirical formulae and molecular formulae

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The empirical formula of a compound is the simplest whole number ratio of the numbers of atoms of each element in the compound. The molecular formula is the actual number of atom of each element in a molecule. The chemical formula for an ionic compound indicates the simplest ratio of cations and the anions in the ionic lattice. Therefore, all the chemical formulae for ionic compounds are empirical. E.g NaCl, CaCl2

5. The relative abundance and ease of extraction of metals influences their value and breadth of use in the community Define the terms mineral and ore with reference to economic and non-economic deposits of natural resources Minerals: are naturally occurring inorganic (not derived from living things) substance, either elements or compounds, with a particular chemical composition and a definite crystal structure. Ores: are naturally occurring deposit of minerals which is considered to be worth mining for extraction of ore or more of metals in the mineral

Describe the relationship between the commercial prices of common metals, their actual abundances and relative costs of production The commercial price of metals depends on a few factors including their relative abundances and the cost of production. The greater the abundance of a metal the lower the commercial price of the metal would be. The cost of production of the metals depends on where it is located and the amount of energy input. If the location of the ore is located in a high population zone, the mining procedure would be difficult because there would be damages done to the environment and increase the cost of production. If an ore is located in remote places, then the cost of production would increase because it would cost money to transport the raw materials to refinery plants. The more reactive the metal is, then the higher the energy input is needed for extraction and it would increase the cost of extraction.

Explain why ores are non-renewable resources Ores are non-renewable resources formed during the long geological evolution of the universe and planets. Because of the time-frame, once you used the ore, it cannot be renew. They are limited in quantity and are not being formed in the earths crust at a rate that is meaningful in terms of human existence.

Describe the separation processes, chemical reactions and energy considerations involved in the extraction of copper from one of its ore 1) Mining, crushing, and grinding (physical change) mined copper ore is ground to separate copper ore from other useless material 2) Froth floatation Crude ore is concentrated by froth floatation. Air is bubbled through mixture of pulverized ore in water containing an oil-detergent floatation agent, then the copper mineral particles float and skimmed off in the froth (physical change) 3) Roasting Concentrated ore is roasted in air, which oxidizes the FeS to FeO but leaves unaffected (chemical change)

4) Smelting Product heated at high temperature with ground limestone, sand and additional concentrated ore which converts FeO to a molten slag (chemical change) and converts from solid to liquid form

The liquid is removed. The copper (I) sulfide is then heated on its own to a higher temperature while air is bubbled through it (roasting). This reduces sulfide to copper metal and sulfur dioxide is produced.

- The liquid copper is left to cool and solidify. 5) To obtain 100%pure copper, electrolysis is required. (most energy) Recount the steps taken to recycle aluminum 1) Collect scrap metal from society, i.e. shopping malls, recycling bins, homes, factories 2) Transport waste Aluminium to processing plant 3) Separate metal from impurities and remove impurities such as labeling, food remnants and dirt 4) Re-melt the aluminium, they are heated to a temperature of 700C changing it to the liquid state. It is then cast or processed using the same techniques as the primary processing. 6) Transport recycled Aluminium ingots product manufacturers.