BIOLOGY

A GUIDE TO THE NATURAL WORLD

Timings

B-slot Tuesday 8.00-8.50 AM Friday 11.00-11.50 AM

What you have to do?

628 students Be on time!!! Strictly NO USE OF CELL PHONES 85% attendance is a MUST for final quiz

References

Biology Ed: C.B. Reese Life: The Science of Biology: Purves, Sadava, Orian & Heller

Quiz schedule

Mid-term- Sep 18, 2010 Portions: Chapters 1-7 in Campbell & Reese

Final quiz

 http://moodle.iitm.ac.in/

Username & Password students

PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition

Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

The Nature of Biology

The Nature of Biology

Biology is the study of life.

Characteristics of Living Things

Life is defined by a group of eight characteristics possessed by living things.

Characteristics of Living Things

1. Assimilate energy. Constant stream of energy required to maintain organized life Energy from the environment used to
Build new structures Repair old ones Reproduce

Characteristics of Living Things

2. Respond to their environment.

Some organisms seem perfectly suited to their environments Adder snake, deep-sea hydrothermal microorganisms, hummingbirds

Characteristics of Living Things

3. Maintain a relatively constant internal environment. Homeostasis state of internal constancy or equilibrium Your body must maintain an internal temperature of 37C (98.6F)
Go outside when its cold and your body shivers to keep warm On a cold day, your lips and fingertips may turn blue as blood is diverted from the body surface

Characteristics of Living Things

4. Reproduce
Asexual organism produces offspring virtually identical to itself
Bacteria, some plants and fungi

Sexual genetic material from 2 individuals unites to form new third individual
Benefit of tremendous variation Widespread among plants, fungi, and animals

Some organisms can reproduce either way depending on the conditions

Adaptation
Adaptation inherited characteristic or behavior that enables an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in a given environment 2 important facts
1. Populations produce more offspring than can survive 2. Sexual reproduction results in genetic variability
Mutations (changes in DNA) occur

 Natural selection enhanced reproductive success of certain individuals from a population based on inherited characteristics
Individuals with the better combinations of genes survive and reproduce These individuals make up more of the population over time When the environment changes, different combinations of traits may be better

Evolution change in genetic makeup of a population

Natural selection is one mechanism of evolution

Characteristics of Living Things

5. Possess an inherited information base, encoded in DNA, that allows them to function.

The Cells Heritable Information Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the substance of genes
Which program the cells production of proteins and transmit information from parents to offspring

Sperm cell Nuclei containing DNA Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embyros cells with copies of inherited DNA

Egg cell

Offspring with traits inherited from both parents

Characteristics of Living Things

6. Are composed of one or more cells. All cells share certain characteristics
They are all enclosed by a membrane They all use DNA as genetic information

There are two main forms of cells

Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

 Eukaryotic cells
Are subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles

Prokaryotic cells
Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles found in eukaryotic cells

The Eukaryotic Cell

nuclear pores DNA nucleus nuclear envelope nucleolus cytoskeleton smooth endoplasmic reticulum free ribosomes cytosol lysosomes

rough endoplasmic reticulum plasma membrane transport vesicle mitochondria

Golgi complex

Characteristics of Living Things

7. Are evolved from other living things.

Characteristics of Living Things

8. Are highly organized compared to inanimate objects.

 Some properties of life

(b) Evolutionary adaptation (a) Order (c) Response to the environment

(d) Regulation

(e) Energy processing

(f) Growth and development

(g) Reproduction

Life is Hierarchical
Life is organized in a hierarchical manner, ranging in increasing complexity from atoms to molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere.

 From the biosphere to organisms

1 The biosphere

 From cells to molecules

9 Organelles
Cell 1 m

8 Cells

Atoms

10 m

10 Molecules

7 Tissues
50 m

6 Organs and organ systems

Life is Hierarchical

atom (hydrogen

Molecule (water)

organelle (nucleus)

cell (neuron)

tissue (nervous tissue)

organ (brain)

organ system (nervous system)

organism (sea lion)

population (colony)

community (giant kelp forest)

ecosystem (southern California coast)

biosphere (Earth)

1.2 Special Qualities of Biology

Special Qualities of Biology

Until the early nineteenth century, biology was largely a descriptive science that mainly catalogued and described the Earths living things.

Special Qualities of Biology

Biologys subject matterthe living worldis notable for its complexity and diversity compared to other aspects of the natural world (such as stars and atoms).

Special Qualities of Biology

Biology does not deal in universal rules to the extent that a discipline such as physics does; instead, biological research may focus on particular species, processes, or portions of the living world.

Biologys Chief Unifying Principle

Biologys chief unifying principle is evolution, which can be defined as the gradual modification of populations of living things over time. This modification sometimes results in the development of new species.

Biologys Chief Unifying Principle

Evolution provides the means for making sense of the forms and processes seen in living things on Earth today.

Biologys Chief Unifying Principle

Biologys Chief Unifying Principle

Many stinging insects with black and yellow stripes look alike because of the general protection this provides from predators

Biologys Chief Unifying Principle