SUBATOMIC [electron,proton,neutron] [bawah ]Proton number=number of proton [atas ]Nucleon number = number of proton+ number of neutron

Isotope 1.defination 2.uses Medicine Same proton number but different nucleon number Same number of proton but different number of neutron Same chemical properties but different physical properties

60 treatment of cancer cells sterlize surgical instrument n

Agriculture de e mine e e f i n f y e Industry di m 24 control the thickness of paper , plastic,metals and rubber detect leaks underground pipes Archeology n determine the age of archeological artifacts

shells
First Second Third Fourth

Maximum number of electron 2 8 8 or 18 8,18 or 36

CHAPTER 3 CHEMICAL FORMULAE N EQUATION

1.calculate how many times heavier a lead atom is from a carbon atom ?[Pb=207, C=12] =207/12 =17.25 2. NO. Of mole =no.of particles /NA NA=6.02X1023 3.N0.Of mole=mass/molar mass [STP;22.4dm3 ROOM CONDITION;24dm3]

EXAMPLE;
4.no. of mole=volume/molar volume HBr yd gen mide HCl hydrogen chloride CO rbon monoxide CO2 n di xide SO3Sulphur trioxide Mono;one Di ;two Tri; three Tetra;four

AgNO3 + Ag=1 NO3=1 Ca=1 Cl=2

[e

n ] Ag + Ag=1

(NO3)2[product]

NO3=2 Ca=1 Cl=1

ACID

a)Sulphuric acid [H2SO4] b)hydrochloric acid [HCl]

c)nitric acid d)ethanoic acid

[HNO3] [CH3COOH]

MOLECULE
a)Hydrogen [H2] b)oxygen [O2] c)nitrogen [N2] d)flourine [F2] e)chlorine [Cl2] f)bromine [Br2] g)iodine [I2]

CHAPTER 4; PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENT

1.Element in the Periodic Table are arrange in an increasing order of proton number 2.Element with similar chemical properties are placed in the same group in the Periodic Table [because same valence electron] GROUP 1 2 17 18 3 TO 12 NAME OF GROUP Alkali metals (Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs,Fr) Alkaline earth metals (Be,Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba,Ra) Halogens (F,CI,Br,I,At) Noble gas (He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe,Rn) Transition elements (metals)

3.All members of the same groups have the same number of valence electron GROUP= NO.OF VALANCE ELECTRON PERIOD=NO.OF SHELL

GROUP 18[NOBLE GAS / INERT GAS]

Do not conduct electricity or heat Low melting point and low boiling points Low densities Exits as monoatomic gases at room temperature

i)The atomic radius or atomic size of elements increase because the number of shells of the atom increase down the group ,the valence electron is further from the nucleus

ii)melting points and boiling points of elements increase because;; Atomic radius or atomic size increase down the group

The force of attraction between particles increase More heat is needed to overcome the forces of attraction between this particles

iii)density of elements increase because Increases of atomic mass is more compared to the increases of atomic radius (volume of atom

Chemical properties;;(group 18)

Unreactive in nature..they do not react with any other elements

Because
Have the maximum number valence electrons on the outermost shell which two or eight valence electron The duplet or octet electron arrangement are very stable because the outermost shell is filled with electrons Inert gases do not to gain , lose,or share electron with other element

USES OF GROUP 18 ELEMENTS ELEMENTS Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon USES to fill airships and weather balloons helium is mixed with oxygen and used by divers used in advertising light bulbs and television tubes used to fill electric bulb filament in electric bulbs filled with argon gas can last longer used to provide an inert atmosphera for welding at high temperature used in lasers to repair the retina of the eye used to fill photographic flash lamps used for making electron tubes and stroboscopic lamps used in bulb chambers in atomic energy reactors used as an aneasthetic in the medical field the radioactive characteristics of radon is used to treat cancer patient

Radon

GROUP 1[ALKALI METALS]

1)Pysical properties;;; grey solid with shiny surface at room condition soft solid and can be easily cut have low densities compare to other metals such as iron and copper have low melting point and boiling points compare to other metals good conductors of heat and electricity

2) Change in physical properties down the group

i)the atomic radius or atomic size of elements increase the number of shells occupied with electron increase when going down the group

ii)melting point and boiling points of elements decrease atomic size increase down the group,cause the metal bond between atoms to become weaker less heat energy is needed to overcome the bond during meltig and boiling

iii)density of elements decrease increase of atomic mass is more compared to the increase of atomic radius[volume of atom]

iv)electropositivity increase tendency to donate electrons to form positve ions increase

3)chemical properties [[react]]

Lithium water to produce alkaline metal hydroxide solution and hydrogen gas oxygen to produce metals oxide halogen to produce metals halides Sodium Potassium