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(1) Low temperature injury (2) High temperature injury 1) Low temperature: Low temperature affects several aspects of crop growth viz., survival, cell division, photosynthesis, water transport, growth and finally yield. (i) Chilling injury : If the plants grown in hot temperature are exposed to low temperature, they will be killed (or) severely injured. When the night temperature is below 15C field crops may show yellowing symptoms (eg) Tropical annuals.
: When the plants are exposed to how temperature, water freezes into ice crystals in the intercellular spaces. (eg) Cell dehydration Temperate crops (potato, tea etc.,)
(iii)
Suffocation
: Formation of thick cover of ice/snow on the soil surface presents the entry of oxygen and crop suffers. This presents the respiration and lead to accumulation of harmful substances.
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(iv) Heaving
Lifting of plants along with soil from its actual position by ice, crystals. This is a mechanical lifting.
Frost damage: Low temperature near the canopy due to earths re-radiation. If the cell size is large the probability of frost damage is high. (1) Advective frosts Advective frosts are due to incursion of large masses of cold air over a region from the colder areas. (2) Radiation frost: Occur on clear calm nights when heat is freely radiated from all exposed objects. (i) Hoar frost (or) white frost: This is caused due to sublimation of ice crystals on objects like tree branches. (ii) Black frost: The vegetation is frozen because of reduction of air temperature. Plant management against frost damage: 1. 2. 3. 4. Frost free growing season Adjusting the sowing time Selection of resistant varieties Sprinkler irrigation
HIGH TEMPERATURE INJURIES High temperature adversely affects mineral nutrition, shoot growth and pollen development resulting in low yield. 1. The critical temperature above which plants gets killed is called thermal death point. 2. The temperature above 50C may kill many annual crops. 3. The limit varies with plants; shade loving plants are killed at lower temperature. Mineral Nutrition 1. High temperature stress causes reduction in absorption and subsequent assimilation of nutrients. 2. Absorption of calcium is reduced at temperature of 28 C in Maize. 3. Nutrient uptake is affected by both soil and air temperature in rice. 4. Nitrate reductase activity decrease under high temperature. Shoot growth 1. High temperature, even for short period, affects crop growth especially in temperate crops like wheat. 2. High air temperature reduces the growth of shoots and in turn reduces root growth. 3. High soil temperature is more crucial as damage to the roots is severe resulting in substantial reduction in shoot growth. 4. High temperature at 38 C in rice reduced plant height, root elongation and smaller roots. Pollen development 1. High temperature during booting stage results in pollen abortion. 2. In wheat, temperature higher than 27 C caused under-development of anthers and loss of viability of pollen. 3. A temperature of 30 C for two days at reduction division stage decreased grain yield by drastic reduction in grain set. Scorching: High temperature lead to dehydration and leaves are scorched. Physiological activities:
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High temperature disturbs the photosynthesis and respiration. Injury due to scorching sun: High temperature causes injury on the exposed area of the plant (eg) Barcks it is know as Sun sclad Burning off: The symptoms are noticed on young seedlings due to high soil temperature. The seedlings are killed. Stem gridle: High soil temperature causes stem scorches at the ground level (eg) cotton.
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