WATER PURIFICATION THROUGH MALUNGGAY (Moringa oleifera Lin.

) SEED EXTRACT AND SOLAR HEAT

A Research Proposal Presented to The Science Department Zamboanga del Norte National High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Research I (English for Science and Technology with Basic Statistics)

by Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa and Alexa C. Tiu September, 2011

Chapter 1

The Problem: Its Rationale and Background

Introduction Water is the key to a person's survival because without water survival is simply not an option. However, water has to be purified in order to drink otherwise bacteria in the water can be harmful to your organs if drunk in normal consumption. This is highlighted especially in third world countries such as Ethiopia and Gambia where many people die due to impure water that contains lots of bacteria that cause infection and illness. In all countries there is a point at which water is considered pure and it must go through a thorough process in which the water is processed in a treatment plant until it is determined pure enough to drink (drinking water). Thus there are many plants and other natural purifying things just lying around and it wouldnt even cost you money. Heat such solar radiation can kill bacteria in a period of time; it has been tested and proven to purify water in many parts of the world. On the other hand Moringa oleifera, which is the miracle plant, is very common to many parts of the tropics especially the Philippines, using the seeds of this plant has been tested and also proven to purify and kill bacteria living in water.

Both of these ways are proven and tested by researchers but not using these two as a combination. The researchers will conduct this study to determine if Malunggay seed extracts and heat is effective in purifying water. This study aims to determine whether Moringa seed extracts and Solar Heat can be used in water purification.

Statement of the Problem This study was aims to determine if Malunggay (Moringa oleifera Lin.) Seed Extract and Solar Heat can be effective in water purification. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following sub-problems:
1. What are the changes of the water in terms of color, pH and number

of the Coliform bacteria?

2. Which concentration of Malunggay seed extract (5%, 10% and 15%)

is most effective in water Purification

Hypotheses This study is anchored on the following hypothesis:

H . Malunggay seed extracts and Heat are effective on water

purification.

Significance of the Study This study can be used in many purposes. First, it is very relevant in line with peoples health. Using this type of purification can lessen the cause of diarrhea and many other diseases caused by harmful bacteria in water. The purification process is very easy to do that even small children can do it right and it doesnt use sophisticated and costly gadgets. Second, it can also be a big help in the economy of our poor families and the nation, in general, because it doesnt use any expensive chemicals and processes. It is only done by using a very common natural ingredient taken from malunggay seeds. Malunggay is most commonly found in many parts of our country and it could be easily grown in everyones backyard and last for a number years.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variables Malunggay seed extract 10% 15% Solar heat 5%

Dependent Variables

Quality of Water Color of water

Ph No. of coliform bacteria

Figure 1.1 The Schema of the Study.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study The study is going to be conducted at the Loods Residence, Turno, Dipolog City from the Last week of September to the second week of October 2011. The water we will use is Well water which will be examined by the Agape Laboratory, Dipolog City. The researchers will collect Malunggay seeds in the neighboring barangays and municipalities of Dipolog City. The collection of the Malunggay seed extract will be done using the crushing method. The extract will be brought to Loods residence, for experimentation. This study was made

limited only to the use of the Malunggay extract and Heat for water purification.

Definition of Key Terms

1. Moringa oleifera - Malunggy in Filipino, is the most widely cultivated

species of the genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the family Moringaceae. It is an exceptionally nutritious vegetable tree with a variety of potential uses.
2.

Etract- to obtain something from a source, usually by separating it out from other material

3. Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals,

materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified

for human consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements applications. of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial

Chapter 2

Review of Literature and Studies

Legal Basis A. Foreign The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Under SDWA, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement those standards. SDWA was originally passed by Congress in 1974 to protect public health by regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. The law was amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect drinking water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water wells. This law contains requirements for ensuring the safety of the nation's public drinking water supplies. This is the principal federal law concerning drinking water. The SDWA authorized the to promulgate regulations regarding water supply. The major regulations are in title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40CFR141, 40CFR142, and 40CFR143). Parts 141, 142, and 143

regulate primary contaminants, implementation by states, and secondary contaminants. Primary contaminants are those with health impacts. State implementation allows states to be the primary regulators of the water supplies (rather than USEPA) provided they meet certain requirements. Secondary contaminants generally cause aesthetic problems and are not directly harmful. (Wikipedia.com) B. Local Philippine Standards for Drinking Water 1993 (PNSDW 1993) under the provision of Chapter II Section 9 of PD 856, otherwise known as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines is designed to guide the Waterworks Officials, Developers and Operators of Water Supply Systems both Government and Private entities, health and sanitation authorities and the general public and all other concerned by standards cover requirements for the acceptable values of the determined parameters in measuring water quality. These parameters include microbiological, physical, chemical and radiological compositions of the water. The standard also delineates values established in conforming with the medical and health implication of the parameters as opposed to values established purely to satisfy aesthetic requirements.( DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 26-A,Series 1994)

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that the State shall pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish and marine waters. To achieve this end, the framework for sustainable development shall be pursued. This includes the use of water for domestic purposes like drinking and potable water and also water treatment.

Related Studies

C. Foreign Studies Within the pods are possibly the best part of the tree...the seeds! Not only can they be pressed for a high grade oil, comparable to olive oil, but the presscake remaining after oil extraction has been shown to retain the active ingredients for coagulation, making it a marketable commodity (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996). According to Meitzner and Price (Amaranth to Zai Holes: Ideas for Growing Food Under Difficult Conditions, ECHO, 1996), Moringa oleifera has been compared to alum in its effectiveness at removing suspended solids from turbid water, but with a major advantage. Because it can be produced locally, "using moringa rather than alum

would save foreign exchange and generate farm and employment income." The potential for moringa to create a new market for a community is there, and studies and projects are taking place examining this potential. At the Thyolo Water Treatment Works in Malawi, Africa, two researchers, Drs. Geoff Folkard and John Sutherland from the University of Leicester, England, have worked on substituting moringa seeds for alum to remove solids in water for drinking. Not only were the tests successful in removing as much solid material as alum, but the seeds used were "purchased from enthusiastic villagers in Nsanje Region in Malawi" (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996). D. Local Studies Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds treat water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent. Moringa is generally accepted as a coagulant due to positively charged, watersoluble proteins which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay, bacteria, toxins, etc.) allowing the resulting flocs to settle to the bottom or be removed by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of moringa continue to be researched. The process of treating the water with moringa seeds would take at least one to two hours.

As reported by Helen Flores from The Philippine Star, Reports said moringa seeds, seed kernels or dried presscake can be stored for long periods but moringa solutions for treating water should be prepared fresh each time. In general, one seed kernel will treat one liter of water. Solutions of moringa seeds for water treatment may be prepared from seed kernels or from the solid residue left over after oil extraction.

Related Literature Moringa Oleifera. According to the study that was made by researchers on http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html, they say that crushed Moringa seeds purify water to be used widely around a certain are and it can lower the bacterial concentration in water so that it will be safe to drink. And it can also be used as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty water in rivers. This simple method does not only remove water pollution, but also removes harmful bacteria. They also indicated on how it works, Moringa joins with the solids in the water and then they both sink to the bottom. This kind of treatment removes 90-99% of bacteria in water. They say that by using Moringa seeds, people will no longer be depending on expensive means of purification. Using this method of purification will replace the use of chemicals such as aluminum sulphate, which they say are dangerous to people and especially the environment, and mostly these chemicals are very expensive. Very different

water sources will need different amounts of Moringa seeds, because impurities on such waters will not be the same. Using a jar for experimenting will be a bid help in working out the correct amount needed. Heat. According to SODIS (Solar Disinfection), clean drinking water is lacking in many parts of the world and many persons die because of this. It is estimated that two million people die every year because of water related diseases. By using solar radiation to kill bacteria and microorganisms, it would reduce the amount of people dead and prevent diseases in a very useful and cheap way. This can be done with clear plastic bottles made of clear plastic, then fill the plastic with water and fill with clear water and place above roofs. The radiation will kill the microorganisms after 5-6 hours in the sun. The method will be faster if the temperature is higher, it would be recommended to paint half of the bottle black and the black part will face the ground or the surface of the roof. This method only works in clear water not pond or river water Microbes are destroyed through temperature and UVA radiation, provided by the Sun. Water is placed in a transparent plastic bottle, which is oxygenated by shaking, followed by topping-up. It is placed on tile or metal for six hours in full sun, which raises the temperature and gives an extended dose of solar radiation, killing any microbes that may be present. The combination of the two provides a simple method of disinfection for tropical developing countries. Water purification, or drinking water treatment, is the process of

removing contaminants from surface water or groundwater to make it safe and palatable for human consumption. A wide variety of technologies may be used, depending on the raw water source, contaminants present, standards to be met, and available finances. Sources of Drinking Water Water to be used in public or private water supplies can be drawn from a variety of sources. Different sources of raw water demand different treatment methods to render it ft for human consumption. (microbiologyreader.com) It is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. Its goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include physical processes such as filtration and sedimentation, biological processes such as slow sand filters or activated sludge, chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. (Wikipedia.com)

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

A. Collection and Preparation of Malunggay Seed Extract The researchers will collect/purchase two (2) kilograms of fresh malunggay seeds in pods. The shelling of the malunggay pods will be done manually by the researchers. The extract will be obtained by pounding the seeds on a Mortar and Pestle. Using a cheesecloth, the pounded Malunggay seeds will be pressed to extract its juice. The extract will be put in a sterilized glass jar and it is ready for use.

B. Collection and Preparation of Water

The researchers will collect water samples from three (3) different wells found in separate locations, namely: Dipolog City, Dapitan City and the municipality of Katipunan. The Researchers will get a one (1) Liter sample from each well. The researchers will prepare and use a total of twelve (12) sterilized plastic bottles. There will be a set of four (4) bottles for each sample and each bottle will contain 100mL. The set of four bottles will contain the three (3) Treatments (T1, T2, and T3) and the Control.

C.

Preparations of Treatments Each well water samples will have a set of four (4) corresponding set- ups. The set-ups will have the three different Treatments plus the Control. The Treatments to be used are the different concentrations of malunggay extracts mixed with 100 ml. samples in plastic bottles at the Following rates: 0 % for the control, 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively. The set-ups with malunggay extracts will be equally exposed under the Heat of the sun for 4 hours. The Control will be just be left unexposed to the heat of the sun. After four (4) hours of sun exposure, all the 12 bottles containing the water samples will be brought to Agape Laboratory for analysis to find out their pH, Color, and E.Coli presence. The Laboratory results will be the source of data for interpretation and analysis.

D. Statistical Treatment

Collect/Purchase two VARIABLES Control (2) kilograms of fresh malunggay seeds in pH Colo E.Coli pH pods
r 1. Dipolog Sample 2. Dapitan Sample 3. Katipunan

One (1) Liter water T1 samples fromT2 three (3) different wells found 5% 10% Dipolog City, Dapitan pH Colo E.Coli pH Colo E.Coli City and the r r municipality of Katipunan.

TREATMENTS

T3 15% Colo r E.Coli

Manual shelling of the malunggay Pounding the seeds using a Mortar and Pestle Preperation of twelve (12) sterilized plastic bottles.

Each water sample will have four (4) set-ups each containing 100mL Pounded Malunggay of its respective water. seeds will be pressed to The Control group is extract its juice using a going to be brought to cheesecloth Agape Lab for analysis. three (3) of the set ups will have treatments T1, T2, and T3 and a Control with different malunggay extract concentration: T1= 5%, T2= 10% and T3= 15% Control= 0% All 12 bottles containing the water samples will be brought to Agape Laboratory for analysis to find out their pH, Color, and E.Coli presence

four (4) hours of sun exposure

Bibliography Low-cost water purifying system uses malunggay seeds By Helen Flores (The Philippine Star) Updated November 12, 2009 12:00 AM
http://208.184.76.175/Article.aspx?articleid=522456

APPENDIX- A Sschedule of Activities

APPENDIX-B Proposed Budget