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1.2 Scope
The document covers the following types of equipment and the various sections may be accessed by using the hyperlinks in the table below. Due to the availability of new HSE data and methodology for the main process items, Sections 2-5, 7, 11-13, 15 and 16 have therefore become obsolete should only be used as background information. The current leak frequencies for these items are given in the datasheets in Section 1.5. Note further that Sections 18-21 are not intended to be comprehensive sources of data or guidance on transport QRA. Their purpose is to allow consistent coverage of transport vehicles in process plant QRAs. Please note that the index in Section 1.6 indicates the location of frequencies for other equipment items.
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Section No.
Equipment Type
2 3
6 7
8 9 10 11
Process pipes Pipe connections (including flanges, gaskets and mechanical connectors) Flanges Valves Manual valves Actuated valves Combined pipework (small-bore fittings, instruments, and pipe sections, i.e. combinations of pipes, flanges, valves and small-bore fittings) Instruments Cross-country pipelines Pressure vessels (including storage vessels, process vessels, columns, reactors) Process vessels Atmospheric storage tanks Refrigerated storage tanks Underground storage tanks Pumps Centrifugal pumps Reciprocating pumps Compressors Centrifugal compressors Reciprocating compressors Heat exchangers (including coolers, heaters and condensers) Shell side heat exchangers Tube side heat exchangers Plate heat exchangers Air-cooled heat exchangers Fired heaters (including furnaces, boilers and reformers) Filters
D5 Cross-country pipelines
D6
Pressure vessels Atmospheric storage tanks Refrigerated storage tanks Underground storage tanks Pumps
12
13
14 15
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16 17
18 19
20 21
Pig traps Transfer equipment (loading/unloading hoses and articulated arms) Road vehicles Dangerous goods vehicles (including road tankers and cylinder vehicles) Railway wagons (including rail tankers and goods wagons) Marine vessels (including oil tankers and gas carriers)
1.3 Confidentiality
In general, project reports should not quote any more than the summary from each section of this Technical Note and the equipment datasheets. Material from the main body of each section may be used, but noting that it has been gathered over many years and represents an important resource to DNV.
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maintenance. This scenario is typically excluded from QRA, and is included mainly for consistency with the original HSE data. The total leak frequencies are the sum of the frequencies of these three scenarios.
1.5 Index
SUBJECT Absorbers Air receivers Atmospheric storage tanks Bellows Boilers Bullets Cars Caverns Clamp connections Columns Combined pipework Compressors Condensers Coolers Cross-country pipelines Cylinders Cylinder vehicles Distillation columns Drums ESD valves Filters Fin-fan coolers Fired heaters Fittings (small-bore) Flanges Gaskets Gas receivers Goods vehicles Grayloc connectors Heaters Heat exchangers Hydrocyclones Instruments ISO tanks Joints (in pipes) Knock-out drums Marine tankers Petrol filling station tanks Pig traps (launchers/receivers) Pipe connections Pipelines Pipes SECTION NO 7 7 8 3 7, 14 7 18 10.7 3 7 5 12 13 13 6 7 19 7 7 4 15 13 14 5.5 3 3 7 18 3 13 13 7 5.5 20.4 3 7 21.3 10.5 16 3 6 2 DATASHEET D6
D2 D6 D9-10
D6 D4 D15 D14 D5 D2
D2 D11-D14 D5
D6
D16 D2 D1
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SUBJECT Pipe sections Pipe stills Pressure vessels Process reactors Process vessels Pumps Rail tankers Railways Reactors Reboilers Receivers Reformers Refrigerated storage tanks Relief valves Road vehicles Road tankers Salt dome caverns Scrubbers Separators Ships Small-bore fittings Spheres Tanks Tankers (ships) Transfer equipment Underground storage tanks Valves Vaporisers Vessels Waste heat boilers Welds (in pipes)
D6 D6 D6 D7-D8
D6
D6 D6 D5
D3-D4 D6
However, the equation used in the above referred Statoil project is slightly different (which is also the basis for the following datasheets:
n F (d ) = C (1 + aDpipe )d m + Frup
In March 2006 work was carried out in order to establish a new set of coefficients based on HCRD data up to March 2005. This was for use in LEAK and so we were establishing
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coefficients compatible with the first of the equations given above. Furthermore, a spreadsheet tool was also developed for this purpose which can be used to derive coefficients for both equations. Hence, it should be easy to obtain coefficient for use with other equation Note that if there is no dependence on equipment size and Fcat is set to zero then both equations reduce to: F(d) = Cdm +Frup In practice this is applied to all equipment types other than pipes, flanges and valves. Consequently, for the majority of equipment types the same coefficients apply to both equation types.
1.7 Datasheets
For the process items based on HCRD, the following datasheets summarise the leak frequencies for selected equipment sizes and hole size ranges. The leak frequency functions are also presented, from which the leak frequencies can be obtained for other equipment and hole sizes. The datasheets also indicate the size of the datasets on which the frequency functions are based. The index in Section 1.6 below indicates the location of frequencies for other equipment items.
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Please use the << Back link at the bottom of this page to return to the Equipment list, NOT the Browsers Back button. Prep. by: J.R. Spouge 2 10.02.05 HCRD 10/92 03/03
Rev.: Date:
D1 Steel Pipes
Source:
Offshore: Includes pipes located on topsides (between well and riser) and subsea (between well and pipeline). Onshore: Includes pipes within process units, but not inter-unit pipes or cross-country pipelines. The scope includes welds but excludes all valves, flanges, and instruments.
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C(1 + aDn) dm + Frup F C, m a, n Frup D d = = = = = = frequency of leaks (per metre year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution constants representing equipment size dependency additional rupture frequency (per metre year) pipe diameter (mm) hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 3.7E-05 8.0E-06 9.0E-06 a 1000 1000 0 n -1.5 -1.3 0.0 m -0.74 -1.42 -0.50 Frup 3.0E-06 0.0E+00 1.0E-06
Frequency Plot:
FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per metre year) 1.0E-04
1.0E-05
1.0E-06
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) PIPE DIAMETER (in) 3 3-11 >11 TOTAL LEAKS (#) 335 169 42 546 LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 316 149 36 501 EXPOSURE (metre years) 1,539,554 2,577,294 722,242 4,839,090
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D1 Steel Pipes
Selected steel pipe sizes.
Source:
HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL
(a) Total leak frequencies (per metre year) 2" DIA 6" DIA 12" DIA 18" DIA (50 mm) (150 mm) (300 mm) (450 mm) 7.9E-05 3.2E-05 2.5E-05 2.3E-05 3.7E-05 1.5E-05 1.2E-05 1.1E-05 2.9E-05 7.2E-06 5.6E-06 5.2E-06 0.0E+00 6.2E-06 1.4E-06 1.3E-06 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 4.1E-06 4.0E-06 1.4E-04 6.0E-05 4.7E-05 4.4E-05 (b) Full leak frequencies (per metre year) 2" DIA 6" DIA 12" DIA 18" DIA (50 mm) (150 mm) (300 mm) (450 mm) 4.5E-05 1.6E-05 1.0E-05 8.6E-06 9.9E-06 3.4E-06 2.2E-06 1.9E-06 2.2E-06 6.8E-07 4.4E-07 3.7E-07 0.0E+00 7.7E-08 3.9E-08 3.3E-08 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.0E-08 8.8E-09 5.7E-05 2.0E-05 1.3E-05 1.1E-05
24" DIA (600 mm) 2.2E-05 1.0E-05 5.0E-06 1.2E-06 4.0E-06 4.3E-05
HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL
24" DIA (600 mm) 7.9E-06 1.7E-06 3.4E-07 3.0E-08 8.1E-09 1.0E-05
(c) Zero pressure leak frequencies (per metre year) HOLE DIA 2" DIA 6" DIA 12" DIA 18" DIA RANGE (mm) (50 mm) (150 mm) (300 mm) (450 mm) 1-3 3.8E-06 3.8E-06 3.8E-06 3.8E-06 3-10 2.4E-06 2.4E-06 2.4E-06 2.4E-06 10-50 3.8E-06 1.6E-06 1.6E-06 1.6E-06 50-150 0.0E+00 2.3E-06 5.4E-07 5.4E-07 >150 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.7E-06 1.7E-06 TOTAL 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 (d) Limited leak frequencies (per metre year) 2" DIA 6" DIA 12" DIA 18" DIA (50 mm) (150 mm) (300 mm) (450 mm) 3.0E-05 1.2E-05 1.1E-05 1.0E-05 2.5E-05 9.2E-06 7.0E-06 6.5E-06 2.3E-05 5.0E-06 3.6E-06 3.2E-06 0.0E+00 3.8E-06 7.8E-07 6.9E-07 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.3E-06 2.3E-06 7.7E-05 3.0E-05 2.4E-05 2.3E-05
24" DIA (600 mm) 3.8E-06 2.4E-06 1.6E-06 5.4E-07 1.7E-06 1.0E-05
HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL
24" DIA (600 mm) 1.0E-05 6.3E-06 3.1E-06 6.5E-07 2.2E-06 2.3E-05
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Please use the << Back link at the bottom of this page to return to the Equipment list, NOT the Browsers Back button. Prep. by: J.R. Spouge 2 24.02.05 HCRD 10/92 03/03
Rev.: Date:
D2 Flanges
Source:
The following frequencies refer to a flanged joint, comprising two flange faces, a gasket (where fitted), and two welds to the pipe. Flange types include ring type joint, spiral wound, clamp (Grayloc) and hammer union (Chicksan).
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C(1 + aDn) dm + Frup F C, m a, n Frup D d = = = = = = frequency of leaks (per flanged joint year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution constants representing equipment size dependency additional rupture frequency (per flanged joint year) flange diameter (mm), i.e. diameter of connected pipe hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 7.5E-05 3.0E-05 5.0E-06 a 1.9E-04 5.3E-05 3.8E-05 n 1.5 1.8 1.8 m -0.84 -1.22 -0.33 Frup 5.0E-06 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Frequency Plot:
FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per flange year) 1.0E-04
1.0E-05
1.0E-06
Input Data:
FLANGE DIAMETER (in) 3 3-11 >11 TOTAL
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) LEAKS (#) 128 112 32 272 LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 125 111 29 265 HSE EXPOSURE (flange face years) 3,118,164 1,957,942 295,659 5,371,765 DNV EXPOSURE (flanged joint years) 1,559,082 978,971 147,830 2,685,883
HSE exposure counting flange faces has been halved to give DNV exposure of flanged joints, each consisting of 2 flange faces.
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D2 Flanges
Selected flange sizes.
Source:
HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL
(a) Total leak frequencies (per flanged joint year) 2" DIA 6" DIA 12" DIA 18" DIA (50 mm) (150 mm) (300 mm) (450 mm) 4.8E-05 6.1E-05 9.0E-05 1.3E-04 2.0E-05 2.6E-05 3.8E-05 5.3E-05 1.7E-05 1.1E-05 1.6E-05 2.3E-05 0.0E+00 8.8E-06 3.4E-06 4.8E-06 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 7.2E-06 8.1E-06 8.5E-05 1.1E-04 1.5E-04 2.2E-04 (b) Full leak frequencies (per flanged joint year) 2" DIA 6" DIA 12" DIA 18" DIA (50 mm) (150 mm) (300 mm) (450 mm) 2.3E-05 3.2E-05 5.6E-05 9.2E-05 6.4E-06 8.7E-06 1.5E-05 2.5E-05 1.9E-06 2.2E-06 3.9E-06 6.5E-06 0.0E+00 3.6E-07 4.7E-07 7.8E-07 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.7E-07 2.8E-07 3.2E-05 4.3E-05 7.6E-05 1.2E-04
24" DIA (600 mm) 1.7E-04 7.2E-05 3.0E-05 6.4E-06 9.2E-06 2.9E-04
HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL
24" DIA (600 mm) 1.4E-04 3.8E-05 9.8E-06 1.2E-06 4.2E-07 1.9E-04
(c) Zero pressure leak frequencies (per flanged joint year) HOLE DIA 2" DIA 6" DIA 12" DIA 18" DIA 24" DIA RANGE (mm) (50 mm) (150 mm) (300 mm) (450 mm) (600 mm) 1-3 1.6E-06 2.0E-06 3.2E-06 5.0E-06 7.3E-06 3-10 1.2E-06 1.5E-06 2.4E-06 3.7E-06 5.5E-06 10-50 2.4E-06 1.3E-06 2.0E-06 3.1E-06 4.6E-06 50-150 0.0E+00 1.8E-06 8.8E-07 1.4E-06 2.0E-06 >150 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.0E-06 3.1E-06 4.6E-06 TOTAL 5.2E-06 6.6E-06 1.0E-05 1.6E-05 2.4E-05 (d) Limited leak frequencies (per flanged joint year) HOLE DIA 2" DIA 6" DIA 12" DIA 18" DIA RANGE (mm) (50 mm) (150 mm) (300 mm) (450 mm) 1-3 2.3E-05 2.7E-05 3.1E-05 3.0E-05 3-10 1.3E-05 1.5E-05 2.0E-05 2.4E-05 10-50 1.2E-05 7.3E-06 1.0E-05 1.3E-05 50-150 0.0E+00 6.6E-06 2.0E-06 2.6E-06 >150 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 5.0E-06 4.7E-06 TOTAL 4.8E-05 5.6E-05 6.8E-05 7.5E-05
24" DIA (600 mm) 2.4E-05 2.8E-05 1.6E-05 3.2E-06 4.2E-06 7.6E-05
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Please use the << Back link at the bottom of this page to return to the Equipment list, NOT the Browsers Back button. Prep. by: J.R. Spouge 1 16.07.04 HCRD 10/92 03/03
Rev.: Date:
D3 Manual Valves
Source:
Includes all types of manual valves (block, bleed, check and choke). Valve types gate, ball, plug, globe, needle and butterfly. The scope includes the valve body, stem and packer, but excludes flanges, controls and instrumentation.
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C(1 + aDn) dm + Frup F C, m a, n Frup D d = = = = = = frequency of leaks (per valve year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution constants representing equipment size dependency additional rupture frequency (per valve year) valve diameter (mm) hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 7.0E-05 6.0E-06 1.0E-08 a 3.4E-05 3.8E-03 6.8 n 2.0 1.5 1.0 m -0.76 -1.17 -0.15 Frup 1.0E-05 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Frequency Plot:
FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per valve year) 1.0E-03
1.0E-04 Total leaks Limited leaks Zero pressure leaks Full leaks
1.0E-05
1.0E-06
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) VALVE DIAMETER (in) 3 3-11 >11 TOTAL LEAKS (#) 96 48 20 164 LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 88 45 19 152 EXPOSURE (valve years) 1,060,745 369,359 36,284 1,466,388
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D3 Manual Valves
Selected valve sizes.
Source:
HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL
(a) Total leak frequencies (per valve year) 2" DIA 6" DIA 12" DIA 18" DIA (50 mm) (150 mm) (300 mm) (450 mm) 4.3E-05 7.0E-05 1.6E-04 3.1E-04 2.0E-05 3.2E-05 7.4E-05 1.4E-04 2.3E-05 1.5E-05 3.5E-05 6.8E-05 0.0E+00 1.6E-05 8.2E-06 1.6E-05 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.6E-05 2.2E-05 8.6E-05 1.3E-04 2.9E-04 5.6E-04 (b) Full leak frequencies (per valve year) 2" DIA 6" DIA 12" DIA 18" DIA (50 mm) (150 mm) (300 mm) (450 mm) 1.0E-05 3.5E-05 9.0E-05 1.6E-04 2.9E-06 1.0E-05 2.6E-05 4.7E-05 9.5E-07 2.7E-06 7.1E-06 1.3E-05 0.0E+00 4.9E-07 9.3E-07 1.7E-06 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 3.5E-07 6.4E-07 1.4E-05 4.8E-05 1.2E-04 2.2E-04 (c) Zero pressure leak frequencies (per valve year) 2" DIA 6" DIA 12" DIA 18" DIA (50 mm) (150 mm) (300 mm) (450 mm) 5.2E-07 1.6E-06 3.1E-06 4.7E-06 4.8E-07 1.4E-06 2.9E-06 4.3E-06 2.4E-06 1.6E-06 3.1E-06 4.6E-06 0.0E+00 5.7E-06 1.7E-06 2.6E-06 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 9.6E-06 1.4E-05 3.4E-06 1.0E-05 2.0E-05 3.1E-05 (d) Limited leak frequencies (per valve year) 2" DIA 6" DIA 12" DIA 18" DIA (50 mm) (150 mm) (300 mm) (450 mm) 3.2E-05 3.4E-05 6.8E-05 1.5E-04 1.6E-05 2.1E-05 4.5E-05 9.3E-05 2.0E-05 1.1E-05 2.5E-05 5.0E-05 0.0E+00 1.0E-05 5.6E-06 1.2E-05 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 6.3E-06 7.2E-06 6.8E-05 7.5E-05 1.5E-04 3.1E-04
24" DIA (600 mm) 5.2E-04 2.4E-04 1.1E-04 2.7E-05 3.1E-05 9.4E-04
HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL
24" DIA (600 mm) 2.5E-04 7.1E-05 2.0E-05 2.5E-06 9.7E-07 3.4E-04
HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL
24" DIA (600 mm) 6.2E-06 5.7E-06 6.2E-06 3.4E-06 1.9E-05 4.1E-05
HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL
24" DIA (600 mm) 2.7E-04 1.6E-04 8.8E-05 2.1E-05 1.0E-05 5.5E-04
Please use the << Back link at the bottom of this page to return to the Equipment list, NOT the Browsers Back button. Prep. by: J.R. Spouge 2 3.05.05 HCRD 10/92 03/03
Rev.: Date:
D4 Actuated Valves
Source:
Includes all types of actuated valves (block, blowdown, choke, control, ESDV and relief), but not actuated pipeline valves (pipeline ESDV and SSIV). Valve types include gate, ball, plug, globe and needle. The scope includes the valve body, stem and packer, but excludes flanges, controls and instrumentation.
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C(1 + aDn) dm + Frup F C, m a, n Frup D d = = = = = = frequency of leaks (per valve year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution constants representing equipment size dependency additional rupture frequency (per valve year) valve diameter (mm) hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 6.9E-04 2.6E-04 4.4E-05 a 0 0 0 n 0 0 0 m -0.82 -1.26 -0.37 Frup 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Frequency Plot:
FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per valve year) 1.0E-03
1.0E-04
1.0E-05
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) LEAKS 204 LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 187 EXPOSURE (valve years) 272206
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D4 Actuated Valves
Source:
Frequency (per valve year) for valves >150mm diameter HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL TOTAL LEAKS 4.1E-04 1.8E-04 7.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.1E-05 6.9E-04 FULL LEAKS 1.9E-04 5.1E-05 1.2E-05 1.4E-06 4.7E-07 2.6E-04 ZERO PRESSURE LEAKS 1.5E-05 1.1E-05 8.4E-06 3.5E-06 6.9E-06 4.4E-05 LIMITED LEAKS 2.0E-04 1.1E-04 5.6E-05 1.2E-05 4.0E-06 3.9E-04
Please use the << Back link at the bottom of this page to return to the Equipment list, NOT the Browsers Back button. Prep. by: J.R. Spouge 1 16.07.04 HCRD 10/92 03/03
Rev.: Date:
D5 Instruments
Source:
Includes small-bore connections for flow, pressure and temperature sensing. The scope includes the instrument itself plus up to 2 valves, 4 flanges, 1 fitting and associated small-bore piping, usually 25mm diameter or less.
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C dm + Frup F C, m Frup D d = = = = = frequency of leaks (per instrument connection year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution additional rupture frequency (per instrument connection year) instrument connection diameter (mm) hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 6.1E-04 2.3E-04 2.5E-05 m -0.80 -0.88 -0.44 Frup 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Frequency Plot:
1.0E-02 FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per instrument year)
Total leaks 1.0E-03 Limited leaks Zero pressure leaks Full leaks 1.0E-04
1.0E-05
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) LEAKS 409 LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 370 EXPOSURE (instrument years) 607414
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D5 Instruments
Source:
Frequency (per instrument year) for instruments 10-50mm diameter HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL TOTAL LEAKS 3.6E-04 1.6E-04 9.7E-05 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 6.1E-04 FULL LEAKS 1.4E-04 5.7E-05 3.0E-05 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.3E-04 ZERO PRESSURE LEAKS 9.6E-06 6.3E-06 9.1E-06 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.5E-05 LIMITED LEAKS 2.0E-04 9.3E-05 5.7E-05 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 3.6E-04
Please use the << Back link at the bottom of this page to return to the Equipment list, NOT the Browsers Back button. Prep. by: J.R. Spouge 1 16.07.04 HCRD 10/92 03/03
Rev.: Date:
D6 Process Vessels
Source:
Offshore: Includes all types of pressure vessel (horizontal/vertical absorber, knock-out drum, reboiler, scrubber, separator and stabiliser), but not the HCRD category other, which are mainly hydrocyclones. Onshore: Includes process vessels and columns, but not storage vessels. The scope includes the vessel itself and any nozzles or inspection openings, but excludes all attached valves, piping, flanges, instruments and fittings beyond the first flange. The first flange itself is also excluded.
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C dm + Frup F C, m Frup D d = = = = = frequency of leaks (per vessel year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution additional rupture frequency (per vessel year) diameter (mm) of the largest pipe connection hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 1.8E-03 5.0E-04 4.3E-04 m -0.43 -0.38 -0.18 Frup 1.0E-04 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Frequency Plot:
FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per vessel year) 1.0E-02
1.0E-03
1.0E-04
1.0E-05
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) LEAKS (#) 35 LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 26 EXPOSURE (vessel years) 14069
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Rev.: Date:
D6 Process Vessels
Source:
Frequency (per vessel year) for connections >150mm diameter HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL TOTAL LEAKS 6.8E-04 4.5E-04 3.3E-04 1.3E-04 3.1E-04 1.9E-03 FULL LEAKS 1.7E-04 1.2E-04 9.5E-05 3.9E-05 7.4E-05 5.0E-04 ZERO PRESSURE LEAKS 7.7E-05 6.9E-05 7.1E-05 3.8E-05 1.7E-04 4.3E-04 LIMITED LEAKS 4.3E-04 2.6E-04 1.7E-04 4.9E-05 6.0E-05 9.7E-04
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Rev.: Date:
D7 Centrifugal Pumps
Source:
Centrifugal pumps including single-seal and double-seal types. The scope includes the pump itself, but excludes all attached valves, piping, flanges, instruments and fittings beyond the first flange. The first flange itself is also excluded.
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C(1 + aDn) dm + Frup F C, m Frup D d = = = = = frequency of leaks (per pump year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution additional rupture frequency (per pump year) inlet pipe diameter (mm) hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 6.5E-03 1.8E-03 5.9E-04 m -0.95 -1.10 -0.43 Frup 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Frequency Plot:
1.0E-02 FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per pump year)
1.0E-03
1.0E-04
1.0E-05
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) LEAKS (#) 88 LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 78 EXPOSURE (pump years) 11942
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D7 Centrifugal Pumps
Source:
Frequency (per pump year) for inlets >150mm diameter HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL TOTAL LEAKS 4.2E-03 1.6E-03 5.7E-04 1.0E-04 5.6E-05 6.5E-03 FULL LEAKS 1.3E-03 3.9E-04 1.2E-04 1.7E-05 7.3E-06 1.8E-03 ZERO PRESSURE LEAKS 2.2E-04 1.5E-04 1.1E-04 4.1E-05 4.8E-05 5.7E-04 LIMITED LEAKS 2.7E-03 1.0E-03 3.4E-04 4.4E-05 0.0E+00 4.1E-03
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Rev.: Date:
D8 Reciprocating Pumps
Source:
Reciprocating pumps including single-seal and double-seal types. The scope includes the pump itself, but excludes all attached valves, piping, flanges, instruments and fittings beyond the first flange. The first flange itself is also excluded.
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C dm + Frup F C, m Frup D d = = = = = frequency of leaks (per pump year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution additional rupture frequency (per pump year) inlet pipe diameter (mm) hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 6.9E-03 3.7E-03 4.6E-04 m -0.54 -0.50 -0.25 Frup 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Frequency Plot:
1.0E-02 FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per pump year)
1.0E-03
1.0E-04
1.0E-05
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) LEAKS (#) 16 LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 15 EXPOSURE (pump years) 2167
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D8 Reciprocating Pumps
Source:
Frequency (per pump year) for inlets >150mm diameter HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL TOTAL LEAKS 3.1E-03 1.8E-03 1.2E-03 3.7E-04 4.6E-04 6.9E-03 FULL LEAKS 1.6E-03 9.7E-04 6.5E-04 2.2E-04 3.0E-04 3.7E-03 ZERO PRESSURE LEAKS 1.1E-04 9.1E-05 8.6E-05 4.2E-05 1.3E-04 4.6E-04 LIMITED LEAKS 1.4E-03 7.7E-04 4.2E-04 1.1E-04 2.8E-05 2.7E-03
Please use the << Back link at the bottom of this page to return to the Equipment list, NOT the Browsers Back button. Prep. by: J.R. Spouge 2 14.02.05 HCRD 10/92 03/03
Rev.: Date:
D9 Centrifugal Compressors
Source:
The scope includes the compressor itself, but excludes all attached valves, piping, flanges, instruments and fittings beyond the first flange. The first flange itself is also excluded.
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C(1 + aDn) dm + Frup F C, m a, n Frup D d = = = = = = frequency of leaks (per compressor year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution constants representing equipment size dependency additional rupture frequency (per compressor year) inlet pipe diameter (mm) hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 9.0E-03 2.0E-03 8.2E-04 a 0 0 0 n 0 0 0 m -0.79 -1.76 -0.28 Frup 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Frequency Plot:
FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per compressor year) 1.0E-01
1.0E-02 Total leaks Limited leaks Zero pressure leaks Full leaks
1.0E-03
1.0E-04
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) LEAKS 27 LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 22 EXPOSURE (compressor years) 2442
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D9 Centrifugal Compressors
Source:
Frequency (per compressor year) for inlets >150mm diameter HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL TOTAL LEAKS 5.2E-03 2.3E-03 1.1E-03 2.4E-04 1.7E-04 9.0E-03 FULL LEAKS 1.7E-03 2.5E-04 3.3E-05 1.7E-06 3.0E-07 2.0E-03 ZERO PRESSURE LEAKS 2.2E-04 1.7E-04 1.6E-04 1.0E-04 1.7E-04 8.2E-04 LIMITED LEAKS 3.3E-03 1.9E-03 8.6E-04 1.3E-04 0.0E+00 6.2E-03
Please use the << Back link at the bottom of this page to return to the Equipment list, NOT the Browsers Back button. Prep. by: J.R. Spouge 1 16.07.04 HCRD 10/92 03/03
Rev.: Date:
Source:
The scope includes the compressor itself, but excludes all attached valves, piping, flanges, instruments and fittings beyond the first flange. The first flange itself is also excluded.
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C(1 + aDn) dm + Frup F C, m a, n Frup D d = = = = = = frequency of leaks (per compressor year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution constants representing equipment size dependency additional rupture frequency (per compressor year) inlet pipe diameter (mm) hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 6.2E-02 2.7E-02 0.0E+00 m -1.00 -2.00 0.00 Frup 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Frequency Plot:
FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per compressor year) 1.0E-01
1.0E-03
1.0E-04
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) LEAKS 27 LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 25 EXPOSURE (compressor years) 402
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Source:
Frequency (per compressor year) for inlets >150mm diameter HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL TOTAL LEAKS 4.1E-02 1.4E-02 5.0E-03 8.3E-04 4.1E-04 6.2E-02 FULL LEAKS 2.4E-02 2.7E-03 2.6E-04 9.6E-06 1.2E-06 2.7E-02 ZERO PRESSURE LEAKS 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 LIMITED LEAKS 1.7E-02 1.2E-02 4.7E-03 8.2E-04 4.1E-04 3.5E-02
Please use the << Back link at the bottom of this page to return to the Equipment list, NOT the Browsers Back button. Prep. by: J.R. Spouge 1 16.07.04 HCRD 10/92 03/03
Rev.: Date:
Source:
Shell & tube type heat exchangers with hydrocarbon in the shell side. The scope includes the heat exchanger itself, but excludes all attached valves, piping, flanges, instruments and fittings beyond the first flange. The first flange itself is also excluded
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C(1 + aDn) dm + Frup F C, m Frup D d = = = = = frequency of leaks (per heat exchanger year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution additional rupture frequency (per heat exchanger year) shell side inlet pipe diameter (mm) hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 4.7E-03 1.4E-03 3.6E-04 m -0.65 -0.60 -0.30 Frup 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Frequency Plot:
FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per heat exchanger year) 1.0E-02
1.0E-03
1.0E-04
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) LEAKS LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 13 EXPOSURE (heat exchanger years) 2780
16
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Source:
Frequency (per heat exchanger year) for inlets >150mm diameter HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL TOTAL LEAKS 2.4E-03 1.2E-03 6.8E-04 1.9E-04 1.8E-04 4.7E-03 FULL LEAKS 6.8E-04 3.7E-04 2.2E-04 6.5E-05 6.9E-05 1.4E-03 ZERO PRESSURE LEAKS 1.0E-04 7.8E-05 6.9E-05 3.1E-05 8.0E-05 3.6E-04 LIMITED LEAKS 1.6E-03 8.0E-04 4.0E-04 9.3E-05 3.2E-05 2.9E-03
Please use the << Back link at the bottom of this page to return to the Equipment list, NOT the Browsers Back button. Prep. by: J.R. Spouge 2 16.07.04 HCRD 10/92 03/03
Rev.: Date:
Source:
Shell & tube type heat exchangers with hydrocarbon in the tube side. The scope includes the heat exchanger itself, but excludes all attached valves, piping, flanges, instruments and fittings beyond the first flange. The first flange itself is also excluded.
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C dm + Frup F C, m Frup D d = = = = = frequency of leaks (per heat exchanger year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution additional rupture frequency (per heat exchanger year) tube side inlet pipe diameter (mm) hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 3.0E-03 1.0E-03 2.0E-04 m -0.80 -0.77 -0.50 Frup 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Frequency Plot:
FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per heat exchanger year) 1.0E-02
Total leaks Limited leaks 1.0E-03 Zero pressure leaks Full leaks
1.0E-04
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) LEAKS LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 15 EXPOSURE (heat exchanger years) 4965
19
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Source:
Frequency (per heat exchanger year) for inlets >150mm diameter HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL TOTAL LEAKS 1.8E-03 7.7E-04 3.4E-04 7.7E-05 5.4E-05 3.0E-03 FULL LEAKS 5.7E-04 2.6E-04 1.2E-04 2.8E-05 2.1E-05 1.0E-03 ZERO PRESSURE LEAKS 8.5E-05 5.2E-05 3.5E-05 1.2E-05 1.6E-05 2.0E-04 LIMITED LEAKS 1.1E-03 4.6E-04 1.9E-04 3.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.8E-03
Please use the << Back link at the bottom of this page to return to the Equipment list, NOT the Browsers Back button. Prep. by: J.R. Spouge 1 14.02.05 HCRD 10/92 03/03
Rev.: Date:
Source:
The scope includes the heat exchanger itself, but excludes all attached valves, piping, flanges, instruments and fittings beyond the first flange. The first flange itself is also excluded.
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C dm + Frup F C, m Frup D d = = = = = frequency of leaks (per heat exchanger year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution additional rupture frequency (per heat exchanger year) inlet pipe diameter (mm) hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 1.1E-02 6.0E-03 0.0E+00 m -0.60 -0.72 0.00 Frup 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Range of validity: D = 40 to 400mm; d = 1mm to D No zero pressure scenarios were identified from HCRD.
Frequency Plot:
FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per heat exchanger year) 1.0E-02
1.0E-03
1.0E-04
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) LEAKS LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 25 EXPOSURE (heat exchanger years) 2223
25
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Source:
Frequency (per heat exchanger year) for inlets >150mm diameter HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL TOTAL LEAKS 5.3E-03 2.9E-03 1.7E-03 5.1E-04 5.4E-04 1.1E-02 FULL LEAKS 3.3E-03 1.6E-03 7.8E-04 2.0E-04 1.6E-04 6.0E-03 ZERO PRESSURE LEAKS 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 LIMITED LEAKS 2.0E-03 1.3E-03 9.3E-04 3.1E-04 3.8E-04 5.0E-03
Please use the << Back link at the bottom of this page to return to the Equipment list, NOT the Browsers Back button. Prep. by: J.R. Spouge 2 14.02.05 HCRD 10/92 03/03
Defined in HCRD as fin-fan coolers, but in principle including all air-cooled type heat exchangers. The scope includes the heat exchanger itself, but excludes all attached valves, piping, flanges, instruments and fittings beyond the first flange. The first flange itself is also excluded.
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C dm + Frup F C, m Frup D d = = = = = frequency of leaks (per heat exchanger year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution additional rupture frequency (per heat exchanger year) inlet pipe diameter (mm) hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 2.4E-03 1.2E-03 0.0E+00 m -0.73 -0.73 0.00 Frup 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Range of validity: D = 40 to 400mm; d = 1mm to D No zero pressure scenarios were identified from HCRD.
Frequency Plot:
FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per heat exchanger year) 1.0E-02
1.0E-04
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) LEAKS LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 2 EXPOSURE (heat exchanger years) 839
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Frequency (per heat exchanger year) for inlets >150mm diameter HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL TOTAL LEAKS 1.3E-03 6.3E-04 3.1E-04 7.6E-05 6.2E-05 2.4E-03 FULL LEAKS 6.6E-04 3.1E-04 1.5E-04 3.8E-05 3.1E-05 1.2E-03 ZERO PRESSURE LEAKS 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 LIMITED LEAKS 6.6E-04 3.1E-04 1.5E-04 3.8E-05 3.1E-05 1.2E-03
Please use the << Back link at the bottom of this page to return to the Equipment list, NOT the Browsers Back button. Prep. by: J.R. Spouge 2 14.02.05 HCRD 10/92 03/03
Rev.: Date:
D15 Filters
Source:
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C dm + Frup F C, m Frup D d = = = = = frequency of leaks (per filter year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution additional rupture frequency (per filter year) inlet pipe diameter (mm) hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 3.7E-03 8.9E-04 4.0E-04 m -0.66 -1.26 -0.26 Frup 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Frequency Plot:
FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per filter year) 1.0E-02
1.0E-03
1.0E-04
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) LEAKS 38 LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 37 EXPOSURE (filter years) 10072
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D15 Filters
Source:
Frequency (per filter year) for inlets >150mm diameter HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL TOTAL LEAKS 1.9E-03 9.8E-04 5.3E-04 1.4E-04 1.4E-04 3.7E-03 FULL LEAKS 6.7E-04 1.7E-04 4.2E-05 4.8E-06 1.6E-06 8.9E-04 ZERO PRESSURE LEAKS 9.9E-05 8.1E-05 7.5E-05 3.6E-05 1.1E-04 4.0E-04 LIMITED LEAKS 1.1E-03 7.3E-04 4.1E-04 1.0E-04 2.5E-05 2.4E-03
Please use the << Back link at the bottom of this page to return to the Equipment list, NOT the Browsers Back button. Prep. by: J.R. Spouge 2 14.02.05 HCRD 10/92 03/03
Rev.: Date:
Source:
Includes pig launchers and pig receivers. The scope includes the pig trap itself, but excludes all attached valves, piping, flanges, instruments and fittings beyond the first flange. The first flange itself is also excluded.
Frequency Function:
F(d) = C(1 + aDn) dm + Frup F C, m a, n Frup D d = = = = = = frequency of leaks (per pig trap year) exceeding size d constants representing hole size distribution constants representing equipment size dependency additional rupture frequency (per pig trap year) inlet pipe diameter (mm) hole diameter (mm) SCENARIO Total leaks Full leaks Zero pressure C 5.3E-03 1.7E-03 1.3E-03 m -0.40 -1.50 -0.12 Frup 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
Frequency Plot:
FREQUENCY OF HOLE >= SIZE (per pig trap year) 1.0E-02
1.0E-03
1.0E-04
Input Data:
HCRD (October 1992 to March 2003) LEAKS 19 LEAKS (exc N/A and <1mm) 17 EXPOSURE (pig trap years) 3189
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Source:
Frequency (per pig trap year) for inlets >150mm diameter HOLE DIA RANGE (mm) 1-3 3-10 10-50 50-150 >150 TOTAL TOTAL LEAKS 1.9E-03 1.3E-03 1.0E-03 3.9E-04 7.1E-04 5.3E-03 FULL LEAKS 1.4E-03 2.7E-04 4.9E-05 3.9E-06 9.3E-07 1.7E-03 ZERO PRESSURE LEAKS 1.6E-04 1.5E-04 1.7E-04 1.0E-04 7.1E-04 1.3E-03 LIMITED LEAKS 3.5E-04 8.8E-04 7.8E-04 2.9E-04 7.6E-07 2.3E-03
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