Appendix I

Polymer Nomenclature
The IUPAC has specic guidelines for the nomenclature of polymers. However, these names are quite frequently discarded for common names and even principal trade names. Even though there is currently no completely systematic polymer nomenclature, there are some widely accepted guidelines that are used to identify individual polymers. Simple vinyl polymers are named by attaching the prex poly to the monomer name. For example, the polymer made from styrene becomes polystyrene. However, when the monomer name consists of more than one word or is preceded by a letter or a number, the monomer is enclosed in parenthesis with the prex poly. Thus polymers derived from vinyl chloride or 4-chlorostyrene are designated poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(4-chlorostyrene), respectively. This helps to remove any possible ambiguity. Diene polymerization may involve either or both of the double bonds. Geometric and structural isomers of butadiene, for example, are indicated by using appropriate prexes cis or trans; 1,2 or 1,4 before poly, as in cis-1,2-poly(1,3-butadiene). Tacticity of the polymer may be indicated by using the prex i (isotactic), s (syndiotactic), or a (atactic) before poly, such as s-polystyrene. Copolymers are identied by separating the monomers involved within parentheses by either alt (alternating), b (block), g (graft), or co (random), as in poly(styrene-g-butadiene). When side groups are attached to the main chain, some ambiguity could result from naming the polymers. For example, poly(methylstyrene) is an appropriate designation for any of the following structures.
CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH CH3
n n

CH2

CH

CH3 (3)

(1)

(2)

To avoid such ambiguity, these structures are designated poly(-methylstyrene) (1), poly(o-methylstyrene) (2), and poly(p-methylstyrene) (3), respectively. The nomenclature of step-reaction polymers is even more complicated than that of vinyl polymers and can be quite confusing. These polymers are usually named according to the source or initial monomer(s) and the type of reaction involved in the synthesis. For example, nylon 6,6 (4) is usually designated poly(hexamethylene adipamide), indicating an amidation reaction between hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid. Nylon 6 is called either poly(6-hexanoamide) or poly(-caprolactam). The former name indicates the structural and derivative method while the latter, which is more commonly used, is based on the source of the monomer.
H N (CH2)6 H N (4) O C (CH2)4 O C
n

H N (CH2)5 (5)

O C
n

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POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Some polymers are referred to almost exclusively by their common names instead of the more appropriate chemical names. An example is polycarbonate in place of poly(2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane) (6).
CH3 O C CH3 (6) O O C
n

The following table lists the internationally accepted abbreviations for some common commercial polymers.
Name of Plastic Cellulose acetate Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) Melamineformaldehyde resins Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) Polyacrylonitrile Bisphenol A polycarbonate Polyethylene Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Phenolformaldehyde resins Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polyoxymethylene Abbrev. CA CPVC MF NBR PAN PC PE PETP PF PMMA POM Name of Plastic Polypropylene Polystyrene Polytetrauoroethylene Polyurethane Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(vinyl butyral) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinylidene uoride) Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) Ureaformaldehyde resins Abbrev. PP PS PTFE PUR PVAC PVAL PVB PVC PVDC PVP UF

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Appendix II
Answers to selected problems Chapter 1
1.5 (a) 1.13 105; (b) 1.92 105; (c) 1.18 105; (d) 2.54 105

Chapter 3
3.3 Mn = 3770 g/mol; M2 = 31,000 g/mol; Mw /Mn = 8.2 3.4 Mn = 2.35 105 g/mol, Mw = 7.36 105 3.10 8.1

Chapter 4
4.2 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 VB = 32.4% Xn = 50 Tm = 286.5C Tm = 194C f = 0.028

Chapter 5
5.10 (a) 59.26 phr; (b) 296.30 phr

Chapter 6
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 (a) Mn = 5650 g/gmol; (b) Xn = 30.45; (c) Mn = 11,300 g/gmol; (d) Mn = 7533 g/gmol (a) Mn = 6000 g/gmol; Mw = 8667 g/gmol; (b) melt viscosity will increase (a) Mn = 2504 g/gmol; (b) Mn = 4407 g/gmol (1) 2; 100; 00; (b) Xn = 199; (c) Xn = 49 (a) Mn = 9600; (b) Mn = 19,104; (c) 9.80 103; (d) 2.94 106 For n = 1 p = 0.1, Wx = 0.98 P = 0.9, Wx = 0.01 For n = 100 p = 0.1, Wx = 8.1 1098 P = 0.9, Wx = 2.95 105 6.7 Nylon 6, Mn = 3260 Nylon 12, Mn = 3240 6.8 Fraction of monomers = 4.0 103

Chapter 7
(b) Ri = 7.5 1011 mol/ml, Xn = 4.01 103; (c) 94.3% (a) Rp = 0.715[I]1/2[M]; (b) Rp = 0.044 mol/l.s.; (c) 15 ls (a) CM = 0.6 104; (b) Xn = 602; (c) Xn = 833; (d) V = 415; (e) G = 0.055; (f) f = 0.61 Cyclohexane Mn = 3.69 105 Carbon tetrachloride Mn = 2.87 103 7.6 Styrene [S]/[M] = 19.35 Methyl methacrylate [S]/[m] = 11.54 Vinyl Aceptate [S][M] = 0.07 7.10 (a) Mn = 1.04 106; (b) Mn = 2.08 106; (c) Mn = 1.49 105 7.11 (a) 250 mn; (b) E = 7.3 Kcal/mol 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5

Chapter 9
9.2 EL = 2.88 106 psi

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468 Chapter 10
10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.16

POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

t = 11.1 h t = 5.96 10t s [M]/[Mo] = 94.9% T = 617C (Xn)b/(Xn)s = 4.75 Ratio of total surface area of micelles to droplets = 20 107 (a) t = 0.40 h; (b) D = 4.44 105 cm Tc = 30.1C (a) = 2.53 h; (b) ow rate = 19.73 m3/h (a) p = 0.632; (b) L = 100 m Feed temperature = 50F

Chapter 11
11.1 11.3 11.4 11.5 Power Requirement = 718 hp (a) Polystyrene Q = 591/b/h; (b) Polyethylene Q = 259/b/h; (c) Nylon 6,6 Q = 329/b/h (a) 176 hp; (b) 233 hp (a) 1.3%; (b) 2.1%; (c) 3.6%

Chapter 12
12.1 Polymer Most Suitable Solvent Natural Rubber Dichlorobenzene Polyacrylonitrite Nitromethane 12.4 (a) 6.9; (b) 1.86; (c) 6.04; (d) 3.47 104 A 12.6 P1 = 92 mmHg 12.7 M = 1.58 106 12.8 (r2 ) 1/2 = 302 A of 12.9 (a) 3.98 104 A; (b) r = 76 A; (c) (r2 ) 1/2 = 750 A of 12.11 k = 0.561; Mn = 2.22 105 g/mol 12.12 (a) Solution A: Mn = 1.89 105 g/mol Solution B: Mn = 1.01 105 g/mol (b) Mn = 1.14 105 g/mol (c) Mw /Mn = 2.16

Chapter 13
13.1 13.4 13.5 13.6 79.78 104 J/m3 7.07 105 N/m2 2 102 N 67.55 106 N/m2

Chapter 14
14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 78.04 105 N/m2 0.517 0.701 83C 2.5 102 s 194C 1.29 103

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Appendix III
Some Useful Conversion Factors
To Convert From atmosphere (760mm Hg) Btu calorie centipoise foot ft-lbf gallon (U.S. liquid) horsepower inch inch of mercury (60F) inch of water (60F) kilogram-force (Kgf) micron pound-force (lbf) lbf /in.2 (psi) watt-hour yard To pascal (Pa) joule (J) joule (J) pascal-second (Pas) meter (m) joule (J) cubic meter (m3) watt (W) meter (m) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa) newton (N) meter (m) newton (N) pascal (Pa) joule (J) meter (m) Multiply By 1.013 105 1.055 103 4.187 1.00 103 3.048 101 1.356 3.785 103 7.460 102 2.540 102 3.377 103 2.488 102 9.807 1.000 106 4.448 6.895 103 3.600 103 9.144 101

Values of Some Useful Physical Constants

cgs Avogadros number, No. Velocity of light, c Boltzmanns constant, K Gas constant, R 6.02 3.00 1.38 8.31 10 molecules/mol 1010 cm/s 1016 erg/K 107 erg/g molK (1.98 cal/molK)
23

SI 6.02 3.00 1.38 8.31 10 molecules/mol 108 m/s 1023 J/K 103 J/kg molK
23

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