Documenti di Didattica
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Documenti di Cultura
Faculty OF Medicine
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LECfURE NO: Z
~ 2.fimbriae which is smaller in size and in length than the Dagella and has J
~ certain important features in relation to adherence and it has a role in ~
, immunal response. ,
rr ~
'i 3.pilli which are larger appendages(protein), hair like structures, lacking ~
~ in number than fimbriae, they have two functions ~
rr A)Cell adherence ~
rr B)conjugation(traosfer of sex material) ~
'i ~
rr -Together «Dagella,fimbriae and pilli»are composed of different types of ~
rr proteins and glycoprotein's according to the constrnction of the poly ~
'i peptide and different amino acid sequence io these poly peptides . ~
rr c
rr and each of these appendages bas a role in relation to infection or even in ~
~ classification of the organisms into species. ,
'i ~
~ ~
fi *these appendages are originate from a rigid base called»» ,
~ 4.Rigi~ cell wall in fact it is divided according to the type of bacteria in J
, nvo major types to :-> ~
~ A)Gram positive nacteria. '1
7 B)Gram ncgative bactcria. ~
~. ~
~ 5.Cvtoplasm which is composcd mainly of water up to 80% within this ~
~ water we have a large number ofsmalJer inorganic & organic compounds ~
r like potassium, sodium, magnesium and smaU protein units associated ,
1 with ribosomes ~
1 ~
1 6.Ribosomes composc of 70s (s here in relatiou to sphed pack is the
7 scientist who ti£3covered the components of ribosomes and s is an
) ,utel national unit)
) _. 70s in prol<aryotes composed of two major subunits 40 and 30
,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\
'r \
~ \
; "in human being this ribosomal number ~ characterized by 80s and two \
~ major subunits 50 and 40(as the DR. said that we do not \
~ summate these numbers and we will get the mechanism in ~
~ the labt \
~ \
~ 7.Inclusion bodics which act as a reservoir to tbc resources for the \
~ encrgy in form of poly phospbate and poly carbohydrate (glycogen). \
; "we bavc the most important part of the bacterial ccll namcd as the ~
~ inclusion of nuclear region which composed of ODe bacterial chromosome ~
~ which is not necessary to bc in the center of the bacterial cell, it now \
~ within the cytoplasm aDd it could be concentrated in ODe site in bacterial
R ceU, this chromosome is contains double strand orD.N.A, incudee in this ~
~ chromosome the innervations necessary to production of carbohydrates ~
~ and other functions ofthc bacterial cells. ~
~ "2000-5000 genes are cnough to let the bactcria to produce any type of \
rymetabolic activities & other components for the growtb and survive in aoy ~
~ surface or culture media and it will help to produce very specific enzymes ,
~ to resist the action of antimicrobial chemicals and drugs, so tbese enzymes ~
~ will help bacterial cells to break down the chemical compounds of thc \
~ nature or in relation to the human body. \
;
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Peplldcglycan
~ ntiJnAnn~nnenfign&Mnnn '0"",- \
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UpoprOlf.!ln..:;.. .:
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}penPlasn"JC
~ ***these poly pep tides some times developing resistance against certain ,
~ typcs of drugs like tbe pe"icillin wbicb called penicillin binding protein. \
~ \
~ c \
~ Note :- Witbout tbcse specification tbe cell wall can not utilize and \
'f will die \
~ \
~ \
~ ~Cell membrane is composed of pbospbolipids &poly peptide proteins and \
~ they act as oxidative transfer of all neecssary substanccs from outside tbe 1
, ceU to inside it. ,
~ \
~ 2)G"am negative bacteria do not start outside peptide glycans layer \
~ called outer membrane layers (Composed of very specific typcs of \
~ compounds called Iipo poly saebarrides composed of two units of lipid A \
~ Which is a fatty acid witb P04 group and the wbole compound stands for \
~ Endo toxic activity olf Gram negative bacteria, tbis means once Gram \
ry negative bacteria reaches our body it will induce the Iysozymes in our oral )
V cavity which means the lipo sacbarides will be released as a toxic ~
~ compounds, one it accumulate of lip a poly sacbarides in our body this '1
~ means we migbt suffer from eodo toxic shock and tbis sbock will cause \
, the body sufTer from elevation of body temperature ,hypertenSion, )
~ headacbe, and may affect our blood system ). ,
~ \
ry *[0 Gram negative & posiitive we can recognize channels (pores) which ,
~ allow tbe moleculcs to reaeb tbe cytoplasm passively. \
~ ,1
'r *The second layer called preplasmic which is thin layer of peptide glycans I
~ (we have single Jayer associated with glyco proteins to conoect the ollter
\
i membrane with the inner membrane) \
y \
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; This peptide glycans layer is only one layer instead ofmaoy layers in Gram ~
~ positive hacteria. ~
~ ~
~ Note:- We will see this process in the lab in details as we hope ;P ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ 1
~ \
~ Bacteria of specific anti!!:e:)s \
~ When the hacteria rcaches the hlood stream, during the interaction \
~ hetween our hlood and the bacterial ceUs ,. our body respoods by 1
~ producing antibodies. 'rl ) \
'i Here we \
~ must know
\
th.t each
~ ~
part of our
~ body stands
\
~ for specific \
~ antigen
if (1 1
e ~
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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.~
~ \
~ \
; ((!!What does the term antigen mean??)) \
~ -)In relation tn our body it means foreign bacterias but..... \
~ -)In relatinn tn tbc immune system it means auy foreigu body or matcrial ~
R like(carbohydrates and proteins associatcd witb compounds like lipo J
~ pbospbate) so as wc said before the body will respond by producing 1
, antibodies. ~
~ \
~ \
~ \
~ Back again to the structures of bacteria :-{ \
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~ **We can recognize now that CeU wall is important as acts as an antigen ,
~
8
which induce the production of specific antibodies ?igainstsomatic
.
,
,
, an~lgcns. ,
~ \
'i***The third type of antigens is related to the presence of a special capsule ,
'1whicb is (eapsule) in bactcria allto type and thc majority of tbe bactcria \
~ are capsnled, \
~ ~
~
~ ,\
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~ ~
'j In Gram positive and Gram negative the capsule composed of poly ~
; sacha rides surrounding tbe cell wall so tbese capsules are like O-antigen ~
~ and H-antigen induce specific antibodies known as K-antigen . ~
; K~comes from tbe Latiu language ~ Kapsule. ~
~
Wfhat 'S the Importance of the capsule?? ~
~
rr~ Capsule is a slime layer it cab be micro or macro according to tbe ~
~
rr amount of poly sacbarides (small amount means ~ micro and ~
rr large amount means ~ macro) ~
~
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Tbe difference between patbogenesis and virulence -7 that the ~
'f pathogenesis is a general term means bacterial cells which cause infections ~
%and diseases '" But tbe level of patbogenesis migbt be refer to virulence )
, which means tbat tbe virulence expresses the level of infection or .,
'i patbogenesis, ~
'i ~
'i ~
'i IDEndo spores some certain types of bacteria con manage to produce ~
; tbese structures. so wbat does it mean?????? ,.. ~
'i mamO..na
P'~ma ~uc,eold ~
; ,n: ce"wa,,--c;-::;;:> ~
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~ Free spo(e~ ,
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\
~ \
~ • if there is a dryness (lack of water ). or lack of nntrients etc..... \
~ most types of hacleria ahoul99% will die which means thallhe dryness \
~ limit the growth of the bacterial cell"" only certain type of Gram positive ,
~ hacilli (haciUus)and (chloslredia) managc 10 resisl dryness by producing \
~ endo spores. \
~ \
~ Now lei's back to the question and Ihe answer is 7 simply il is a sile of \
~ cytoplasm in which waler extrude and the conlents of cyloplasm would be \
~ concentrated in a core within bacterial cell known as core of tbe cytoplasm ,
~ and during endo spores formation the baclerial cell prOduce double cell \
~ memhrane and surrounded by the presence nf cortex (pari of cell \
~ membrane) this allnws 10 reduce metabolic activity or even slop it ( \
~ because there is DO need to aoy activity)" because Any metabolic activity ,
~ means you must have water in prescnce of metabolism this means that the ,
~ baeleria become in dormal stage (silenl stage) Ibis stage exlends in Ihe \
~furmofendos~_ \
~ \
F.f **ooee the codo spore contact with water or moist it become active ,
~ converted from dormal st.geo7 to vege.a.ive ,Iale (living slage) 7 \
ry metabolic activity to increase aod reproduce the metaboEsm materials. ,
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~
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Simple & Complex
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~ I
~ "The major component which must be found in any media to let the bacteria II
, survive are :
'r Carbon salts, Nitrogen salts, Water, presence suitable temperature, suitable I
9 PH and certain minerals which have a role in membrane activity like sodium ~
'r ,potassium and sulfur etc... .... I
'r I
'r If these things found in any environment whether in vitro( outside the body) or I
'r in vivo (inside the body) available than any type of bacteria which suitable to \
'r grow can manage to utilize the compounds and the co~ditions to begin the \
'r reproduction in large number. \
'r • You can not imagine in short view how one bacterial cell might multiblied in \
'r large number within 24 hours. \
'r 'one cell if supplied with the preceding factors (carbon salts etc)it will \
'r reach rapidly up to 100 million identical cells within one hour. \
'r i
;
'i
Quick summary
l-'!."he most important part of the bacterial cell is tbe inelusion of nuelear
l
\
'r regIOn. \
'r 2- in staining bacteria we could see two colors AJBluc for Gram positive
9 .\:
~
, bacteria and B) Light red for Gram negative bacteria. \
I
~ I
'r \
~ t
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
~
; Some corrections aDd additions to Sheet Number one in micro:
; g~ t9na
; Only great minds can read tbis
~ This is weird, but interesting:!!!
9 Fi yuo ena racd fibs I yuo bvae a sgtrane nmid too
~ Cns yuo raed this? Olney 5S plepoe out of 100 cna .
, I cdnuolt b1veiee taht I
'i C1uod aulaelty nesdnatnrd waht
~ I was rdanicg. the pbaonmneal pweor oftbe hmu3n mnid, aoccdrnig to a
~ rscheearcb at cmabridge uincrvtisy, it dseno't rntaetr in waht oerdr the
ry Itteres in a wrod are, the olDy iproamtnt tihng is tbat tbe frsit and Isat
'i Itteer br in the rghit pelae. the rset ean be a taotl mses and you can still
~ raed it wbotuit a pboerlm. Tihs is bcuseae tbe huamn mnid deas not raed
~ ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a walohe .