GLAGOL 1

Kaj imajo indefinite/progressive/perfect tenses skupnega? Primerjaj present/past perfect in past indefinite. Razlikuj future in the past pa past in the future. Razlika med prepositional pa phrasal verbs. Razlika med progressive in indefinite v rabi. (Razlika med Progressive pa Indefinite glede na aspectual value pa glede na context) Which tenses can we use in temporal clauses for the future? Simultaneity, anteriority in posteriority ( kaj je to + kateri asi jih izraajo) Punctual, terminative, performative? verbs of transition ( get, became, turn) adverbial subordinate clauses in future, exemplify transitive verbs (mono/di/complex transitive) which tenses can be used in subordinate clauses for future? multiword verbs prepositional, ali phr.prep.

Za past subjunctive obstajajo sam 3 oblike, zarad tega se uporablja modal past tense...naceloma so povsod zamenljivi, razen v primerih, ko je dolocena oblika bolj idiomatina, e.g. "I wish" + past subj., It is time I + modal past tense. V kombinacijah "as if", "I suppose", "I wish" se pojavlja past subj./modal past tense, in ne present subjunctive The indefinite form has no reference to the internal structure of the event - meaning it preserves the event as a whole (it does not influence the aspectual interpretation, whilst the progressive form does) The indefinite merely reports an action without denoting its accomplishment or duration. While reporting a fact this form remains neutral or indefinite as to the aspect of the action, thus forming the indefinite aspect. Modifiers, i.e. premodifiers and postmodifiers, consist of different parts of speech, phrases or clauses. Thus, premodifiers may be expressed by: a)determiners: the,a,an,my,that, every b) numerals: three, three, third c)adjectives: pretty, long, best d) nouns: evening schools, iron bridges na kaj se veeta continuous pa continuative.

-past indefinite+durative verbs (continuous) -past progressive (continuative za vse se mi zdi) -perfect tenses (continuative; eprov mam v zvezku napisan: She has been swimming since 7 da je continuous progressive tenses imenujejo tudi continuous (vsaj tako smo jih poimenovali v osnovni in srednji oli). Sicer pa sem preverila vslovarju in naj bi continuative(in to noun, sploh ni ADJ) bila ena beseda, ki povezuje dve besedi/frazi/etc. (=An uninflected function word that serves to conjoin words or phrases or clauses or sentences) in v mojih zapiskih je nisem nikjer zasledila, tako da zna biti, da si jo narobe zapisala... ko smo pisali, kaj progressive ponazarja, smo rekli duration ali pa continuation continuative (tudi v skripti pri present perfect tenses na strani 21 je omenjen ta termin) imam zapisano, da so possible interruptions, pri continuous je pa event in progress for some time, uninterrupted... se mi dozdeva, da se tole bl od primera do primera spreminja (da ni vezano na samo na ase al pa glagole, ampk pa od kombinacije le-teh) Past Indefinite-with two or more durative verbs: simultaneous happenings; pr Past Progressive: two or more coextensive continuative actions in the past (torej spet simultaneity), tud pr futurity mamo omenjen anteriority... aspect ( v smislu,da primerja indefinite in progressive) * kaj je skupno vsem perfect tensom * simultaneity, anteriority in posteriority ( kaj je to + kateri asi jih izraajo) The function of the tenses is to connect the actions/events into a whole. A. simultaneity -> two events occurring at the same time (npr. Present Progressive) Where were you? I was waiting outside. B. anteriority -> one event occurred before another (npr. Past Perfect) Did you happen to see the book I had bought the other day? C. posteriority -> one event occurred after the other one (usually not explicitly expressed, this relationship is seen from the context) Why have you bought so many sweets? I'm going to give them to my niece. present indefinite: future belonging to timeless present; scheduled future (timetable); strong determination for the future present progressive: indicate an action that has been arranged or planned for the future - planned future present perfect: the speaker wants to stress the resultative meaning Zdej pa sami presodite kaj je semantic implication (tist v italics je moja izbira) future-as-a-matter-of-course: to imply a notion that a future event will take place independently of the factors of volition, intention, or any other modal meaning. Thus, it is modality neutral and does not denote duration and process alike.

It doesn't occur with stative verbs, after inanimate subjects, and with non-typical events which don't follow a natural course of time.. coloured future ma vedno e nek pomen poleg prihodnosti zravn-volition, determination, promise... Pure future pa pomen samo in zgolj prihodnost. e ree: "I will come." je to coloured future-ma future pa e promise e pa ree: "We will write an exam tomorrow." je pa to pure future, ker nima nobenga modal meaninga zravn-sam dejstvo pove. Je pa vasih ful teko dolot a je kej pure future al coloured future, sam pr takih primerih sta pomoje lohk obe varianti pravilni. Future in the past: - Future described from a viewpoint in the past - Constructions with would. Ex: "I thought you would leave her for good." - Be going to + infinitive - unfulfilled intention Ex: "The police were going to charge her, but at last she persuaded them she was innocent" -The past progressive Ex: "I was meeting him in London the next day" - Be + infinitive Ex: "The meeting was to be held the following week" - Be about + infinitve Ex: "He was about to hit me" Present Indefinite Future Time References -in adverbial clausese of time (temporal clauses) I'll tell him when he comes. Future in the past: A future event seen from a viewpoint in the past. E.g. She said World War II would end in 1945. (ena izmed konstrukcij, ki jih tu uporabljamo) Past in the future: When a point in the future is seen anterior to another point, further on in the future. Expressed with the future perfect tenses. E.g. He will have travelled a lot by the time he retires. Modal past tense je poimenovanje za vse tenses, ki so po definiciji pretekli asi, ampak ne izraajo asa (torej time), ampak neko drugo kvaliteto (majo modal meaning). To se prav je modal past tense lahko modal past indefinite, modal past progressive (js se ne spomnm sicer nobenga primera

trenutno, ampak naj bi v teoriji tko blo) al pa modal past perfect. Uporaba je pa odvisna od pomena stavka in od tega kaj naj bi as izrau. To se prav, da e v enem stavku, ki ma present time reference, uporab modal past indefinite, bo v podobnem stavku, ki ma past time reference, uporabla modal past perfect. Future perfect in the past izraa anteriority to another event denoting future in the past. He thought that WWII would have ended by the time he would be old enough to join the armed forces. THE INDEFINITE PAST CONDITIONAL: aux. verbs should and would and the bare perfect infinitive of the full lexical verb: I would have worked. Is used to denote an action completed before a definite moment which was future from the point of view of the past: They told me that they would have repaired my car by 8 o'clock. Mostly used in the main clause of a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of rejected condition referring to the past time: If he had seen you, he would have spoken to you. THE PROGRESSIVE PAST CONDITIONAL: past conditional of the verb BE and the resent participle of the verb required: I should have been working. It denotes an action lasting a certain period period of time before a definite moment which was future from the point of view of the past: He said that by 1st October she would have been studying at the university for four years. verb of movement + particle denoting direction: a) followed by nothing-> intransitive phrasal (She rushed out.) b)followed by location->free combination (She went up the stairs.) continuative covers a period of time but eithin that there are possible interruptions continuous describes an event that lasts over a period of time and is seen as uninterrupted Pa indefinite so vsi podobni glede na aspect, progressive tud, pr perfect lohk poveste da so relative tenses, da ne izraajo absolutnega asa, ampak pa anteriority glede na time reference. Pol lahko omente kako se tvorjo (progressivi pa perfecti se vsi enak, sam pa as auxiliary verba se spreminja), kakne dogodke izraaj

Past in the future- the other term for future perfect ind. Ex: "By the age of 20, as a typical American child you will have watched 700,00 TV commercials" The form born is used in the passive voice only: Shakespeare was born in Stratford. In all other cases, borne is used: She has borne him five children. Performative verbs are verbs carried out simply by means of uttering them aloud. When a judge sentences someone to jail time, for example, the action is completed when he or she says, "I hereby

sentence you to five years in prison," or the like. Compare this with the sentence, "I run every day," in which the verb "run" merely represents the action of moving quickly. We order the defendant to pay damages in the amount of $20,000. I move for a mistrial. I quit. I resign. I do. (wedding vow) Performative verbs are verbs carried out simply by means of uttering them aloud. When a judge sentences someone to jail time, for example, the action is completed when he or she says, "I hereby sentence you to five years in prison," or the like. Compare this with the sentence, "I run every day," in which the verb "run" merely represents the action of moving quickly. past subjunctive je vedno lahko replaced by modal past tense, razen kadar je uporabljen past subjunctive idiomatically - npr. If I were you... past subjunctive se uporablja najvekrat pri: 1. rejected or hypothetical condition for present or future = TYPE 2 (eprav tega ne sme reit, kr so conditionals open in rejected ne pa po cifrah) 2. after conjunction AS IF/ AS THOUGH.... in AmE it is replaced with LIKE but this is still UNGRAMMATICAL!!!!! 3. after I WISH 4. after SUPPOSE, SUPPOSING Modal past tense IN subjunctive nista interchangeable v: 1. IT IS HIGH TIME expressions + MODAL PAST TENSE 2. AS IT WERE + PAST SUBJUNCTIVE past subjunctive je vedno lahko replaced by modal past tense, razen kadar je uporabljen past subjunctive idiomatically - npr. If I were you... past subjunctive se uporablja najvekrat pri: 1. rejected or hypothetical condition for present or future = TYPE 2 (eprav tega ne sme reit, kr so conditionals open in rejected ne pa po cifrah) 2. after conjunction AS IF/ AS THOUGH.... in AmE it is replaced with LIKE but this is still UNGRAMMATICAL!!!!! 3. after I WISH 4. after SUPPOSE, SUPPOSING Modal past tense IN subjunctive nista interchangeable v: 1. IT IS HIGH TIME expressions + MODAL PAST TENSE 2. AS IT WERE + PAST SUBJUNCTIVE SET EXPRESSIONS IZ NEP. GLAGOLOV BEAT-UP: old and in bad condition BEREAVED: used for sb who has lost sb close through death BEREFT: very formal used in poetry or elevated style w/ abstract nouns

(hope,ideas,emotion,comfort) BESPOKE: craftsman (makes & sells things custom-made for customer); things (clothes.. specially made for the customer) BORN-AGAIN: sb who has adopted a new set of beliefs and is very enthusiastic about it BOTTLE-FEED: feeding from bottle BOUNDEN DUTY: sveta dolnost BREAST-FEED: feeding from breasts BRING-AND-BUY SALE: informal sale to raise money for a charity; ppl who come to the sale bring things to be sold & buy things that other people have brought BROKE (to go broke): to lose money & be unable to continue biz or pay debts BROKE: without money BROKEN DOWN: no longer working b/c it has sth wrong with a machine or whatever BROKEN HEARTED: very sad & upset b/c of having had a serious disappointment BUILT-IN: included in sth as a part of it BUILT-UP: a built-up are is an area such as a town/city which has a lot of buildings in it BURNT-OUT: badly damaged by so it cannot be used BUST: broken/very badly damaged; if a company goes bust, it loses so much money that its forced to close down BUST-UP: a serious quarrel, often resulting in the end of a relationship CAST IRON (adj.): a cast-iron guarantee/alibi is one that is absolutely certain to be effective & will not fail you CAST IRON: iron which contains a small amount of carbon CAST-OFF (adj. / n.): no longer used b/c old or unfashionable CLEFT: chin, palate; to be caught in a cleft stick = to be in a difficult situation CLOSE-RUN: won by a very small amount CLOVEN: hoof, foot CROSS-BREED: if one species of animal/plant cross-breeds w/ another, they reproduce, CUSTOM MADE: cutom-built; tailor-made CUSTOM-BUILT (PURPOSE-BUILT (BrE)): specially designed & built for a particular use CUSTOM-BUILT: built according to sbs special requirements DEAD-BEAT: very tired and with no energy left DEEP-SET: (eyes) further back in the face than most peoples eyes DOUGLE-TAKE: if you do a double-take when you see or hear sth strange or surprising, you hesitate for a moment before reacting to it b/c you wonder if you really saw or heard it DRAWN-OUT: lasting/taking longer than you would like it to DRUNK DRIVER: sb who drives after drinking more than the amount of alcohol thats legally allowed DRUNK DRIVING: DRUNKEN: sleep, party DUTY-BOUND: you feel its your duty to do sth EATEN UP: if sb is eaten up w/ jealousy, curiosity, or desire, they feel it very intensely FALL GUY (SCAPEGOAT): the one being blamed for sth which they did not do or which is not their fault FAR-FLUNG: places very long distance away from where you are or from important places; far-flung organization or system extends over a very large area

FELT-TIP: a felt-tip pen is a pen which has a piece of fiber at the end that the ink comes through FORBIDDEN FRUIT: a source of pleasure that involves breaking a rule or doing sth that youre not supposed to do FORCE-FEED: if you force-feed a person/animal, you make them eat or drink by pushing food or drink down their throat FORGET-ME-NOT: a small plant w/ tiny blue flowers FULL-BLOWN: having all the characteristics of a particular type of thing/person FULL-GROWN: GET-UP: unusual or ridiculous (clothes) GHOST-WRITTEN: written by a writer for another person, for example a politician or sports man, who then publishes it as his/her own work GOD-FORSAKEN: far from cities & containing nothing useful, interesting, etc., and often in very bad condition, in very wild country HAND-HELD: a hand-held device such as a camera/computer is small & light enough to be used while youre holding it HARD-WON: sth gained or achieved having been worked hard for HAS-BEEN: (of people) important or respected in the past, but no longer in the present HEAVEN-SENT: to describe sth such as an opportunity which is unexpected, but very welcome b/c it occurs at just the right time HEAVY-SET (THICK-SET): having a large solid body HELL-BENT: determined to do sth, whatever the consequences might be HIDDEN AGENDA: a secret intention to carry out actions that would be criticized or found unacceptable if they were spoken openly HIDE-AND-SEEK: childrens game in which one player covers his/her eyes till the other players have hidden themselves, and then he or she tries to find them HIGH-FLOWN: very grand, formal, literary (languages) HIGHLY-STRUNG: very nervous & easily upset HIGH-RISE: high-rise buildings are modern buildings which are very tall and have many levels or floors HIT AND MISS: if sth is hit and miss or hit or miss, it is sometimes successful and sometimes not HIT-AND-RUN: accident the driver of a vehicle hits sb & then drives away w/out stopping; attack relies on surprise and speed for its success HOLD-UP: a situation in which sb is threatened w/ a weapon in order to make them hand over money etc.; sth which causes delay; the stopping or very slow movement of traffic, sometimes caused by an accident which happened earlier HOME-GROWN: grown at home HOMEWARD-BOUND: on ones way home HORSE-DRAWN: pulled by one of more horses HOVE (INTO/TO): in a sense to move in the stated direction/manner; to stop (nautical) HUNG JURY: the situation that occurs when a jury is unable to reach a decision b/c there is not a clear majority of its members in favor of any one decision HUNG PARLIAMENT: the situation that occurs when a parliament is unable to reach a decision b/c there is not a clear majority of its members in favor of any one decision ILL-BRED: having bad manners ILL-GOTTEN (GAINS): obtained by dishonest means JERRY-BUILT: built very quickly and cheaply, w/out much care for safety/quality KISS-AND-TELL: if sb who has had a love affair w/ a famous person tells the story of that affair in public = kiss-and-tell story

KNOW-ALL (KNOW-IT-ALL (AmE)): if you say sb is a know-all, you are critical of them b/c they think that they know a lot more than other people KNOW-HOW: knowledge of the methods or techniques of doing something, especially sth technical or practical LAID-BACK: cheerfully informal and/or unworried, relaxed (person/behavior) LAY-BY: a short strip of road by the side of a main road, where cars can stop for a while LEAD-IN: sth that is said/done as an intro b/f the main subject or event, especially a radio/TV program LEAD-UP: an event is the things connected to that event that happen before it LEAN-TO: a building such as a shed or garage which is attached to one wall of a larger building, and which usually has a sloping roof LEAP YEAR: a year which has 366 days LEARNED PERSON/BOOKS/PAPERS/REACTION LEFT-LUGGAGE: LET-DOWN: a disappointment that you suffer because sth has not happened the way you expected it LET-UP: if there is no let-up in sth there is no reduction in the intensity of it LIE-DOWN: if you have a lie-down, you have a short rest, usually in bed LIE-IN: if you have a lie-in, you rest by staying in bed later than usual in the morning LIP-READ: to be able to understand what sb else is saying by looking at the way the other persons lips move as they speak, without actually hearing any of the words LITTER-STREWN: (street) LONG DRAWN OUT: process or conflict that lasts an unnecessarily long time or an unpleasantly long time LONG-LOST: that has been lost or unknown for a long time LOST & FOUND: the place where lost property is kept LOST CAUSE: sth that has no chance of success LOST SOUL: sb who seems unhappy, and unable to fit in w/ any particular group of people in society LOW-PAID: earning very little money LOW-SLUNG: low-slung chairs or cars are very low, so that you are close to the ground when you are sitting in them MADE-TO-MEASURE: made by a tailor to fit you exactly MADE-UP: wearing make-up; invented, rather than really existing or being true MOTH-EATEN: moth-eaten clothes; unattractive or useless b/c old or not have been used too much MUSCLE-BOUND: muscles are well developed, usually in unattractive way NEW-FOUND: a new-found quality/ability is one that you have gotten recently NON-STICK: non-stick saucepans, frying pans, or baking tins have a special coating on the inside NO-WIN SITUATION: if you are in a no-win situation, any action you take will fail to benefit you in any way ON BENDED KNEE: na kolenih, klee OPEN-AND-SHUT: if you describe a dispute or a legal case as open-and-shut, you mean that is easily decided or solved b/c the facts are very clear PAID-UP: if a person or country is a paid-up member of a group, they are an enthusiastic member or are recognized by most people as being a member of it; if sb is a paid-up member of a political party or other organization, they have paid the money needed to become an official member PAY-AS-YOU-GO: a system in which a person or organization pays for the costs of sth when they occur rather than before or afterwards

PAY-PER-VIEW: cable or satellite TV system in which you have to pay a fee if you want to watch a program PINCH-HIT: if you pinch-hit for sb, you do sth for them b/c they are unexpectedly unable to do it PUNCH-DRUNK: very tired or confused PURE-BRED: animal parents & ancestors all belong to the same breed PUT-DOWN: sth say or do to criticize sb or make them appear foolish PUT-UPON: treated badly by sb who takes advantage of your willingness to help them RAIN-SWEPT: a rain-swept place is a place where its raining heavily READY-TO-WEAR: clothes made in standard sizes RE-RUN: to organize a process or event again; if an election is re-run, its organized again ROCK-STREWN: (hillside) ROUGH-HEWN: v grobih potezah izdelan, izklesan RUN-DOWN: feeling tired or slightly ill; in very poor condition (house), no as active as it used to be (place of biz) SELF-TAUGHT: having learned a skill by yourself rather than having been taught it by sb else SELL-BY-DATE: expiration date (AmE) SEND-OFF: if a group of people give s/b who is going away a send-off, they come together to say goodbye to them SEND-UP: a piece of writing or acting in which s/b or sth is imitated in an amusing way that makes them appear foolish SHOOT-OUT: a fight in which people shoot at each other with guns SHORN: cut very short; to lose an important part SHOW-OFF: bragging SHRINK-WRAPPED: sold in a tight covering of thin plastic SIGHT-READ: to play or sing music from a printed sheet the first time they see it, without practicing it beforehand SIT-DOWN (adj.): a protest where people refuse to leave a place till they get what they want SIT-DOWN: if you have a sit-down, you sit down and rest for a short time SMITTEN: finding sb so attractive that you are or seem to be in love with them; if youre smitten by sth, you are very impressed by it and enthusiastic about it SODDEN: namoen SOLD OUT: no more tickets SOUGHT-AFTER: sth that is sought-after is in great demand SPENT FORCE: if you refer to sb who used to be powerful as a spent force, you mean that they no longer have any power or influence SPIN-OFF: a spin-off is an unexpected but useful or valuable result of an activity that was designed to achieve sth else; a spin-off is a book, film, or TV series that comes after and is related to a successful book, film, or TV series SPLIT PERSONALITY: if you say that someone has a split personality, you mean that their moods can change so much that they seem to have 2 separate personalities SPLIT SECOND: an extremely short period of time SPLIT-ENDS: if you have split ends, some of your hairs are split at the ends b/c they are dry or damaged SPLIT-LEVEL: a split-level house or room has part of the ground floor at a different level from another part, usually because the house has been built on ground that slopes SPOON-FEED: if you think that sb is being given too much help w/ sth and is not making enough efforts themselves, you can say they are being spoon-fed; if you

say sb is spoon-fed ideas or info, you mean that they are told about them & are expected to accept them without questioning them; STAND-ALONE: a stand-alone business/organization is independent and doesnt receive financial support from another organization; a stand-alone computer can operate on its own and doesnt have to be a part of a network STAND-IN: a person who takes s/b elses place or does s/b elses job for a while, for example b/c the other person is ill or away STAND-OFF: a situation in which neither of two opposing groups or forces will make a move till the other one does sth, so nothing can happen till one of them gives way STAND-OFFISH: sb who behaves in a formal and rather unfriendly way STICK-ON: stick-on labels, shapes, and objects have a sticky material on one side so that they will stick to things STONE-GROUND: made from grain that has been crushed between 2 large, heavy pieces of stone STREWN: if a place is strewn w/ things, they are lying scattered there STRICKEN: to be severely affected by an unpleasant feeling STRUNG OUT: spread out in a line; be heavily affected by drugs STUCK-UP: people who are proud & unfriendly and thinking of oneself to be very important SUNKEN: things lying at the bottom of a river, lake, sea; things that are made or constructed below the level of the surrounding area; a part of the body having fallen inwards, especially b/c of tiredness, old age SWINGING DOOR: doors that can open both towards you and away from you SWOLLEN HEAD: too great a sense of ones own importance SWOLLENHEADED SWOLLEN RIVER: having more water in it & flows faster than normal, usually b/c of heavy rain SWOLLEN: larger and rounded than normal, usually as a result of injury or illness TEACH-IN: a meeting usually between students & teachers, w/ discussions on important & interesting topics TELL-TALE: sth that is described as telltale gives away info, often about sth bad that would otherwise not be noticed THINK PIECE: an article in a newspaper or magazine that discusses a particular subject in a serious and thoughtful way THINK-TANK: a group of experts who are gathered together by an organization, especially by a govt in order to consider various probs and try to work out ways to solve them TIME-WORN: old or used a lot over a long period of time (things) WEAR AND TEAR: damage or change that is caused to sth when its being used normally WEDDED: committed WELL-BORN: belonging to an upper-class family WELL-BRED: very polite & has good manners WELL-MEANT: a well-meant decision, action, or comment is intended to be helpful or kind but is unsuccessful or causes problems WELL-READ: a person that has read a lot of books and has learned a lot from them WELL-TORN: well-torn expression, remark, idea has been used so often that it no longer seems interesting WELL-TRODDEN: used regularly by a large number of ppl, therefore looks worn and easy to see (path) WIND-BLOWN: blown from 1 place to another by the wind; untidy b/c its been blown about by the wind

WIN-WIN: a win-win situation is one where you are certain to do well or be successful WORN OUT: old, damaged, cant be used anymore; extremely tired after hard work; WOUND UP: very tense and nervous or angry WRITE-OFF: (vehicles) badly damaged in an accident; the decision by a company or govt to accept that they will never recover a debt or an amount of money that has been spent on sth; if you describe a plan or period of time as a write-off, you mean that its been a failure and you have achieved nothing WRITE-UP: an article in a newspaper or magazine, in which sb gives their opinion on sth such as a film, restaurant, or new product

MULTI-WORD VERBS

disorderly behavior by magistrates d to the strict Islamic dress code.

food in this restaurant doesnt agree with me. ALLOW FOR (problems..) = to include some extra money/time in your planning so that you can deal

explanation of yourself.

jobs.

e was appointed to the National Trust Committee.

She chanced on some valuable paintings while clearing out

falling in love.

those at home.

th racism.

family.

encouraged to defer to experts. DELUGED

ay not differentiate between his imagination and the real world.

wrong?

Britishness. HEAR FROM = to receive a letter/phone call from

his own island MATCH IN =

MODEL ON = to be made so tha a British public school.

PIN AGAINST = He pinned George against the wall. PIN TO =

PREVER TO/(OVER) = to

wouldnt let him provide for her. ink,

accidents result in head injuries.

in English Medieval History.

Sundays...

do that.