MA 2930, Feb 2, 2011 Worksheet 2 Solutions

1.
For each of the following dierential equations identify (a) its order, (b) whether its linear or non-linear, and (c) among the methods youve learned so far which you can use to solve it if any: (1) y = y 2 (2) y = y + t2 (3) y = y + t (4) y 2 = y cos t (5) sin t y = y 2 cos t Recall that the order of a dierential equation is the order of the highestorder derivative of the dependent variable present in it. Also recall that the equation is linear if it is linear in the dependent variable and all its derivatives; otherwise it is called non-linear. So far we have seen two methods of solution: (a) Use of an integration factor if the equation is rst-order linear (b) Separation of variables if the equation is rst order and can be put in the form M (x)dx = N (y)dy Now it is clear that the eq. (1) is rst-order, but non-linear and in fact separable (y 2 dy = dt) (2) is rst-order linear and can be solved using the integrating factor et ; (3) is second-order linear; we dont yet have a method for such an equation; (4) is rst-order non-linear, but can not be put in the form of a separable equation, though an ad-hoc method may apply; (5) is rst-order non-linear and separable (y 2 dy = cot tdt)

2.
Solve the following dierential equations, describe how the long-term (i.e., as t ) behavior of the solutions depends on the initial conditions, and where the solutions achieve their maximum and minimum values if any: (1) y = 2y 2 + xy 2 (2) ty + 2y = sin t 1

(3) (sin t)y + (cos t)y = et (4) y 2 (1 x2 )1/2 y = arcsin x (5) x3 y + 4x2 y = ex To solve these equations well rst identify what kind of an equation it is and then choose an appropriate method. (1) The equation is rst-order, but non-linear, so we ask if it is separable. It turns out that it is: y 2 y y y 2 dy = (2 + x)y 2 = (2 + x) = 2 + x dx

y 1 = 2x + x2 /2 + c 2 y = 4x+x2 +c Since initial condition determines the integration constant, we need to show how limx y depends upon c. But as x , y 0 irrespective of c, and therefore, of any initial condition. To nd its extrema we use the usual method which I leave to you. (2) The equation is rst-order, linear, so we need to nd an integration factor. First we put the equation in the standard form, y + p(t)y = g(t): sin t 2 y + y= t t Then, an integration factor is exp( p(t)dt) = exp( 2 dt) = exp(2 ln |t|) = t exp(ln t2 ) = t2 . Multiplying the equation by it we get d 2 (t y) = t sin t dt t2 y = t sin t dt 2 ty = t cos t + sin t + c y = t1 cos t + t2 sin t + ct2

As t , y 0 regardless of c, and thus, regardless of any initial condition.

(3) The equation is rst-order, linear, so we need to nd an integration factor. In order to do so we put the equation in the standard form: y + cot ty = et csc t Thus, an integration factor is exp( cot tdt) = exp( ln csc t) = exp(ln sin t) = sin t. Multiplying the equation by it we get d (sin ty) = et dt sin ty = et + c y = (et + c) csc t

As t , y takes larger and larger swings over any interval of 2, the period of csc t. Therefore, y does not have a limit regardless of c. (4) The equation is rst-order non-linear, but it is separable: y 2 (1 x2 )1/2 y y 2 dy = = arcsin x
arcsin x dx 2 (1x )

The x-integral can be integrated after the substitution u = arcsin x (for example) to yield
2 y3 = (arcsin x) + c 2 3 3 y = ( 2 (arcsin x)2 + c)1/3

Since arcsin x, and therefore y, is dened only on the interval [-1,1], letting x doesnt make sense. (5) The equation is rst-order, linear, so we need to nd an integration factor. In order to do so we put the equation in the standard form: y + 4x1 y = x3 ex Thus, an integration factor is exp(
4 dx) x

= exp(4 ln |x|) = exp(ln x4 ) = x4 .

Multiplying the equation by it we get d 4 (x y) = xex dx x4 y = xex dx x4 y = xex ex + c y = x3 ex x4 ex + cx4

As x , y 0 regardless of c, and thus, regardless of any initial condition.