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dp = Ay 2 + 2 = 0 , A = 2 y 2 dy by = 2 y 2 or b = 2 y
1 m
P = b + 2 y 1 + m2
A = ( b + my ) y or b =
A = my y
Hydraulics
P=
Differentiate with reference to y assuming A and m to be constant. dp = Ay 2 m + 2 1 + m 2 = 0 dy Substituting for area, the above equation can be rewritten as
y 2 ( b + my )y m + 2 1 + m 2 = 0
b + my + my = +2 1 + m 2 = 0 y
b + 2my = y 1 + m2 2
Half the top width = side slope distance (for given side slope) b = 2 y 1 + m 2my = 2 y 1 + m 2 m Substitute this value of b into the equation A and P and simplifying
P = 2 y 2 1 + m2 m A = y 2 2 1 + m2 m A y= 2 1 + m2 m
0.5
(2 1+ m m)
2
A1 / 2
0.5
(2 1+ m m)
2
P = 2 A 2 1 + m2 m which is the m value that makes P least? D.w.r to m and equate it to zero
dP =0 dm
Hydraulics
m=
3 = 3 3
tan =
y 1 3 = = my m 3
= 60 b = 2 y 3
This means section is a half hexagon. If a semi circle is drawn with radius equal to depth y then sides of this section are tangent to the circle.
1 60 m= 3 60
b = __ y
Half Hexagon - inscribed circle of radius equal to depth is tangential as shown in figure
2 3
Hydraulics
Triangular Section: If is half angle 2a sin Area = ay sin y = ay sin 2 ay sin a cos sin a = = sin 2 R= 2a 2 4 y a = cos
y a a
a sin
= 45
It is a half square resting on its apex and maximum width is equal to diagonal. Alternative derivation for Triangular Section:
A = y 2 tan y = A / tan P = 2 y 1 + m2
Hydraulics
l m
= 2 y sec
=2
A sec tan
dp d A = sec 2 d d tan sec tan dp sec3 =0 =2 A 3/ 2 d tan 2 ( tan ) sec tan sec3 2 ( tan )
3
=0
Solve for = 45
Hydraulics
sin 2 , is slope at any point ( x, y) = sin 1 k For the hydraulically efficient channel = 35 37' 7" , y= 3.5 m. Find A, R, D, Z at full depth.
Also plot the cross section of the channel solution:
k= sin sin =
= 0.30585
sin k
2 or k =
sin
2 sin 1
k=
sin
2 cos
= 90
cos
= cos 45 R=
k = 0.707
P= 10.443 m D = 2.5478 m
A = 1.6374 m P Z = A D = 22.293 m5 / 2
y1 (m) ( in deg ) k
0 90 0.7071
2.5 44.4
3.0 31.0
3.5 0 0.5
0.5400 0.51887
Hydraulics
x1 y1
2
x y
A P
A = 17.0992 m T = 6.7114 m
P= 10.443 m D = 2.5478 m
R=
= 1.6374 m
5/2
Z = A D = 22.293 m
Flexible Sheet: Filled with water upto rim, and held firmly at the top ends without any effect of fixation on shape. Shape assumed under self weight of water is called Hydrostatic Catenary. Rounded bottom triangular section
T
1 r r 0 m y
( ) P = 2 y ( m + cot m )
A = y 2 m 2 cot 1 m
1
1 0 m
R=
A P
r 2
y 2
2
T = 2r
(1 + m )
__ cot 0 = m 1 0 = cot-1m