Sei sulla pagina 1di 7

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

22.4 Most efficient Hydraulic section


For a given cross section determine the hydraulic section. Hydraulically Best section (Hydraulically Efficient Section) 1. Rectangular Channel:
P = b + 2y A b= y A = by P= A + 2y y

dp = Ay 2 + 2 = 0 , A = 2 y 2 dy by = 2 y 2 or b = 2 y

y b = 2y Hydraulically efficient rectangular channel is half of a square.


2. Trapezoidal Section:

1 m

P = b + 2 y 1 + m2

A = ( b + my ) y or b =

A = my y

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

P=

A my + 2 y 1 + m 2 (For a given area of flow) y

Differentiate with reference to y assuming A and m to be constant. dp = Ay 2 m + 2 1 + m 2 = 0 dy Substituting for area, the above equation can be rewritten as
y 2 ( b + my )y m + 2 1 + m 2 = 0

b + my + my = +2 1 + m 2 = 0 y
b + 2my = y 1 + m2 2

Half the top width = side slope distance (for given side slope) b = 2 y 1 + m 2my = 2 y 1 + m 2 m Substitute this value of b into the equation A and P and simplifying
P = 2 y 2 1 + m2 m A = y 2 2 1 + m2 m A y= 2 1 + m2 m
0.5

Substitute the value of y into P


P=2

(2 1+ m m)
2

A1 / 2

0.5

(2 1+ m m)
2

P = 2 A 2 1 + m2 m which is the m value that makes P least? D.w.r to m and equate it to zero
dP =0 dm

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

m=

3 = 3 3

tan =

y 1 3 = = my m 3

= 60 b = 2 y 3

This means section is a half hexagon. If a semi circle is drawn with radius equal to depth y then sides of this section are tangent to the circle.

1 60 m= 3 60

b = __ y
Half Hexagon - inscribed circle of radius equal to depth is tangential as shown in figure

2 3

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

Triangular Section: If is half angle 2a sin Area = ay sin y = ay sin 2 ay sin a cos sin a = = sin 2 R= 2a 2 4 y a = cos
y a a

a sin

Hydraulically efficient channel Half a square on vertex


R should be max.
dR 2a = 0, cos 2 = 0 d 4

= 45

45 45 Free surface width is equal to the diagonal

Half Square on its apex

It is a half square resting on its apex and maximum width is equal to diagonal. Alternative derivation for Triangular Section:
A = y 2 tan y = A / tan P = 2 y 1 + m2

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

l m

= 2 y sec

=2

A sec tan

dp d A = sec 2 d d tan sec tan dp sec3 =0 =2 A 3/ 2 d tan 2 ( tan ) sec tan sec3 2 ( tan )
3

=0

2 sec tan sec3 = 0

Solve for = 45

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

Hydrostatic Caternary (Linteria)


Equation for hydrostatic catenary is given by y 3 2 15 4 5 4 3 2 5 4 1 4 k 864 k + 8 k + 32 k sin 2 256 k sin 4 2k y1 = y cos x1 , y1 are measured from mid point of the surface x1 = ; = slope angle at the point x 1 y 1 . varies from 0 at the 2 bottom of the curve to at the ends. k= sin

sin 2 , is slope at any point ( x, y) = sin 1 k For the hydraulically efficient channel = 35 37' 7" , y= 3.5 m. Find A, R, D, Z at full depth.
Also plot the cross section of the channel solution:

35 37 ' 7 " = 1748 ' 33.5 " 2

k= sin sin =

= 0.30585

sin k

2 or k =

sin

2 sin 1

k=

sin

or y1 = y cos A = 17.0992 m 2 T = 6.7114 m

2 sin cos 2 2 1 cos = 2 2k

2 cos

= 90

cos

= cos 45 R=

k = 0.707

P= 10.443 m D = 2.5478 m

A = 1.6374 m P Z = A D = 22.293 m5 / 2

y1 (m) ( in deg ) k

0 90 0.7071

0.5 81.78 0.6614

1.0 73.39 0.6235

1.5 64.62 0.5916

2.0 55.15 0.564

2.5 44.4

3.0 31.0

3.5 0 0.5

0.5400 0.51887

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

Exercise: Plot the graph using the above data

x1 y1
2

x y
A P

A = 17.0992 m T = 6.7114 m

P= 10.443 m D = 2.5478 m

R=

= 1.6374 m
5/2

Z = A D = 22.293 m

Flexible Sheet: Filled with water upto rim, and held firmly at the top ends without any effect of fixation on shape. Shape assumed under self weight of water is called Hydrostatic Catenary. Rounded bottom triangular section
T

1 r r 0 m y

( ) P = 2 y ( m + cot m )
A = y 2 m 2 cot 1 m
1

1 0 m

R=

A P

r 2

y 2
2

T = 2r

(1 + m )

__ cot 0 = m 1 0 = cot-1m

Hydraulically efficient sections could be derived using Lagrange Multiplier approach.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Potrebbero piacerti anche