AsmePTC Centrifugal Compressor

ASME-PTC10 ADOPTION NOTICE ASME-PTC10, "Compressors and Exhausters,'' was adopted on October 3 , 1994 for use by the Department
of Defense (DoD). Proposed changes by DoD activities must be submitted to the DoD Adopting Activity: Director, US Army Mobility Technology Center/Belvoir, ATTN: AMSTA-RBES, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5606. DoD activities may obtain copies of this standard from the Standardization Document Order Desk, 700 Robbins Avenue, Building 4D, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. The private sector and other Government agencies may purchase copies from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017. Custodians: Army - ME Navy - YD-1 Air Force - 99 Adopting Activity Army - ME
FSC 4310
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENTA. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services
ASME PTC 10-1997
Performance Test Code on Lompressors and Exhausters
S T D - A S M E PTC LU-ENGL 1977 D 0757b70 Oh05923 158 m
Date of Issuance: September 30, 1998
This document will be revised when the Society approves the issuance edition. There will be no addenda issued to ASME PTC 10-1997.
of a n e w
Please Note: ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretation of technical aspects of this document. The interpretations are not part of the document.
PTC 10-1997 is being issued with an automatic subscription service to the interpretations that will be issued to it up to the publicationof the next edition.
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This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment which provides an opportunityfor additional publicinput from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large. ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity. ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentionedin this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability forinfringement of any applicable Letters Patent, nor assume any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Participation by federal agency representative(s) or personb) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard. ASME accepts responsibilityfor only those interpretations issued in accordancewith governing ASME procedures and po\icies which preclude the issuance of interpretations by individual volunteers.
No part of this document may be reproduced i n any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990 Copyright 6 1998 by 3 THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A.
FOREWORD
(This Foreword is not a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
PTC 10 was last revised in 1965 andit has been reaffirmed many times the intervening in period. The PTC 1O Committee has been in various states of activity for approximately the past 20 years. During that time the Code has been completely rewritten to be far more explanatory in nature. The performance testing of compressors is complicated by the need in virtually every case to consider and make correction for the differences between the test and specified conditions. Thetechniques used to do so arebased upon therules of fluid-dynamic similarity. Some familiarity with this fundamental technique will be a significant aid to the users of PTC IO. Compressors and exhausters come in all sorts of configurations. A very simple case is a single section compressor with one impeller, and single inlet and outlet flanges. Many more complex arrangementsexist with multiple inlets,outlets,impellers,sections, intercoolers and side seams. Typical gases handled areair, its constituents,andvarious hydrocarbons. Tests are commonly run in the shop or in the field, at speeds equal to or different from the specified speed, and with the specified or a substitute gas. In order to handle this vast array ofpossibilities PTC 10 reduces the problem to the simplest element, the section, and provides the instructions for combining multiple sections to compute the overall results. Uncertainty analysis can play a very important role in compressortesting, from the design of the test to interpretation of the test results. In all but the very simplest of cases the development of an analytic formulation, .e., in simple equation form, for overall uncertainty computation is formidable. The test uncertainty will always be increasingly more complex to evaluate with the complexity of the compressor configuration, and by the very nature of the test will be a function of the performance curves. The modern personal computer is readily capable of completing the calculations required. The Committee developed software and used it to perform both the basic code calculations and uncertainty analysis computationsfor a wide range of possible compressor configurations. This Codewas approved by the PTC 1O Committee on January18,1991. It was approved and adopted by the Council as a standard practice of the Society by action of the Board on Performance Test Codes on October 14, 1996. It was also approved as an American National Standard by the ANSI Board of Standards Review on April 22, 1997.
iii
STD-ASME
P T C LO-ENGL L997 D 0759b70 Ob05925 T20
NOTICE
All PerformanceTestCodesMUSTadheretotherequirements ofPTC 1, GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. The following information is based on that document and is included here for emphasis and for the convenience of the user of this Code. It is expected that the Code user is fully cognizant of Parts I and III of PTC I and has read them prior to applying this Code.
ASME Performance Test Codes provide test procedures which yield results of the highest level of accuracy consistent with the best engineering knowledge and practice currently available. They were developed balanced committees representing all concerned interests. by Theyspecifyprocedures,instrumentation,equipmentoperatingrequirements,calculation methods, and uncertainty analysis.
When tests are run in accordance with thisCode, the test results themselves, without adjustment for uncertainty, yield the best available indication of the actual performance of the tested equipment. ASME Performance Test Codes do not specify means to compare those results to contractual guarantees. Therefore, it is recommended that the aparties to commercial test agree before starting the test and preferably before signing the contract onthe method to be used for comparing the test results to the contractual guarantees. It is beyond the scope of any code to determine or interpret how such comparisons shall be made. Approved by Letter Ballot W5-1 and B E C Administrative Meeting of March 13-14, 1995
IV
PERSONNEL PERFORMANCE OF
TEST CODECOMMITTEE NO. 10
ON COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS

(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Code.)
OFFICERS
Gordon J. Gerber, Chair Richard J. Gross, ViceChair jack H. Karian, Secretary
COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
Helmut B. Baranek, Public ServiceElectric & Gas Company John J. Dwyer, Consultant Gordon J. Gerber, Praxair Richard J. Gross, The University of Akron Jack H. Karian, ASME Robert E Lawrence, Consultant . Jack A. Lock, LockEngineering Vincent J.Polignano, IMO Delaval Frank H. Rassmann, Elliott Company Norman A. Samurin, DresserRandCompany Joseph A. Silvaggio,Jr., Alternate to Polignano, IMO Delaval
S T D - A S M E P T C L O - E N G L L777 m 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob05427 A T 3 m
BOARD ON PERFORMANCE TEST CODES

OFFICERS
D R. Keyser, Chair .
P. M. Cerhart, Vice Chair W. O. Hays, Secretary
C O M M l l T E E PERSONNEL
R. P. Allen R. L. Bannister B. Bornstein J.M. Burns
J. R. Friedman G. J. Gerber
R. W. Henry
D. R. Keyser S. Korellis
J.
J. W. Milton G. H. Mittendorf, ]r.

S. P. Nuspl
P. M. Gerhart
R. S. Hecklinger
R. P. Perkins A. L. Plumley
S. B. Scharp J. Siegmund J. A. Silvaggio, Jr. R. E. Sommerlad W. G. Steele, Jr. J. C. Westcott J. G. Yost
vi
CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CommitteeRoster ................................................ Board Roster ....................................................
... III
V
vi
Section 1 2 3 4
5
6
Objectandscope ........................................ Definitions and Description of Terms .......................... Guiding Principles........................................ Instruments and Methods of Measurement ...................... Computation of Results .................................... ReportofTest ...........................................
1 3
11 23 39 55
Figures 3.1 3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6 3.7
4.1 4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6 4.7
4.8
4.9 4.1 O 4.1 1 4.1 2 5.1
Section Control Volumes ................................... Typical Sideload Sectional Compressors ........................ Allowable Machine Mach Number Departures. Centrifugal Compressors .......................................... Allowable Machine Mach Number Departures. Axial Compressors . . . . Allowable Machine Reynolds Number Departures. Centrifugal Compressors .......................................... Schultz Compressibility Factor - Function Y versus Reduced Pressure Schultz Compressibility Factor - Function X versus Reduced Pressure Inlet and Discharge Configuration ............................ OpenInlet .............................................. Vortex Producing Axial Inlet ................................ OpenDischarge ......................................... Diffusing Volute Discharge With Nonsymmetric Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . TypicalClosedLoop ...................................... Typical Closed Loop With Sidestream Straighteners and Equalizers................................. Inlet Nozzle on an Open Loop .............................. Discharge Nozzle on an Open Loop, Subcritical Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discharge Nozzle on an Open Loop, Critical Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical Sidestream Inlet Area ................................ Specified Condition Capacity Coefficient for Specified Condition Capacity of Interest .....................................
14 16
18 19
20
21
22 24
24 25 25 26
.........................
26
27 29
32 33 33
35
49
Tables
3.1 Permissible Deviation From Specified Operating Conditions for Type1 Tests........................................... 12
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3.2 Permissible Deviation From Specified Operating Parameters for Type1 and2Tests 3.3 Limits of Departure Ideal Laws From Gas of Specified and TestGases 3.4 Permissible FluctuationsReadings Test of ....................... 5.1 Ideal Gas Dimensionless Parameters .......................... 5.2 Real Gas Dimensionless Parameters ........................... 5.3 Total Work Input Coefficient. All Gases ........................ 5.4 Typical Conversion of Dimensionless Parameters
......................................
12
............................................
13
14 40 41 48 50
.................
Nonmandatory Appendices A Use of Total Pressure and Total Temperature to Define Compressor Performance B Properties of Gas Mixtures .................................. C Sample Calculations C.l Type 1 Test for a Centrifugal Compressor Using an Ideal Gas C.2 Type 2 Test for a Centrifugal Compressor Using an Ideal Gas ........ C.3 Ideal Gas Application to Selectionof Test Speed and TestGasand MethodsofPowerEvaluation C.4 Treatment Bracketed Points of Test ............................ C.5Selection of a TestGas for a Type 2 Test Using Ideal and RealCas Equations............................................. C.6 Type 2 Test Using Real Gas Equations Data for Reduction .......... C.7Treatment of a Two SectionCompressor With Externally Piped Intercoolers, Condensate Removal .......................... C.8 ApplicationUncertainty of Analysis ........................... D References E Rationale for Calculation Methods ............................ F Reynolds Correction Number ................................ G Refined Methods for Calculating Total Conditions H SIUnits ................................................
.......................................... ...................................... ........
59 61 63
65 85
109 119
..............................
123
139 151 159 165
..............................................
167
183 185 187
................
viii
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S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL
COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS
1777 W 0759b70 O b 0 5 4 3 1 378
=
ASME PTC 10-1 997
SECTION 1
1.1
- OBJECT SCOPE AND

nally piped intercoolers and for compressors with interstage side load inletsoroutlets. Internally cooled compressorsare included provided that test conditions are held nearly identical to specified conditions. Compressors, as the name implies, are usually intended to produce considerable density change as a result of the compression process. are Fans normally considered to be air or gas moving devices and are characterized by minimal density change. A distinction between the two at times be may unclear. As a very rough guide,either PTC 10 or PTC 11 may be used for machines falling into the approximate pressure ratio range of 1.05 to 1.2. Themethods of PTC 10, which provide for the pronounced effectsofdensitychange during compression,have no theoretical lower limit. However, practical considerations regarding achievable accuracy become important in attempting to apply PTC 10 to devices commonly classified as fans. For example,the low temperatureriseassociated with fans may lead to large uncertainty in power requirement if theheatbalance method i s chosen. Fans also may require traversing techniques for flow and gas state measurementsdue to the inlet and discharge ducting systems employed. Refer to PTC 11 on Fans for further information.
OBJECT
The object of this Code is to provide a test procedure to determine the thermodynamic performance of an axial or centrifugal compressororexhauster doing work on a gas of known or measurable properties under specified conditions. This Code is written to provide explicit test procedures which will yield the highest level of accuracy consistent with the best engineering knowledge and practice currently available. Nonetheless, no single universal value of the uncertainty is, or should be, expected to apply to every The test. uncertainty associated with any individual PTC 10 test will depend upon practical choices made in terms of instrumentation and methodology. Rules are provided to estimate the uncertainty for individual tests.
1.2
SCOPE
1.2.1 General. The scope of this Code includes instructions on test arrangement and instrumentation, test procedure, methods and for evaluation and reporting of final results. Rulesare provided for establishing the following quantities,corrected as necessary to representexpected performance under specified operating condiwith the specified gas: quantity of gas delivered pressure rise produced head shaft power required efficiency (0 surge point fg) choke point Other than providing methods for calculating mechanical power losses, this Code does not cover rotor dynamics or other mechanical performance parameters.
1.3
EQUIPMENT COVERED NOT CODE
BY THIS
1.2.2 CompressorArrangements. ThisCode is designed to allowthe testing single or multiple casing of axial or centrifugal compressors or combinations thereof, with one or more stages ofcompression percasing.Proceduresarealso included for exter1
The calculation procedures provided in this Code are based on the compression of a single phase gas, They should not be used for a gas containing suspendedsolids or any liquid, when liquid could be formed in thecompression process, or when a chemical reaction takes place in the compression process. Thisdoes not preclude the use of this Code on a gas where condensation occurs in a cooler providing the dropletsare removed prior to the gas entering the next stage of compression.
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997
ASME PTC 10-1 997
= 0759b70
ObO5Lf3L 2 2 q D
COMPRESSORS A N D EXHAUSTERS
1.4
TYPES OF TESTS
This Code contains provisions for two different types of tests. A Type 1 test must be conducted on the specified gas with a limited deviation between test and specified operating conditions. A Type 2 test permits the use of a substitute test gas and extends the permissible deviations between test and specified operating conditions.
configuration is used, this shall be agreed upon in writing prior to the test by the participating parties. However, no deviations may be made that will violate anymandatoryrequirements of this Code when the tests are designated as tests conducted in accordance with ASME PTC 10. The mandatory rules this Code arecharacterized of by the use of the word "shall." If a statement is of an advisory nature it is indicated by the use of the word "should" or is stated as a recommendation.
1.5
PERFORMANCE RELATION TO
GUARANTEE
This Code provides a means for determining the performance of a compressor at specified operating conditions. It also provides a method for estimating the uncertainty of the results. The interpretation of the results relative to any contractual guarantees is beyond the scope of this Code and should be agreed upon i n writing prior to the test by the participating parties.
1.7
INSTRUCTIONS
The Code on GeneralInstructions, PTC 1, shall be studied and followed where applicable. The instructions in PTC 10 shall prevail over other ASME Performance Test Codes where there is any conflict.
1.8
REFERENCES
1.6
ALTERNATE PROCEDURES
Definitive procedures for testing compressors are described herein. If any other procedure or test
Unless otherwise specified, references to other Codes refer to ASME PerformanceTest Codes. Literature referencesare shown in Appendix D.
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m
ASME PTC 10-1997
SECTION 2
- DEFINITIONSANDDESCRIPTION
OF TERMS
2.1
BASIC SYMBOLS AND UNITS Symbol

A a Description
Flow channel cross sectional area Acoustic velocity Tip width Coefficient of discharge Molal specific heat (Appendix B only) Specific heat . Specific heat at constant pressure Specific heat at constant volume Diameter Diameter of fluid meter Relative error Polytropic work factor Dimensional constant, 32.1 74 Molal enthalpy Humidity ratio Enthalpy Coefficient of heat transfer for casing and adjoining pipe Mechanical equivalent of heat, 778.1 7 Flow coefficient Ratio of specific heats, cp/cv Common logarithm (Base 10) Naperian (natural) logarithm Molecular weight Machine Mach number Fluid Mach number Polytropic exponent for a path on the P-T diagram Mass (Appendix B only) Rotative speed Polytropic exponent for a path on the p-v diagram Number of moles (Appendix B only) Isentropic exponent for a path on the p-v diagram Power Pressure Velocity pressure Other external heat losses Total mechanical losses (equivalent)
3
Units
ft2
ftlsec
b
C C C
CP C V
ft
dimensionless Btu/lbm mole "R Btu/lbm "R Btu/lbm "R Btu/lbm "R in. in. dimensionless dimensionless Ibm ft/lbf sec2 Btu/lbm-mole Ibm HlO/lbm dry air Btu/lbm Btu/hr f t 2 "R
e
f
gc
H
HR
h,
j K
ft Ibf/Btu
dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless Ibm/lbmole dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless Ibm
k log
In MW
Mm
M
m m
N n
n
ns
rPm
dimensionless
Ib mole dimensionless
psia
P P
Pv
Qext Om
hP
PSi
Btu/min Btu/min
~~~
S T D D A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L997

ASME PTC 10-1997
U 7 5 9 b 7 U Ob05433 U T 7 W
Qr
QSl
R RA, RB, R C
Re Rem
RH
RP
Rt
r rf
P ' '9
rt
r,
S
Sc
s T
t
U
U V
V
W
W
X
X
Z
Y
Y Y
Heat transfer from the section boundaries External seal loss equivalent Rate of flow Gas constant Machine Reynolds number correction constants Fluid Reynolds number Machine Reynolds number Relative humidity Reduced pressure Reduced temperature Pressure ratio across fluid meter Recovery factor Pressure ratio Flow rate ratio Temperature ratio Ratio of specific volumes Molar entropy Heat transfer surface area of exposed compressor casing and adjoining pipe Entropy Absolute temperature Temperature Internal energy Blade tip speed Velocity Specific volume Work per unit mass Mass rate of flow Compressibility function Mole fraction Compressibility function Elevation head or potential energy Compressibility factor as used in gas law,
Btu/min Btulmin ft3/min ft Ibf/lbm . "R dimensionless
dimensionless dimensionless percentage dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless Btullbm . mole "R
fi2
Btu/lbm "R
"R
"F Btu/lbm ftlsec ftlsec
ft3/lbm
ft Ibfllbm Ibm/m in dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless ft Ibf/lbm dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless Ibm/ft sec dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless ft2Isec Ibm/ft3 dimensionless
144 pv = ZRT
77 P
P in
PP P S
Y
x
7
n
(P
Diameter ratio of fluid meter, d/D1 Isentropic exponent Partial derivative Efficiency Absolute viscosity Work input coefficient Polytropic work coefficient Isentropic work coefficient Kinematic viscosity Density Summation Torque Surface roughness Total work input coefficient Flow coefficient
Ibf-ft in.
dimensionless dimensionless
STD-ASME PTC LO-ENGL

L997 D 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05434 T33

ASME PTC 10-1997
Subscripts
Ambient only) Average Casing Correction Fluids critical point value Compressor discharge conditions Dry air
a,b,c,j Component of gas mixture (Appendix B

av
C
2.2.2 Pressure. Gage The pressure gage i s that pressure which i s measured directly with the existing barometric pressure as the zero basereference. 2.2.3 Differential Pressure. The differential pressure is the difference between any two pressures measured with respect to a common reference (e.g., the difference between two absolute pressures). 2.2.4 Pressure. Static The pressure static i s the pressuremeasured in such a manner that no effect is produced by the velocity of the flowing fluid. 2.2.5 Total (Stagnation) Pressure. The total (stagnation) pressure is an absolute or gagepressure that would exist when a moving fluid is brought to rest andits kinetic energy is converted to an enthalpy rise by an isentropic process from the flow condition to the stagnation condition. In a stationary body of fluid thestaticand total pressuresare equal. 2.2.6 Velocity(Kinetic) Pressure. The velocity (kinetic) pressure is the difference between the total pressure andthestatic pressure at the same point in a fluid. 2.2.7 Inlet Total Pressure. The inlet total pressure is the absolute total pressure that exists at the inlet measuringstation (seepara.4.6.8).Unless specifically statedotherwise, this i s the compressor inlet pressure as used in this Code. 2.2.8 Inlet StaticPressure. The inlet static pressure is the absolute static pressure that exists at the inlet measuringstation (seepara.4.6.7). 2.2.9 Discharge Total Pressure. The discharge total pressure is the absolute total pressure that exists at the discharge measuring station (see para. 4.6.9). Unless specifically stated otherwise, this is the compressordischargepressure as used in this Code. 2.2.1 O Discharge Static Pressure. The discharge static pressure is the absolutestatic pressure that exists at the discharge measuring station (see para. 4.6.7).
corr crit.
d da db des dg
g hb i lu
Dry-bulb
Design Dry gas Gas Heat balance Compressor inlet conditions Leakage upstream Leakage downstream Gas mixture Polytropic Flow location reference Isentropic
Id
m P
rotor s
sh
SP
su sd
SV
Wb 1, l n
2, 2n
a
Y
static meas.
Shaft Specified conditions sidestream upstream sidestream downstream Saturated vapor Test conditions Wet-bulb Upstream of fluid meter Downstream or at throat of fluid meter Compressor inlet conditions (static, Appendix A only) Compressor discharge conditions (static, Appendix A only) Static Measured
Superscripts
( )
()
Condition at discharge pressure with entropy equal to inlet entropy Determined at static conditions
2.3
TEMPERATURES
2.2
PRESSURES
2.2.1 Absolute Pressure. The absolute pressure is the pressuremeasuredaboveaperfectvacuum.
2.3.1Absolute Temperature. The absolute temperature is thetemperaturemeasuredaboveabsolute zero. It is stated in degreesRankineor Kelvin. The Rankinetemperature i s the Fahrenheittemperature plus 459.67 and the Kelvin temperature is the Celsius temperature plus 273.1 5.
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ASME PTC 10-1997 COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS
2.3.2 Static Temperature. The static temperature is the temperature determined in such a way that no of effect is produced by the velocity the flowing fluid. 2.3.3 Total (Stagnation) Temperature. The total (stagnation) temperature is the temperature that would exist when a moving fluid is brought to rest and its kinetic energy is convertedto an enthalpy rise by an isentropic process from the flow condition to the stagnation condition. In a stationary body of fluid the static and the total temperatures are equal. 2.3.4 Velocity (Kinetic) Temperature. The velocity (kinetic) temperature is thedifferencebetweenthe total temperature and the static temperature at the measuringstation. 2.3.5 Inlet Total Temperature. The inlet total temperature is the absolute total temperature that exists at theinlet measuring station(see para. 4.7.7).Unless specifically stated otherwise, this i s the compressor inlet temperatureused in this Code.
2.3.6 Inlet Static Temperature. The inlet static temperature is the absolute static temperature that exists at the inlet measuring station.
2.4.4AbsoluteViscosity. Absolute viscosity is that property ofany fluid which tends to resist a shearing force.
2.4.5 KinematicViscosity. The kinematicviscosity of a fluid is theabsoluteviscosity divided by the fluid density.
2.4.6 Specific Heat at ConstantPressure. The specific heat at constant pressure, (, = (dh/aT),, is the c) change in enthalpy with respect to temperature at a constantpressure. 2.4.7Specific Heat at ConstantVolume. Thespecific heat at constant volume, ( 3 = (au/aT), is the change in internal energy with respect to temperature at a constant specific volume. 2.4.8 Ratio of Specific Heats. The ratio of specific heats, k, is equal to c,,/cv. Acoustic Velocity (Sonic Velocity). A pressure wave or acoustic wave of infinitesimal amplitude is described by an adiabatic reversible and (isentropic) process. The corresponding acoustic velocity for suchwaves in any medium is given by:
2.4.9
2.3.7Discharge TotalTemperature. Thedischarge total temperature is the absolute total temperature that exists at the dischargemeasuringstation (see para. 4.7.8). Unless specifically stated otherwise, this i s the compressor discharge temperatureas used in this Code. 2.3.8 Discharge Static Temperature. The discharge static temperature i s the absolute static temperature that exists at the discharge measuring station.
a2
($)
5
2.4.10 Fluid Mach Number. The Fluid Mach number is the ratio of fluid velocity to acoustic velocity.
2.5
MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.4
OTHER GAS (FLUID) PROPERTIES
Density. Density is the mass ofthe gas per unit volume. It is a thermodynamic property and is determined at a point once the total pressureand temperatureare known atthe point. 2.4.2SpecificVolume. Specific volume i s the volume occupied by a unit mass of gas. It is a thermodynamicpropertyand is determined at a point once the total pressure and temperature are known at the point. 2.4.3 Molecular Weight. Molecularweight is the weight of a molecule of a substance referred to that of anatom of carbon-1 2 at 12.000. 6
2.4.1
The capacity of a compressor is 2.5.1 Capacity. therate of flow which is determined by delivered mass flow rate dividedby inlet total density.For an exhauster it is determined by the inlet mass flow rate divided by inlet total density.Forsidestream machines, this definition must be applied to individualsections.
2.5.2 Flow Coefficient. The flow coefficient is a dimensionless parameter defined as the compressed product of inlet mass flow rate divided by the density, rotational speed, and the cube of the blade tip diameter. Compressed mass flow rate is the net mass flow rate through the rotor. 2.5.3PressureRatio. Pressure ratio i s theratio of the absolute discharge total pressure to the absolute inlet total pressure.
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ASME PTC 10-1 997
2.5.4 Pressure Rise. Pressurerise is the difference between the discharge total pressure andthe inlet total pressure. 2.5.5 Temperature Rise. Temperature rise is the difference between the discharge total temperature andthe inlet total temperature. 2.5.6 Volume Flow Rate. The volume flow rate as used in this Code is the local mass flow rate divided by local total density. It is used to determine volume flow ratio. 2.5.7Volume Flow Ratio. The volume flow ratio is the ratio of volume flow rates at two points in the flow path. 2.5.8Specific Volume Ratio. The specific volume ratio is the ratio of inlet specific volume to discharge specific volume. 2.5.9 Machine Reynolds Number. The Machine Reynolds number is defined by the equation Rem = Ub/v, where U is the velocity at theouter blade tip diameter of the first impeller or of the first stage rotor tip diameter of the leading edge, Y is the total kinematic viscosity of the gas at the compressor inlet, and b is a characteristic length. For centrifugal compressors, b shall be taken as the exit width at the outer blade diameter of the first stage impeller. For axial compressors, b shall be taken as the chord length at the tip of the first stage rotor blade. These variablesmustbe expressed in consistent units to yield a dimensionless ratio. 2.5.10 Machine Mach Number. The Machine Mach number is defined as the ratio of the blade velocity at the largest blade tip diameter of the first impeller for centrifugal machinesoratthe tip diameter of the leading edge of the first stage rotor blade for axial flow machines to the acousticvelocity of the gas at the total inlet conditions.
NOTE: This is not to be confused with local Fluid Mach number.
streams enteringandleavingcan be quantitatively defined as well as the power input and heat exchange by conduction and radiation. Such a region can be considered to be in equilibrium for both a mass and energybalance.
2.5.14 Compressor Surge Point. The compressor surge point is the capacitybelow whichthe compressor operation becomesunstable.Thisoccurs when flow is reduced and thecompressorbackpressure exceeds the pressure developed by the compressor and a breakdown in flow results.This immediately causes a reversal in the flow direction and reduces the compressor back pressure. The moment this happens regular compression i s resumed and the cycle is repeated. 2.5.15ChokePoint. The choke point is the point where the machine is run at a given speed and the flow is increased until maximum capacity is attained.
2.6
WORK, POWER, AND EFFICIENCY
These definitions apply to a section.
2.6.1 Isentropic Compression. Isentropiccompression as used in this Code refers to a reversible, adiabaticcompressionprocess. 2.6.2 Isentropic Work (Head). Isentropic work (head) is the work required to isentropically compress a unit mass of gas from the inlet total pressure and total temperature to the discharge total pressure. The total pressure and temperature are used to account for thecompression of the gas and the change in the kinetic energy of the gas. The change in the gravitational potential energy of the gas is assumed negligible. 2.6.3PolytropicCompression. Polytropic compression is a reversiblecompressionprocessbetween the inlet total pressure and temperature and the discharge total pressure and temperature. The total pressures and temperatures are used to account for the compression of the gas and the change in the kinetic energy of the gas. Thechange in the gravitational potential energy is assumed negligible. The polytropic process follows a path such that the polytropic exponent is constant during the process. 2.6.4 Polytropic Work (Head). Polytropic work (head) is thereversible work required to compress a unit mass of gas by a polytropic process from the inlet total pressure and temperature to the discharge total pressureandtemperature.
7
2.5.11 Stage. A stage for a centrifugal compressor is comprised of a single impeller and itsassociated stationary flow passages. A stage for an axial compressor i s comprised of a single row of rotating blades and its associated stationary blades and flow passages. 2.5.12Section. Section is defined as one or more stages having the samemass flow without external heat transfer other than natural casing heat transfer. 2.5.13 Control Volume. The control volume is a region of space selected for analysis where the flow
ASME PTC 10-1997
Gas Work. Gas work is theenthalpyriseof a unit mass ofthe gas compressedanddelivered by the compressor the from inlet total pressure and temperature to the discharge total pressure and temperature. 2.6.5
2.6.6 Cas Power. Gas power is the power transmitted to the gas. It is equal to theproductofthe mass flow ratecompressedand the gas work plus the heat loss fromthecompressedgas. 2.6.7 Isentropic Efficiency. The isentropic efficiency is the ratio of the isentropic work to the gas work. 2.6.8 Polytropic Efficiency. The polytropic efficiency is the ratio of the polytropic work to the gas work. 2.6.9ShaftPower(BrakePower). The shaft power (brake power) is the power delivered the compresto sor shaft. It i s the gas powerplusthemechanical losses in thecompressor. 2.6.10Isentropic Work Coefficient. The isentropic workcoefficient is thedimensionless ratio of the isentropicwork to the sum of thesquares ofthe blade tip speeds of all stages in a givensection. 2.6.1 1 Polytropic Work Coefficient,The polytropic work coefficient is thedimensionless ratio of the polytropic work to the sum ofthe squares of the blade tip speeds of all stages in a givensection. 2.6.12Mechanical losses. Mechanical losses are the total power consumed by frictional losses in integral gearing,bearings,andseals. 2.6.13 Work Input Coefficient. The work input coefficient is the dimensionless ratio of the enthalpy rise to the sum of the squares of the tip speeds of all stages in a givensection. 2.6.14 Total Work Input Coefficient. The total work input coefficient is the dimensionless ratio of the total work input to the gas to the sum of the squares oftheblade tip speeds of all stages in a givensection.
station, the characteristic length D is the inside pipe diameter at the pressuremeasuringstationandthe kinematicviscosity, Y is that which existsforthe static temperature and pressure at the measuring station. pressure temperature The and measuring stations for flow metering calculations shall specibe fied as in Section 4 and the accompanying illustrations.Thevariables in theReynoldsnumbermust beexpressed in consistent units to yield a dimensionless ratio.
2.7.2DimensionalConstant. The dimensional constant, gc, is required to account the for units of length, time, and force. It i s equal to 32.174 ft-lbm/ Ibf sec2. The numerical value is unaffected by the localgravitationalacceleration.
2.7.3 Specified Operating Conditions. The specified operatingconditions are those conditionsfor which the compressor performance is to be determined.Refer to paras. 6.2.3 and 6.2.4. 2.7.4 Test Operating Conditions. The test operating conditions are theoperatingconditions prevailing during the test.Refer to paras. 6.2.7 and 6.2.8. 2.7.5 Equivalence. The specifiedoperating conditions and the test operating conditions, for the purpose of this Code,aresaid to demonstrate equivalence when, for the same coefficient the flow ratios of the three dimensionless parameters (specific volume ratio, Machine Mach number, and Machine Reynolds number) fall within the limits prescribed in Table 3.2. 2.7.6Raw Data. Raw data is the recorded observation of an instrument taken during the testrun. 2.7.7 Reading. A reading i s the averagethe of corrected individual observations (raw data)at any givenmeasurementstation. 2.7.8 Point. Test The test point consists of three or more readings that have been averaged and fall within the permissible specified fluctuation. 2.7.9 Fluctuation. The fluctuation of a specific measurement is defined as the highest reading minus thelowestreading divided by the average of all readingsexpressed as a percent.
2.7
MISCELLANEOUS
2.8 INTERPRETATION
OF SUBSCRIPTS
2.7.1FluidReynoldsNumber. The Fluid Reynolds number is the Reynolds number for the gas flow in a pipe. It is definedbytheequation Re = VD/v, where the velocity, characteristic length, and static kinematic viscosity are to be used as follows: velocity V is the average velocity at the pressure measuring
2.8.1 Certainvaluesforthermodynamicstateand mass flow rateareused in the computation of the dimensionless performance parameters M, Re, r,, 4, p p , pi, and a. Unless otherwise specifically
STD-ASME PTC
L O - E N G L L997
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A M PTC 10-1997 S E
stated, the thermodynamic total conditions are used. The subscripts used these equations are interpreted in as follows.
2.8.1.1 The subscript "i" on thermodynamic state variablesdenotes inlet conditions. For singleentry streams it refers to conditions at the section inlet measurement station. For multiple inlet streams it refers to a calculated mixed state.Seepara. E.5 of Appendix E. 2.8.1.2 The subscript "d" on thermodynamic state variables denotes discharge conditions. It refers to conditions at the mainstream discharge measurement station. 2.8.1.3 The subscript "rotor" i s used on mass flow rate to denote thenet mass flow rate compressed by the rotor. Its determination requires that all measured flows and calculated leakages are considered.
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COMPRESSORS EXHAUSTERS AND A M PTC 10-1997 S E
SECTION 3
3.1 PLANNING THE TEST
- GUIDING
3.2
PRINCIPLES
TYPES OF TESTS
3.1.1 Before undertaking a test in accordance with the rules of this Code, the Code on General Instructions, PTC 1, shall be consulted. It explains the intended use of the Performance Test Codes and i s particularly helpful in the initial planning of the test. 3.1.2 When a test is to be conducted in accordance with this Code, the scope and procedures to be used shall be determined in advance. Selections of pipe arrangements, test driver, instruments, and test gas, if applicable, shall be made.Estimates of the probable uncertainty in the planned measurements should be made. 3.1.3 The scope of the test shall be agreed to by the interested parties. This may be dictated in advance by contractual commitments or may be mutually agreed upon prior to the start of the test. This Code contains procedures for a single point performance test and gives guidance on determining a complete performancecurve. 3.1.4 Specified conditions, that is, mass flow rate, inlet conditions of pressure,temperature, humidity, discharge pressure, cooling water temperature if applicable, speed, gas properties, and input power expectedshallbedefined. 3.1.5 A detailed written statement of the test objectives shall be developed prior to conducting the test.
A test facility shall be selected. Typically this is the manufacturerstest stand or the users installation site.
3.1.6
ThisCodedefines two types of test which are based on the deviations between test and specified operating conditions.
3.2.1 Type 1 testsare conducted with the specified gas at or very near the specified operating conditions. Deviations in the specified gas and operating conditions are subject to the limitations imposed by Table 3.1. These limitations are subject to the further restriction that their individual and combined effects shall not exceedthe limits of Table 3.2. 3.2.2 Type 2 tests are conducted subject to the limits of Table 3.2 only. The specified gas or a substitute gas may be used. The test speed required is often different from the specified operating condition speed. 3.2.3 The selection of test type shall be made in advanceof the test. In theinterest of maximizing accuracy of test results it is desirable that test conditions duplicate specified operating conditions as closely as possible. The limits in Table 3.1 provide maximum allowable deviations of individual parameters for Type 1 tests. The limitations of Table 3.2 provide maximum allowable deviations of the fundamental dimensionless parameter groupings for both types. emphasis The in conducting either a Type 1 or Type 2 test should be toward minimizing these deviations. The mostreliable test results would be expected when the deviations in both tables are minimized. 3.2.4 Calculation procedures are given in Section 5 for gases conforming to Ideal GasLaws and for Real Gases. Where the compressibility values depart from the limits prescribed in Table 3.3 the alternate calculation procedures provided for Real Gases shall be used. These alternate procedures apply to calculations foreitherType 1 or Type 2 tests.
3.1.7 The number of test personnel should be sufficient to assure a careful and orderly observation ofall instruments with time betweenobservations to check for indications of error in instruments or observations. 3.1.8 An individual shall be designated as responsible for conducting the test.
11
3.3
LIMITATIONS
3.3.1 Compressors constructed withliquid cooled diaphragms, or built-in heat exchangers, shall be
S T D - A S M E P T C L O - E N G L L777
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TABLE 3.1 PERMISSIBLE DEVIATION FROM SPECIFIED OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR TYPE 1 TESTS
~~ ~~
Variable Inlet pressure Inlet temperature S P d Molecular weight Cooling temperature difference Coolant flow rate Capacity
Symbol
Pi Ji
Units psia
OR
Permissible Deviation
596
8%
2%
N
MW
rPm Ibm/lbmole
O R
2%
5%
3yo
4%
gal/min ft3/m in
GENERALNOTES: (a) Type 1 tests are to be conductedwith the specifiedgas. Deviations are based on the specified values where pressures and temperatures are expressedin absolute values. (b) The combined effect of inlet pressure, temperature and molecular weight shall not produce more than an 8% deviation in the inlet gas density. (c) The combined effect of the deviationsshall not exceed thelimited of Table 3.2. Cooling temperature difference is defined as inlet gas temperature minus inlet cooling water temperature.
TABLE 3.2 PERMISSIBLE DEVIATION FROM SPECIFIED OPERATING PARAMETERS FOR TYPE 1 AND 2 TESTS
~~ ~~~ ~
limit of Test Values as Percent of Design Values Parameter Specific volume ratio Flow coefficient Machine Mach number Centrifugal compressors Axial compressors Machine Reynolds number Centrifugal compressors [Note (111 Rem Axial compressors where the Machine Reynolds numberat specified conditions is below 1 ~ , O O O 105 Axial compressors where the Machine Reynolds number at specified conditions is above 100,000 NOTE: (1) Minimum allowable test Machine Reynolds number is 90,000. 105 Symbol
vhd
Min 95
96
MW
104
See Fig. 3.3 See Fig. 3.4
See Fig. 3.5
90 [Note (111
10
200
12
COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS ASME
PTC 10-1997
TABLE 3.3 LIMITS OF DEPARTURE FROM IDEAL CAS LAWS GASES

Maximum
Pressure Ratio
OF SPECIFIED A N D TEST
~
Allowed Range for

Function X
Allowed Range for

Function Y
Ratio
1.4
2
k rnaxlk min
1.12 1.10 1.o9 .O8 1.O7 1 .O6
Min
-0.344 -0.1 75 -0.073 -0.041 -0.031 -0.025
Max Max
0.279 0.1 67
Min
0.925 0.964 0.982 0.988
0.991
1.O71 1.O34
4 8 16 32
0.071
0.050 0.033 0.028
1.o1 7
1 .o1 1 1.O08 1.006
0.993
GENERALNOTES: (a)Where:
X =
T av
v aT
- 1 and Y =
72)(See Figs. 3.6 and 3.7) v ap

T
(b) Maximum and minimum values of k shall apply to both the specified and test gas over the complete
range of conditions. (c) When these limits are exceeded by either the specified gas or the test gas at any point along the compression path real gas calculation methods shall be used for that gas. Ideal or real gas method may be used if these limits are not exceeded.
tested on the specified gas and at the operating conditions specified for the inlet pressure, inlet temperature and speed, and with the flow rate and the temperature specified for the cooling fluid. The fluctuations of the test readings shall be controlled within the limits of Table 3.4. Theresultsshallbe computed by themethods provided for a Type 1 test, and reported as run.
test providing all conditions, including those at the sidestream, the meet requirements of Table 3.1. Compressors with sidestreams also may betested by individual sections utilizing the criteria for a Type 2 test.
3 3 2 Themethods of this Codemay be applied .. for conversion of testresults to specified operating condition results for compressors which may be treated as oneor more sections. A section is that portion of a compressor where no intermediate streamleavesorenters betweenone impeller inlet and the same or another following impeller discharge. See Table 3.2. Heat exchangers are excluded from the interior of the section boundaries. Section boundaries are indicated diagrammatically in Fig. 3.1. The gas state and flow rate shall be established for each stream where it crosses the section boundary.The power absorbedandheatlossorgain by natural ambient heattransfermustalso be determ ined.
Compressors with externally piped intercoolers may be given a Type 1 test or theymay be tested by individual sectionsusing a Type 2 test,
3 3 5 Where condensation can take place between .. compression sections; for example, intercooled compressors handling moist air; the capacity shall be measured a t thecompressordischarge.(Foratmospheric exhausters the flow shall be measured at theinlet.)Care shall betaken to assure that there is no liquid carry-over from the intercoolers,
Volume flow ratios may in practice differ between test and specified operating conditions due to leakagedifferences. For example, it is common to test at reduced inlet pressure and thereduced differential pressure across a seal to atmosphere could result in zero or negative leakage. As a result, volume flow ratio equality can not be achieved between test and specified conditions. Therefore, it shall be necessary to estimatethe leakage ratio; that is, the leakage mass flow divided by the inlet mass flow for both test and specified conditions. If theleakage ratio difference between test and specified is significant, theseeffectsshall be applied to the calculations of capacity and power.
336 ..
333 ..
3.3.4
Compressors withinlet or outlet sidestreams may be testedusingtheproceduresfor a Type 1 13
PTC
ASME
1 O- 1997
TABLE 3.4
PERMISSIBLE FLUCTUATIONSOF TEST READINGS'

Symbol
~~~
Measurement
~ ~
Inlet pressure Inlet temperature Discharge pressure Nozzle differential pressure Nozzle temperature Speed Torque Electric motor input Molecular weight Cooling water inlet temperature Cooling water flow rate Line voltage
psia "R psia Pi S "R rPm
2%
0.5% 2% 2% 0.5%
0.5%
1 Yo
1Yo
Ibf * ft
MW T
kW lbdlbmole
"R
0.25%
0.5% [Note (2)1
gal/min volts
2%
2%
GENERAL NOTES: (a) A fluctuation is the percent difference between the minimum and maximum test reading divided by the average of all readings. (b) Permissible fluctuations apply to Type 1 and Type 2 tests. NOTES
(1) Seepara.5.4.2.3. (2) See para. 4.1 6 for further restrictions.
Power in
r--
------boundary
lest section
Multiple entry
streams
-7 -
/1
I
Multiple exit
"
I
Heat transfer
I
I ""-
" " "
I I
FIG. 3.1 SECTION CONTROL VOLUMES

14
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ASMEPTC
10-1997
In many cases it is not practical to measure the leakage flow and it is permissible to use calculated values of leakage for test and specified conditions.
3.3.7 Where the efficiency is to be determined by

shaft input power measurements thebearing and seal losses should not exceed 10 percent of the total test power. This will minimize theeffect of uncertainties in the bearing and seal loss determination of gas power.
speeds of rotating equipment in selectingthe test speed. Testpressures and temperatures shall not exceed the maximum allowable pressures and temperatures for the compressor.
3.5
INTERMEDIATE FLOW STREAMS
3.3.8 Evaluation of performancecomponents of between sections, if any,such as heatexchangers, piping, valves,etc., is generally beyond the scope of this Code and shall be agreed upon by parties to the test.The specified operating condition performance of such components or the technique for correction of testresults to specified operating conditions shall be agreed upon by parties to the test.
When power is to be determined by the heat balancemethod, the heat losses due to radiation and convection, expressed in percent of the total shaftpower,shall not exceed 5 percent.
3.5.1 Section Treatment. Compressors having flows addedorremoved at intermediate locations betweenthe inlet and final dischargeare handled by treating the compressor by sections. The gas state and flow rateshall be established for eachstream where it crosses the section boundary.
3.3.9
3.3.10 For Type 2 tests, the inlet gas condition shallhave a minimum of 5F of superheat.
3.4
TEST CAS AND SPEED
3.4.1 The physical and thermodynamic properties of the specified and test gas shall be known. The option of using tabulated data, an equation of state correlation, or experimental determination as a source for these properties shall be agreed upon prior to the test. 3.4.2 The following physical properties of the test gas throughout the expected pressure and temperature range shall be known or accurately determined: (a) molecular weight (b) specific heat at constant pressure (cf) (c) ratio of specific heats (c&) (d) compressibility factor (Z) (e) dew point (fl viscosity (g) isentropic exponent (h) enthalpy (i) acoustic velocity 3.4.3 The speed test shall be selected so as to conform to the limits of Table 3.2. Thetestspeed shall not exceed the safe operating speed of the compressor. Considerationshould be given to critical
15
It is necessary to maintain a consistency betweenspecified volume flow rate ratio and test volume flow rate ratio for each section. Permissible deviations from these ratios are listed in Fig.3.2. As an example, in the first section a multisection of compressor, the ratio of inlet volume flow rate to discharge volume flow rate for the specified and test conditions must be held to within +5 percent which is the same as that required for conventional compressors in Table 3.2. In addition, it is required thatthe ratio of first stage sectiondischarge flow rate to secondsection inlet volume flow rate for the specified and test conditions be held to within 2 1 O percent. This is required so that the total pressure determined at the sidestream flange will have the same relationship to the total pressure actually existing at the exit of the first section boundary for specified and test conditions. For thesecondandsucceedingsectionstherequirements are similar. The ratio of inlet volume flow rate to discharge volume flow rate for specified and test conditions must be held to within +5 percent. Also, the preceding section dischargevolume flow rate to sidestream inlet volume flow rate ratio for specified and test conditions must be held to 21O percent.Finally,the ratio of the discharge volume flow rate of thesection being tested to the next sidestream volume flow ratemustalso be held to 2 1 O percent. This requirement is most important in the second section of a three section machine where both inlet and discharge total pressuresare being determined at the sidestream flanges and velocity similarities arenecessary for test accuracy. Code requirements arealsodescribed in equation form in Fig. 3.2.
3.5.2
""""
Section 1
Max.
rql-2 =
"Y L " LI " " "
Section 2
Min. Max. Max. Min.
Section 3
Min.
41 -
4 2
ra3-2 =
93 42
where:
subscript subscript 1 = Section 1 inlet from flange measurements from 2 1 Section 1 dMharge computed measuremanta from ridoatream 4 = Section 2 mixed inlet computed subscript 7 = Section 3 mixed inlet computed
8 = Section 3 dischargefrom flange measurements
5 = Section 2 discharge computed
before
6
3 - Section 2 inlet from flange

measurefnents
intemal measurements beform ridestream Section 3 inlet from flange meaturementr
FIG. 3.2
TYPICAL SIDELOAD SECTIONALCOMPRESSORS
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0759b70 0b05445 8 1 9
ASMEPTC
10-1997
3.5.3 Inward Sidestreams. When the sidestream flow is inward, the dischargetemperature of the preceding sectionshall be measured prior to the mixing of two streams. Thistemperature measurethe ment shall bemade in a portion of thedischarge flow stream where the sidestream cannot affect the raw data. Raw data may be affected by heat transfer from a cold sidestream to a hot mainstream flow or from recirculation which may occur within the flow passage. The discharge temperature is needed to compute the performanceof the preceding section and to compute the reference mixed temperature for the next section inlet. It is possible for internal total pressures to exceed flange total pressure due to the higher internal velocities. The higher internal velocities are accompanied by a lower static pressure which provides a pressure difference for inward flow. 3.5.4 Temperature Stratification. It is common for sideload sectional compressors to have temperature differences between the mainstream and sidestream. When testing all sections of a multisection compressor (three or more sections) simultaneously, large differences between the sidestream and mainstream temperatures may occur. It is possible, due to these differences, for thermal flow stratification to exist within the compressor sections. This stratification mayresult in inaccurate measurements of internal temperatures in downstream sections. Under test conditions, the stream temperature differences should be maintained as close to specified as practical.
The internal temperature and pressure can be assumed to be equal to the external flange temperature and pressure of the primary internal stream. The ratio of flow raterestrictions in Fig. 3.2 shall also apply to outward flowing sidestreams.
3.5.7 It is recommended that each section of a multisection machine have its own performance curve defined by a number of test points. This enables synthesis of the combined overall performance curve and provides data on the interrelations of the individual sections. The ratios of Fig. 3.5 will apply at all points unless other specified operating ratiosare identified.
3.6
SAFETY
3.6.1 The test gas used shall be in compliance with local regulations and prudent practice with regard to flammability and/or toxicity.
Test used gases in a closed loop shall be continuously monitored for composition and avoidance of combustible mixtures. Air or other oxidizing gases shall not be used in aclosed loop.
362 ..
3.6.3 The party providing the test site will be responsible for establishing the requirements of system protection. Consideration should be given to the needfor relief valves for accidental overpressure. The requirement of alarmsand/or automatic shutdown devicesforsuchitems as high temperature, loss of cooling water, low oil pressure, compressor overspeed, or other possible malfunctions should be reviewed,
3 5 5 Performance Definition. The sectional head, .. efficiencies, and pressures are defined flange to flange. The only internal measurementsneededare the sectional discharge temperatures for computing the mixed temperature conditions and sectional performance. The pressure used for calculating the sectional performance is assumed to be equal to the sidestream flange total pressure. The internal mixed temperatureshould be computed on a mass enthalpy basis (real gas evaluation) for obtaining the inlet temperature for succeeding sections. Simplified mixing based on mass temperature may be done for ideal gases with constant specific heat.For further information see para. E.5 of Appendix E.
3.5.6 Extraction Sidestreams. When the intermediate flows are removed (.e., bleed-off) from the compressor, they will cross asectionboundary.
17
3.7
PIPING
3.7.1 Piping arrangements required to conduct a test under the Code detailed in Section 4. Permisare sible alternatesaredescribed for convenience and suitability. A selection suitable for the prevailing test conditions shall be made and described in the test report. When the choke point is to be determined, care should be taken to assure that the compressor pressurerise shall exceedsystemresistance. 3.7.2 Minimum straight lengths of piping at the inlet, discharge, and on both sides of the flow device are specified in Section 4. When compressors are treated as a number of individual sections, these piping requirements apply to each section. Such piping between sections may not occur naturally in the design. When it does
A M PTC 10-1997 S E
0757b7ll ObO5qqb 755

EXHAUSTERS AND COMPRESSORS
O. 3
0.2
0.1
BI
8
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
I
-0.3 I O
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I
I I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I
I
I
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Mach No. Specified
1.o Mmsp
1.2
1.4
FIG. 3.3
ALLOWABLE MACHINEMACHNUMBER CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
DEPARTURES,
not,theparties to the test should elect by mutual agreement to: (a) install additional piping between the sections (6) take measurementsin the availablespace. Consideration shall be given to any compromise in measurement accuracy and its effect upon the final test objective. (c) remove components such as external heat exchangers and replace them with the required piping. When this alternate is selected it is important that the removal of the component have a negligible effect upon the section entry or exit flowfield so as not to affect the section performance parameters.
shall be designed for the maximum pressure plus a suitable safety factor and the cooler shall be sized to dissipate maximum load. the heat Additional lengthsof piping beyond the minimum prescribed may be required to provide additional system capacitance. Provisions may be necessary to allow for expansion of the piping and the piping design shall beofsufficientstrength to withstandthe stresses imposed during compressorsurge.
3.8
INSTRUMENTATION
3 7 3 Whereexternalintercoolerperformanceand ..
pressure drop are known for the specified operating conditions,ordeterminedon a separate test, the compressor may be tested as separatesectionsand the combinedperformance computed by the method described in Section 5.
Test instruments shall be selected, calibrated, and installed in accordance with the requirements of Section 4.
3.7.4 If a closed loop test i s to be performed, the 3 9 PRETEST . maximum messure to be obtained and the maximum be of interest to either heat load shall estimated. be The piping and cooler Pretest inspection may fromthe compressor discharge to the throttle valve party. Refer to PTC 1 for guidance.
18
PTC 10-1 997
0.20
O. 15
0.10
f 0.00
-0.05
-0.10
4.15
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8 1.6
1.o 1.4
1.2
Mach No. Specified - Mmsp
FIG. 3.4
ALLOWABLE M A C H I N E M A C H N U M B E R COMPRESSORS
DEPARTURES, AXIAL
3.10
PRETEST R U N
3.10.1 Thecompressorshall be operated for sufficient time at the required conditions to demonstrate acceptable mechanical operation andstablevalues of all measurements to be taken during the test. Preliminary datashallbetaken to familiarize test personnel, to determine if all instrumentsare functioning properly, and to ascertain if the reading fluctuations fall within the limits prescribed in Table 3.4. 3.10.2 All instrumentobservations pertinent to the test shall be taken during the pretest run. They commonly include the following: (a) inlet pressure (b) inlet temperature (c) relative humidity or wet bulb temperature, if atmospheric air is the test gas (d) discharge pressure (e) discharge temperature and/or shaft power input (0 flow device pressures and temperatures (g) speed (h) cooler inlet and outlet temperatures,gas and coolant sides, if applicable
19
(i) lubricant temperatures, inlet and outlet of bearings, seals, and speed changing gear, if applicable (j) coolant and lubricant flows, if applicable fk) barometric pressure (I) gas analysis, if atmospheric air is not the test gas (ml time 3.10.3 A set of calculations shall be made using the preliminary testdata to assure that the correct test speed has been selected, that the test parameters required in Tables 3.1 or 3.2, as applicable,were obtained and that the overall performance values arereasonable. 3.10.4 Thepretest run may beconsidered as part of the test if it meets all requirements of the test.
3.11
TEST OPERATION
3.1 1.1 The compressor shall be operated at the required conditions for a sufficient period of time to demonstrate that all variableshave stabilized. 3.11.2 When all variableshavestabilized,the test personnelshall take thefirst set of readings of all
~~
A M PTC 10-1997 S E
0757b70. Ob05448 528

COMPRESSORS AND E H U T R X A SE S
Machine Reynolds No. Specified
- Remsp
GENERAL NOTE: 90,000 is cutoff
FIG. 3.5
ALLOWABLE MACHINE REYNOLDSNUMBER CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
DEPARTURES,
essential instruments. Three sets of readings shall be taken during eachtest point.
3.11.3 The minimum duration of a test point, after stabilization,shallbe 15 minutesfromthe start of the first setofreadings to the end of the third set of readings.
3.11.4 When a test is only to verify a single specified condition, the shall consist of two test points test which bracket the specified capacity within a range of 96 percent to 104 percent.
greater of specified capacity). When the compressor is used with a variable speed driver additional points maybe run on selectedspeedlines, provided that an equivalent speed is generated for each operating point selected.
3.11.6 The flow at which surge occurs can be determined by slowly reducing the flow rate at the test speed until indications of unstable or pulsating flow appear. The severity of surge will vary widely as a function of pressure ratio, type of compressor, andcapacitanceofthe piping system. Surge may be identified by noise, fluctuations in the differential pressure of theflow nozzle, or a drop and/or fluctuation of the pressure and/or temperature. When the surge flow has been identified, the flow shouldbeincreasedslightly until stableoperation is restored so that a completesetofperformance be repeated datamaybetaken.Thisprocessmay a second time to demonstrate the reliability of the initial setting. It should be understood that a surge flow established in a shop may test not define the surge conditions which will occur in the field due to
20
3.1 1.5 Whenperformancecurvesare required to verify the complete compressor range of operation, a multipoint test shall be performed. Each point selected along the curve shall be assumed to be a specified point andcheckedforequivalency.This may require a differentequivalent speed for each test point.Usuallyfivepointsshouldbe used to complete a curve. A point shall be taken at approximately the specified capacity. The additional points should consist of one point nearsurge, two points between specified capacity and surge, and one point in the overload range (preferably 105 percent or
S T D - A S M E P T C LU-ENGL
1997
U757b7U Oh05447 ib4

PTC 10-1997
12
11
10
9
$ 8
O .c
LL
.b 8
e
V
p 5
4
3
2 1
O
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8 1.81.61.41.2 2.0 1.0
2.2
2.4 2.82.6
3.0
Reduced Pressure, P,
FIG. 3.6SCHULTZ
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
- FUNCTION
Y VERSUS REDUCED PRESSURE
differences in piping configuration and system response.
3.12
INCONSISTENCIES
3.1 1.7 The choke flow may be determined by gradually opening the discharge throttle valve while maintaining speed and inlet pressure until the flow remains essentially constant with decreasing dischargepressure. If the compressor is to be operatedas an exhauster or tested with an open discharge, the choke flow may be determined by gradually opening the inlet valve whileholding speed anddischarge pressure constant. If choke flow is to bedetermined, the facilities shall be designed so as not to limit maximum flow.
21
3.12.1 Where four independent instruments are used to measure a pressure or temperaturevalue and recorded one observation is inconsistentdue to measurementerror, its value shall be discarded and the value determined from the average of the other three. Where fewer than four independent measuring devices are used, all values shall be used and averaged to determine the measurement value.
3.12.2 The three readings for eachtest point shall be within the fluctuation tolerances listed in Table 3.4.
ASME PTC 10-1997
Reduced Pressure, Pr
FIG. 3.7 SCHULTZ COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
- FUNCTION X VERSUS REDUCED PRESSURE

3.14 TEST LOG SHEETS
3.13
ERRORS A N D UNCERTAINTIES
3.13.1 It should be recognizedthattheresults of the test calculations are subject to error caused by the inaccuracies of the testinstrumentsand/or procedures. It is recommendedthatanuncertainty analysis be made prior to the test to assure that the test objectives can be met. The detailed procedures are given in PTC 19.1 and are discussed in para. 5.7 of this Code.
ofthe
The uncertainty is a measure of the quality as a measure of the quality of the machine.
test andshouldnotbeused
3.13.2
Thetest log sheet shall identifythe compressor manufacturer, model, and serial number. Test location, driver identification, test instruments used, and test date shall be listed. Raw data for each test point shall be recorded as observed on the test log sheet as well as the time of each set of data. Corrections andcorrectedreadings shall belistedseparately in the test report. At the completion of the test the log sheets shall be signed by therepresentatives of theinterested parties. Copies of the complete log sheets shall be furnished to the interestedparties.The test report shall be completed in accordance with the instructions in Section 6.
22
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob0545L 0 1 2 H
ASME PTC 1O- 1997
SECTION 4
- INSTRUMENTSANDMETHODS
MEASUREMENT
OF
4.1 METHODS
4.1.1 The choice of methods provided in this Code will depend on the compressor, thespecified gas, and the type of testselected.
4.2
INSTRUMENTATION
4.2.1 ThePerformance Test CodeSupplements in the PTC 19 series on Instruments Apparatus and provide authoritative information concerning instrumentsand their use and should beconsultedfor such information. Theselection of instrumentation shall be determined by the uncertainty limit requirements of the test as well as suitability forthe test site conditions. The instrument selection shall be justified by calculation that the uncertainty in results meets the statedtest objectives. Instrumentation is required to determine the inlet and discharge gas states, flow rate, and compressor speed. Depending upon the method selected, additional instrumentation may be required to determine test power.
taps displaced 45 deg. from them and at least 12 in. downstream. In special cases when atmospheric conditions satisfytherequirements,thecompressormay be run without an inletpipe as shown in Fig. 4.2. The inlet opening shall be protected with a screen and bellmouth suitably designed to eliminate debris and minimize entrance losses(seepara.4.4).The total inlet pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. Temperature measuring devices shall be located on the screen to measure the temperature of the air stream at thecompressor inlet. Forcompressors with an axial inlet, the impeller may, undersomeconditions, produce a vortex at the pressure station to cause substantial error in the measurement of inlet pressure.Users of this Code, by agreement,mayusevanes suitably designed for low pressure loss to prevent rotation at the pressure taps.Thestaticpressurestationsshall not be less than four pipe diameters upstreamof the compressor flange as shown in Fig.4.3.
4.3
PIPING
4.3.1 The location of the pressure and temperature measuring stations have specificrelation to the compressor inlet and outlet openings. The pipe sizes shall match these openings, Minimum lengths of straight pipe are mandatory for certain pressure and temperature measurement stations and for certain flow devices.Pipearrangementsand allowable exceptions are described in thisSection. Appropriate selectionsshall be made and described in the test report. 4.3.2 Typical inlet piping required for compressors is outlined in Fig. 4.1. The minimum straight length of inlet pipe is determined by what is upstream of the inlet opening, The four staticpressuretapsare a minimum of 24 in. upstream of the inlet opening, Downstream of the pressure taps are temperature four
23
4.3.3 Typical discharge piping required for compressors are outlined in Fig. The 4.1. minimum straight length of discharge pipe required before and after the instrumentation is specified. The four static pressure taps are a minimum of 12 in. downstream of the discharge opening. pressure are The taps followed by the four temperature taps displaced 45 deg. from themand atleast 8 in. downstream. Analternatearrangementmaybe used when a compressor operating as an exhauster on air has a discharge velocity pressure less than 5 percent of the total pressure. In this case thecompressorcan be run without a discharge pipe as shown i n Fig. 4.4. The discharge temperature of the gas stream is measuredat the compressor discharge. When the compressor has a volute that produces unsymmetrical flow at the discharge opening the static pressure taps shall be a minimum of six diameters downstream as shown in Fig. The 4.5. other minimum dimensions are specified in Fig. 4.1. Straightening vanesdesigned for low pressure loss,
S T D B A S M E P T C 1 0 - E N G L L997 W
ASME PTC 10-1997
Bminimum
I
6 in. minimum
12 in. minimum 7
12 in. minimum
r 8 in. minimum
Inlet static
pressure 4 taps spaced 90 deg. apart
L Inlet temperature
4 measuring stations spaced 90 deg. apart (45 deg. from static pressure)
Discharge static pressure 4 measuring taps spaced 90 deg. apart
L Dischargetemperature
4 measuring taps spaced 90 deg. apart (45 deg. from static pressure)
Inlet Opening Preceded By Straight run Elbow Reducer Valve Flow device
Minimum Dimension A
B
30 30 60 IOD 5D
Discharge Opening Followed By Straight run Elbow Reducer Valve Flow device
Minimum Dimension
20 20 30 80 3D
20 20 30
30
30 50 5D 1OD
30
80
For open inlet, see Fig. 4.2. For vortex producing axial inlet, see Fig. 4 3 ..
For open discharge,see Fig. 4.4. For diffusing volutewith unsymmetrical flow, see Fig. 4.5. Discharge Configuration
Inlet Configuration
FIG. 4.1
INLET DISCHARGE AND CONFIGURATION
Protecting screen mesh l . h
Inlet pressure by barometer
4 measuring stations spaced 90 deg. apart
FIG. 4.2 OPEN INLET

24
COMPRESSORS EXHAUSTERS AND
ASME PTC
10-1997
r
Inlet static pressure 4 taps spaced 90 deg. apart
See Fig. 4.1 for
minimum dimensions
1D min
Inlet temperature 4 measuring taps spaced 90 deg. apart (45 deg. from static pressure)
A-
4Dmin.
L Straightener (optional)
See Fig. 4.8, para. 4.5
FIG. 4.3 VORTEX
PRODUCING AXIAL INLET
Dischargetemperature 4 measuring locations spaced 90 deg. apart
Discharge static pressure by barometer (when discharge velocity pressure exceeds 5% of total pressure use discharge pipe arrangement,Fig. 4.1)
FIG. 4.4
OPEN DISCHARGE
as covered in para. 4.5, may used be by mutual agreement to minimize the effect of the unsymmetrical flow. 4.3.4 Figures 4.6 and 4.7 show a typical arrangement for testing with a general closed loop and closed loop with sidestreams.
4.4 PROTECTIVE SCREENS
4.4.1 Compressors operating with an open inlet shall be protected with a screen or filter,suitable
25
for the conditions. In general, a screen on the inlet must be strongenough to prevent collapse in the event of accidental clogging. The mesh of a screen shall be selected to prevent entry of foreign matter which might damage the compressor and impair its performance. Reliable tests cannot be made on atmospheric air laden with dust, oil-fog, paint spray, or other foreign matter which may foul the flow passage of the compressor. Protective screens shall have an open area at least two times that of the compressor inlet or the nozzle pipe. When screens with very smallmesh orfilters are used, inlet pressure
S T D - A S M E PTC L O - E N G L L797
A M PTC 10-1997 S E
0757b70 Ob05454 821 W

AND COMPRESSORS
EXHAUSTERS
Discharge static pressure 4 measuring taps spaced
minimum dimensions
Straightener (optional) See Fig. 4.8, para. 4.5
Discharge temperature 4 measuring taps spaced 90 deg. apart (45 deg. from static pressure)
FIG. 4.5
DIFFUSING VOLUTE DISCHARGE WITH NONSYMMETRIC FLOW
Cooling water inlet temp.
arrangement
and straightener
III
v
FIG. 4.6
Drain pot Gauge
a
Drain tank
TYPICAL CLOSED
LOOP
26
S T D . A S M E P T C LO-ENGL
L777
= 0757b70
O b 0 5 4 5 5 7bB
Flow equalizer measuring straightenerand
Nozzle arrangement (See PTC 19.5)
Y-
Drain pot Drain tank Gauge
-! + i&
II- Cooling I
water inlet temp.
ASME PTC 10-1997
Inlet
Inlet measuring stations (See Fig. 4.1
'
Throttle valve
Nozzle measuring arrangement (See PTC 19.5)
Valves for charging and venting gas
""" jJ
n
I m
Relief valve
-"
equalizerFlow and straightener
LJ
\ Flow nozzle
Drain tank Gauge
- i ?+ l
FIG. 4.7 TYPICALCLOSED LOOP WITH SIDESTREAM
27
S T D * A S M E P T C 20-ENGL L997
A M PTC 10-1997 S E C M R S O S AND EXHAUSTERS O PES R
shall be measured by static taps as provided in Fig.

4.1 for straight pipe. Where screens or filters are used
4.6
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
in a closed loop, precautions such measurement of as the differential pressurearerecommended.
4.5
FLOW STRAIGHTENERS A N D EQUALIZERS
4.5.1 Flow straighteners may be installed by mutual agreementof the parties to the test as shown in Figs. 4.3 and4.5.These flow straightenersmay be (a), where of the simple vanetype,Fig.4.8,sketch L/D will beequal to orgreater thanunity,orof (b), wherethe themultitube type,Fig.4.8,sketch length-diameter ratio of the tube shall be equal to or greater than eight and a maximum tube diameter of I ~ D .
4.6.1 Reference shouldmade be to PTC 19.2, forgeneral information on instruments to measure pressure. the For range of pressures likely to be measured in compressor test, the manometerand the deadweight gage shall be used as standards. Pressure transducers and other pressure measurement devices can be used. These can be calibrated using deadweight testers or manometers. Deadweight testers shall be certifiedby a competent laboratory. Where gage lines are filled with liquids, means shall be provided to measure the liquid level, and a correction shall be applied forunbalanced liquid head.
4.5.2 Flowequalizers shall be installed if required in PTC 19.5. See Fig. 4.8, sketch (c). Flow equalizers shall be a multihole plate,designed to produce a minimum static pressure of drop two times the calculatedvelocity pressure for pipe the section. The total area required of the holes may be determined from the following formula:
Bourdon tubes similar or gages should be selected to operate in themid-range of the scale. The diameters ofthescalesandthearrangement ofthegraduations shall permit easyreading.The temperature of the gage during calibration shall be within 40F of the ambient temperature prevailing during the test.
4.6.2
where Ah= total area ofholes in plate,sq in. A,= area of crosssection or pipe,sq in. q = inlet volume flow, cfm pi= inlet density,Ibmper CU ft Dp= diameter of pipe, in. pp= densityof gas in pipe upstreamofplate, Ibm per CU ft A= pressure drop acrossplate, psi , The plate should contain not less than 50 holes persquare foot of area, uniformly spaced, but not less than 50 holes minimum.
4.5.3 A combined flow equalizer and flow straightener is used with flow nozzleswhererequiredby PTC 19.5. See Fig. 4.8, sketch (dl. The flow straighteas shown in Fig. nershallbethemultitubetype 4.8, sketch (b), preceded by a flow equalizeronehalf pipe diameter upstream. Alternatively threeflow equalizers spaced one pipe diameter apart may be used as shown in Fig. 4.8, sketch (e).
Manometerscanbeeither U-tube orsingle to leg design. Smallboremanometersaresubject appreciable resulting capillary error from forces, variable meniscus,andrestrictedseparationofentrained gas bubbles. These errors vary with the type of fluid, the tubediameter, and the tube cleanliness. Singlelegmanometersshallbecheckedforzero position before and after test. Manometer fluid shall be chemically stable when in contact with the test gasesandmetalparts of the instrument. The specific gravity and the coefficient of temperature expansion of the fluid shall be determined before the test. See PTC 19.2 for further guidance.
4.6.3 4.6.4
Deadweight gages testers be and shall selected to suit the pressure range. Deadweight gages cannotmeasure rapid pressurechangesand where necessarytheyshallbe installed in parallel with a Bourdon tube gage, transducer, or other instrument.
Transducers be shall selected with pressure ranges appropriatefor the expectedtestpressures. Theymustbe calibrated before and after each test. When automated data collection equipment is used with a pressure switching device, and a single transducer, that transducer shall be selected to cover theentirerangeofpressure.Whenusingpressure switching devices, sufficient time between successive switch points shall be allowed so that the transducer pressure will reach equilibrium for the selected pres4.6.5
28
ASME PTC 10-1997
lal Simple-Vane Flow Straightener
L 4 1
(bl Multi-Tube Flow Straightener
(cl Equalizer (PerforatedPlate or Screen)
min.
Id) Combination Equalizer and Straightener
IfD-"-J
(e) Multi-Tube Type Equalizerand Straightener
FIG. 4.8
STRAIGHTENERS AND
EQUALIZERS
29
S T D * A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1777
A M PTC 10-1997 S E
0757b70 O b 0 5 q 5 8 477 W
sure tap. Equilibrium shouldbeverified as part of themeasurementsystemoperatingprocedures. 4.6.6

Velocity pressure shall becomputed on the basis of average velocity. (Seepara. 5.4.3.)
Static pressure shall be taken as the arithmetic average of individual raw observations data from four stations,spaced 90 deg. in the same plane of the pipe. Thediameter of the static hole shall not exceedfour-tenths of the pipe wall thicknessand it should not be greater than in. in normal circumstances.The hole shallbe drilled smoothandfree of burrs. A preferred connection is obtained by welding a coupling to the pipe and then drilling the Total hole. pressure probes be may used to measure pressure at the same stations static the measurements are made. Where the absolute values from four stations differ by more than one percent, the cause shall bedetermined and the condition corrected. See PTC 19.2 forfurtherguidance.
4.6.7
The measurement obtained by a total pressure probe can be influenced to varying extentby spatial location. In the event of significant unresolved differences from the total pressure deducedfrom the static pressure average and velocity,the static-pressurebased result shall prevail.
4.6.10 Barometerreadingsandthetemperature at theinstrument shall berecorded at thebeginning and end of each test point. The instrument shall be located at the site of the test. It shall be protected from weather, direct sunlight, and fluctuating temperature changes. Precautions shall be taken to prevent negativepressures in the vicinity of thebarometer which may be caused by strong winds, compressor intakes, or ventilating fans. The instrument elevation with respect to the compressor shall be determined andpropercorrectionsapplied. See PTC 19.2 for further guidance. 4.6.1 1 Internal pressure measurements are required only if the sectional performance is defined for internal conditions(as an alternative the Code definition in para. 3.5.6). Due to the many configurations of the internal passages in sidestreamcompressors, this Codecannotspecifypreciselywhereor how internal pressure instrumentation may be placed. a As guide, four pressure probes (either static ordynamic) shouldbeinserted in themainstream flow. These probes should be located the incoming sidestream so does not affecttheraw data (see Fig. 4.12). It is usually difficult to makeaccurate internal pressure measurements at a stage discharge since this is normally a region of high velocity with local variations of velocity, flow angle, pressure. and This measurement uncertainty should be reflected in the erroranalysis and in thevalueoftheuncertainty assigned to thesestations.
4.6.8 Inlet pressure i s the total pressure prevailing at the compressor inlet. It i s the sum of thestatic pressure and the velocity pressure.Staticpressure shall be measured as specified for inlet pipes in Figs. 4.1 or 4.3. Whereno inlet pipe is used, as in Fig. 4.2, the inlet total pressure shall be measured by a barometer. Total pressuremaybe directly measured by the use of total probes inserted into the flow stream (such probes shall beproperlyorientedor directionally compensated toinsurepropermeasurement).The measurement obtained by a total pressure probe can be influenced to varying extent spatial location.In by the event of significant unresolved differences from the total pressurededuced from thestaticpressure and average velocity, the static-pressure-based result shall prevail.
4.6.9 Discharge pressure i s thetotal pressureprevailing at the compressor discharge. It shall be taken as the sum of thestaticpressureandthe velocity pressure. Static pressure shall be measured as illustrated in Fig. 4.1. When no discharge pipe i s used, as illustrated in Fig. 4.4, the discharge static pressure shall bemeasured by a barometer. If thevelocity pressure (based on discharge opening area) exceeds 5 percent of thestaticpressure,anopendischarge shall not be used. Total pressuremaybe directly measured by the use of total probes inserted into the flow stream (such probes shall be properlyorientedor directionally compensated to insurepropermeasurement).
30
4.7
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
4.7.1 Reference shouldmade be to PTC 19.3, TemperatureMeasurement,forguidance on instruments for temperature measurement. Temperature shall be measured by thermocouples or mercury-inglass thermometers or other devices with equivalent accuracy.Therange of their scales, the sensitivity, and the required accuracy shall be chosen for each of thesignificant measurements according to the particular need.The following generalprecautions are recommended when making any temperature measurement: the instrument installation should assure that thermal conductance by radiation, convec-
A M PTC 1 O- 1997 S E
tion, and conduction between the temperaturesensitive element and all external thermal bodies (pipe wall, external portions of thermometer wells and thermocouple, etc.) shall be negligible in comparison to the conductance between the sensor and the medium being measured. Insulation of thoseparts of thermometer well, thermocouple sheath, etc., that extend beyond the pipe outsidediameter may be a means of accomplishing this objective if necessary. In somecases, insulation of the pipe wall near the thermometer or possibly insulation of the section of the pipe upstreamof the thermometermaybe necessary. The temperature measuring device shall extend a sufficient distance into the fluid stream to minimize unavoidable conduction of heat. They need not be perpendicular to the wall. Oil or other heatconducting fluid should be used in thermowells to improve heat transfer. Precaution shall be taken to avoid insertion of the temperaturemeasuring device into a stagnant area when measuring the temperature of a flowing medium.
temperature measured is a value between static and total temperature. The velocity temperature is then corrected for the recovery factor and added to the measured observation (see para. 5.4.4). Special temperature probes made to measure total temperature need little or no correction.
4.7.2 When selecting a liquid-in-glass thermometer there maybe a need for an emergent stem correction, Refer to PTC19.3 for further information. 4.7.3 Thermocouples shall have junctions silver brazed or welded. Theselectionofmaterialsshall be suitable for the temperature and the gases being measured. Calibration shall be made with the complete assembly, including the instrument,thereference junction, and the lead wires. If the well is integral with the thermocouple, the well shall also be included in the calibration. 4.7.4 Thermometer wells shall be as small in diameter and with walls as thin as conditions will permit. Wells shall be evaluated for the conditions of anticipated use to determine the time lag and the corrections to be applied. Thermocouples should be welded to the bottom of a well toreduce or minimize the correction for well error.
4.7.5 Resistance temperaturedetectors or thermistors should beselected for the appropriate range. Caution should be taken because some of these deviceshave a relatively slow response time.
4.7.7 Inlet temperature is the total temperature prevailing at the compressor inlet. When the compressor is tested with an inlet pipe, four temperature taps shall be spaced 90 deg.apartand displaced 45 deg. from thestaticpressuresensors(see Figs. 4.1 or 4.3). When machines are assembled with an open inlet as in Fig. 4.2, inlet total temperature is the atmospheric temperature, and shall be measured by it fourinstrumentsattached to the protecting screen. In general, when the 4 (four) raw data observations differ by more than 0.5 percent of the absolute temperature the cause shall be determined and corrected. For low temperaturerisemachinesuncertainty analysis should be used to determine acceptable limits. Variations of more that 0.5 percent caused by factors other than instrument error such as design may require more than 4 (four) measuring stations. 4.7.8 Dischargetemperature i s the total temperature prevailing at the compressor discharge. When a compressor is assembled for test with a discharge pipe,theinstruments shall be located as shown in Figs, 4.1 or 4.5 and spaced 90 deg. apart and displaced 45 deg. from the pressure taps. Where the compressor is operated without a dischargepipe, four instruments shall be anchored to the discharge opening with a suitable projection into the gas stream. When thefour raw data observations differ by more than 0.5 percent of the absolute temperature, the cause shall be determined and corrected. Variationof more than 0.5 percent caused by factors other instrument such than error as design may require more than four measuringstations. 4.7.9 Forsidestreamcompressors, due to the many possible configurations of internal passages, this Code cannot specify where or how internal temperature instrumentation may be placed (see paras. 3.5.5 and 3.5.6). As a guide, four temperature probes shouldbeinserted in the mainstream flow. These probes should be located so the incoming sidestream does not affectthe raw data Fig. (see 4.12). It is usually difficult to make accurate internal temperature measurements at a stage discharge since this is normally a region of high velocity. This measurement
31
4.7.6 Total temperature is the sum of static temperatureand velocity temperature. Where the Mach number is lower than 0.1 1 for gases, or for air where the velocity is below 125 ft/sec, the velocity temperature may be negligible. Normally, the actual
ASME PTC 10-1997
Nozzle temperature
" 4 "
m
I
Nozzle pressure 2 taps spaced 90 dag.
Protecting screen See para. 4.4
SD minimum
FIG. 4.9
INLET NOZZLE ON A N OPEN LOOP
uncertaintyshould be reflected in the uncertainty barometer pressure. Differential pressure i s measured analysisand in the value of the uncertainty assigned from two statictaps located 112Ddownstream of the to these stations. The internal temperature measurenozzle flange. Temperature is measured sensors by ment i s always requiredwhen sidestream and mainat the screen. stream flowsmixinternally.
4.8.4 The nozzle maybeused with anopen discharge: Figs. 4.1 O and 4.1 1 show optional arrange4.8 CAPACITY MEASUREMENTS ments of the flow nozzle on theoutletend of a 4.8.1 Flow be may measured using by an ASME pipe for use where it is convenient to discharge the flow nozzle, concentric square edgeorifice, Herschel gas to atmosphere. For a subcritical flow, the nozzle type venturi tube, or alternative devices of equal or differential pressure, A,, will be lessthan the barometbetteraccuracy.Reference shall be made to PTC ric pressure and it shall be measured fromimpact 19.5, Flow Measurement, for general instruction and tubes, as shown in Fig. 4.10. Wheretheavailable detailed description of the various primary elements gaspressurespermit, the nozzle maybesizedfor and their applications. Otherreferences are provided operation at critical flow. In this case the differential in Appendix D. The interested parties shall mutually pressure will begreaterthanbarometricpressure, agree upon the type of metering device to be used and it shall be measured fromstatictapslocated and the choice shall bestated in the test report. 1 D upstream of the nozzle as indicated in Fig. 4.1 1. In both cases the minimum length of straight pipe 4.8.2 The flow measuring device may be located on precedingthenozzle shall be 1OD andthe pipe either theinlet or discharge side of the compressor. It diameter shall be a minimum of 1.66 times the shall be usedto determine the net capacity delivered, nozzle throat diameter. Temperature measuring staor in the case of an exhauster, the netcapacity 6 tions shall be located 0 upstream. The flow straightexhausted, which excludeslosses by shaftleakage, enerand/or flow equalizer, as described in para. balancing pistons,condensation,andothernormal 4.5, shall be used.Users of these arrangements are leakage that may inherent be in the compressor cautioned to observe the distinction between critical design. Multiple devicesare required for multiple and subcriticalflow. It shouldbenotedthatthe inlet or discharge flow sections. velocityof approach is included in measurements 4.8.3 The nozzle may be used with anopen inlet. made with impact tubes. The nozzle arrangementshown in Fig. 4.9 may be used for the test of compressors as exhausters. The minimum length of straight pipe, following the noz4.8.5 Formulas for calculating mass flow for a zle, shall be equal to five times the pipe diameter, variety of flow measuringdevices as provided in and the pipe diameter shall be a minimum of 1.66 PTC 19.5 shallbeused.Methodsare included for times the nozzle throat diameter. A protecting screen the determination of the discharge coefficient, fluid shall be used in accordance with theinstructions expansion factor, metering and element thermal of para. 4.4. Upstream total pressure is equal to the expansion coefficient for various flow elements.
32
S T D - A S N E P T C 1 0 - E N G L L797
AND COMPRESSORS
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 ObOSLIbL T b l
PTC 10-1997 Nozzle pressure One impact tube for d 5 5 in. act tubes for d > 5 in.
Nozzle temperature 2 measuring stations spaced 90 deg.
Flow equalizer and straightener (See Fig. 4.9)
Not greater than
20
Il
II
1.. .
" " " "
.-
Il II
====
" " " "
r1
I.
II
I I
Efzz
" "
0.23d
4
1OD minimum
SPECIAL NOTE: d not morethan 0.6D for any nozzle arrangement
FIG. 4.10
DISCHARGE NOZZLE
ON AN OPEN LOOP, SUBCRITICAL FLOW
Nozzle temperature 2 measuring stations
spaced
deg-
7
1ODminimum
Nozzle pressure 2 measuring stations spaced 90 deg.
, - / , - -
""-I
FIG. 4.11
DISCHARGE NOZZLE ON AN OPEN LOOP, CRITICAL FLOW
4.9
CAS COMPOSITION
4.9.1 The test gas must be defined. At the minimum, sampling will betaken at the start and end of each test. 4.9.2 Special precautions shall be taken when testingwith the closed loopto eliminate all liquids from the gas stream and static instrument lines. When dealing with gas mixtures subject to variation, samples shall be taken at eachtest point andbe analyzed by spectrographic, chromatographic, or chemical methods. The sample shall be taken from the piping such that there i s no condensation before
33
the compressor or the sampling points. This analysis shallconsist of identification of theconstituents,a measure of mole percent of each and evaluation of the molecular weight. If the test gas is air no samples arenecessary. However, relative humidity or dewpoint shall be measured during eachtest point.
4.9.3 Note that while the gas under test conditions may not exhibit condensation, the gas in the instrumentlines will be cooler (.e., room temperature) and, under some conditions, condensation could occur.
ASME PTC 10-1997
4.1 O SPEED MEASUREMENT 4.10.1 Instruments shall be selected to provide a continuous indication of speed fluctuation where variable speed drivers are used. Use of two independentinstruments,one to provide a check on the other, i s alsorecommended. 4.10.2 Thespeed of a compressor drivenby synchronous motors may be determined from the number of poles in the motor the and frequency of thepower systems. If gearsareusedbetweenthe measuring point and the compressor shaft, the speed ratio shall be computed from a count of the number of teeth. 4.10.3 Detailed instructions on speed measuring instrumentation is given in PTC 19.1 3, Measurement of RotarySpeed.
torque meters shall be of a type suitable for calibration. The torsion member shall be selected for readability and accuracy at the speed andload prevailing during test.
4.14
SHAFT POWER BY ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
4.1 1 TIME MEASUREMENT

4.11.1 The and date time of day at which test readings taken are shall be recorded on all data records.
4.14.1 The power shaft inputto a motor driven compressormay be computedfrommeasurements of the electrical input to the motor terminals under certainconditions. Thepowerrequirement ofthe compressor should be above mid-point of the motor rating.Theoutputof a motorshallbecalculated bysubtractinglossesfrom the measured electrical input,or as the product of input andefficiency. Efficiency shall be determinedbyan input-output test where output is measured on a calibrated dynamometer or other appropriate device. For efficiency determination, the supply line voltage used for calibration shall the be same as that used for the compressor test. 4.14.2 Efficiency determination by input-output measurements may not be practical for large motors. For large motors the loss method may be used. The segregated losses of an induction motor shall include friction and windage, core loss, 12R loss of the rotor and the stator, and a load loss. These measurements shall be made in accordance with current ANSI standards. 4.14.3 The electric power input to the motor shall bemeasured bytheinstrumentsconnectedatthe motorterminals.Thedetailedinstructionsforthe measurement of electrical power are as given in IEEE 120. The indicating electric meters should be selected to readabove one-third of the scalerange. 4.14.4 Calculations of electrical power shall include calibration corrections for the meter and current transformers. The transformers shall be measured for ratio and phase angle at the loadconditions prevailing during thetest.
4.12
METHODS O SHAFT POWER F MEASUREMENT
4.12.1 The shaft power input at the compressor shaft maybemeasured dicoupling orthedrive rectly by: (a) torque meters (b) reaction mounted drivers or evaluated from: (c) measurementof electricalinput to a driving motor (d) a heat balance method (e) heat input to a loop cooler
The precautions, limitations, and thepermiseach of these methods are described separately. users select Code shall the method best suited the for application. Detailed instruction on the measurement of shaft power will be found in PTC 19.7, Measurement of Shaft Power.
4.1 2.2
sible applicationsfor
4.15 4.13
SHAFT POWER BY TORQUE MEASUREMENTS
SHAFT POWER BY HEAT BALANCE MEASUREMENTS
4.1 3.1 Torque may be directly measured by devices interposed between the installed in a drive shaft driver and the compressor. For tests under this Code, 34
4.15.1 When it i s not possiblepractical or to measure shaft power bydirect means, it may be computed measured from values of thecapacity, gas properties at inlet and discharge, heat exchange
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL
L977
0759b70 ObU5qb3 839
m
ASMEPTC 10-1 997
k-
Location C
Location A
Location B
GENERAL NOTE: Mainstream instrumentation to be located between stations and B. A
FIG. 4.12
TYPICAL SIDESTREAM INLET AREA
through the casing, mechanical losses, and gas leakage loss from the shaft seals. 4.15.2
Methods to account for mechanical losses are discussed in para. 4.18. External heat loss from
the casing may be evaluated para. 4.1 7.
''
with
4.15.3
The balance heat method shall be used with the following precautionsand limitations. (a) The inlet and discharge temperatures shall be measured with instruments suitably selected and applied toprovide combined accuracy within 1 percent of the temperature rise. When the rise is less than SOOF, consideration should be given to direct mea35
surement of the temperature rise (such with differas entia1 thermocouples). Evidence of nonuniform temperature distribution more than 2 percent of the temperature rise at either the inlet or the discharge measurement station, may require one of the following procedures be used at the offending measurement station: (7) Apply insulation to the piping upstream of the temperature measurement station in an effort to minimize thermal gradient. If successful, the temperature measurement installation need not be changed. (2) Move the temperature measurement station away from the compressor and add pipe insulation. This might be particularly effective when temperature
'STD-ASME
P T C 10-ENGL L 7 7 7 W 0757b70 Ob054b4
770
ASMEPTC 10-1 997
stratification causes the problemat a compressor discharge. (3) Perform a temperature traverse usingO loca1 tions along each of two diametral traverse lines spaced 90 deg. apart at the same pipe crosssection.The 1 O sensing locations along each traverse should line correspond closely the average radii of five annular to regions of equal area which comprise the entirepipe cross section. (The central region actually would be a circular rather than annular area.) The measured temperature would be the averageof the individual 20 measurements. (b) In sidestream machines, whereinternal temperature measurements areto be made,ideally four locations should be used. However, this may not prove to be practical. all cases, the upstream temperatures In of the two streams mixing internally shouldbe meathe sured, A measurement of downstream mixed temperature would be unreliable and should not used be for calculationpurposes dueto inherent poor internal mixing conditions in a machine. (c) Temperature equilibrium shallbeestablished before starting the test reading. Acceptable equilibrium will be demonstrated by six or more readings, uniformly timed, fora period not than 1 O minutes, less during which the temperature rise drift does not exceed 5 percent of the temperature rise. (cf) The heat losses due radiation and convection to expressed in percent of total shaft power shall not exceed 5 percent. (See para. 4.1 7.) (e) The inlet gas conditions shall have a minimum of 5 deg. superheat for Type 2 tests.
fluctuation of the temperature rise by not more than 1 percent of the temperature rise. (b) The cooling fluid flow meter shall be selected and calibrated to maintain the uncertainty within limit 1/2 percent at test conditions. (c) The cooling fluid flow rate shall be regulated so that the temperature rise i s not less than 20F. (d) Two or more temperature measuring devices shall be used at each cooling fluid inlet and outlet. (e) Spinners or similar devices shall be used to insure thorough mixing of the outlet stream prior to temperature measurement. (0 The heat losses dueto radiationand convection from the gas loop piping, the compressor,and the cooler shall not exceed 5 percent of the total shaft power. It is recommended that the piping between the compressor discharge flange and the cooler inlet be insulated. (g) Temperature equilibrium shall be established before starting the test reading. Acceptable equilibrium will be demonstrated by six or more readings, less uniformly timed, fora period not than 1 O minutes, during which the temperature rise drift does not exceed 5 percent of the temperature rise.
4.17
HEAT LOSS
4.16
SHAFT POWER BY HEAT EXCHANGER
METHODS
4.16.1 When it is not possible or practical to measure shaft powerdirectly or by a compressor heat balance, and a heat exchanger is incorporated in the test arrangement, the heat transferred to the cooling watermaybeused todeterminethenet compressor shaft power. 4.16.2 Methods to account the for mechanical losses are discussed in para. 4.18. External heat loss from thecasing, piping, and cooler may be evaluated in accordance with para. 4.17. 4.16.3 The exchanger heat methodshallbeused with the following precautionsand limitations. (a) The cooling fluid supply shall be stablein pressure and temperature so that the fluctuation of flow rates will not deviate more than 2 percent and the
4.17.1 When using either the heat balance or heat exchanger method for determining power, it is recommended heat that loss be minimized by the application of a suitable insulating material. If the compressedgastemperature rise is less than S O O F , the inlet piping, compressor casing, and exit piping shall be insulated atleast to the measuring station. Theexternalheat loss fromthecompressorcasing andconnecting piping may be computed with acceptable accuracy measurements the from of exposedsurfacearea, the average temperature of the surface, and the ambient temperature. Where a hot surfacetemperaturevarieswidely, as in large multistage compressors, it is advisable to divide the casing into arbitrary sections and determine the area and temperature of each separately, and thus obtain anapproximateintegratedaveragetemperaturefor the total surface. 4.1 7.2 Where cooling occurs between the inlet and outlet measuring stations as part of the compressor design, measurement of temperatures and flow rates of cooling the fluids are required. Examples are compressors incorporatingcooled diaphragms, interstage coolers, or aftercoolers as part of the compressorpackage being tested.
36
ASME PTC 10-1997
4.18
MECHANICAL LOSSES
4.18.1 When practical,the heat equivalent of the mechanical losses (integral gears, bearings, and seals) shall be determined from thetemperaturerise of the cooling fluid. The quantity of fluid flowing shall be determined by calibrated flow meters.Theheat equivalent of the external losses as well as the frictional loss in the mechanical seals, if used, shall be determined and included in the total mechanical losses. Where the mechanical losses are well known and documented, the calculated values or those values determined from prior testing may be used by agreement by testparties. 4.18.2 Where speed changing gears (not part of the compressor)areusedbetween a driver and a compressor, and shaft power is measured on the input side of the gear, it willbe necessary to subtract the friction and windage loss of the gear to obtain the shaft power input to the compressor.Thegear power loss to the lubricating fluid may be determined by measuring the flow rate and the temperature rise. The additional external loss to the atmosphere may be determined by the methods of para. 4.17. When gear loss measurements are made on an independent geartest, care should be taken to assure that the load, lubricating oil temperature, viscosity, and flow ratesare similar to those for the compressortest.
4.1 9.2 Pressure measurement devices (Bourdon tube gages and transducers, etc.) shall be calibrated with a deadweight standard manometer at approxor imately 5 percent intervals for the anticipated measurementrange. Instruments affected by temperature shall be calibrated in the same temperature range prevailing during their use. 4.1 9.3 Temperature measurement devices (thermocouples, mercury-in-glass thermometers, RTDs, thermisters, etc.) shall be calibrated with certified standards at 20 percent intervals the measurement for range. The standard shall be suitable for the measurement range of the instruments to be calibrated. Procedures described in PTC 19.3, Temperature Measurement, shall be followed for checking the accuracy of temperature measuring instruments. Thermocouple calibration checksshall include the hot junction, the lead wires, the and indicating instrument. RTDs and thermisters shall be calibrated with the total system. 4.19.4 Instruments for measuring electric power such as wattmeters, ammeters, and voltmeters shall be calibrated with primary standards. The zero adjustments shall be checked. They shall be examined for pivot friction. Instruments showing pivot friction shall not be used. Dynamometer may types be calibrated on either ac or dc current. Current transformersshall be measured for transformation ratio and phase angle at the range of burdens prevailing in the circuit during the test. The transformation ratio of potential transformers shall be measured at theapproximate primary voltage and frequency prevailing during the test. 4.19.5 Torque meters shall be calibrated by applying torque with certified standard weights, load cells, or other appropriate devices spaced to cover the working range. For strain gage types, the calibration shall include the brushes, leadwires, and the indicating instrument.
4.1 9INSTRUMENT
CALIBRATION
4.19.1 All instrumentsused for measurement shall be currently certified by comparison with appropriate standards before the test. Those instruments subject to change in calibrations due to use, handling,or exposure to injurious conditions, shall be compared again with standardsafter the test.
37
ASME PTC 10-1997
OF SECTION 5 - COMPUTATION RESULTS

percent one in efficiency and two percent in discharge specific volume. 'The ideal gas equation of The Calculation The process Of state, 14dPv = RT, and the corresponding derived establishing compressor performance from test data equations in Tables and may be involves a number of calculation steps. This Section For gases with variable specific heats, average is presented in the following chronological order: properties are calculated at the arithmetic mean
5.1
FORMAT
Perfect or real gas treatment is selected. temperature. section The appropriate test speed is calculated if a Type 5.2.1.2Schultz Method. Thegas may be treated 2 test is to be performed. as a real gas using the method of Schultz [see 0 The raw test data is processed. Ref.(D.1311 when the compressibility functions are 0 Test performance is calculated. known. Thereal gas equation of state, 144pv = 0 Test performance is expressed in dimensionless ZRT, andthecorresponding derived equations of form. Tables 5.2 to 5.4 are used. The arithmetic mean 0 Reynolds number correction is applied. between inlet and discharge conditions shall be used 0 The corrected dimensionless expressions are used for evaluating compressibility, specific heat, X and to predict performance at specified operatingconY. TheSchultzmethod is normally used when the ditions. discharge conditions are unknown and anestimate The important subject of uncertainty is treated of the polytropic exponent, n, is needed. Iteration separately. The section format is intended to guide is required to obtain the arithmetic mean conditions. the user in basic calculation procedure andto present Thecurves provided for X (Fig. 3.6) and Y (Fig. the necessary equations. Appendix E is provided as 3.7) are for reference. They were derived from the a background theory source and further explanation generalized compressibility charts. Specificvalues of the equations. of X and Y may be developed for any test or specified gas composition.
0 0
5.2
COMPUTATIONALMETHODS AND REAL GASES
FOR IDEAL
5.2.1 Choice of Methods. The test and specified gases maybetreated as eitherperfect or realdepending upon their respective thermodynamic behavior. For thepurposes of thisCode ideal gases are those which fall within the limits of Table 3.3. Gases which exhibit deviations beyond these limits are considered real. Three distinct treatments of gases are recognized in the computational procedures. The appropriate choice will depend upon theselected gas, knowledge of its properties, the and desired accuracy.
5.2.1.3 Tabulated Properties Equation and of State Methods. Pure gases and gas mixtures for which tabulated data properties exist may be treated as real gases. There are many gas property correlation equations of state for pure components and gas mixtures. Many of the generalized equations of state provide sufficiently accurate predictions of gas properties to be used in conjunction with the calculation methods. The use of either of thesemethods will require iterative procedures to satisfy the equations in Tables 5.2 to 5.4.
the limits imposed h Table 3.3. 'Th;! table limik are defined so that the use of ideal gas laws will introduce maximum uncertainty of approximately
39
5.3.1
establishingtheperformance be testedcanbethespecified
Test Gas Selection. The gas to be used in of thecompressor to operating gas or a
MME PTC 10-1997
0757b70 Ob054b7 4 8 T W
TABLE 5.1
IDEALGASDIMENSIONLESS
Parameter Flow coefficient
PARAMETERS
Eq. No.
Assumption
Mathematical Description at Test Operating Conditions
Work input coefficient
[5.1T-21
[Pinlsp = [PinIr
Isentropic work coefficient
-RT;.
-31 15.1
k-1
IPslsp = [PJf Rm e,,
Polytropic work coefficient

[Pdf =
I5.1 T-41
where nt =
[1-
(5.1T-51
In
PiTd
Isentropic efficiency
[%If =
Polytropic efficiency
hplf
Total work
input coefficient
See Table 5.3
For ideal gases with constant specific heats
k.1
and,
[rlplr
GENERAL NOTE:Appropriate units must be chosenrender the parameters dimensionless. to Further explanation of the equationsis available in Appendix E.
40
ASMEPTC 10-1997
TABLE 5.2 REAL GASDIMENSIONLESS

Parameter Description Mathematical at
!
PARAMETERS
Eq. No.
[5.2T-1j
Test Operating Conditions
Assumption
4sp
coefficient Flow
4f
Work input coefficient
where [ndr =
[T]
In vd t
15.2T-41
(5.2T-51
and f, =
Polytropic work coefficient
Irplr =
where nt =
[T] In
vd I
[5.2T-7j
Isentropic efficiency
[ d r =
hd
[5.2T-8]
[vSlsp= I
d t
Remccllr
- hi
[Table continued on next pagel
41
PTC
ASME
1O- 1997
TABLE 5.2 (CONT'D)

REAL GAS DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
ParameterTest at Mathematical Operating Description Conditions
Polytropic efficiency
Eq. No.
Assumption
Total input work coefficient
See Table 5.3
GENERAL NOTE: Appropriate units must chosen to render the parameters dimensionless. Further explanationthe equationsis available be of in Appendix E.
gas which allows for similarity testing at equivalent conditions.

5.3.2 Test Speed Selection. The volume ratio limitation of Table 3.2 may be met by controlling the test speed. The appropriate test speed i s calculated from
.e.,
(E)
1
where
The Machine Reynolds correction, number is explained in para. 5 6 3 ... R,, e m , In order to apply theseequations it is necessary to know thepolytropic exponent, which is a function of polytropic efficiency. Foranygas,
[5.3.61
n l) ( :
and,
Foran
ideal gas,
n
"
n- 1
-T
k
p E
i5.3.71
For a real gas usingtheSchultzmethod, with the restriction that,

1 Y-m(l
k"1t
= 1r"lsp
[5.3.4]
n =
+x)
I5.3.81
42
L777
0757b70 Ob05Y70
T7Y
ASME PTC 1 O- 1997
where
=
?(L+ x)
C TP P
[5-3.91
60th the test and specified operating condition &iciencies are known only approximately beforethe test. Where no better approximation is available, they may be estimated from value, design the
5.4.2.3 Fluctuation. Threeormorereadingsare used to obtain the test point. The allowable fluctuation of the readings is shown in Table The 3.4. fluctuation is computed by taking the differences of the highest reading and the lowest reading and dividing the average of all the readings*
AF=
1 O0 (AH - AL)
15.4.1 1
where TestSpeed Validation. When the actual test conditions differ from the estimated values, the most appropriate test speed will depart from the previously calculated testspeed.Some deviation is allowable. The speed test is acceptable when the deviation satisfies the limits of Table 3.2.
5.3.3
AF=
fluctuation expressed in
YO (Table 3.4)
AH= highest reading
AL= lowest reading Ai= ith reading

n= total number of readings
If the fluctuation values of Table 3.4aresatisfied,

thenthe point i s assumed to be valid.
5.4
5.4.2.4 Test Point Data. The individual readings and are summed divided by the total number of readings to establish average. average an This is Performance at the test conditions is calculated then used as the test point data. by the following procedures. 5.4.2.5 Total Conditions. Gas static state test point data shall converted be to total condition values for the computational procedure.This does not preclude final presentation in terms of static conditions, but total values are used in the intermediate computations. The relationship between staticand total properties is velocity dependent.Average total properties are estimated herein from the average velocity at the measurement station. Theaverage velocity at the measurement station is given by
CALCULATIONS FOR TEST OPERATING CONDITIONS
5.4.1 Raw Data Acceptability. Theobserved data shall be checked for compliance with the limitations imposed in Sections 3 and 4. See PTC 19.1 for guidance on examining data for outliers. 5.4.2
Processing Data. Raw Acceptable raw data
shall be processed to provide values to be used in

the computation of results.
5.4.2.1 Calibrations and Corrections. Applicable instrument and system calibrations shall be applied to the raw data. The need corrections andcalibrafor tions arises from both the indicating system components and measurementtechnique. Rawdata shall be corrected as required based on: (a) instrument and instrument system calibrations (b) liquid legs in pressure measurement lines (c) temperature effects (d) thermometer emergent stem corrections (e) local gravitational variation
5.4.2.2 Data Conversion. The corrected raw data is then averaged from the total number of observations (raw data)ateachmeasurementstation. This averaged data becomes the reading. The reading i s then converted to absolute units of pressure, temperature,etc,
43
Simplified methods for converting between static and total conditions at low Fluid Mach numbers are presented in the following paragraphs. A refined method for higher Mach numbers is given in Appendix G. The Fluid Mach numberfor ideal gases is given by
ASME PTC 10-1997
M =
The test total temperature is calculated from the measured temperature taking into account the effect of recovery factor.
5.4.3 Pressure Test 5.4.3.1 Simplified Method. For measurement station Fluid Mach numbers of 0.2 or less the effects of compressibility are small, A good approximation of velocity pressuremaybe obtained by assuming incompressible flow at the measurement station and calculating an approximate density from themeasuredstaticpressure and measuredtemperature. Thus
5.4.4.2 Simplified Method. The difference between total and statictemperaturesmay be evaluated from
[5.4.61
This equation is accurate for ideal gases (using an average c&. It is less accurate for real gases and should be used with caution for real gases for Fluid Mach numbersabove 0.2 (see Appendix G). The above equation and the definition of recovery factor rf combine to give
Va, = ~ / 6 0 p A
15.4.31
5.4.3.2 Refined Method. For cases where the measurement station Fluid Mach number exceeds 0.2, or when abetter average velocity estimate is desirable, the refined method of Appendix G may be used. This method is based upon the assumption of uniform compressible flow at the measurement station. 5.4.4 Temperature Test 5.4.4.1 Recovery Factor. The temperature indicated by a sensing element is normally a value somewhere between the static and total temperature, depending upon the ability of the sensor to recover the converted kinetic energy of the gas stream. This ability is defined in terms of a recoveryfactor,
5.4.4.3 Refined Method. For cases where the measurement station Fluid Mach number exceeds 0.2 for areal gas, the discussion in Appendix G gives guidelines for more accurate methodsfor relating total temperature to measured temperature. For cases involving extreme variation from ideal gas behavior,such as near the critical point, the total temperature may differ greatly from the value indicated by para. 5.4.4.1 and the methods outlined in Appendix G should be used.
5.4.4.4 TestDischargeTemperatureFromShaft Power. An alternative method for determining test discharge temperature is discussed in para. 5.4.7.6.
5.4.5TestDensityandSpecificVolume. Thetest total density is calculated from the test total pressure and total temperature as
[5.4.81
for ideal gases, and, The recovery factor i s primarily dependent upon geometric configuration, orientation, and Fluid Mach number. Standardized Performance Test Code wells (PTC 19.3) used at velocities below 300 fthec have a recovery factor for air equal to 0.65. Recovery factors for various sensors may be available from the instrument manufacturer.
44
[5.4.9]
for real gases. The test total specific volume is the reciprocal of the total density
ASME PTC 10-1997
v, = Pt
[5.4.10]
where
[Coutwh - Lnwhl
5.4.6 Test Flow Rate. The measured flow rate is calculated according to theformulas applicable to the indicating instrument used. In somecasessecondary flows such as leakages may be wholly calculated ratherthanmeasured when mutually acceptable methodsareavailable,
indicates the sum of mass flow rate-enthalpy products for all flows crossingthesectionboundaries. QI i s the heat transferfrom the section boundaries. 5.4.6.1 Mass Flow Rate. Test flow rates exare Shaft power i s the sum of gas power plus any pressed as mass rate of flow at thestation of interest.parasitic losses,
Psh,
5.4.6.2 Volume Flow Rate. This Code uses a flow rate definition in the calculation process which has the units of volume flow rate. It is
Pg, i Pparasitic, -
[5.4.14]
q=where
[5.4.11]
5.4.7.3 Heat Exchanger Method. Closed loop heat input tests are a form of the heat balance method.The gas power is given by,
mass flow rate P= total density This definition is consistent with the use of total properties in the calculation procedure. It does not represent the actual local volume flow rate because it is based upon total rather than static density. All references to calculated volume flow rate imply this definition unless otherwise stated.
W=
Pg,
= [wwcpW (r2
- tl) + Qr
Qextl
- [5.4.15] 33000
where
W,=
cooling fluid mass rate of flow cooling fluid specific heat
C' P ,
t2= cooling fluid outlet temperature

= cooling fluid inlet temperature heattransfer from the section boundaries QIxt= other external heat loss equivalent, for example,sealleakage
tl
5.4.7 Power. Test The calculation of test power depends upon the method of measurement. Both shaft power and gas power may be of interest. Shaft power is the power input to thecompressor drive shaft.Gas power is the power delivered to the gas in the section(s1 of interest. 5.4.7.1 Shaft Power Methods. When power input i s measured by instrumentssuch as a torque meter, dynamometer, or calibrated motor, the shaft power is calculated using the appropriate formula. Gas power is calculated by subtracting the parasitic losses from the shaft power (seepara. 5.4.7.5 for parasitic losses).
Psh,
Qr=
5.4.7.4Casing Heat Transfer. The externalheat loss or gain from the section be may computed from measurements of the exposed surface area, the average temperature of the surface, and the ambient temperature from
Qr
= I A tc -. S
ta)
hl60
15.4.1 61
= measured value
5.4.7.2 Heat Balance Method. Gas power is calculated from theFirstLaw of Thermodynamics applied to the compressor section of interest, yielding
where Sc= heat transfer surface area of exposed compressor and adjoining pipe forsection of interest tc= casing surface temperature ta= ambient temperature hr= coefficient of heattransfer for area (combined convection and radiation) Where the surface casing temperature varies widely, the accuracy of this calculation may be improved by treating small areas of the surface
45
ASME PTC 1O- 1997
0757b70 Ob05q73 783 W

COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS Pg = Psh
separately and summing the results. See paras. 41 5, . 4.16, and 4.17.
5.4.7.5 Parasitic Losses. Parasitic losses the are difference between shaft power and gas power for the section(s) of interest. are They comprised of mechanical losses other and power requirements which do not contribute to theenergyriseofthe gas in thesection of interest,
- Ppararitic
[5.4.19]
(b) Calculate the enthalpy rise from thegas power
(7 h Qr)
33000
yielding
Pparasitic
Pmech
Pother
15.4.1 71
(a) Mechanical Losses. Mechanical lossesare always considered to be parasitic losses. Those losses due to lubricated gears, bearings, seals, etc., may be estimated from the lubricating oil temperaturerise. etc., Othermechanical losses from seals, bearing, which do not contribute the lubricating oil temperato ture rise shall be determined separately. That portion of the mechanical loss evident in the lubricating oil temperature rise is given by:
(c) Determinethedischargestagnationtemperature from the calculated discharge stagnation enthalpy and discharge stagnation pressure, according to the properties of the gas.
NOTE: An iterative calculation is required for real gases.
5.5
Prnech
DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
= [wcpAtl 33000
[5.4.18]
The following dimensionless parameters are calculated for the test conditions to provide verification that the limits of Table 3.2 havebeenmet.
5.5.1
where mass flow rate of the lubricating or sealing fluid cp= specific heat of the lubricating orsealing fluid At= temperature rise of the lubricating or sealing fluid (b) Other Parasitic Losses. When the shaft power method is used, powersuppliedtodriveauxiliary equipment is treated as parasitic. Also, power supplied to sectionsof a multisection compressor other than the section being tested i s considered parasitic. When the heat balance method is used, and total shaft power i s defined to include power to drive auxiliary equipment, theauxiliary power requirement is treated as parasitic.
W=
Machine Mach Number. The Machine Mach number is given by

M m = U/ai
i5.5.1 I
For ideal gases,
Forrealgases,
=
di
Yi
=G
(5.5.31
5.4.7.6 AlternateMethod For Determining Test DischargeTemperature. For cases where thedischarge temperature cannot be measured with sufficient accuracy, it may be possible to obtain a value from the measuredshaft power. Themethod is as follows: fa) Calculate gas power from the shaft power measurement
46
5.5.2 Machine Reynolds Number. The Machine Reynoldsnumber is given by

Rem = Ublu
[5.5.41
(a) For Centrifugal Compressors
U= velocity at the outer blade tip diameter of

the first impeller, ft/sec
b= first stage impeller exit width, ft
ASME PTC
10-1997
kinematic viscosity of the gas at inlet conditions,ft2/sec (b) For Axial Compressors U = velocity at first stage rotor blade outer diameter,ft/sec b= chord at tip of first stage rotor blade, ft v = kinematic viscosity of the gas, ft2/sec
Y=
5.6.1 Single The Section Compressor
5.6.1.1 Description. Thesinglesectioncompressor from inlet to outlet measurement stations experiences no gas cooling other than natural radiation and convection. No gas flow is added or removed other than that lost through seal or balance piston leakage. No condensationoccurs.
5.6.1.2CalculationProcedureforSingleSection Compressors. The first step i s to calculate the following values: (a) flow coefficient (b) work input coefficient (c) polytropic work coefficient (d) polytropic efficiency (e) total work input coefficient The equationsneeded todo this are shown in Tables 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3, and are explained in detail in Appendix E. Some of these parameters are subject to correction for the difference in Machine Reynolds number between test and specified operating conditions, as explained in para. 5.6.3. The right-hand columns show the relationship between the test and specified condition values. The second step is an interpolation process. Compressor performance at a single specified condition operating point is determined from at least two bracketing test points. To perform the interpolation, the specified operating condition dimensionless parametersaretreated as functions of the specified operating condition flow coefficient. Thespecified operating condition dimensionless parameters for each point may be plotted as shown in Fig. 5.1. A smooth curve i s drawn connecting the data points. For two pointsthis is simply linear interpolation. Improved data interpolation may bepossible with additional test points and nonlinear curve fitting. The third step is to establish the compressor performance in dimensionlessterms at the specified operating condition flow of interest. To do this, a specified operating conditionflow coefficient is calculated from the flow rate, speed, and inlet conditions of interest. The remaining dimensionless performance parameters are defined from the interpolation process of step 2. This information is simply read from the curves of Fig. 5.1 at the flow coefficient of interest. The compressor performance the speciat fied operating conditionpoint of interest is now defined in dimensionless terms. The fourth step is to calculate the compressor performance in the desired dimensional form. This is done by solving the dimensionless parameter 47
5.5.3Specific VolumeRatio. The specific volume ratio is the ratio of inlet to discharge total specific volume.
5.5.4 Volume Flow Ratio. The volume flow ratio between any two points x and y in thesection is given by
Forcompressors without sidestreams the inlet to discharge volume flow ratio is limited by the specific volume ratio limit. Forsidestreamcompressors the volume flow ratio limits of Fig. 3.2 also apply.
5.5.5 Flow given by
Coefficient. The flow coefficient is
where wrotors the mass flow rate which enters the i rotor and i s compressed. It differs from the measured mass flow rate by the amount of leakage and sidestream flow which occursbetweenthe rotor entry and the flow measurement station. FigureE.2 gives a schematic representation of mainstream, sidestream, andleakageflows.
5.6 CALCULATIONS FOR SPECIFIED OPERATING CONDITIONS

Performance at specified conditions is calculated
by the following procedures. Certain additional dimensionlessparametersare calculated for the test conditions andextended to specified conditions.
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L997 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05975 55b

ASME 10-1997
TABLE 5.3
TOTAL WORK INPUT COEFFICIENT, ALL GASES

Parameter at Mathematical Operating Conditions Test Description
Total input work coefficient (Note (heat balance method)
Eq. No.
(1 ) I
llspwmption
(Pd coefficient input Total work (heat balance method)
[arlt=
- fpdtie)33000
It
[5.3T-21
1S1p = Iadlt nhr
GENERAL NOTE Appropriate units must chosen to render the parameters dimensionless. Further explanation equationsis available be of the in Appendix E. NOTE (1 1 This equation applies to a particular model as presented in Appendix E, para. E.3.12. Some of the terms may not apply in a particular case. Additional terms may apply. The analysis of para. E.3.12 may be followed to develop appropriate equations.
equationsforthosequantitiesofinterest.Typical equationsused to do this areshown in Table 5.4. Forexample, to calculate the discharge pressure at the specified condition flow the following steps are taken: (1 ) the pressure ratio is calculated from the now known specified operatingcondition polytropic efficiency and polytropic work coefficients, and (2) the discharge pressure is the product of this pressure ratio and the specified operating condition inlet pressure.
5.6.2 The
Multisection Compressor
5.6.2.1 Description. A multisection compressor is a compressor which may be treated as a number of individual singlesectioncompressorsoperating in series.The output from eachsinglesection provides input to the next section. The section boundaries may be drawn to exclude intermediate components such as externalheatexchangers. The following conditions shall bemet to treat a compressor as a multisection compressor.
48
(a) It shall be possibleto gather testinformation for each single sectionas though it were an independent single section compressor. That the test speed, is, flow rate, and inlet and outlet states must be available for each single section. In the special case of sidestream mixing internally in a compressor, the inlet mixed condition shall be determined fromthe inlet states of theincoming streams. (b) When a component such asanexternal heat exchanger exists between sections, the performance of that component shall be known for specified operating conditions. (c) Differences in the intermediate component performance between test and specified operating conditions shall have negligible or known a effect upon the single section performance. That is, a negligible or known effect upon the dimensionlessperformance parameters.
5.6.2.2 Calculation Method for Multisection Compressors. The specified operatingcondition per-
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-EFJLL
L197
= 0759b70
ObU5q7b q92
m
ASME PTC 10-1 997
I m p
Test F
FIG. 5.1
SPECIFIED CONDITION CAPACITY COEFFICIENT FOR SPECIFIED CONDITION CAPACITY OF INTEREST
formance for multisection compressors is calculated from the specified operating condition performance of the individual calculated sections. The basic calculation procedure for each section is the same as for singlesection tests.Thetest data for eachsection is reduced to the form of dimensionless performance parameters which apply at thespecified operating conditions. The performance of the section first is calculated just as is done for a singlesection compressor. This yields the discharge conditions from the first section. If an intermediate component such as an intercooler exists before the next section entry, the
49
effects onflow rate and gas are state taken into account. For a heat exchanger these effects are temperature reduction, pressuredrop,andcondensateremoval. For the case of mixed streams see para. E.5. The resulting condition becomes the specified operating condition gas state at the entry to the second section. The flow coefficient calculated from the known flow rate becomesthe interpolating flow coefficient for the second section. The calculation process is repeated through the second section, remaining intermediate componentsand sections, and on to the final discharge. It i s not necessary that an intermediate
ASME 10-1 997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05977 329
PTC
TYPICAL CONVERSION
Parameter Mathematical Description at
Rotor mass flow rate
TABLE 5.4 O DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS F

Test Operating Conditions
Eq. No.
~wmorlsp=
~p
~ O T N
( 3
Polytropic work (head) per section
Pressure ratio (ideal gas with constant specific heats) n-1
where
n k -= -(VdSP (n - 1 (k - 1
)sp
Pressure ratio (real gas)
[5.4T-9]
where ("Jv =
[5.4T-1 O]
nsp=
[5 4 In
vd sp
I5.4T-111
[5.4T-12]
[Table continued on next page]
50
ASME PTC
10-1997
TABLE 5.4 (CONT'D)

TYPICAL CONVERSION O F DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
Parameter Mathematical Description at Test Operating Conditions
Eq. No.
Pressure ratio (real gas) (Cont'd)
or, where the Schultz method is used 15.4T-131
mP 5
[-ZR (-1
Cf
x)]sf
[5.4T-141
Discharge pressure Pressure rise
[5.4T-15] I5.4T-161
Discharge enthalpy
15.4T-171
Temperature ratio (ideal gas)
15.4T-191
The discharge temperature may also be obtained from the discharge pressure and enthalpy when the appropriate data is available.
Gas power per section
[5.4T-201
Shaft power
Assumption,
n = &h
or,
Sf
ash
Sf
GENERAL NOTE: Consistent units must
be used in defining dimensional properties.
51
~~
S T D ASME P T C 1 0 - E N G L L777
A M PTC 10-1997 S E
0757b70 Ob05477 1 T 1
component exist in order to treat a compressor in multiple sections. The exit of one section and entry of another may coincide. The specified operating condition flow coefficients for the second and succeeding sections are functions of the performance of the preceding sections. This dependence upon preceding section performance is an effect commonly referred to as section matching. When the individual section performance curves are steep, and as the number of individual sections increase, the overall compressor performance becomes increasinglysensitive. It is because of this effect that it is important to follow the calculation methodpresented. What mayappear to be small differences betweentest and specified operating conditions in each section may combine to show up as important effects in overall performance. Calculation methods which attempt to make overall corrections without explicit consideration of the section matching effectcanlead to erroneousresults.
The correction to be applied is as follows: (a) For Centrifugal Compressors
RA = 0.066
+ 0.934
(4.8 x lo6 x b)
Rem
RC
[5.6.2]
0.000125 + RB =
Rem
log ( + )
13.67\
Rem
15.6.31
5.6.3
Machine Reynolds Number Correction
RC =
General. Theperformanceof a compressor is affected by the Machine Reynolds number. Frictional losses in the internal flow passagesvary in a mannersimilarto friction losses in pipesor other flow channels. If the Machine Reynolds number at test operating conditions differs from thatat specified operatingconditions, a correctiontothe test results is necessary to properly predict the performance of the compressor. The flow patterns ofaxial and centrifugal compressors are relatively complex. The Machine term Reynolds number is used toprovide a basis for definition in this Code. The Machine Reynolds number correction for centrifugal compressors recommended in thisSection is based on Ref. (D.3) but simplified for ease of application. The Machine Reynoldsnumber correction for axial compressors is unchangedfromthepreviousissueoftheCode and is based on Ref. (D.7). If anothermethodofcorrection is used it shall be agreed on by theparties prior to the test (See Appendix F).
5.6.3.1
0.988 - 43 ~~~0.2
i..1 564
where
b= as defined in para. 5.5.2, ft

of the flow passage, in. The polytropic workcoefficientshould be correctedfor Machine Reynoldsnumber in the same ratio as the efficiency.
v= the average surface roughness
(b) For Axial Compressors

The correction for axial compressors continues to be based on Ref. (D.7), and is a function only of the Machine Reynolds number ratio and not the absolute value of the Machine Reynoldsnumber.
5.6.3.2 Correction Factor. Since frictional losses in the compressorare a function of the Machine Reynolds number it is appropriate to apply the correctionto the quantity (1 - 7 ) . Themagnitude of the correction is a function of both the Machine Reynoldsnumber ratio andtheabsolutevalueof the MachineReynolds number, with increasing effect as the Machine Reynoldsnumberdecreases.
52
Again, as for the centrifugal compressor case,
The limitations of Table 3.2 apply.
ASME PTC 10-1997
5.6.3.3 limits of Application. Since the performance variations increase substantially the Machine as Reynolds number decreases, tests of compressors designed for operation at low Machine Reynolds numbers should be tested at conditions close to those specified. Therefore, the maximum and minimum permissible ratios between Reml and R m e, are shown in Fig. 3.4. Also, see Appendix F and Table E.2. 5.6.4 Mechanical losses. When the mechanical losses at specified operating conditions are not known they may be determined from the following equation:
estimated error limit of a measurement or result for agiven coverage.Coverage is thefrequencythat an interval estimate of a parameter may be expected to contain the true value. For example, 95 percent uncertainty intervals provide 95 percent coverage of the true value. That is, in repeated sampling, when a 95 percent uncertainty interval is constructed for each sample, the over long run, the intervals will contain the true value 95 percent of the time. Uncertainty analysis i s the process of identifying and quantifying the errors in test measurements and propagating these errors to estimate the uncertainty in the final result.The methodology of ASMEPTC 19.1 is the standard for ASMEPTC 1O tests. If other methods areto be used they are subject to agreement by parties to the test.
5.7.5 Scope of Uncertainty Analysis. The scope of the uncertainty analysis required for a given test is intimately related to the test objectives. The scope of such analysis is subject to agreement by the parties to the test.Suchagreements shall be made prior to undertaking the test.
The exponent in the preceding equation may vary with the design of bearings, thrust loads, oiling systems, etc. It usually has a value between 2.0 and 3.0.
5.7 TREATMENT OF ERRORS

5.7.1 Source. The information presented in this Section is derived from PTC 19.1. 5.7.2 Errors. All measurements have errors. Errors are the difference between the measurements and the true value. The total error is made up of two components. One i s called bias error. Bias errors are the systematicerrors which may include those which are known and can be calibrated out, those which are negligible and are ignored, and those which are estimated and included in the uncertainty analysis. The other type of error is called precision error. Precision errors the random errors observed are in repeated measurements.Exactagreement in repeated measurements does not and is not expected to occur because of numerous error sources. 5.7.3TheImportance of Errors. One chooses.to run a performance test with certain objectives in mind. They may be as varied as establishing a benchmark for maintenance or to verify guarantee performance. Acceptable error limits will depend upon the test objectives. The error in the final result shall be sufficiently small so as not to mask the test objective. 5.7.4 Uncertainty. Some means necessary are to quantify errors to make a judgement in terms of acceptable error limits for a test. Uncertainty is the
53
5.7.6 The Methods of PTC 19.1. PTC 19.1 includes discussions and methods which enable the user to select an appropriate uncertainty model for analysis andfor reporting testresults. It defines,describes, and illustrates the various terms and methodsused to provide meaningful estimates of the uncertainty of measurements and results. It is in essential agreement with various national and international standards on the same subject. The uniqueness PTC 1 O test objectives precludes of exhaustive treatmentof uncertainty in this document. It is anticipated that the user will refer to PTC 19.1 for detailed information to apply to individual tests. The uncertainty analysis can thereby be tailored to meet the individual test objectives. The following discussion is includedto indicate the calculation method in generalterms.A simple sample demonstration case is given in Sample Calculation C.8 of this Code. Another simple compressor example may be found in PTC 19.1. Both are intended simply to demonstrate the method. Neither should be construed as exhaustive in detail nor necessarilygenerally indicative of usual or anticipated uncertainty. PTC 19.1 presents a step-by-step calculation procedure to be conducted before and after each test. It is summarized in brief as follows: Step 1 - Define the measurementprocess. (a) Review test objectives and test duration.
ASME
10-1997
(b) List all independent measurement parameters and their nominal levels. (c) List all calibrations and instrument setups. (d) Define the functional relationship between the independent parameters and the test result. Step 2 - List elemental error sources. (a) Exhaustive list of all possiblemeasurement error sources (b) Group error sources according calibration, to data acquisition,anddata reduction . Step 3 - Estimateelementalerrors. (a) Obtain estimate of each errorin Step 2 above. (6) Classify as precision or bias error. Step 4 - Calculate bias and precision errors for eachparameter. Step 5 - Propagate the bias and precision errors. (a) Bias and precision errors of the independent parameters are propagated separately all the way to the final result. (b) Propagate according to the functional relationship defined in Step l(d) above using sensitivity factors. Step 6 - Calculate uncertainty.' (a) Select UADD and/or URSS models. (bl Obtain uncertainty. Step 7 - Report (a) Calculations (b) Tabulated elemental errors
(c) Bias
(d) Precision [rssSl,where S =
[CS,2/Ni]"
The UADD URSS and models are the mathematical models which are used combine bias and precision errors to a single uncertainty to provides approximately 99 percentcoverage while value. UAOD URSS provides approximately 95 percent coverage when neither bias errors nor precisionerrors are negligiblecompared to the other. If the bias error negligible, both is UADD URSS provide95 percent and coverage.
'
54
ASME PTC 10-1997
SECTION 6
6.1 CONTENTS
- REPORT OF
TEST
The Reportof test shall include applicable portions of the information shown in para. 6.2, and may include other data as necessary. Copies of the original testdata log, certificates of instrument calibration, prime mover (motor or other type) efficiency data as needed, description of testarrangementandinstrumentation,andany special written agreements pertaining to the testor the computation of results shall be included. When tests are run over a rangeofoperating conditions the results shall also be presented in the form of curves. The curves shall be clearly marked to denote use of staticor total conditions.
(e) Description of compressor cooling system and coolant properties

6.2.3 Specified Operating Conditions (a) Gas composition and source for properties (b) Inlet gasstate (7) Total and static pressure' (2) Total and static temperature' (3) Total and static density', (4) Relative humidity if applicable' (c) Gas flow rate (7) Inlet and discharge mass flow rate (2) Inlet and discharge volume flow rate (3) Capacity (dl Discharge static and/or total pressure (e) Coolant type, properties, flow rate, and temperature for cooled compressors (0 Speed (g) Others as needed 6.2.4 Expected Performance Specified at eratingConditions (a) Developed head (b) Efficiency (c) Power requirement (d) Discharge total temperature (e) Others as needed Op-
6.2 TYPICAL REPORT
INFORMATION
6.2.1 General Information (a) Date of test (b) Location of test (c) Manufacturer (d) Manufacturer'sserialnumbers and complete identification (e) Party or parties conducting test ff) Representatives of interested parties (g) Detailed written statement of the test (h) Agreement made by parties to the test 6.2.2 Description of Test Installation (al Type of compressor; radial flow, axial flow, etc. ( 1 ) Type of impellers; open, shrouded, cast, fabricated, etc. (2) Number of stages (3) Arrangement of casing and piping (4)Pipe sizes; inlet and discharge (51 Arrangement of intercoolers, if used (6) Impeller diameter and blade tip widths (b) Description of lubricating system and lubricant properties (c) Type of shaft seals (d) Type andarrangements of driver; turbine direct connected, motor direct connected, and motor gear, etc.
55
6.2.5 Derived Parameters at Specified Operating Conditions (a) Machine Mach number (b) Pressure ratio (c) Volume ratio (d) Flow coefficient (e) Machine Reynolds number (0 Others as needed 6.2.6SetupofInstrumentsand Methodsof Mea-
suring (a) Description of all allowed departures from this

Code which have been authorized by agreement (b) Piping arrangement with sketches and diagrams (c) Locationof all measuring stations diagrams with and sketches
'Pressures, temperatures, and densities should be clearly identified
as static or totalconditions.
ASME
10-1997
(d) Method of measuring flow rates

(e) Instruments usedfor the measurement of pressure, temperature, speed, composition of gas, density, and power (0 Proceduresand facilities used for the calibration of instruments (g) Calibration data (h) Instrument accuracy (i) Source of test gas property data 0) Method of determining power losses, if any, between the power measurement station and the compressor input shaft (k) Description of sampling and analysis method for test gas
6.2.7 Mean Observations Derived FromTest Data (All calibrations and instrument corrections having been applied) (a) Test run number (b) Duration of run (c) Speed (d) Inlet temperature (e) Barometer reading (0 Ambient temperature at barometer (g) Inlet static pressure (h) Dry bulb temperature if required (i) Wet bulb temperature if required Dew point temperature if required (k) Gas density if measured (I) Gas composition if measured (m)Discharge static pressure (n) Discharge temperature (0)Flowmeter data, typically: ( 1 ) Pressure differential across flowmeter (2) Pressure upstream side of flowmeter (3) Temperature upstream sideof flowmeter (4) Flowmeter throat diameter [Items (P) to (W) apply to cooled compressors:] (p) Coolant flow rate CS,, Coolant inlet temperature (r) Coolant outlet temperature (s) Gas temperature at inlet of cooler (t) Gas temperature at outlet of cooler (U) Gas pressure at inlet of cooler (v) Gas pressure at outlet of cooler (W) Condensate drained from cooler (x) Power input (y) Torque (z) Lubricant flow rate (aa) Lubricant inlet temperature (bb) Lubricant outlet temperature (cc) Mean casing surface temperature (dd) Ambient temperature
(ee) Casing surface area Leakage flow rates
(m
v)
6.2.8 Computed Results for Test Operating Conditions (a) Type of test (b) Test run number (c) Barometric pressure (d) Gas composition (e) Mass flow rate (0 Inlet static conditions ( 1 ) Pressure (2) Temperature2 (3) Compressibility factor (4) Density (5) Enthalpy (6) Others as needed (g) Inlet volume flow rate (h) Inlet velocity temperature2 (i) Inlet velocity pressure 0) Inlet total conditions (7) Pressure (2)Temperature (3) Compressibility factor (4) Density (5) Enthalpy (6) Others as needed (k) Capacity (I) Discharge static conditions ( 1 ) Pressure (2)Temperature2 (3) Compressibility factor (4) Density2 (5) Enthalpy (6) Others as needed (m)Discharge volume flow rate (nl Discharge velocity temperature2 (o) Discharge velocity pressure (p) Discharge total conditions (7) Pressure (21 Temperature (3) Compressibility factor (4) Density (5) Enthalpy (6) Others as needed (q) Leakages (7) Mass flow rate (2) Enthalpy (3) Energy loss or gain (r) Secondary flow streams ( I ) Mass flow rate
*Iterative solutionmay be required.
56
ASMEPTC
10-1997
(2) Enthalpy (3) Average mixed gas state (4) Energy loss or gain ( ) Rotor mass flow rate s (t) Mechanical loss ( U ) Heat transfer loss (v) Gas power (W) Shaft power (x) Head
(I) Pressure ratio

6.2.10 Machine Reynolds Number Correction (a) Test operating condition Machine Reynolds number (b) Specified operating condition Machine Reynolds number (c) Machine Reynolds number correction (d) Specifiedoperating condition polytropic efficiency (e) Specified operating condition polytropic work coefficient 6.2.1 1 ComputedResults for Specified Operating Conditions (Speed and inlet gasstate given) (a) Flow rate (7) Capacity (2) Inlet and/or discharge mass flow rate (3) Inlet and/or discharge volume flow rate (4) Leakage flow rate (5) Cooler condensate (6) Secondary flow rates (7) Others as needed (b) Discharge conditions (7) Static and total pressure (2) Static and total discharge temperature (3) Compressibility factor (4) Static and total density (5) Others as needed (c) Work related terms (7) Polytropic head (2) Enthalpyrise (3) Gas power (4) Shaft power (5) Others as needed 6.2.1 Uncertainty 2 Analysis
6.2.13 Suggested Summary of Results, Comparing the Test, TestResults,and Intended Values
6.2.9 Computed Test Performance Parameters (a) Isentropic total discharge conditions (7) Temperature (2) Density (3) Enthalpy (6) Polytropic work coefficient (7) Overall isentropic volume exponent (2) Polytropic work factor (3) Polytropic exponent (4) Polytropic work (5) Impeller blade tip velocity (6) Polytropic work coefficient (c) Isentropic work coefficient (7) Isentropic exponent (2) Isentropic work (3) Isentropic work coefficient (d) Polytropic efficiency (e) Isentropic efficiency (0 Work input coefficient (g) Total work input coefficient ( 1 ) Energy lost or gained via leakage (2) Energy lost or gained via secondary flows (3) Energy lost via casing heat transfer (4) Mechanical loss (h) Flow coefficient (i) Volume ratio ci., Machine Mach number (k) Specific heat ratio, inlet and discharge
57
APPENDIX A USE OF TOTAL PRESSURE A N D TOTAL
TEMPERATURE TO DEFINE COM.PRESSOR PERFORMANCE

(This Appendix is not a part of ASME PTC 10-1 997.)
A.l Theperformancecharacteristics of acompressor which depend upon thermodynamic properties for their definition are, under the provisions of this Code, based on stagnation (total) conditions. This procedure can cause confusion if the principles involved are not kept clearly in mind. Compressor performance may be specified at static pressures and temperatures or at stagnation pressures and temperatures, as desired, and the following explanation serves topointout the differences between the two.
Subscripts i and d refer to stagnation inlet and discharge conditions, respectively, as determined by stagnation pressures temperatures. and In the stagnationprocess
[A-41
A.2
When the FirstLaw of Thermodynamics, written as the general energy equation, is applied to a compressor section with the system boundaries defined as the interior wall of the casing the and transverse planes across the inlet and discharge flanges in the absence of leakage and sidestreams, the following expressionresults:
The difference between static and stagnation conditions is shown graphically on a Mollier Diagram, Fig. A.l.
Subscripts aand yrefer to static inlet and discharge conditions, respectively. The inlet and discharge flanges may be considered to be at the same elevation so that y. and yr the elevation heads, become equal. Solving Eq. [A-11 for W s h gives
Thisresult
involves staticenthalpies determined
A.4 As will be noted from Fig. A.1, the process ofcompression takes place between states (Y and y. Some calculations regarding theinternal compression process might require the use of static states intermediate to (Y and y. However, as shown by Eqs. [A-1I through [A-51, use of the stagnation properties for the external energy balance of the compressor is an excellent approximation because: (a) "Charging" the compressor with receipt of gas at the stagnation enthalpy hi (at stagnation pressure pi) i s equivalent to charging it with receipt of gas at the static enthalpy h,a (at static pressure pa) plus kinetic energy
by staticpressures and temperatures.

A.3 When the stagnation concept is employed, Eq. [A-21 becomes
59
FIG. A.l
COMPRESSOR STATE POINTS STATIC AND

TOTAL
thermodynamicorotherwise,takingplace within thecompressorproper.Should a study of events at the stagnation enthalpy hd (at stagnation pressure internal to the compressor be desired, a new system p& is equivalent to crediting it with delivery of gas at must be defined and appropriate the conditions stated. Studies of events internal to the compressor h, the static enthalpy (at static pressurep,)plus kinetic are energy included not within the scope of this Code. and,
(b) Crediting the compressorwith delivery of gas
v; 2gcJ
A.5 The preceding analysis be can applied only becausethesystemboundarieswerecarefullydefined so as to preclude any consideration of events,
A.6 Theotheruse of thestagnationpressureand stagnation temperature this Code is for the determiin of nation capacity. Capacity is a volumetric flow related rate to inlet conditions. Capacity is defined herein as thedelivered mass flow rate divided by inlet total density correspondingto total pressure and temperature. This is convenient because it permits a clear definition of volume flow rate consistent with mass flow without referring to thedesign of the compressor.
60
APPENDIX B PROPERTIES OF GAS MIXTURES

(This Appendix is not a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
B.l The testing of modern compressors may require the use of a gas mixture as the test gas either because the specified gas is itself a mixture or because it is necessary, for one reasonoranother, to substitute for thespecified gas during the test program, and a mixture is the only satisfactory method of obtaining the desiredproperties in the substitute gas. The use of a gas mixture presents, in essence, a two-part problem. If the state of the mixture is such that it may considered be as a mixture of ideal gases, the usual methods of classical thermodynamics can be applied to determine the state of each constituent gas,If, however, the state of the mixture is such that the mixture and the constituents deviate from the ideal gaslaws, other methods must be used which recognize this deviation. In either case there is the necessity that accurate thermodynamic data forthe gases be available. If accurate thermodynamic properties for a gas, based on experimental data or reliable mathematical and physical methods available, properties are these should be used with preferencegiven to thatdata based on experimental work. So far as this Code is concerned, the problem is one of determining density, enthalpy, specific heats, and entropy of constituent gases at the pressure andtemperature each experiences.
partial pressure of that constituent by
The molal (volumetric) analysis of the mixture is one of theitems of testdata andgives the mole fraction readily. With a homogeneousmixture, all constituent gases will have the same temperatures as the mixture thus providing the second of the two independent properties needed to define the gas state. (This excludes saturated vapors.) With the state of each constituent thus defined, the individual property of interest be may determined and the equivalent mixture properly calculated by the methods outlined below.
B.4 With properties of the individual gases determined, the equivalent value of the property for the gas mixture may be calculated by summing the individual property values on a total basis, .e., quantity of the gas times property value. The equations are summarized below.
Enthalpy:
B.2 When the thermodynamic state is such that the gas mixture and its constituent gases must be treated as real gases, the method of defining the thermodynamic state of the constituent gases and thus arriving at their properties shall be agreed upon in writing prior to the test. Once the state of the gas i s defined, presumably by pressure andtemperature,theotherproperties of interestmaybe obtained from charts,tables, or equations of state.
B.3 For ideal gases, the mole fraction, xi, of any constituent gas j may used be to determine the
61
nmHm naHa+ nbHb + ncHc+ =
e + n,Hj
18-31
Entropy:
0757b70 0b05'488 104
In the preceding series of equations, lB-21, [B-51, and [B-81 are on a mass basis; [B-31, [B-61, and [B-9] are on a mole basis, and [B-41, [B-71, and [B-101 are on a molefraction basis. It shouldbe noted that the determination of theend point of the isentropic process starting at inlet conditions and ending at thedischargepressureandentropy value correspondingto inlet conditions will probably involve a trial-and-error solution.
62
APPENDIX C
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
(This Appendix is not a part of ASME PTC 10-1 997.)
The sample calculations contained in this Appendix demonstrate the basic calculation principles of this Code. Each sample highlights one or more facets of the necessary proceduresfor application of the Code to realmachines.Thedatapresented is typical and does not representanyactual operating unit. Additionally this data should not be taken as expected for any actual conducted test.
Sample C.l
Sample
Sample Sample Sample
Sample Sample Sample
demonstrates a Type 1 test for a centrifugal compressor using an ideal gas. The conversion of staticreadings to total conditions and calculation of results by heat balance and shaft power methodsarecovered. C.2 demonstrates a Type 2 test for a centrifugal compressor using an ideal gas. Application of Reynoldsnumbercorrections, heat loss to ambient and variable speedeffectsarecovered. C.3 demonstrates the ideal gas application to selection of testspeed and testgas and alsocovers the methods of power evaluations. C.4 demonstrates the treatment of bracketed test points. C.5 demonstrates how to select a test gas for a Type 2 test using ideal andreal gas equations. A flow chart procedure is presented to assist in outlining the required steps. C.6 demonstratesaType 2 test using real gas equations for data reduction. C.7 demonstrates the treatment of a two section compressor with externally piped intercooler. C.8 demonstrates the application of uncertainty analysis to this Code.
63
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.l TYPE 1 TEST F R A CENTRIFUGAL O COMPRESSOR USING AN IDEAL GAS
Thissample calculation is intended to demonstrate: (a) Type 1 test (b) Test gas same as specified gas fc) Ideal gas (d) No heat loss (except to lubricating oil) (e) No flow leakages Cf? Centrifugal machine ( No flexibility to change compressor speed $ I fh) Single section machine The purpose of this calculation is to determine the quantity of gas delivered and the compressor head,pressurerise, efficiency, and shaft input power. Paragraph3.1 1.4 of theCoderequires that when a test is only to verify asingle specified condition, the test shall consist of two test points which bracket the specified capacity.The calculations demonstrated in this sample calculation would be used on both of these bracketing points.
Description of TestInstallation (seepara.6.2.2) (a) Type of compressor - centrifugal (7) type of impellers - shrouded (2) number of stages - single section, five stages (3) arrangement of casing and piping not applicable to this sample (4) pipe sizes; inlet and discharge- inlet pipeis 18 in., schedule 40 (Di = 16.876 in.); discharge pipe i s 10 in., schedule 40 ( D d = 10.020 in.) (5) arrangement of intercoolers, if used no intercooler (6) impeller diameter and blade tip widths - impeller diameters 0 = D = 4 = 18.4 in, 1 2 4 5 and D = D = 16.6 in.; first stage impeller tip width = b = 1.500 in. (b) Description of lubricating system and lubricant properties - Lubricating sytem oil flow rate is 4 gpm per bearing for a total flow rate of 8 gpm. Oil density i s 55.6 Ibm/ft3 so the oil flow rate is 59.5 Ibm/min [8 gpmA7.48 gal/ft3) x 55.6 Ibm fi3]. Oil has constant pressure specific heat of cp = 0.462 Btu/lbm "R. fc) Type of shaft seals - Not applicable to sample (d) Type andarrangements of driver; turbine direct connected, motor direct connected, motor and gear, etc. - Not applicable to sample (e) Description of compressor cooling system and coolant properties - No cooling system
Simpliving Assomptionsfor This Sample fa) The gas (air) may be treated asan ideal gas with a constant specific heat (evaluated at the average of the inlet and discharge temperatures). b) The Reynolds number correction is negligible. SpecifiedOperatingConditions (see para.6.2.3) a) Air with constant pressure specific heats of dry air and water vapor givenin Fig. C.1, MWda = 28.97 and MW, = 18.02
65
(b) Inlet gas state (7) pslatic i = 14.00 psia at inlet flange (2) TStatic = 560.0 "R at inlet flange &i (3) have to calculate inlet densities (4) RHinlet = 81.7 percent (c) Gas flow rate (7) inlet mass flow rate = discharge mass flow rate =
(3) capacity to be calculated
= 600 Ibm/min
( )inlet and discharge volume flow rates have to be calculated 2
(d) Discharge static pressure = 45.00 psia at discharge flange

(e) Compressor coolant not applicable (0 N = 10,000 rpm
(g) Not applicable

ExpectedPerformanceatSpecifiedOperatingConditions (see para. 6.2.4) (a) Developed polytropic head = 44100 ft Ibf/lbm (based on total conditions) (b) Efficiency (polytropic) = np = 0.80 (c) Power requirement = Psh = 1019 hp (d) Discharge total temperature = 844.1 "R (The discharge static temperature is assumed given as 842.8 "R.) The following preliminarycalculationsestablish the given specified operating conditions in a form convenient for the Code calculations. (a) Partial pressure of water vapor is found using the steam tables: [Ref. (D.20)]
(b) Air humidity ratio at inlet flange [Ref. (D.20)1
(HRi)sp
= (0.6220
-(
0.6220 - (0.7825 psia) Ibm Ibm da (1 4.00 0.7826) psia
")
lbmole W (28.97 ibm da) 180.02 ibrn W lbrnole da
= 0.05921
lbmole W lbrnole da
(c) Air molecular weight [Ref. (D.2011

(MWaIsp =
mole da ( M W d + mole W (MW,) mole da + mole W
Ibm da
) + 0.05921 lbmole
+ 0.05921
lbmole
1 .O00lbrnole da
66
0757b70 Ob05492 h35
Ibm = 28.36 lbmole
(d) Air specific heat at constant pressure is found using dry air and steam properties
mass da (Cpda) + mass W (cpw) mass da + mass W
(Fig. C.l)
(cp)sp
1 .O00 Ibrn da 0.240

(cpi)sp =
Ibrn & " R 1 .O00 Ibrn da
) + 0.03683 Ibrn (O 448 Ibrn w"R

W
*
+ 0.03683
Ibrn
= 0.247
Ibrn "R
Btu
1.000 Ibrn da 0.2445

, \
Wpdsp
+ 0.03683 Ibrn W O 462 Ibrn da "R ' Ibrn w o R 1.000 Ibrn da + 0.03683 Ibrn W
= 0.252
Btu -[note: ( H R i ) s p = Ibrn "R
(e) Air specific heat ratio [Ref. (D.20)]
0.247
(kAp
(0.247
m) Btu
Btu Ibrn "R Btu
(1.986
)(
lbmole
) = 1.396
lbmole "R
28.36 Ibrn
0.252
(kd)sp
Btu Ibrn "R
(0.252 Ibrn "R
Btu Btu
-)
- (1.986
)(
lbmole "R
lbmole = 1*385 28.36 Ibrn
(0 Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
67
0757b70 U b 0 5 Y 9 3 571
(vstatic Jsp
(1545 ft lbf) lbmole (560.0 "R) lbmole "R 28.36 Ibm (14.00
$) $)
(144
= 15.13 Ibm
fi3
(1545 ft lbf) lbmole (842.8 "R) lbmole "R 28.36 Ibm (45.00
$)(144 $-)
= 7.086 I bm
ft3
f) gAverage fluid velocity at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.3.1)
( 6 0 0 2 ) (15.13
(Vilsp
ft3
= 97.40
ft sec
(600
(vd)sp
g) L)
(7.086
ft
= 129.4
sec
(h) Fluid Mach number at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.2.5)
97.40
(M;)sp
ft sec
Ib (1545 lbmfole "R 68
) (28.36 Ibm) (560 "R) lbmole
= 0.0832
129.4 (Md)sp
ft sec
1.385 32.1 74 ft Ibrn2) Ibf sec
-(1545
) ( lbrnole ) (842.8 "R) lbmole "R 28.36 Ibrn

ft Ib
= 0.0905
(i) Totaltemperaturesat inlet and dischargeflangesare assuming an adiabatic process (see Eq. [5.4.61)
found usingtheenergy
equationand
(97.40
(Ti)sp
= 560.0 "R +
k)
= 560.8 "R
2 778.17") Ibf ft Btu
(32.174-) Ibrn (0.247 ft Ibf sec2 Ibrn "R
(1 29.4
(TdlSp
= 842.8 "R
+2
778.1 ft Ibf (32.1 74 7) 7 ft Ibrn (0.252 Btu Ibf sec Ibrn "R
-)
h)
= 844.1 "R
ci,, Since the Fluid Mach number isless than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according to the simplified Eq. i . . 1 544
(97.40
(pi),
= 14.00 psia
A)
ft Ibrn
= 14.07 psia
sec/
(pd)sp
= 45.00 pSia i -
2 (7.086
s)
(32.1 74 Ibf Ibrn (1 44 ft sec' 69
-)
$)
= 45.26 psia
(k) Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(47 10) .:
(pi)sp
= ($)*P
ft Ibf
(1545 lbmole "R
) (lbmole) 1
28.36
(144~lbf) in2
Ibm
= 0.06632
"
Ibm
(560.8 "R)
fi3
(45.26
(Pd)sp
( g ) s p =
(1 545
ft Ibf lbmole "R
)(
s)
(144
$)
(844.1 "R)
"
lbmole) 1 28.36. Ibm
I bm = 0.141 7 ft3
(I) The sum of the squares of the blade tip speeds is
\ lo4 min)
j= 1 j= 1
13 (18.4 inIL + 2 (16.6 il.,
= 2.983
mln
lo6sec2
fi2
Mean Observations Derived from Test Data (seepara. 6.2.7) (a) Test run number 1 (b) Duration of test = 30 minutes (c) Compressorspeed = 10,000 rpm id) Inlet temperature = T&ic dbi = 540.0 "R (e) Barometer reading = 14.1 7 psia (0 Ambient temperature at barometer = 540.8 "R (g) Inlet static pressure = 14.10 psia (h) Dry bulb temperature at inlet flange = = 540.0 "R (i) Wet hulb temperature at inlet flange = TStatic = 530.0 "R wbi 0) Dew point at inlet flange = 524.4 "R (k) Gas density not measured (1) MWda = 28.97 and MW, = 18.02 (m) Discharge static pressure = fstatic d = 47.00 psi in) Discharge static temperature = Tstatic dbd = 830.0 "R (o) Mass flow rate = 38,000 Ibm/hr ( ) to (W) Not applicable to thissample P (x) Shaft power input = Psh = 1097 hp (y) Shaft torque = 57.62 ft ' Ib (z) Lubricating system oil flow rate is 4 gpm per bearing fora total flow rate of 8 gpm. Oil density is 55.6 Ibm/ft3 so the oil flow rate is W, = 59.5 Ibm/min. Oil has constant pressure specific heat cw = 0.464 Btu/lbm. (aa) Lubricant inlet temperature = Toin = 530.0 "R (bb) Lubricant outlet temperature = Toout= 561 .O O R (cc) to (fi3 Not applicable to this sample
Computed Results for Test Operating Conditions (similar to para. 6.2.8) Theprevious test data is converted into a form convenient for Code calculations. (a) The air humidity ratio ofthe inlet air is found using air and steam properties [Ref. (D.20)] 70
= 0.6220
0.3667 psia Ibrn W = 0.01661 14.1 O psia 0.3667 psia Ibrn da
Btu
Ibrn da
"R
Ihm (540.0 - 530.0) R t (0.01661 G (1092.2

(1095.5- 38.35)
Btu
Ibm
W
")
Btu - 38.35) Ibrn

W
7
0.03024 lbmole
W
(28.97 lbmole da
lbmole da
(b) Air molecular weight [Ref. (0.2011

(MWA = ( M d + mole [mole damoleWda + mole
1.000 lbmole da 28.97
W
W
(MW,)
I,
) + 0.03024 lbmole
W
Ibm da lbmole da
1.00 lbmole da + 0.03024 lbmole
Ibm = 28.65 lbmole
(c) Air specific heat is found using dry air and steam properties (see Fig. C.1)
mass da (cpda) + mass W (cpw) mass da + mass W
CCP),
I,
1 .O00 Ibrn da 0.240

(Cpi)t
=
Btu
Ibrn da "R
1 .O00 Ibrn da + 0.01 881 Inm
) + 0.01881 Ibrn (0.447 Ibrn w"R

W
= 0.244
Ibrn "R
71
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L 7 7 7 D 0 7 5 7 b 7 D Ob05q77 1 1 7
1 .O00Ibrn da (0.244 cc,,,, =

Btu
Btu
da OR
) + 0.01881 Ibrn (0.460
1.O00Ibrn da + 0.01881 Inrn W
= 0.248 Ibrn "R
A verage specific heat

0.244
+ 0.248 Btu Btu

2
"
Ibrn "R
- 0.246 Ibrn "R
(dl Air
specific heat ratio
(Z),
Btu 0.244 (Mt
=
(0.244
Ibrn "R
&)(0.1 986 lbmole Btu
OR)
(G 1 r lbmole )
= 1.397
0.248
(kd)t
Btu Ibrn
O R
Btu Btu (o'248 Ibrn "R
-)
- (0.1 986 lbrnole "R
)(
Ibmole)
= 1.388
28.65
Ibrn
(e) Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(1 545
(vstatic d t
lbmole O R
ft Ibf
) (28.65 Ibrnole) 540.0 "R 1 Ibm

"
= 14.34
ft3
(144$) (14.10%) 72
I brn
(Vstatic d)r
Ibf lbrnole "R
)(
"
28.65
Ibmole) 830.0 O R Ibrn
(47.00
$) $)
(1 44
= 6.613
I bm
ft3
(0
Fluid velocity at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.3.1)
(38,000 hr
(VJt =
%)(1 4.34 E) Ibm

(3600
7 (T ft) T 16.87
T)
ft
= 97.45
sec
(38,000 hr
(vd)t
5) 3 E) (6.61 Ibrn
(3600
;i (T ; 7l 10.020 ft)'
y)
ft
= 127.5
sec
(g) Fluid Mach numbers at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.2.5)
97.45 . ~
(Mi),=
J I .397 32.1 74
ft sec
-)Ibf sec2
ft Ibm
= 0.0852
( I 545
lbmole "R ft Ib
) (L (540.0 "R) 28.65 e) Ibm
127.5
(Md)(=
J1.388
ft sec
ft Ibrn 32.1 74 Ibf sec2 (1 545
-)
Ib lbmole "R
) (-e) 1 (830.0 "R) 28.65 Ibrn
= 0.0902
(h) Total temperature at inlet anddischargeflanges adiabatic process (see Eq. [5.4.6])
73
is foundusing theenergyequationforan
~~
~~
0759b70 Ob05499 T 9 T
(97.45
(Ti), = 540.0 "R
Z)
= 540.8 "R
0 . 2 4 4 Btu( 7 7 8 . 1 7 E ) ( 3 2 . 1 7 4 - ft Ibm ~) Btu Ibf sec2)
(Td)t
= 830.0 "R
Btu 2 0.248 Ibrn "R (778.1
-)
7 Btu
E) (32.174 Ibf secz
ft ,bm
) = 831.3 "R
(i) Since the Fluid Mach number is less than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according to the simplified method of Eq. (5.4.41
(97.45
( p h = 14.10 psia +
2 (14.34
&)
&)
= 14.1 7 psia
(32.174 ' I b m )
lbfsec~(144%)
(Pd)(
= 47.00 psia +
2 6.61 3
(1 27.5
A)'
Ihm)
-) Ibm
ft3
(32.1 74 Ibf sec2 (144 74
$)
= 47.27 psia
(i) Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(P"), =
(&),=
(lS4'
(14.17 ft Ibf lbmole "R
)(
$)(144 g)
1
I bm
= 0.06997
Ibmole) (540.8"F)
ft3
"
28.65 Ibrn
(Pd)sp
(g),
=
5
ft
(47.26 Ibf
)(
$)(1 44 $)
1
lbmole) (831.3'F)
"
I bm = 0.1518 ft3
(1545lbmole O R
28.65 Ibm
(k) The sum of the squares of the blade tip speeds is
[E.] = [Tz :,
5
j= 1
D?], =
[Tz
5
D?] = 2.983 x lo6-ft*
j= 1
j=l
sec2
(I) The shaft power was measured by the shaft power method to be (PJt = 1097 hp (shaft power method) Theshaft power canalsobe determined using Eq. 15.4.141:
where Eqs. [5.4.171 and f5.4.181 showtheparasitic by the lubricating oil temperature rise). Also using Eq. [5.4.131 gives
losses to be mechanical losses (represented
(38,000
F (0.2459- (831.1 - 540.8)"R ft Ibf ) Ihm) Ibm "R
) (42.440- (60 min hp

(59.5 min (0.462
F)
c)
m) .O "R) (31
Btu
= 1065hp
+ 20.1 hp
= 1085 hp (heat balance method)
75
(m) The gas power can be calculated from the heat balance method using,Eq. [5.4.13]
The gas power canalsobe calculatedfromthe Using Eqs. [5.4.12], l5.4.171, and [5.4.181 P&= (Psh)t wo c p A To = 1097 hp 20.1 hp = 1077 hp (shaft power method) (n) The capacity is
shaft powerusingtheshaftpowermethod.
(38,000
T) -k)
9f =
=
(0.06997
*)
ft3
(60
= 9051 -
ft3
min
Check for a Type 1 Test The following calculationsconfirmthatthe Type 1 test in Table 3.1. (a) Inlet pressure departure
test conditions meetthe
limits prescribedfor
(Pilsp
x 100 =
(php
14.07 - 14.17 14.07
100 = -0.71%
Thetest inlet total pressure is within theTable 3.1 limit of 5%. (b) Inlet temperature departure
(T;)sp
( T;) sp
- (Ti), x 100 = 650.8 - 540.8 X 100 = 3.6%

560.8
Thetest inlet temperature is within theTable 3.1 limit of 8%. (c) Speed departure
(NJsp
( Ni)sp
- (Ni)(x 100 = 10,000 - 10,000 x 100 = 0%

10,000
Thetestspeed is within the Table 3.1 limit of 2%, (dl Molecular weight departure
(MW;Isp- (MW;)I 28.36 - 28.65 x 100 = x 100 = -1.02% 28.36 (MW;) sp
Thetest molecular weight is within the Table 3.1 limit of 2%.

76
S T D - A S M E P T C L O - E N G L 1997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 D b 0 5 5 0 2 304 9
(e) Capacity departure
1 36,000
38,000
\
X
36,000 0.06632
IO0 = -O.O49%
The test inlet capacity is within the Table 3.1 limit of 4%. (0 Density departure
(pi)sp
- (pJr x 100 = 0.06632 - 0.06997 x 100 = -5.5%

0.06632
(Pilsp
Thetest inlet total density is within the Table 3.1 limit of 8%. The test coolant temperature difference and coolant flow rate were not checked with the specified values since there is no coolant at the specified condition. Since all the testparameters listed in Table 3.1 (excluding the coolant parameters) satisfy the Table 3.1 limits, the test is a Type 1 test. Computed TestDimensionlessParameters (similar to para. 6.2.9) The dimensionless parameters which form the basis for the conversion from test data to specified operating conditions are calculated in this section. (a) Polytropic efficiency is found as follows: Averagespecific heat ratio
(0.246
Mt )Ibf
0.246 7 Ibm R = 1.392 Btu 1 Ibrnole) - (1.986 lbrnole "R 28.65 Ibm
Btu
)(
Polytropicexponent (see Eq. [5.1T-51)
47.26 psia
In
In (14.1 pia) 7
(47.26 psia) (540.8 "R) (14.17 psia) (831.3 "R) 77
= 1.555
Polytropic efficiency (see Eq. [5.1T-91)
(L) n-1 (E) -= -- 0.7905 1.392

I
(b) Flow coefficient (see Eq. [5.1T-1])

(38,000 (0.06997
F) 5) ( () 2.rrrad
60hr min
F)0,000 (1
Ibm
= 0.03996
(c) Polytropic work coefficient (see Eq. [5.1T-4])
(F)
o 555
= 0.4734
545 lbmole "R)
(540.8 (G K) "R) [ (2.983 x l o 6 sec ( W ) 32.174 ft Ibm L

ft Ibf
lbmole
47 26
0.555 -- 1 1
q)
(d) Total work input coefficient using the shaft power method (see Eqs. [5.4.18] and [5.3T-2])
(59.5
(om) t
wotp0ATo
E) M) (0.462 Btu mm (42.44 - Btu )

minhr
(31.O "R)
= 20.1 hp
(1097 hp - 20.1 hp) 33,OO 7 mm hp
(38.000
2)
ft2
(2.983 x 1 O6 7 32.174 Ibf Ibm sec ft sec2) 1
= 0.6052
(e) Total work input coefficient using the heat balance method (see Eq. [5.3T-11)
78
~~
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0 6 0 5 5 0 4 L87
) (831.3- 540.8)"R + O1 778.1 6 ft Ib Btu
= 0.5996
(0 Work input coefficient (see Eq. I5.2T-21)
gc
(g) Volume ratio at stagnation conditions (for information only)

Ibm 0 151 8 .
ft3
Ibrn 0.6997 ft3
= 2.170
Computed Results for Specified Operating Conditions (similar to para. 6.2.1 1) The performance at the specified operating conditions is calculated from the test dimensionless parameters. These values apply directly sincetheReynoldsnumber corrections are negligible. (a) Discharge total pressure at specified conditions is obtained as follows: Average specific heat
Btu
(The design discharge temperature

Average specific heat ratio
0.247 - 0.252 + Ibrn "R Ibrn "R Btu = 0.250 2 Ibrn "R
Btu
has beenused to estimate cpd)
0.250
(0.250 Ibm "R Btu
Btu Ibrn "R
-)
- (1.986
Btu lbmole "R
)(
1 Ibmole) 28.36 Ibrn
= 1.389
Polytropic exponent is found assuming equality of the polytropic efficiency at test and specified conditions (see Eq. [5.4T-71)
79
= 0.7905
1.389 (-)0.389
= 2.823
nP S
2.823 = 1.823 = 1.549
= 0.4734
(-)
sec ft Ib (1 545 0.549 lbmole "R

1 549
(2.983
1 O6
5) ( L
)(
= ) 32.174 ft Ibm
1
2.823
Ibmole)
= 3.196
28.36
Ibm
(560.8 "R)
(pd)sp
= 3.196 (pjlSp 3.1 96(14.07 psia) = 44.97 psia =
(b) Capacity at specified conditionsfound using the definition of the coefficient and equating is flow
the flow coefficients at test and specified conditions(see Eq. (5.4T-11).
= 0.03996 10,000
2)
(2.")
80
rad 18.4
ft3 (T 3 = 9051 ft) min
S T D m A S M E P T C 10-ENGL L997 D 0759b70 Ob055Uh T 5 T
(c) The inlet mass flow rate is
WSP
(E)sp
(pi)sp = (9051
min Ibm ft3 ,in) (0.06631 F) 7) (60
Ibrn Ibm = 36,020 = 600.3 hr min
(cf) The specific volume ratio based on total conditions is (for information only)
(e) Discharge total temperature is found using Eq. [5.4T-18]
Since this temperature is nearly equal to the design value of 844.1R, the average specific heat chosen for the calculations is assumed appropriate. (0 Gas power is found using the equality of the total work input coefficient between the test and the specified operating condition. Using the shaft power method and Eq. (5.4T-201 gives
Using the heatbalancemethod,
Eq. [5.4T-201gives
Wsp (&b)sp
(y)sp (0.5996) c. u2 (600.3 x) Ibm

-
(2.983 X lo6
(PghJsp
33,000
ft Ibf (33,000mm hp (60
-)
$)
= 1011 hp
(g) Since the specified speed and the test speed are equal, equal. The shaft power is then
( p s h ) ~ h= (Pg,,,
the mechanical lossesareassumed
+ Q , A P = 1021
hp + 20.1 hp = 1041 hp (shaft power method)
or
(Ps&,
= (Pghb+
= 1011 hp + 2 . hp = 1031 hp 01 (heat balance
method)
(h) Static discharge temperature and pressure may be calculated from the mass flow rate, flow area, and total temperature and pressure. Since the flow Mach number is below 0.2,Eqs. [5.4.21, [5.4.31, f5.4.41, [5.4.61may be used. and
81
With a guessed velocity of 130.5 ft/sec, obtained by trial and error,
(Tstatic d)sp
(Td)sp
v2 - 2)gccp
(130.5)'
= 846.5
- 2 778.1 7
Ibm
sec
( Ibf
-ft Ibf )
Btu
(32.1 74 ft Ibm (0.252
-)
sec2
"R
f' t
= 845.2
OR
(pstatic d)sp
(pd)sp
(Pstatic d)sp
2gc (1 44)
vd
= 44.97 I bf
--
(0.1 40
F)
(130.5)'
ft Ibm)
2 32.174-
Ibf ( sec2n) = 44.7 in in'

144 -
ft2 -
sec2Ibf
Checking
V=Ibstatic
II
A/
\(0.140-Ibm) - (1 ;;2) T
I = 130.5
ft2/
ft sec
ft3
(Pstatic d)sp
144
R
(pstatic d)sp
(1 44
$) $)
(44.7
(Trtatic d)sp
ft Ibf (1545 ibm "R
-)
(Lm) "R) 28.36 Ibm (854.2
= 0.140-
Ibm
ft3
82
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L777 U 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0 b 0 5 5 0 8 8 2 2
TABLE C.l.l CALCULATIONSUMMARY

Test Corrected to specified Operating Test Operating Quantity
1. Quantity of gas delivered
rise 2. Pressure
Expected at specified
Condition Symbol Value Condition

W
Units
Ibm/hr psi 30.9
36,000 36,000 38,000 33.1
*P
W P
3. Head (total) 4. Shaft power (a) method (b) Heat method 5. Polytropic efficiency 6. Flow coefficient 7. Machine Mach no. 8. Machine Reynoldsno. 9. Specific volume ratio (total)
heat10. Specific ratio
ft Ibf/lbm 43,900 44,100 43,900

1020 hP 1040 1020 hP 1030 1100 1080 0.790 0.0400 0.790 0.0400 0.80
Shaft
(Psh)sh
(Psh)hh
VP
4
Mm
7 1.39 2.1 1.39 0.473 0.473 0.600
2.1 1
Rem
(vi/v&
k
pp
Pmin
11. Polytropic work coefficient 12. Work input coefficient 13. Total work input coefficient (a) method (b) Heat method 14. Capacity 15. Inlet gasstate (a)Statictemperature (bl Staticpressure (c) Total temperature (d) Total pressure 16. Discharge gasstate (a)Statictemperature (b) Staticpressure (c) Total temperature (d) Total pressure 17. Cas power (a) Shaft method (b) Heat method 18. Cooling condition Not 19. Speed 20. Mechanical losses
0.600
Shaft
ah s nhP
9 = (w/oJ
T
0.605 0.600
ft3/min 9050 9050
0.605 0.600
P T P
560 14.0
560 14.0 psia

OR
O R
psia
540 14.1 541 14.1 14.2
561 14.1
561
T P
T P
OR
845 psia
psia 45.0
"R
830 47.0 83 1 47.3
44.7 847
843.5 45.0 844.8 45.3
(pg)sh
( pg)hb
hP hP
1o m 1060
1O20 1010
1O00 1000
applicable
N
Qm
rPm hu
10,000
20.1 20.0
10,000
20.1
10,000
83
1200
1100 400
0.600
lo00SOO
900
700
1300
040 .9
0.450
0.440 600
600
700
800
900
loo0 1200
1100
1300
Steam Temperature PR)
FIG. C.l(b) IDEAL GAS SPECIFIC HEAT
FOR STEAM
84
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.2 TYPE 2 TEST FOR A CENTRIFUGALCOMPRESSOR USING A N IDEAL GAS
Thissample calculation is intended to demonstrate: (a) Type 2 test (b) Testgassameas specified gas (c) Ideal gas (d) No heat loss to lubricating oil and to ambient (e) No flow leakages (0 Centrifugal machine @) No flexibility to change compressor speed (h) Single section machine The purpose of this calculation is to determine the quantity of gas delivered and the compressor head,pressurerise, efficiency, and shaft input power. Paragraph 3.1 1.4 of the Coderequires that when a test is only to verify asingle specified condition, the test shall consist of two test points which bracket the specified capacity.The calculations demonstrated in this sample calculation would be used on both of these bracketing points.
Description of Test Installation (see para. 6.2.2)

(a) Type of compressor - centrifugal (7) type of impellers - shrouded (2) number of stages - single section, ten stages (3) arrangement of casing and piping - not applicable to this sample (4)pipe sizes; inlet and discharge- inlet pipeis 18 in., schedule 40 (Di = 16.876 in.); discharge pipe is 10 in., schedule 40 (Dd = 10.020 in.) (5) arrangement of intercoolers, if used - no intercooler (6) impeller diameter and blade tip widths - impeller diameters D = D = D 3 = D = 0 s = 1 2 4 D6 = 20 in. D = Ds = D 9 = D 0 = 18.0 in.; first stage impeller tip width G b = 1.5 in. 7 l (b) Description of lubricating system and lubricant properties - Lubricating system oil flow rate is 4 gpm per bearing for a total flow rate of 8 gpm. Oil density is 55.6 Ibm/ft3 so the oil flow rate is 59.5 Ibm/min [8 gprnA7.48 gal/ft3) x 55.6 Ibm ft31. Oil has constant pressure specific heat of cp = 0.462 Btu/lbm "R. (c) Type of shaft seals - Not applicable to sample (d) Type andarrangements of driver; turbine direct connected, motor direct connected, motor and gear, etc. - Not applicable to sample (e) Description of compressor cooling system and coolant properties - No cooling system
Simplitjhg Assumptionsfor This Sample (a) Thegas (air) may be treated as an ideal gas with a constant specific heat (evaluated at the
average of the inlet and discharge temperatures).
Specified Operating Conditions (see para. 6.2.3)

(a) Air with constant pressure specific heats of dry air and water vapor given in Fig. C.1, MWda = 28.97 and MW, = 18.02 (b) Inlet gas state
85
(1)
hatic i
= 7.50 psia at inlet flange
(2) T& dbi = 600.0 O R at inlet flange (3) inlet densities; to be calculated
(4) RHinlH = 50.0 % (c) Gas flow rate (7) inlet mass flow rate = dischargemass flow rate = W = 17,300 Ibmhr = 288.3 Ibm/min (2) inlet and discharge volume flow rates have to be determined (3) capacity has to be determined (d) Discharge static pressure = 48.00 psia at discharge flange (e) Compressor coolant not applicable (fl N = 10,000rpm (g) Compressor internal roughness = E = 0.00012 in.
ExpectedPerformanceatSpecified Operating Conditions (see para.6.2.4) (a) Developed polytropic head = 88200 ft Ibf/lbm (based on total conditions) (6) Efficiency (polytropic) = np = 0.82 (c) Power requirement = Psh = 1025 hp (d) Discharge total temperature (The discharge static temperature is assumed given as 1103"R.) The following preliminarycalculationsestablish the given specified operating conditions in a form convenient for the Code calculations. (a) Partial pressure of water vapor is found using the steam tables: [Ref, (D.20)]
(6) Air humidity ratio at inlet flange [Ref. (D.20)l

(HRi)sp (0.6220 =
-(
0.6220 Ibm (1.456 psia) Ibm da (7.50 - 1.456) psia lbmole W (28.97 Ibm da) 18.02 Ibm W lbmole da lbmole W lbmole da
= 0.2408
(c) Air molecular weight [Ref. (D.2011
Ibm da
) + 0.2408 lbmole
1 .O00 lbmole da t 0.2408 lbmole W
= 26.04
Ibm lbmole
86
(d) Air specific heat at constantpressure is found using dry air and steam properties. The specific heat at constant pressure for both the dry air (da) and water vaporW ) are given in Sample Calculation (
C.l. (Fig. C.1)
mass da
(Cpda) + mass W (cpw) mass da + mass W
(cplsp
1.000 Ibrn da 0.240

(cpi)sp
Btu + 0.1498 Ibrn W O 448 Ibm da "R * Ibm 1 .O00 Ibrn da + 0.1 498 Ibrn W
"R
0.267
Btu Ibrn "R
1.000 Ibrn da (0.251

kp&p
da
OR
) + 0.1498 Ibm (0.480 Ibrn w o R

W
1 .O00 Ibrn da
+ 0.1 498 Ibrn W
= 0.281
Btu Ibrn "R
(e) Air specific heat ratio
k)sp
=
(0.267
0.267 Ibrn "R
Btu
Btu Btu
G)
- (1.986
) ( lbmole ) = 1'383
26.4 Ibrn
lbmole "R
0.281
(kd)sp
(0.281
-) Btu - (1.986
Ibrn "R
Ibrn "R
Btu lbmole "R
Btu
)(
lbmole
) = 1*357
26.84 Ibrn
(0 The inlet flange kinetic viscosity is found from Ref. (D.20) and is assumed to be that of dry air at the inlet pressure and temperature
(~i)sp =
4.00 87
1 O4
ft* sec
(g) Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(Vstatic i)sp
(1545 ft Ibf) lbmole (600.0"R) lbmole "R 26.84 Ibm

(7.50
5)
(1 44
$)
)
= 31.98
Ibm
ft3
(1545 ft lbf)
lbmole "R
lbmole (1 103.0 O R ) 26.84 Ibm
(48.00
$)(1 44 $)
= 9.186 ft3
Ibm
(h) Average fluid velocity at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.3.1)
(Vi)sp
(1 7,300 - - h r ) (31.98 hr 3600 sec = ?r i16.876 , \ 2
Ihm) (
$)
= 98.94
ft sec
88
{i) Fluid Mach number at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.2.5)
(-)W V
T SP
98.94 .
" "
ft sec
(Mi)sp =
= 0.0798
) (1545 lbmole "R) (26.84 Ibm) (600.0 "R) Ib lbmole

ft sec
80.61
(Md)sp
=
(32'174
= 0.0484
-)
lbmole "R Ib
) (26.84 Ibm) (1 103.0 "R) lbmole

equation foran
ci,, Totaltemperatureat inlet anddischargeflanges adiabatic process (see Eq. [5.4.6])
is foundusingtheenergy
(Tilsp= 600.0
"R +
2 778.1 7
sec/
ft Ibm E) 74 7) (32.1 (0.267 Btu Btu Ibf sec
= 600.7 "R
(80.61
(Td)sp = 1103.0
"R +
(778.1 ft Ibf (32.1 74 ft Ibm (0.281 7 Btu Ibf sec2 Ibrn "R
-)
-)
k)2
= 1 1 03.46 "R
(k) Since the Fluid Mach number is less than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according to the simplified Eq. [5.4.4]
89
(pi), = 7.50 psia +

2(31.98$)(32.1741bfre;i)(144$) ft Ibm
= 7.53 psia
48.00 psia +
2 (9.186
$)
(32.174
ft Ibm m) (144
G)
= 48.08 psia
(I) Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges is found using the idealgas law
(7.53
$)(1 44 $)
"
) ( ' Ibmole) "R) (600.7 (1545 lbrnole "R 26.84 Ibm

Ibf
= 0.03136 ft3
Ibm
(48.08
(Pd)sp = (&)sp
h Ibf
(lS4' lbmole "R
)(
z)
1
(1 44 lbmole)
$)
(1 103.5 "R)
Ibm = 0.1090 ft3
"
26.84 Ibm
(m)The sum of the squares of the blade tip speeds is
j=l
= 7.037
lo6 h2
sec2
Mean Observations Derived from Test Data Thetest is to berun with air at atmosphericpressureandtemperature as the inlet pressure and temperature. These give (pstatic = 14.1 O psia and Ustatic &i),= 560.0 "R. Both the specified i)l gas andthe test are gas assumed ideal gases. Assuming equality of the (total)volume ratio between the testand specified operating conditions gives
90
Assuming equality of the polytropic efficiencies between the test and specified conditions gives
or
Since the same gasis used in the test and at the specified operating conditions, assume kt = ksp Then,
as the approximate (total) discharge pressure for the test. Thetestspeed is found by assuming equality of the polytropic work coefficient between the test and the specified operating condition to give
which can be obtained from equality of Machine Mach numbers. The numerical values give
Nt = 10,000 rpm
J -
= 9841 rpm
as the approximate appropriate test speed. Not that no Reynolds number correction (as used later in converting the testdata to the specified operating condition) is used in this estimation of the testspeed.Also, note that the Code speed rule (para. 5.3.2) reduces to the equality of Machine Mach numbers between the test and the specified operating conditions for ideal gases with equal values of the specific heat ratios. See para. 6.2.7. fa) Test run number 4 (b) Duration of test = 40 minutes (c) Compressorspeed = 9,500 rpm fd) Inlet temperature = TStatic = 540.0 "R dbi
91
(e) Barometer reading = 14.1 O psia (0 Ambient temperature at barometer = 540.0 "R ( ) Inlet static pressure = Pstatic i = 14.1 O psia g (h) Dry bulb temperature at inlet flange = Tstatic dbi = 540.0 "R (i) Wet bulb temperature at inlet flange = TStatic i = 530.0 "R d 0) Dew point at inlet flange = 525.1 "R (k) Gas density not measured (I) MW& = 28.97and MW, = 18.02 (m) Discharge static pressure = PStatic = 99.6 psia d (n) Discharge static temperature = Tstatic d&j = 1042.2 "R (o) Mass flow rate = 36,500 Ibm/hr (pl to (W) Not applicable to this sample (x) Shaft power input = Psh = 1851 hp (determined by measuring shaft input torque of speed) (y) Shaft torque = 1023 ft Ib (zl Lubricating system oil flow rate is 19.3 gpm. The oil density is 55.45 Ibm/ft3 so the oil flow rate is 143.1 Ibm/min (19.3 x 55.45/7.48), The oil has constant pressure specific heat cp = 0.462 Btu/lbm "R. (aa) Lubricant inlet temperature = Toin = 525.0 "R (bb) Lubricant outlet temperature = Toout 568.5 "R = (cc) to (eel Casing heat loss = 6740 Btu/hr (ft7 Not applicable Computed Results for Test Operating Conditions (similar to para. 6.2.8) The previous test data is converted into a form convenient for Code calculations. (a) The air humidity ratio of the inlet air is found using air and steam properties [Ref, (D.20)]
= 0.6220
0.3667 psia Ibm W = 0.01661 14.10 psia - 9.3667 psia Ibm da
0.240
Btu
Ibm da "R
(540.0 - 530.0) R
+
Btu - 38.35) Ibm W
Btu (1092.2 - 38.35) Ibm W
(1095.5
Ibm W ) 1 lbmole W) (28.97 0.01881 - Ibm da 18.02 Ibm W lbmole da
= 0.03024
lbmole W lbrnole da
92
(b) Air molecular weight [Ref. (D.20)]
mole da (MW&) + mole W (MW,) mole da + mole W
If
)
1 .O00 lbmole da 28.97
Ibm da + 0.03024 lbmole W lbmole da 1 .O0 lbmole da + 0.03024 lbmole W
= 28.65
I bm lbmole
(c) Air specific heat is found using dry air and steam properties
kp)t
mass da (Cpda) + mass c (wpw) mass da + mass W
1.O00 Ibrn a
(CPi)f
=
Btu
(0.240 IbrnBtu "R ) + 0.01881 Ibrn (0.447 Ibrn w"R da

1 .O00 Ibm da + 0.01 881 Inm
W
= 0.244 Ibrn "R
1.000 Ibrn da 0.249

I *
[Cpdlr
+ 0.01881 Ibm 0.475 Ibrn da " R Ibm w " R 1 .O00 Ibrn da + 0.01 881 Inm W
= 0.253
Btu Ibrn "R
Average specific heat
0.244
+ 0.253
2
Btu Ibm "R
"
0.249
Btu Ibm "R
93
0759b-10 0b05519 bO8
( 4 Air specific heat ratio
&, =
(z)t (+)
=
C
-RI
0.244
(kilt =
(0.244
Btu
Btu 1 m) (0.1986 lbmole "R) (28.65 Ibmole) Ibrn
Btu Ibrn "R
= 1.397
0.253
Btu Ibrn "R
&)( -
0.1 986
Btu lbrnole "R
)(
1 Ibrnole) 28.65 Ibrn
= 1.37
(e) The inlet flange kinematic viscosity is found from Ref. (D.20) and is assumed to be that of dry air at atmospheric pressure and the existing temperature
(Yilt
= 1 .TO
X 10-4
ft2 sec
KJ Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges i s found using the ideal gas law
(vstatic ilr
ft Ibf (1545 lbmole "R
)(
"
Ibrnole) 540.0 "R 28.65 Ibrn

1
= 14.34
ft3
(14.10$)(144$)
Ibrn
(vstatic d)r
)(
lbrnole)
"
28.65 Ibrn
1042.3 "R
(99.6
$) $)
(1 44
94
= 3.919
ft3
I bm
(g) Fluid velocity at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.3.1)
S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L777 E 0757b70 Ob05520 3 2 T
(36,500
(Vi),
4( (3600 F) 16.876 fi)' 7

T
%) hr
(1 4.34
E) Ibrn
= 93.60
ft sec
(36,500 Ibrn (3.919

(vd)t
=
77
-)hr
Ibrn
10.020
h) (3600 (h) Fluid Mach numbers at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.2.5)
4( F
r)
= 72.56 sec
ft
93.60
(Milt =
f-t sec
lbmole "R
Ib
) (Ibm s -(540.0 "R) ) 28.65

1
= 0.0818
72.56
(&)r
ft sec
) (-
-)
Ibrn
(1 042.2
= 0.0459 "R)
lbmole "R
28.65
(i) Totaltemperature at inlet anddischargeflangesis adiabatic process
found usingtheenergy
equation foran
(93.60
(T;)( = 540.0 "R
0.244
E)Btu
(778.1 7 ft Ibf (32.1 74 ft Ibrn Btu Ibf sec2)
-)
- = 540.7 "R
95
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L777
0757b70 Ob0552L 2bb E
(72.56 (Td)l 1042.2 'R
A)'
-)
Btu
2 (0.253
7) (32.174 ft Ibrn Btu (778.17 ft Ibf

Ibrn R
- = 1042.6 "R
Ibf secz)
(j) Since the Fluid Mach numberis less than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according to the simplified method of Eq. [5.4.41
(93.60
(pi), = 14.1O psia +

2 14.34
A)'
-(144 $) Ibf Ihm) sec2
= 14.1 7 psia = 99.74 psia
-) Ibrn
ft3
(32.1 74
(Pd),
= 99.6 pSa +
2 (3.91 9
2)
)(
144 (32.1 74 lbfsec~( inn) ft Ibrn )
(k) Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(14.17
$) $)
(144
"
1 Ibmole) 540.7 28.65 Ibrn
O R
= 0.06993
fi3
Ibm
(Pd)sp
(&),
(99.74
E)
(144
$)
= 0.2555
(1042.6
OR)
=
Ibf (1545 lbmole O R
) ( ) Ibrn W ' 28.65
ft3
Ibm
(1) The sum of the squares of the blade tip speeds is

(9,500
z)'
I6 (20 in)'
+ 4 (18 in)']
= 6.35
X
lo6
ft2 sec2
mm
(m)The shaft power was measuredby the shaft power method to be (/'$h), = 1851 hp (shaft power method)
96
S T D * A S f l E P T C LO-ENGL
1797 I 0751b70 I Ob05522
LTZ W
The shaft power can also be calculated from the and Eq. [5.5.141
gas power using the heat balance method
Equations [5.4.17] and [5.4.18] show the parasitic losses to be mechanical losses. Also, using
Eq. [5.4.131 gives
(36,500 I bm (0.2459 Ibm "R (1042.6 - 540.7) "R

(psh)r
r)
E)
(60
=
(42.44
&)
c)
+
(42.44
6740 hr
Btu
&)
(60
F)
(143.1 min (0.462 ,bm "R (568.5 - 525.0) "R I bm
-)
5)
= (1791.4
+ 2.65 + 67.8) hp
= 1862 hp (heat balance method)
(n) The gas power can be calculated from the heat balance method done above to get as
(P,),
(W Cp)t ( T d - Tilt + Qr = (1791 4 + 2.65) hp = 1794 hp (heat balance method)
The gas power can also be calculated from the
shaft power using the shaft power method
(P,),=
(Psh)r
- W o Cpo ATO
= (1 862 - 67.8) hp = 1794 hp (shaft power method)
Check for a Type 1 Test

Theabove test does notqualify as a Type 1 test due to the large differences pressures. To formalize this observation, the inlet pressure departure is
(Pi)sp
in theinlet
- (piIr
x 100 =
7.53
(pi)sp
7.53
- 14.16 X
1O0 = -88.0%
which is outside the range of the Table 3.1 limit of 5%; therefore, the test is not a Type 1 test. Therefore, w e must conduct a Type 2 test; however, w e will verifythat this i s a Type 2 test, .e., satisfies theTable 3.2 requirements. 97
ComputedTest Dimensionless Parameters (similarto para. 6.2.9) The dimensionless parameters which form the basis for the conversion from test data to specified operatingconditionsare calculated in thissection. (a) Polytropic efficiency is found as follows: Average specific heat ratio
0.249
Btu Ibm "R

Btu
-) "R - (1.986 lbmole "R Ibm

Polytropicexponent (see Eq. [5.1T-51)
f Ibf i
)(
Ib mole)
= 1.386
28.65
Ibrn
(99.74 psia) 14.1 7 psia = 1.507 (99.74 psia) (540.7 "R) In (14.17 psia) (1042.6 "R)
Polytropic efficiency (see Eq. [5.1T-91)
(b) Flow coefficient (see Eq. l5.1T-11)
(36,500
2)(L) (-)
2
T
rad
Ibm (0.06993 F )(9,500
s)2 ft) (1
20.0
60 min
hr
= 0.03148
3
98
(c) Polytropic work coefficient (see Eq. [5.1T-4])
99.74
1 507 - 0.507 (1545 ft Ibf "R lbmole
1-(
) ( ) (540.7"R)[(-)14.17 28.65 Ibrn ' E ft2 ) ( 1 Ibf sec2) 6.35 lo6-X
0.507 1.507-
11
sec2 32.174 ft Ibrn
= 0.4075 (cl) Total work input coefficient using the shaft power method (see Eqs. L5.4.181 and [5.3T-23)
(1 43.1
(Q,,,)t= w0c& To =
z )
hr
mm (0.462 Btu
G)
(568.5 - 525.0
Btu
(42.44 mln hr
ft -)mmIbf (60 $) hp = ) (-- = 1 Ibf sec2) (36,500F) (6.35 x lo6 -
-)
= 67.8 hp
(ash),
Psh
c "21
Qm
(1851 hp - 67.8 hp) (33,000

ft2
W-
r
gc
sec2
32.174 ft Ibrn
(e) Total work input coefficient using the heat balance method (see Eq. [5.3T-ll)
Btu (0.249 (1042.6- 540.7)"R + llbm "R
-)
6740 hr 778.16 ft Ib 36,500hr

Btu Btu
Btu
(6.35 lo6 sec2 32.174 ft Ibrn
-) (ft2
= 0.4935
(0
Work input coefficient (see Eq. [5.2T-2])
b i " h
cp
(Td
- Ti) I -
-) Btu"R Ibrn
(1042.6- 540.6)"R (778.17
*) Btu
CU2 g c
= 0.4927
99
(g) Volume ratio at stagnation conditions (for information only)
(;)r
c)r
=
0.2555
0.6993
Ibm ft3
ft3
I bm = 3.65
Computed Results forSpecified Operating Conditions (similar to para. 6.2.1 1) The performance at the specified operating conditions is calculated from the test dimensionless parameters. The effect of the difference between test and specified operating condition Reynolds numbers is estimatedfromthe PTC 10 Reynoldsnumbercorrection. (a) Discharge total pressure at specified conditions is obtained as follows: Averagespecificheat
0.267- 0.281 + Ibrn "R Ibrn "R
2
Btu
Btu
= 0.274
Btu Ibrn "R
(Thedesigndischargetemperaturehasbeenused Averagespecificheatratio
to estimate cps)
0.274
Btu Ibrn "R
-)
Btu Ibrn "R - (1.986 lbmole "R

Btu
)(
Ib mole) 28.36 Ibrn

1
= 1.370
Polytropicefficiencycorrection is now used to accountforthedifferences in theMachine Reynoldsnumbers.TheReynoldsnumber limits for this correction are found using Eqs. [5.4.41 and 15.6.11 to 15.6.41
(F)
SP
= 2.73 x 105
NDib
(9,500 min (2 T$)
T )
(=E) 20 rad
(E) 1.5
ft
= 6.10 x
105
sec
1O0
or
Remt< 4.775 Remsp= 4.775 (2.73 lo5) = 1 3 x x . Remt > 0.2094 Rem, = 0.2094 (2.73 x
lo6
lo5) =
5.72 x 1 O4
Sincethetest Machine Reynoldsnumber (6.10 x lo5)fallsintheaboverange,the following Reynoldsnumbercorrectionmay be used.Thecorrectedpolytropicefficiencyforthespecified operatingcondition is relatedtothetestpolytropicefficiency by
1
where
RCsp=
= 11
- ( q $ d RASPRBsp
RAt RBI
"
0.988 = 0.988 (2.73x 105)4.243 = 0.04718 RCt= 0.988 Remt0.243= 0.988 (6.10 105)-0.2430.03881 x = 0.066 + 0.934 0.066 + 0.934 0 46 X 1'
Rem
RA,=
1,
RCy,
R, A=
4 (I in) x 1 Os .5
2.73 x 105
]
]
0.04718
= 1.0354
RASP= 0.066 0.934
46 X
lo5
Rem
1,
RCt
R, A=
0.066 + 0.934
4 (I.5 in) x 1Os

6.10 X 1 5 0
0.03881
= .O99940
RBt =
Reml
13.67 log c + Remt)
( -
log 0.000125 +
( log 0.00012 + ( 6.10

1o1
13.67 6.10 x 105) 13.67 = 0,9961

~
105
Then,
1
-(
~ =) 11 ~
1.O354) -p0.828) (-(0.9967) = 0.1785 0.99940 0.9961
and
(vsp)sp
0.822
The polytropic exponent is found from
or
nsp = -- 1.49
The polytropic work coefficient ratio for the specified operating condition is
= (pph-- 0.4075 -= 0.4044
(qp)r
3.054 2.054
0.822
(pplsp
0.828
Discharge pressure ratio is found using the definition of the polytropic work coefficient to give
= r.4044
[(E)
(1 545
Pd
(7.037 x
lo6 sec fi Ib
fl ) iz 1
(-Ibf secz)
32.174 fi Ibm
3.042
) () R) ' (600.70 3 lbmole "R 28.36 Ibm
= 6.400
Dischargepressure is foundusing Eq. [5.4T-151

= 6.400 (pi)sp = 6.400 (7.53 psia) = 48.2 psia
(b) Capacity at specified conditions is found using the definition of the flow coefficient and equating the flow coefficients at test and specified conditions (see Eq. [5.4T-11)
= 0.03148 10,000
z)
(277~)
rad
20
fi)
= 9157min
fi3
102
S T D - A S M E PTC 10-ENGL L997
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob05526 h10
(cl The inlet mass flow rate is
= ( 9 1 5f t7 ~ ()0 . 0 3 1 I3 6 ~ () 6 0 5 ) = 17,230-Ibm 3 bm hr
(d) The specific volume ratio based on total conditions is
(2) =
vd sp
[(E)q
1
= 6.4001.49 = 3.48
1 -
S P
(e) Discharge total temperature is found using Eq. [5.4T-181

n-1
0.49
= 600.7 "R (6.400)l.49 = 1 1 .O6 "R
S P
Since this temperature is nearly equal to the design value of 1103.5"R, the average specific heatchosenfor the calculations is assumed appropriate. ( 7 power is found using the equality of the total work input coefficient between the test and 1Gas the specified operating condition. Using the shaft power method, Eq. [5.4T-20], and Table 5.3 gives
I bm 17,230 -(0.4901)7.037
min
lo6
(33,000 ft Ibf (60 min min hp
ft2 ) 1 Ibf sec2) - (-sec2 32.174 ft Ibm
r )
= 932.8 hp (shaft power method)
Using theheatbalancemethod,
Eq. [5.4T-201, andTable 5.3 gives
(17,230
h) (0.4935) min
(7.037 lo6 x
ft Ibf
ft2 - (-1 Ibf sec*) sec2 32.174 ft Ibm
min
= 939.3 hp (heat balance method)

103
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05529 557
(g., The shaft power is found by assuming the mechanical losses are proportional to a power of the rotational speed (see Eq. 15.6.81)
(Qmlsp
(Qm)r
N (2)=
2.5
67.8 hp
10,000
rev -
2.5
9,500 min
= 77.1 hp
The shaft power is found using Eqs. [5.4.14],[5.4.17],and[5.4.181
= 1O 1 0 hp (shaft power method)
or
= 1016 hp (shaft power method)
(h) Static discharge temperature and pressure may be calculated from the mass flow rate, flow area, and total temperature and pressure. Since the flow Mach number is below 0.2, Eqs. 15.4.21, and 15.4.61 may be used. (5.4.33,i5.4.41, With a guessed velocity of 80.2 fthec, obtained by trial anderror,
(802)2 = 1106. -
sec2
ft2
ft Ibm 2 778.17- Ibf) (32.1 74 (0.281 Btu Ibf sec
-)
Btu
= 1 105.5 'R
= 48.2 -
Ibf
(0.1 O 9
F)
ft Ibm 2 32,174 Ibf sec2
= ) ;J 48.12 in2 -(144 -
(80.2)2~
ft* e c ~
Ibf
104
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob05530 2 7 7
Checking
(287.1 7 Ibm rnln
-) (-1 -min )
60 sec
= 80.2-
ft sec
(1 44
$) $)
(48.2
= 0.109
ft3
Ibm
Check for a Type 2 Test (a) Specific volume ratio (see Eq. [5.5.51)
x 100 =
3.65 3.48
100 = 1.049%
Thetestspecific volume flow ratio is just within the Table 3.2 range of 95% to 105%. The difference is due largely to the assumption of equal gas properties between test and specified conditions made when determining the testspeed. A retest at an adjusted speed would reduce this deviation. (b) Capacity - speed (flow coefficient) ratio (seeEqs. [5.2T-11 and [5.4T-43
(36,500 hr (0.06993 x 100 =

ft3
F)
E) min
X
F) (9,500
(1 7,300 hr
F)
100 = 99.6%
Ibrn (1 (0.03 136 y) 0,000
fi
"min )
105
Thetestcapacity speed ratio is within theTable3.2range (c) Test Machine Mach number (see para. 5.5.1)
of 96% to 104%.
Mm, =
= 0.710
(9,500 Mmt
2) ($
1
h) (2
TE) z) (A
of 0.625(0.710
(-26.84 2)R) Ibm (540.7

moe
= 0.708
The test Machine Mach number is within the Fig. 3.4 range
(0.71O + 0.105). (cf) Machine Reynolds number ratio (see Eq. [5.5.51)
- 0.085)to 0.815
Rem, = sec
= 2.73
105
(9,500 mm Remt =
?)
(hg) (g fi)
($h)
= 6.10 x 105
Remt
Remsp
x 100 =
6.10 x 105 X 100 = 223.4% 2.73 x 105
Thetest Machine Reynoldsnumber is abovetheTable 3.2 lower limit of 90,000 andthe Machine Reynoldsnumber is between the Fig. 3.6 limits of 0.17 and 6.5. Since all theTable 3.2 requirementsaresatisfied,thetest is a Type 2 test.
106
TABLE C.2.1 CALCULATIONSUMMARY

Test Corrected to Specified Operating Condition
~
Expected
at Specified Operating Condition
~ ~~
Quantity
~~
Symbol
~~
Units
Test Value
1. Quantity of gas delivered

2 Pressurerise . 3 Head (total) . 4. Shaft power
(a)Shaft method
lbm/hr psi
ft . IbfAbm
36,500 85.6 80,400
17,230 40.7 88,450 1010 1016
17,300 40.6 88,200 1025
*P
W,
(b) Heat method

5 Polytropic efficiency . 6 Flow coefficient . 7 Machine Mach no. .
8. Machine Reynolds no.
Mm
1 025
0.82 0.0316 0.703 273,000 3.48 1.37
0.828 0.0315 0.724 6 0,000 1 34 .8 1.39 0.408 0.493 0.490 0.494

Whin
T
0.822 0 0 15 .3 0.703 273,000 3.48 1.37 0.44 0.493 0.490 0.494 9 60 1 660 7.50 601 7.53 1106 48.1 1106 48.2 933 939
Rem
(Vi/vd
9. Specific volume ratio (total) 10. Specific heat ratio

11. Polytropic work coefficient
k
l*P
12. Work input coefficient 13. Total work input coefficient

(a)Shaft method (b) Heat method
14. Capacity 15. Inlet gasstate

(a)Statictemperature (b) Staticpressure (c) Total temperature (dl Total pressure
8700 540 1. 41 541 14.2 1042 99.6 1043 99.7 1794 1794 2.65 9,500 67.8
9 90 1 600 7.50 601 7.53 1103 48.0 1103 I 48.
OR
P
T
psia
OR
P
T
psia
"R psia
O R
16. Discharge gasstate

(a)Statictemperature (b) Staticpressure (cl Total temperature (d) Total pressure
psia
17. Gas power

(a)Shaft method (b) Heat method
la. Casing heat loss 19. speed 20. Mechanical losses
10,000 7. 71 10,000
107
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.3 IDEAL GAS APPLICATIONTOSELECTION OF TEST S E D PE AND TEST GAS AND METHODS OF POWEREVALUATION
Thissample calculation is intended to demonstrate: (a) Test speed selection (b) The effect of substitute gas use on achievement of flow similarity (c) Methods of power evaluation The following information is givenaboutthe Number of stages = 6 1st stage diameter = 11.459 Discharge in. Impeller exit tip width = 0.5 in. Shaft rotational speed = 16000 rpm Gas - Methane Inlet pressure = 30 psia Inlet temperature = 570"R ZU2/gc = 1.1 1006 x 1O5 ft-lbf/lbm design: At an flow inlet of 3000 ft3/min pressure = 90 psia Polytropic efficiency = 0.76 Shaft power = 690 hp
Thedata in the left hand column above indicate the specified operating conditions. This data describes the compressor geometry, the operational speed, and inlet gas conditions. The data in the above right hand column describes the intended performance of the compressor at the specified operating conditions. It is the purpose of the test to verify these intended values or establishthe actual values. It is assumed that circumstances prohibit testing with methane. Air is available at 14.7 psia, 520R, and 50 percent relative humidity. The driver has variable speed capability. The following assumptionsaremade to simplify the calculation process so that focus may be made on demonstrationpoints. (a) Both the test gas, air, and the specifiedgas, methane, will be treated ideal gases with constant as specific heats. Average valueswill be used. (The alternative is to use actual gas thermodynamic data and the Type 2 calculation procedure. This would lead to slightly more accurate results.) (b) Leakages will be assumed negligible at both test and specifed conditions. The rotor mass flow rate is then the inlet mass flow rate. The test speed required to provide equivalence between test and specified conditions is obtained from the speed selection rule. For ideal gases,
1o9
TABLE C.3.1
PRETEST CALCULATION SUMMARY
CaS
Pd
Pi
Methane
Air 51.597 14.7 520. 53.53 1.396 0.0761 1.27x 10-5 12704.
psia psia
90. 30.
Ti
R
"R
ft-lbf/lbmOR
570.
96.31 1.28 0.078693 0.769 x 16000. 800. 0.532 3.411 X lo5 0.76
k
P P
Ibm/ft3 Ibmh . sec

rPm ft/sec
u
Mm Rem
635
0.5675 1.583 X lo5 0.76
(excludes Reynolds Number correction)
TP
16 .
pd/pi n qi/qd
30 . 14 . 21 9 . 0.00343
3.51
21 9 .
with
1 1
and
"
n n-1
k
'Ip-
k - 1'
and Remco,, = 1
Precise values of pressure ratio, efficiency, and polytropic exponent for both specified and test conditions are of course unknown before test. However, appropriate speed be the test may estimated by making the following assumptions: (al Thepressure ratio and efficiency at specified operating conditions are equal to the design values. (b) The efficiency at test conditions is also equal to the design value.While the Reynolds number effect might be taken into account here, it is small and the current calculation is only an estimate. It is ignored simply for computationalease. The firstassumptionallowscalculation of thespecified condition polytropic exponent.The second allows calculation of the test polytropic exponent. With these a test pressure ratio estimate and a required test speed estimate be may calculated. This speed may be used to calculate Machine Mach andReynoldsnumbers. Thegasdatausedandresults of the computations indicated abovearesummarized in Table C.3.1. Thevalues in thistable may be used todetermine if it is possible to accomplishthe proposedtest within the allowable deviations in similarity parameters. Mach Mach NumberCheck:The test Mach number is = 6.6 percentgreaterthanthedesign consequence of gas selection with number. This is an unavoidable
110
different k values when specific volume ratio equality i s maintained. The deviation is, however, within the limits of Fig.3.2. is -46 percent of thedesignReynolds Reynolds Number Check:ThetestReynoldsnumber number. This is within the deviation limits of Fig. 3.4, and the correction relationship applies. The correction has not been applied to the tabulated values,since the computations are preliminary. The compressor is run to obtain a bracketing point. A bracketing point lies within 2 4 percent of the specified operating condition flow coefficient of interest, which is
The desired test inlet flow may be calculated from test and specified operating condition flow coefficient equality, which yields
q;, = 9i,
(e)
= 3000
12704 (-)16000
= 2383 rnln
ft3
The test yields the following data: W = 2.9595 Ibmhec pi= 14.7 Ibf/in3 G= 520 "R
RH;= 50%
p d = 50.4 Ibf/in2
om= hp (from lubricating oil temperature rise and 20 or=5574.5 Btu/hr (calculated casingheat loss)
Td= 832
"R
flow rate)
Psh= 339. hp (shaftpower,perhaps from a torquemeter) N= 12690 rpm R = 53.53 ft-lbf/lbm-"R The next step is to compute the following dimensionless parameters from the test data. Specific Volume Ratio:
'V,
(3'
1
W
= 2.14286
Flow Coefficient:
9t =
= 0.03363
111
Polytropic Work Coefficient:
(-)n -n 1
ClPt =
RF
xu2
- 1 1 = 0.62702
Work Input Coefficient:
PolytropicEfficiency:
Total Work Input Coefficient: (Heat balancemethod)
Total Work Input Coefficient: (Shaft power method)
gc
Machine Mach Number:
Mmt =
U --
Machine Reynolds Number:
Remt =
- = 1.583 X lo5
V
Ub
which havebeenevaluated
using
= 0757b70
Ob05537 b 2 3
W;
= (2.9595 Ibm/sec) (60 sec/min) = 177.57 Ibm/min
N = 12690 rev/min
D = 11.459 in.
R = 53.53 ft-lbf/lbm*"R
CU2
1.11006 X 1' = 6.9828 X 0
lo4 Ibm
ft Ibf
k = 1.396
Btu Ibm "R
cp =
(5574.5 Btu/hr) (1/60hr/min) = 92.91 Btu/min
113
14.7
p i = - -Pi =
Ibf (5)( 144 ):
R Ti
53.53
(-)Ibm "R
ti Ibf
Ibm = 0.076047 ft3
520 "R
2.9595
q,=-=
Pi
Wi
(E) 60 sec
(=)
min
= 2335 min
ft3
0.076047
I bm (F)
(20hp) 33000
o = m ....
778.1 6
ft (-)min Ibf hp
f-\ti
Ibf
= 848.2 min
Btu
U ="
2lrN D
60 24
Rad - (- (6; 2 10 . 2) ) 9
rev
mm
1 (--) min 60 sec
(?in.)
11.459
1 t (--)fin. 12
= 634.5
-)ft sec
1.27x
y="=
10-5
( r Ibm ) sec
Ibm
= 1.67 X
ti2 -
0.076047 (F)
sec
b = 0.5 in,
1 t (-12 fin. -)
= 0.041 7 ft
The preliminary assumptionismadethatthesecoefficients withappropriateReynoldsnumber correction,alsoapplyatspecifiedconditions. Thelimitsforallowable test Machine Reynolds numberaregivenby
114
or
6.41 x
lo4 5
Rem, 5 1.81 x
lo6
Thetest Machine Reynolds number does fall within these limits and the efficiency correction may be used.Thus
1 where
VPsp
= (1
- VPt)
RASPRBsp
- (1
- 0.744)1 .O1
0.97798 (0.99648) = 0.2476 184 (0.9971 8)
R S = 0.066 + 0.934 AP
(4.8 X 1 O6 b) RCsp
Rm e,
= 0.97798
RAI = 0.066
+ 0.934
RCr
= 1.01184
R, B
= 0.99648
with R, = 0.988 Remsf-0.243= 0.044696 C RCt= 0.988 Rem,p-0.243 = 0.053862 b= 0.5 in. Remsf= 3.411 x lo5 Remr= 1.593 x lo5 E= 0.000120 in.
so,
vpsP= 0.7524,and Remco,, = - = -= 1.0118
PSP
0.752
Pt
0.744
TheReynolds number correction is applied to both the polytropic efficiency and the polytropic work coefficient.
115
In summary, the preliminary assumption is that the applies at specified operating conditions.
following dimensionless coefficient
set
drp
= 4, = 0.3363
p*p
qpt Remcorr=
0.744 (1 .O1 18) 0.752 =
This assumption is taken to be valid to the approximation involved if: (a) the test specific volume is within 2 5 percent of the specifiedcondition volume ratio (Table ratio 3.2). The specified operating condition volume ratio is calculated to determine if this requirement is met. This is done by using the polytropic work coefficient and polytropic efficiency to calculate the
specified condition discharge gas state, .e.,
= [0.6344
1.11006 lo5 ((3.4395) x96.31 )(570) + 11
3.4395
= 2.9750
where
n
1.28
0.7524 = 3.4395
116
S T D O A S M E P T C 20-ENGL 2 7 7 7
0759b70 Ob05542 0 5 4
which yields nsp = 1.4099, Thespecific volume ratio is then
(which is within the + 5 percent limit). (b) the test Machine Mach number is within the limits of Fig. 3.4, which is seen to be satisfied; (c) the test Machine Reynolds number is within the limits as already described; (d) the test flow coefficient is within ?4 percent of the specified operating condition flow coefficient of interest. It is concluded that the dimensionless coefficient set developed is valid for the specified operating conditions. The following quantities of interest at the specified operating conditions are established from this set as follows. The section pressure ratio has alreadybeenestablished in the volume ratio calculation using the polytropic efficiency and polytropic work coefficient. Thedischarge gasstate is then
pi, = 2.975 (30.) = 89.25
Ibf in2
(x
(3"
n-1
= 2.975 1.4099 = 1.373
0.4099 -
Tdsp
($sp
Tisp= 1.373 (570) = 782.6 "R
The flow is determined from the flow coefficient
D 3
qi = [4sp27N(;i)
= 0.03363 2
SP
rad
T -
16000 rev rev min
11.459 (-ft) 12
= 2944
min
ft 3
wj = p jq; =
(30) 144 [96.31 (570)
F I
117
Ibm
Ibm 2944 min = 2 3 1 ' 7 mln

ft3
The power requirement at the specified operating conditions is determined from the total work input coefficient.
= 3.862-60-0.849
sec
Ibm
sec
min
1.11006~ lo5-
ft
Ibf
Ibm
= (G=) 697.3 hp
min
hp
where,
Om,
-=" 33000
Om,
33000 N t
Nsp)2'5
= 20 hp
In this example both the shaft method and heat balance method give exactly the same power requirement. This may not always be true because of differences in the independent measurements which areused.Thisexamplewas specifically constructedusingvaluessuchthatthepowers would match.
118
ASME PTC 10-1997
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.4

TREATMENT OF BRACKETEDTEST POINTS
This sample problem is anextension of Sample Calculation C.3. It demonstratestreatment of bracketingpoints.Supposethat a seconddata point forthecompressor of Sample Calculation C.3 is available. The data is shown in the upper portion of thesecond column in Table C.4.1. Calculations were done for this data set following the same procedure as in Sample Calculation C.3. Theresults are summarized in the lower portion of column 2. The calculated efficiency and work coefficients are plotted as functions of flow coefficient in Fig. C.4.1.The flow coefficient of interest is for3000 fi3/min atspecified conditions, or
3000
4=
( 2 7 r e)0 rev:6 )0( 01
ft3 min
("fi)11.459
= 0.03427 - . - - .- .
which falls about midway between data the points in Fig. C.4.1. data The points are valid bracketing points in that they are well within 4 percent of the flow coefficient of interest (Table 3.2). In the absence of additional data points, the values o the dimensionless coefficients at the f flow coefficientofinterestaredetermined by linearinterpolation.Linear interpolation gives
These values are used to calculate the compressor performance in dimensional terms as follows: Flowrate: 3000 ft3/min as above Dischargepressure:
119
1.11006 X
lo5
(3.430196.31 (570)
'10
3.4304
= 2.9497
ASME
10-1997
TABLE C.4.1
Point Data 1st Units Data Test Data Point
nd
12690. 2.9595 1. 47 520. 5. 0 50.4 832. 20. 339. 5574.5 53.53 1.396
12690. 3.0799 14.7 520. 50. 49.4 828. 20. 330.39 5495. 53.53 1.396
Calculation Summary:
1st Data Point Test Conditions Conditions Conditions Conditions
2nd Data Point
specified
Operating
operating
Test Operating
~~~
specified Operating
~
0.034 0.843 0.627 0.744 0.849 0.84900 0.5675 1.583 x 1 6 2.1429
0.034 0.843 0.634 0.752 0.849 0.84900 0.5320 3.411 X 1 5 0 2.1 668
0.035 0.832 06 5 .1 0.739 0.838 0.794 0.5674 1.583 x 1Os 2.1105
0.035 0.832 0.623 0.748 0.838 0.794 0.5320 3 4 1 x 1Os .1 2.1351
where
= tsp
(T)k
= 0.750
(g)
= 3.4304
n = 1.41145
and,
120
ASME PTC 10-1997
* I
FIG. C.4.1
Power requirement: Heat balance method:
"" =
Pshhb
5
Wi f i h b
Cu2
33000
33000 gc
where
121
(236.08)0.848(1.11c)06 x IO5) 3 3000
35.7
= 705,-79
ASME 10-1997 COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS
Shaft power method:
- (236.08)0.823(1.11006 x 1Os)t 35.7 hp = 689.43 hp

33000
Notice that the shaft powerandheatbalancemethods yield two different results in contrast to Sample Calculation C.3. This is due to the contradictory measurementsfor the seconddata input coefficient. One of the values is point, reflected in the two different values for total work clearly in error, indicating an error in measurement. With mutualagreement by parties tothe test, theoptionsmayinclude: (a) retest, eliminating the error; (b) neglecting the error should the difference in results be deemed negligible; (c) assuming one or the other measurement correct and ignoring the other; (d) comparison with other data points if available. In this case the error would appear quite large.Since only two data points are available it might well beprudent to retestfor verification. As the methodsagreeforthefirstpoint, the seconddata point is questionable. point despite a largermass Further,since the testshaftpower is smallerfortheseconddata flow rate, the shaft powermeasurement is especially suspect. Assume that further investigation leads to disqualification of the shaft power measurement for the second data point. The final results from the bracketing data points may be summarized as
Design 16000 Methane
570.
Calculated 16000 Methane

570.
30. 3000. 90. 0.76 690.

2.1 9
30.
3000. 88.49 0.750
705.79
2.1 52
Comparison of the design and actual results indicates that the compressor falls short of meeting is designpressuregoal at design flow. The implication of this fact to the parties involved are t beyond the scope of thisCode, as they would bealso had thecompressorexceeded its design goals.However, typical industrialreaction in lieu of mutualacceptance as tested is hardware modification or specified condition speed adjustment, In the event of hardware modification the testmust be repeated.Forsmallspeedadjustmentsthetestresultsmayremainvalid.This is determined by conversion of the testresults to the new specified condition speedand verifying that the limits in departurebetweentestandspecified conditions are not exceeded.
122
STDmASME P T C 1 0 - E N G L
1 9 9 7 D 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 06055i7 5 7 2 D
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.5 SELECTION OF A TEST GAS FOR A TYPE 2 TEST USING IDEALAND REAL GAS EQUATIONS
This sample calculation is intended to demonstrate how to select a test gas and determine the testspeed. A compressor designed for use on a hydrocarbon mixture is to be tested in the shop with aclosed loop for an ASME test. Table C.5.1 gives the specified operating conditions and predicted performance for the point to be tested. Additionally, it gives mechanical design requirements of the equipment such as the maximum temperature, pressure, rotating speed requirements, the impeller design data neededforthe evaluation of test equivalency,andthe critical speeds of thecompressorrotorsystem. The selection of the test gas and computation of the required compressorspeed is a multistep process. Table C.5.2 outlines the basic steps involved in flow chart form.Thefirst step involves computation of the specified conditions; Reynolds number, Mach number, pressure ratios, volume ratios, etc. This data is contained in Table C.5.4.The next step is to select the possible testgases. In this problem nitrogen, carbon dioxide, refrigerant134a (R134a) andrefrigerant 22 (R22)havebeenselected as possible testgases. Knowing a closed loop is to be used, 20 psia and 100F were used for afirstestimate of inlet conditions. Theselection of the 20 psia was to allow a loop with a positive pressure and therefore, no inward leakage of air as a contaminant would occur. Table C.5.3 lists the test gas inlet conditions for each of the gasses.The next step is the determination whether ideal gas or real gas calculation methods should be used. The X factor and Y factor of Schultz were computed for the specified gas as well as for each of the test gases. It was found that the specified gas required real gas calculations, nitrogen could be assumed to be ideal, and CO2,R134a,R22 required real gas calculations. From the X and Y factors,an estimate of the cp and the compressibility Z, the test polytropic exponent was computed. Since specific the volume ratio at test should equal the specific volume ratio at specified operating conditions, the test pressure ratio was computed along with the test discharge pressure and temperature; see Table C.5.4. At this point, a check with mechanical design conditions found that nitrogen and CO2testdischargetemperatureswere in excess of maximum allowed by the mechanical design and a furthercomparison of speeds also indicated extremely high rotational testspeeds in excess of mechanical design.Further computation was not needed for nitrogen and COz,asthesegases were eliminated. Firstestimates of temperature and speed for refrigerant 134a and refrigerant 22(See Table C.5.4) indicated possible testgases since they did not exceed mechanical limitations. However, the rotative speed for the preliminary R22 selection was only 3 percent below the first critical speed and the rotative speed for the R134a selection was approximately 14 percent below thefirst critical speed. For the first pass, there was no Reynoldsnumberscorrection, verification of specific volume ratio, efficiency,or an estimate of real gas correction factors. The final testspeed should be checked so that it is not too close to a critical speed. The next step is the computation of the test head, dischargeenthalpy, isentropic discharge condition, and the real gas correction polytropic work factor. Table C.5.5 has the computed data
l It is recognized that there is a potential environmental problem of using refrigerant demonstrate the calculation method.
22. The here use
is onlyto
123
TABLE C.5.1
SPECIFIEDOPERATINGCONDITIONSANDPREDICTEDCONDITIONS
Inlet
650 Pressure, psia Temperature, O R Specific volume ft3/lbm 200 575 0.7578 0.8768 0.01 021 0.4894 1.1 28 830. 164.9 1.577
Discharge
704.8 0.2602 0.7981 0.01 373 0.6266 1 .O98 820. 1.592
Z
Viscosity centipoise Specific heat Btu/lbm-"R Specific heat ratio Sonic velocity hhec 209.8 Enthalpy Btu/lbm Entropy Btu/lbm-"R
Cas properties: Hydrocarbon mixture Critical pressure: 646.4 psia Critical temperature: 577.2 'R Critical specific volume: 0.7943 ft3/lbm Mol weight: 35.67 Volume flow rate: 22734 d m Mass flow rate: 30000 Ibm/min Polytropic efficiency: 0.781 Polytropic head: 27310 h-lbf/lbm Speed:Gas 3600 rpm Mechanical 1 0 0 hp Mechanical design: Max. temp 350 O F Max. pressure 900 psia Max. speed 3775 rpm 1st critical speed: 2600 rpm 2nd critical speed: 4700 rpm 1 in. Width, Impeller Diam., in. Tip f, in. 36 3 st 2nd 36 5th rd
36 1.75 1.25
4th 36 1.5
36
2.5
0.000125
for R134a.Thetestspecific volumeratiocomparedtospecifiedindicatedthat the R134a gas conditions are very close (within the accuracy of estimated gas properties) to that of the specified. Furthercheck on theassumed efficiency also indicated it was within 4 percent of specified. The polytropic headwascomputed along with Reynoldsnumber correctionfactorand a new against the critical s p e e d of the unit speed also was computed. Further check of this speed indicated a margin of 8.6 percent, which should be within a reasonable range for unit operation; therefore,R134a could beused. .. ratio is considerably off Table C 5 6 has thebasic R22 checkdata.Thetestspecificvolume from that specified. The test speed is 2556 rpm which is too close to the first critcal speed. This problem demonstrated the extent of calculation necessary to come up with the test speed for a given unit. The final test power may be increased by changing the inlet pressure and then ratio shouldremainconstantand test re-computing all thevalues.Effectivelythetemperature speedmay vary slightly with increase of inlet pressure. The test speed computed is only an estimate. Once the unit is on test, the 9/N should be set r", checked from test data. If the volume ratio is not correct, the and the specific volume ratio, q/N reset. testspeedshouldbeadjustedandthe
124
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob05544 345
TABLE C.5.2
GENERALFLOWCHART
FOR TESTGASSELECTION
Rem, Mach No., qfN, Wp, tlp. P y
Y
I
Compute Test Speed
Select Test Gas
Verify Mechanical Design for Critical Speed, Max Speed, etc.
P. f
Requirements(Table 3.3) Compute Test Polytropic Exponent
I
1
I F 4
Verify Volume Ratio
I
Estimate New Discharge Pressure
I I
Compute Reynolds No. Ratio and Efficiencv Correction Verify Computed Test Efficiency Compute Corrected
t
Compute TestPressureRatio
1
Compute Test Discharge Temperature and Pressure
Compute MachNo.,
JO
t
Verify Test Temperature Pressure Lower Than Max. Design
I
Compute Test Head Discharge Enthalpy and Isentropic Discharge andReal Gas
Compute Test Power
125
TABLE C.5.3 TEST GAS INLET CONDITIONS

N2
c02
R134a
R22
560
560
pi, psia Ti, 'R 560

vi, ft3/lbm
4
k
ai, ft/sec
0.982
p, centipoise
c, Btu/lbm-'R
204.8 721.9 102.
673.8 TO 'R 547.7 590.3po psia 1069.9 MW 44.01 h&Btu/lbm

si Xi Yi
20 560 10.73 1 .o0 0.975 0.017 0.2499 1.396 1 178. 227.4 493. 28.01 0.02 -
20 6.778 0.993 00 5 .1 0.21 03 1.273 894.
20 2816 .7 0.01 o9 0.2098 1 .O98 538.8
20 3.41 00 1 .1 0.161 1.166 598.5 22
121.2 -
122.3 0.07 1 .O27
1 .O3
GENERAL NOTE It is recognized that there a potential environmental problem using refrigerant22. is of The use here is only to demonstrate the calculation method.
TABLE C.5.4 FIRST PASS FOR GAS SELECTION

specified
Ca
3.25 29 2 .1 1.226 1 .O273 071 .8 0.509/1 .O56 1.1 50b.287
Real
N 2
CO2
R134a
R22
5.358 29 2 .1 1.840
4.309 29 2 .1 1.495 0.781 00 .1 1.1 o

Real
3.296 29 2 .1 1.157 0.781 0.08 1 .O3

Real
3.551
29 2 .1 121 .6 0.781 0.02 1 .O3
Real
0.781
Ideal
1.1 027
2731 0 0 . 2.266 x lo7 0.681 565.5
1.574 7 422 1
1.366 34860
107.2 1030. [Note ( 11 1 3600 5822

[Note ( 11 1
86.2 836.6
[Note (1 11
1.116 1 o499 3.473 x 106 0.65 350 65.9 648 0.983 2232
1.185 13750
70.0 706
4067
[Note ( 11 1
2554
[Note (311
NOTES (1 1 Test values exceed the mechanical designlimit for the tested unit. (2)No Reynolds number correction or verificationof volume ratio, efficiency, or real gas correction, (3)Test speed too close to rotor critical speed.
126
0759b70 O b 0 5 5 5 1 T T 3
TABLE C.5.5
Specified CaS
Polytropic work factor f RemdRem,
Allowable range (minimum) r, check qp check W, ft Ibf/lbm
R134a
1.o1 0.1 53 0.1 2.92
1.004
2.91 2 0.781
0.779
10605 1.O03 2247 0.655 14190
2731 O 3600
0.681
Remcon N, rpm
Mm
9
hP
22734
31 790
2039
Supplement C.5.A
PredictedConditionsSpecifiedGas PressureRatio rp = pd/pi = 650/200 = 3.25 Volume Ratio r, = Vi/Vd = 0.7578/0.2602 = 2.912 kmaxkmin = 1.1283 /1 .O975 = 1 .O28 9/N = 2273413600 = 6.315 Check SpecifiedGasforType of Calculation
From Schultz Charts
Xmi"
= 0.509 Ymin = 1 .I50
Xmax
= 0.056 Ymax = 1.287
Based on Table 3.3
Use RealGas Calculation Method forSpecified Gas
1.128 (200) (0.7578) (32.2) 144 1.15
= 830.2 ftfsec.
127
Tip Speed
Machine Mach Number
(36) (3600) fi = 565.5 sec 720
Mm =
U/&
= 565.5f830.2= 0.681
Machine Reynolds Number
Rem = Ulbl/pv
, U
= 0.01021 centipoise = 0.01 = 6.86 x lov6Ibm/ft-sec
021
/(1488.2)
2.5 (565.5)(E)
Rem =
6.86 x
(0.7678)
= 2.266 X
lo7
Test Gas Nitrogen(N2)

Initial Estimate: Assume Ideal Gas
Y = 1.0
= 0.0
f = 1.0
Remco,, = 1 .O
ComputePolytropicExponent
npt = nPsp= 0.781
=1.396 0.781
(1.396 - 1 )
= 0.3632
nl = 1.574
Compute Test Gas Pressure Ratio
r), = ( r pn-1y 5.358.3632 1.840 J =
129
Test Polytropic Head
W, =
=pi
vi
(rp
n-1 n - 1) 144
W, =
1.5704 (20) 10.725 (5.358*3632 1) 144 1.5704 - 1
= 71422 ft-lbf/lbm TestSpeed
Nt = 3600
= 5822 rpm
NOTE Test temperatureexceedsmechanicaldesignlimit.
Test speed exceedsmechanicaldesignlimit.
Test Gas
Co;!
Initial Estimate:
Assume Nonideal Gas Use inlet conditionsfor initial calculations. i Reduced Temperature = R, = T /Tc,it = 560/547.7 = 1.022 Reduced Pressure = Rp = pi = 20/1069.9 = 0 0 87 .1 x = 0.01 Y = 1.01 Z = 0.993 cp = 0.21 03
130
S T D - A S M E P T C 111-ENGL 1917 I 0757b70 Ob05555
h119 D
ComputePolytropic Exponent
n=
1 Y - m (1
+X)
1 (-0.781 + 0.01) 778.17 (0.2103) (44.01

0.993 (1 545)
= 0.2749
n=
1.01
- 0.2755 (1 + 0.01) = 1.3655
nt -
1.3655
1.1027
rPf = rpspnsp 3.25 =
= 4.304
Pdf =
= 4.304
20 = 86.1 p i a
Compute Test TemperatureRatio
Td, =
ff
T; = 1494 (560 "R) = 836.6 "R
"'r
= -P if
Z Ti,
0.993
1545 (-)44.01 144 (20)
(560)
= 6.778
131
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL L997 9 0759b70 O b 0 5 5 5 b 5 8 5
Test Head
.. . n-
Wp,
-pi .(rp n-1

n
" - 1) 144
Wpt=
(1.3655 - 1) 20 (6.778) (4.304.2677- 1 ) 144 1*3655
= 34860 ft-IbWlbm
TestSpeed
= 3600
J--
= 4067 rpm
NOTE: Testtemperature is marginal.Test s p e e d exceedsmechanicaldesign.
Test Gas R734a

Initial Estimate
Assume Nonideal Gas

Use Inlet Conditions for Initial Assumptions
ReducedTemperature =
RI
= Tiflcrit
= 5601673.8 = 0.8311
ReducedPressure = Rp = pi/pcrit
= 201590.3 = 0.0339
X = 0.07
132
Y = 1.027
ComputePolytropicExponent
0.975 (1 545) 1 778.1 7 (0.2098) (1 02) 0.781
(-
+ 0.07)
= 0.1 221 5
n =
Y - m (1
+X)
+ 0.07)
1 1 .O27 - 0.1 221 5 (1
= 1.1157
Compute Test Gas PressureRatio
rP, = 3.25'.'02' = 3.2955
1.1157 -
Pd
= rp pi
= 3.2955 x 20 = 65.91 psia
Compute Test Gas TemperatureRatio
r( = r$
= (3.2955)0.'22'5= 1.1568
ComputeTest Head
1545 (K)
vit
= -P i,
0.9753
(560)
144 (20)
= 2.8716
n W, = pi vi (rp n-1
n- 1 .. .
- 1) 144
57 20 (2.8716) 3.29!jS(*) (1.1157 - 1
- 1)
144 = 10499 -
fi-l bf Ibrn
Compute TestSpeed
Nt = 3600
J"=
= 2232 rprn
CheckVolume Ratio
Vd
- 0.951 (1 545) 647.8 144 p M W - 144 (65.911 102

ZRT
= 0.9832
Ib
ft3
r, = 2.871610.9832 = 2.921
Compute Polytropic Work (RealGas)Factor Isentropic P= 65.91 psia T'= 168.7 "F (628.7 OR) V = 0.9205 ft3/lbm h'= 135.46 Btu/lbm n,= Inrplln r,' r:= VdvJ = 2.8716 /0.9205 = 3.1 196 n,= In 3.2955/1n 3.1 196 = 1 .O482
134
0757b70 O b 0 5 5 5 7 29q
Ws=
(h2 - hi) = (135.46 = 10241 ft-lbf/lbm
122.3) 778.17
ns ( P d vd n,- 1
- pi
Vi)
144
f=
10241 = 1.01 1 .O482 [65.91 (0.9205) - 20 (2.871 6 1 144 1 1.O482 - 1
Compute Reynolds Number and Reynolds Number Correction Use Preliminary TestSpeed Rem = Ub/pv U= ?rDN/720 = ?r 36 (2232)/720 = 350.6 ft/sec. 350.6(~) 2.5 Remt= 7.324 x 1O-6 (2.871 6)
= 3.473 x 106
Reynolds Number Ratio

Rem,
"
- 3.473 x lo6 = 0.153

2.266 x l o 7
Rem,
Allowable Ratio
Remt/Remsp 2 0.1
Therefore,theReynoldsnumber ratio of 0.153meets Compute Reynoldsnumber conditions.
conditions.
RA = 0.66
lo6 + 0.934 (4.8 xRem bIRC

+
13.67/Rem)
RB= log (0.000125 + 13.67/Rem)/log (e RC = 0.988/(Rem)0.243 R, C = 0.01 612

135
RA,=
0.66 + 0.934
R, B=
RC,=
1 .O
0.988 [3.473X 1O6lo."3
= 0.02543
R= A I
0.66 t 0.934
RBI= 1 0 .
(1
- T&=
(1
- .8) 71,
1 565 1 (-)1.548 (-) O 1.0
= 0.224
qPr= 0.7786
Remco,,= 0.781/0.7786 = 1 .O03
"P=
(p () 144 zp 7r
n f
n-1
1)
1.1157
.O11
(20)
(2.871
01 157 . -
6)
[3.2955'."57 - 1 ] (144)
= 10605 ft-lbf/lb
Correct Preliminary Test Speed
NI
= 3600
136
= 2247 rpm
NOTE Test s p e e d within 8-1/2 percent of 1st rotor Critical Speed
Calculate Mach Number

Mm= U/ai
U= ~ D N / 7 2 0 = [~36(2247)1/720 = 353 fVsec. Mm= 3531539 = 0.655 Mach Number Ratio Difference
Mmt
- Mmsp= 0.655 - 0.681
= -0.026
Test Gas R22 (Chlorodifluoromethane) Initial estimate
TP,=
?Psp
Remco,,= 1.O f= 1.0 Use real gas calculation Use inlet conditionsfor initial estimate Compute Polytropic Exponent
m=
0.982 (1 545) 2 + 0.02) = 0.1821 778.17 (0.161) 86.48 0.781
(-
n = 1/[Y - m (1 + XII t~= 1/[1.03 - 0.1821 (1 n= 1.1 845

+ 0.0211
'P(
1.1 845 3.251.1027
= 3.546
pd = rptpi = 3.546
(20) 70.9 psia =
137
Compute TestTemperatureRatio
rtt
= rpT = 3.546L0~'82'' 1.259 =
Compute Test
Head
1545 0.982 86.48 (560)
Z Ti,
= -P it
(-)
144 (20)
= 3.4113
n- 1
1.1845
-1
= 13750 ft-lbf/lbm
Compute TestSpeed
= 3600
= 2554 rpm
Testspeed
is tooclosetothefirst
critical of 2600 rpm.
138
= 0759b70
Ob85563 715
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.6

TYPE 2 TEST USING REAL GAS EQUATIONS FOR DATA
REDUCTION
A mixed hydrocarbon compressor which wasset up in the Sample Calculation C.5was tested on refrigerant 134a using aType2test. Table C.6.1 outlines the conditions for which this compressor wasdesigned. It tabulatesthe inlet and discharge conditions, as well as the isentropic discharge conditions. Table C.6.2 shows the gas composition and critical properties for this hydrocarbon mixture. The molecular weight and the calculated gas constant are shown in this table. Table C.6.3 shows the derived designfunctions, specifically pressure ratio,temperatureratio, volume ratio, as well as polytropic exponent, volume flow, head, efficiency, and power.The test is supposed to verify these values. The calculation of these values is shown in Sample Calculation CS. The unit wastested on refrigerant 134a.'Thetestdataare shown in Table C.6.4. It wasat a test speed of 2245 rpm. The inlet pressure was held at 20 psia at an inlet temperature of 100OF. Discharge conditions achievedwere 67.5psia and 187.4"F.Thedata shown is the average of the actual test data readings. It is assumed that all scatter was within the allowable test requirements for thesedata point positions. The derived test functions, pressure ratio, temperature ratio, volume flow ratio, etc.,are shown in Table C.6.5. This is the reduced data from the test point of Table C.6.4.The calculations are shown in Supplement C.6.A for obtaining each of the individual items.
TABLE C.6.1 SPECIFIC DESIGNCONDITIONS

Mass Flow 30,000 Ibm/min Speed 3,600 - rpm Inlet
Discharge
~~
Isentropic
650 Pressure, psia 227.7 Temperature
650 244.8 0.2465 Specific volume, ft3/lbm 0.7749 Compressibility factor
P
T
V 0.2602 0.7981 Z
Viscosity, centipoise P 0.6266 Specific heat, Btu/lbm-OR CP k Specific heat ratio Sonic velocity, ft/sec 820 a Enthalpy, Btu/lbm 199.05 209.84h Entropy, Btu/lbm-"R 1.577 1.592S
200. 115 0.7578 0.8768 3730.01 0.01 021 0.4894 283 1.1 830 164.9 1.577
1 .O975
It is recognized that there is a potential environmental problem of using refrigerants. The use here is only to demonstrate the calculation method.
139
TABLE C.6.2
GAS COMPOSITION A N D PROPERTIES
Composition: Methane Ethane Propane N-Butane Critical properties:
PC
TC
20% 25% 50%
5%
v,
Molecular weight Gas constant
646.4 psia 577.2 "R 0.7943 fi3/lbm 35.67 43.31 ft-lbf/lbm O R
= =
TABLE C.6.3
DERIVED DESIGN FUNCTIONS
~~~ ~~~
Pressure ratio Temperature ratio Volume ratio

hax/kmin
9,ICFM 9/N,ICFM/rpm
Reduced temp min/max Reduced pressure min/max Schultz factors
XmdXmax
YmdYnux
3.25 1.226 2.91 2 1.O281 22734 6.31 5 0.996/1.221 0.30911 .O06 0.509/1 .O56 1.1 50/1.287 565.5 0.681 2.266 x 10' 1.1027 1 .o495 1.o04 26570 2731 O 0.781 31 790
1st stage tip speed, Wsec Machine Mach no. Machine Reynolds no. Polytropic exponent n Isentropic exponent n, Polytropic work factorf Isentropic head, ft-lbf/lbm Polytropic head, ft-lbf/lbm Polytropic efficiency Unit gas power, hp
Table C.6.6 compares the test data and the test data converted to specified operating conditions with the predicted performance at the specified operating conditions. Supplement C.6.B demonstrates the calculationsfortheconversion.Thecalculationofdischargeconditions,pressure, temperature, and volume is shown in Supplement C.6.C, which alsoillustrates the use of an iterative procedure. As canbe seen the inlet capacityfortheconverted test conditions was within 1 percent of the original specifieddesign point andtheheadwas within 2 percent.Theconvertedspecific volume ratio was within the specified 4 percent allowed.
Supplement C.6.A
Calculations:Derived TestFunctions
140
0757b713 Ob055b5 5 7 8
TABLE C.6.4 TEST DATA

Mass flow S P d
~ ~~
4,923 2,245
~~~
- rprn
- Ibm/min
Inlet
~~ ~ ~~
Discharge
~~
Isentropic
~
Pressure,psia Temperature Specific volume, ft3/lbm Compressibility factor 0.944 Viscosity, centipoise Specific heat, Btu/lbm-"R Specific heat ratio Sonic velocity, ft/sec Enthalpy, Btu/lbrn Entropy,Btu/lbrn-OR Gas - Refrigerant 134a Mole weight 102
PC
P T
0.9639 V 0.955 Z CL 6
20
1O0
2.871 0.975 0.01 o9 0.2098 1.O98 538.8 122.3 0.2639 0.2639
67.5 187.4
67.5 167.49 0.9234
k
a
5
=P
140.04 0.2731
135.80
TC
590.3 psia 213.8 O F
TABLE C.6.5 DERIVED TEST FUNCTIONS

Pressure ratio Temperature ratio Volume ratio q ICFM q/N ICFWrpm 1st stage tip speed (ft/sec) Machine Mach no. Machine Reynolds no. Isentropic exponent Polytropic work factor Polytropic exponent Polytropic head (ft-lbf/lbm) Polytropic efficiency Unit gas power (hp)
'P
'1
'V
U
Mm Rem
ns
f
n
W P VP
p.
3.375 1.1 56 2.980 14143 6.3 352.6 0.654 3.49 x 106 1.O71 8 7 1.o01 1.1139 10735.2 0.778 2059
Pressure Ratio
rp = p&i
=20 = 3.375
67.5
Temperature Ratio
rf = T&;
(460 + 187.4) (460 + 100) 647.4
=-
560
= 1.156
141
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 ObO55bb '+i?'+
TABLE C.6.6
DATA SUMMARY
Test Data Converted To Specified Operating Conditions
3600 22670 6.297 27690 0.780 321 80 200 660.8 115 246.7 0.7578 0.2562 2.958 164.9 21 0.5
Test Data
Predicted Performance At Specified Operating Conditions

3600 22734 6.31 5 2731O 0.781 3 1790 200 650 115 244.8 0.7578 0.2602 2.91 2 164.9 209.84
rPm
ICFM
ft-lbf/lbm hP psia
psia
OF
OF
ftVbm V/lbm
Btu/lbrn
Btu/lbrn
2245 14137 6.297 10736 0.778 2059 20 67.5 1O0 187.4 2.871 6 0.9635 2.98 122.3 140.04
Inlet Specific Volume
vi
ZiR Ti = 144pi
--
0.975
1545 (K) 144 (20)
(560)
= 2.8716
Discharge Specific Volume
Vd
ZdR Td -144pd
0.955
(x)
1545 (647.4) 144 (67.5)
= 0.96347
Specified Volume Ratio
r, =
Vj/Vd
== 2.9805
2.8716 0.96347
Inlet Capacity
9 =
mvi
= 4923 x 2.8716 = 14137 ~ C F M
CapacityISpeed Ratio
q/N =
14137 2245
= 6.297
142
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1997 I D759b70 Ob055b7 3b0 I
1 st Stage Tip Speed 720
U=
aD N -= a 3 6 . 0 x 2245 720
= 352.6 ft/sec
Machine Mach number
Mm
= U/a =
352.6 538.8
= 0.654
Machine Reynolds number
Rem = Ub/pv
- 352.6 (2.5/12)(1488.2) 0.01 O9 (2.871 6)

= 3.493 x 106
In (67.5/20)
In (2.871 6/0.9234)
= 1.07212
Polytropic Work Factor
f=
- hi @d vd' - pi n, - 1
hd
n,
Vi)
f=
(1 38.50
- 122.3) 778.1 7
1 .O7212 [67.5 (0.9234) 0.072 1 2
- 20 (2.8716)1144
= 1.002
Polytropic Exponent
= In (rp)/ln(rv) = = 1.1138
143
In (3.3750) In (2.9805)
S T D - A S M E P T C 1 0 - E N G L 1997
0759b70 Ob055bB 2T7 9
1.1138
[67.5
(0.96347) - 20
(2.871
611
144
= 10736 ft-lbf/lbm
= 0.7777
Gas Power
pg=
Wpw
TIP
10737 (4923) 0.778 (33000)
= 2059 hp
Supplement C.6.B
Calculation:ConversionFrom Inlet Capacity TesttoSpecifiedPerformance
= 1 1 35 4
3600 (-)2245
= 22670 ICFM
Reynolds Number Correction forEfficiency
RC, =
0.988
RemP243
144
~~~~ ~~
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob055b9 L33 D
RBf =
Remf = 1.0 13.67
RAI = 0.66 + 0.934
[4.8X lo6 X b] Remf
RCt
= 0.66 + 0.934
4.8 X
lo6 X -
25 .
0.0254
12] 0 3.493 x 1 6
= 1.565
0.988
R, = C
0.988 = 0.01 61 2 (Rem,p)0.243 (2.266 x 1 07)0.245
RA, = 0.66 + 0.934
(4.8 X lo6 X Remsp
b"p )s
= 0.66
+ 0.934
0 4.8 x 1 6 x 2.266 x lo7
("'1
o.o1612
= 1.548
RB,
= 1.0
- qp,
= ( - 0.7777) 1
1.548 1 .O -1.565 1.0
- VPsp = 0.2199
145
q p s p = 0.780
Remcorr = 1.O03
Polytropic Head
= 110736
3600 (-)2245
1.O03 = 27690 Ibm
ft-lbf
Power
= 14137 2245
(-)
3600
(-)0.7578
= 29915
Pg =
w~sp
SP
(29915) - 27690 (33000) = 32180 hp 0.780
Supplement C.6.C
The conversion from test conditions to computed specified conditions involves an iteration to obtain thedischarge pressure from the known head and discharge enthalpy. Theiteration procedure and calculationinvolves assuming a discharge pressure at the known dischargeenthalpyand finding the corresponding temperature and specific volume. The polytropic exponent and polytropic head is then calculatedfor the assumed discharge pressure. This polytropic head is then compared to the actual and, if not the same,then a new discharge pressure is assumed. The new assumed pressure is evaluation properties for at theknown discharge enthalpy, and a new discharge volume is evaluated and polytropic exponent are computed. This iteration procedure is continued until the conditions match the required head.
146
630
640
650
660 Pressure, psia
670
680
690
FIG. C.6.1 POLYTROPIC HEAD vs. P E S R , RSUE CONSTANT ENTHALPY
FiguresC.6, -1 andC.6.2are a plot of discharge conditions at a constantenthalpy of 210.5 246.5"F. This methodcaneither be Btu/lbm. The final point at 27,605 ft-lb/lbm is 659 psia, computerized or done graphically as shown in thisexample. Calculation Procedure: Known Wp= 27,690 ft-lbf/lbm
pi= 200 psia hi= 164.9 Btu/lbm

vi= 0.7578 ft3/lbm
147
~~
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997 D 0759b70 Ob05572 728 D
630
650
660
Pressure, psia
670
680
690
FIG. C.6.2 TEMPERATURE/SPECIFIC VOLUME vs. PRESSURE,

CONSTANT ENTHALPY
148
qp= 0.780
f= 1 .O04
Step 7 - Calculate dischargeenthalpy.
= 165.9
27690
0.78 (778.1 7)
= 210.5
Btu Ibm
Step 2
- Assume a
discharge pressure.
Pout = 660.8 psia
Step 3 - For p d and hd, obtain the discharge volume for the properties.
vd = 0.2562 ft3/lbm
Step 4 n= r,= r,=
- Compute the polytropic exponent. In r,/ln r, 660.8/200 = 3.304 0.7578/0.2562 = 2.958 n= In 3.25/1n 2.905= 1 .lo2
Step 5
- Compute the
polytropic head.
1 .o04 [660.8 (0.2562) 200 (0.757811144 -
fi-l bf = 27705 Ibm
Step 6 - Compare the computed W, to the actual. If they are within acceptable tolerance, then the discharge conditions are established. If they donot match, then a new dischargepressuremust be assumed and the procedure repeated from step 2 thru 6 .
149
075'7b70 Ob05579 S T 0
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.7 TREATMENT O F A TWO SECTION COMPRESSOR WITH EXTERNALLY PIPED INTERCOOLERS, CONDENSATE REMOVAL
This sample calculation illustrates the computational procedure,at specified operating conditions, for a multisection compressor havingexternallypipedintercoolers. Consider a two stageaircompressor equipped with oneintercoolerand anaftercooler.
Section 1
U = 1200 D = 13.751
N = 20,000
Section 2 U 1065 D = 12.204 N = 20,000

After After Cooler Final discharge Final discharge conditions
-:
I I
" "
Leakage
Condensate
Leakage
Condensate
Power requirements
* Measurement stations
It is desired tocalculatethe compressor performance at thespecifiedoperatingconditions shown. The compressor has been tested and the test data reduced to the following dimensionless form. data The was collected with pressureandtemperaturebeingmeasured at the inlet and outletof eachsection.The flow coefficientswerecalculated based upon test rotor flow rates. The selection of testmethodandthemeansofestablishingleakageandcondensate flow rates were subject to prior agreementby parties to the test. The first step in calculating thespecifiedoperating condition point of interest is to establish the first section performance, starting with the flow coefficient. Taking the saturation pressure of watervaporat 560"R to be approximately 0.949 Ibf/in2, with the remaining specified operating conditions attheinlet, we obtain
pw = RHpsv= 0.60 (0.949) = 0.569 Ibf/in2 pa = 14.7 - 0.560 = 14.1 31 Ibf/in2
and
STDOASME PTC LO-ENGL
L997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05575 437 D
Thegasconstant
for the mixture is
= 0.0250 Ibrn w/lbm da

a
The rotor flow rate is the same as the inlet mass flow rate.The flow coefficient is then
Q=
Wrotor
w~RT~
6.5 (60) 54.13 (560)

144 (14.17) 27r (20000)
() F
13.751
= 0.0295
3
With the flow coefficient established the corresponding polytropic efficiency, polytropic work coefficient,andtotalwork input coefficient are read fromthesection 1 dimensionlesscurves (see Fig. C.7.1). That is = 0.83, ,up = 0.599, and = 0.722 at C = 0.0295. $ To continue For thecalculationstheproperties of air at the specified operating conditions must be known. the purpose of this example we assume that the air-water vapor mixture maybetreated as an
r),
Section 1
Section 2
0.50
E
I
U ,
I
0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020
Q
0,040
The Mm, Rem, k, and v;/vdfor the data are assumed to match the specified operating conditions within Table 3 2 Limits. The Rem match isassumed sufficiently close so as to render theReynolds .
number correction negligible.
FIG. C.7.1
152
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL L777 M 0759b70 O b 0 5 5 7 b 373 D
ideal gas with constant specific heat. k = 1.395 is used as being representative of the end result which might be obtained by considering the propertiesof the constituent gases over the compression range. This value will be used for both sections for this example. The average constant pressure specific heat is Btu 0.2457 Ibm "R
Using the polytropic efficiency of
vP
T
= 0.83 gives
k
p K
"
n-1
= 0.83
1.395 -= 2.931 0.395
or,
n =
1.5178.
,up
Using the polytropic work coefficient of
= 0.599 gives
= [l
0.599 (1 20012 (2.931) 54.13 (560) 32.174
2.931
= 2.166
Thedischarge pressure is
The temperature ratio and discharge temperature are
and
The power absorbed in the compressor section is obtained using the total work input coefficient
s1 = 0.722.
The shaft seal which is located downstream of the rotor leaks 0.03 Ibm/sec for these conditions,
s the mass flow rate at the intercooler entry is o
w/cooler entry = wrotor -
Weak
= 6.50
- 0.03
= 6.47 Ibm/sec
The intercooler is known to cool the flow to 560"R at the mass flow rate, gas entry state, and specified operating condition coolant temperatureand flow rate.The air streamexperiences a total pressure loss of 0 8 psi across the intercooler. It must now be determined if and how much .
153
condensation occurs in the cooler. Since the cooler exit velocity is assumed, very low stagnation valuesareused in the analysis. Thesaturationpressure of the vaporat 560"R is approximately 0.949 psia. If the exit air is at 100 percent relative humidity, the humidity ratio is
HRd =
--- .O4 - 0.949) = 0.0196 Ibm water Ibm da p i::;: (31
2 zsv
where p = 31.84 0 8 = 31.04 psia . Sincethesaturated humidity ratio is lessthan thecoolerentry humidity ratio,condensation must occur. The difference between the two is the ratio of condensate to dry air Condensate/wd, = HRi
- HRd = 0.0250 - 0.0196 = 0.0054 Ibm
w/lbm da
Themass flow rate of dry air is given by
so, the condensate is Condensate = (condensate/wd,) The exit mass flow rate for the air
Wex
Wda
= 0.0054 (6.312) Ibm/sec =
- watervapormixture
is
W/
- condensate
= 6.47 - 0.0341 = 6.436 Ibm/sec
The intercooler exit conditions are thesecondsection inlet conditions. The previous calculation sequence is repeated for the second section, starting with calculation of the flow coefficient. Thegasconstantchanges slightly due to the water vapor removal.
R =
(Rda
+ HR R w ) / ( l + HR)
[53.34+ 0.0196 (85.76)1/1 .O196
= 53.96 ft-lbf/lbm "R
And the flow coefficient is
i=
'
144pi
6.436
(53.96)
(560)
144 (31.04)
(3
ni
= 0.0197
3
2000 (
Reading q p = 0.81, p P = 0.560, and = 0.691 from the section 2 dimensionless performance curves (see Fig. C.7.1) for q5 = 0.01 97, andusing
154
S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1 7 7 7
0757b70 Ob05578 L 4 b
53.96 1.395
0.2449
Btu Ibm
O R
yields
q pk E = n
= 0.811.395
0.395
yielding
n
"
n- 1
- 2.861, and n
= 1.537
rp=
[
r
1+
fip
gc
(L) RTi
n- 1
0.56
1 0652 gc
n n-1
12.861
=L1+
(2.861) 53.96 (560)
= 1.801
Wrotor
-6 0
gc
ZU2
Gas Power =
3300 6.436 (0.691 10652) 60 1 32.1 74 = 285.1 hp 3 O00 3
Theshaftseal downstream of the rotor leaks 0.06 Ibm/sec for these conditions, so the mass flow rateattheaftercoolerentry is
Wcooler entry
= 6.436 - 0.06 = 6.376 Ibm/sec
Theaftercooler is known to cool the flowto 580"R at this mass flow rate, state, gas and specified operating condition coolant temperatureand flow rate. Theaftercooler pressure drop is 1 psi. Assuming a saturation pressure of 1.692 psia and following the intercooler condensation analysisscheme, 155
HR=
-( R,
Rda
psv
1.692 ) =A( 1.692 53 34 85.76 54.91 -
= 0.0198
Ibm W
Ibm da
where p = 55.91 - 1 = 54.91 psia. Sincethesaturatedhumidityratio is greaterthantheentryhumidityratio, no condensation occurs in theaftercooler. In summary, the final discharge pressure at the aftercooler exit is 54.91 psia, the final discharge temperatureattheaftercoolerexit is 580R, andthetotalgaspowerrequirementofthe two sections is 667 hp.
156
STD. ASME P T C 10-ENGL L777
0759b70 Ob05580 8 T 4
TABLE C.7.1
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Specified Conditions: Inlet mass flow rate Inlet total pressure Inlet total temperature Inlet relative humidity Gas dry air water Gas constant, 1 st Section: Rotational speed Tip diameter 2nd Section: Rotational speed Tip diameter
6.500 14.7 560. 60. 53.34 85.76 20000 13.751 20000 12.204
lbmhec
psia
"R
% ft-lbf/lbm-"R ft-lbf/lbm-OR rPm
in. rPm
constant, vapor
in.
Intermediate Calculation Results:
Cas constant for mixture Specific heat for mixture Flow coefficient Polytropic efficiency Polytropic work coefficient Work input coefficient Total work input coefficient Polytropic exponent Tip speed Inlet pressure Pressure ratio Discharge pressure Inlet temperature Discharge temperature C a s power Inlet mass flow rate Leakage flow rate Discharge flow rate Cooler condensate flow Cooler pressure drop
1st Section 54.1 3 0.2457 0.0295 0.83 0.599 0.722 0.722
2nd Section
53.96 0.2449 0 0 97 .1 08 .1 0.56 0.691 0.691 1.537 1065 3 1 .O4 1.801 55.91 560. 687.9 285.1 6.436 0.06 6.376 O. 1 .o
ft-lbf/lbm-"R Btu/lbm-"R
1.51 78 1200 14.7 21 66 . 31.84 560. 729. 381.9 6.5 0.03 6.47 0.0341 0.8
ft/SeC
psia psia "R
"R
horsepower Ibm/sec lbmkec lbm/sec lbmkec psia
Overall results: Final discharge pressure Final discharge temperature Total gas power Delivered mass flow rate
54.9 580. 667 6.38
psia
OR
horsepower Ibm/sec
157
S T D * A S M E PTC L O - E N G L 1 7 7 7 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Oh05583 730
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.8 APPLICATION OF UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
Thissample problem highlights some of the features of uncertainty analysis as they apply to a PTC 10 test.The propagation of measurementerror to final results is emphasized. This particular case has been selected because o the relative simplicity of theequations f involved. There is no intention toimply that it covers all uncertainties of interest. Nor is it intended to imply achievable or expected accuracy in general. It simply demonstrates the method. Suppose that test results which meet Code requirements are available. It is desired to determine the uncertainty in shaft power for a given specifiedoperating condition flow rate.Assume that the shaft power measurement method wasused during the test. Uncertainty analysis is done following PTC 19.1, using the step-by-step calculation procedure given in that document. The steps, excluding final report,are: ( I ) Define the measurement process. ( ) List the elemental error sources. 2 (3) Estimate elemental errors. (4) Calculate the bias and precision errors for each parameter. (5) Propagate the bias and precision errors. (61 Calculate uncertainty. Step I - Definition of the measurement process requires expression the functional relationship of involved. FromTable 5.4 we obtain
Assumingasinglesection
and no leakage or sidestreams
and,
Since the shaft power is being evaluated for a given flow and speed,
wspand
E (F)U 2
are treated as knowns having no error,

SP
159
Theterms Rsh and Pparasiticsp arerelated to test conditions,fromTable

S P
5.3, as
ashsp a h = = s,
(/%h
- Ppararitic)
33000
Assuming that Qm is the only parasitic
loss,
and
where
In general the procedure would now be to break down the individual variables in this equation if the shaft powerweredeterminedfrom a torque meter, that power would be expressed as the product of measured torque and measured speed. Similarly,therotor mass rate of flow might be expressed in terms of nozzle pressure gas composition. Forbrevity, in this example Pdt, Q m l r Ut, and drop,pressure,temperature,and wf are treated as individually measuredelementalquantities. Steps 2 rhru 4 - Assumethat theelementalerrorsourceshavebeenlisted,theelemental errorsestimated, and the corresponding bias and precision errors calculated. Many examples of this procedure may be found in PTC 19.1. Thisprocessdepends upon theactualinstrumentation systemand data collection techniques used.Theresultsmay be expressed as follows. The bias limits and precisionindices represent the combined effects of the independentmeasurementsforeachparameter.
in terms ofindependentmeasurements.Forexample,
Parameter Absolute Bias
wt Bwr = 0.01
Bpfif
limit
W,
Absolute Precision Index
MeanNQ of the
sw,= 0.01 W,
SPhr= 0.01 Phf
Som, = 0 0 Om, .1
Shr
Qm,
= o.o1 Phr
= 0.01
Om,
W m ,
Nnte
'
B, = 0 2 . S, only in this section, is the Absolute Precision Index
u t
BU, = 0.01 Ur
SU,= 0 0 Ut .1
of the mean = S / a .
In everycase a onepercentvalue hasbeenassigned to each bias limit and precision index forthemeasuredquantities.This of coursedoes not reflect what might be expected in reality. Thesevalueshavebeenchosen to demonstrate the effect of unit variations. Step 5 - The individual errorsarepropagated into theresultaccording to a Taylorseries expansion. To do so it is necessary todeterminesensitivitycoefficients,theprecisionindexof the result,andbias limit of theresult.
160
The sensitivity coefficients
#i are
determined
by
partial differentiation, .e.,
P,, if r = API, P2,
Pi), then +Pi =
#Om, = a
a, g
[-$($)
=
+(%)']J
33000
PshsP
A bias error is assumed in the mechanical loss conversion equation due to an assumed unknown error in the exponent . It is estimated for this example as 0.2. The precision index for the result is the square root of the sum of the squares of the product of sensitivity coefficients and average independent parameter precision indices. Thus
The bias limit for the result is the square root of the sum of the squares of the product of the sensitivity coefficients and average independent parameterbias limits. Thus
Step 6 - Calculate uncertainty

161
Uncertainty may be calculated according, by choice, to two models. The models combine the precision index and bias limits of theresult differently.
The value r is called the Student's r. It is assigned depending upon the degrees of freedom of the sample, which is usually one less than the number of points averaged. PTC See 19.1 for further explanation. Assuming a large sample, r = 2 may be used.
Results
In order to allow expression of the results of this example numerically, assume
[33000/
Qm
= 0.10, - = 1.05,- = 1.20, and ",P WP S

Uf
Wr
= 2.5
The sensitivity factors are
4psh,
= 1.20 (1 .0512= 1.323
- 1-1.20 (1.05)' + (1
4QMf
1 = -o.oo456
33000
&, = -1.20
(1 .0512 (1
- 0.1) (%) = -1 A907

W f
(z)f
= -2.6638
(2)
I
Theuncertaintiesare
= 0.0325 + 2 (0.0320) 0.097 Psh, =
Discussion The UADD and URSS uncertainties may be interpreted as follows. For UADD= 0.097 psh,, the measurement PS,,( 2 0.097 PS+ will be expected to contain the true value 99 percent of the time.
Similarly, for URSS 0.072 PS+ the measured PShr ? 0.072 Psht will be expected to contain the = true value within 99 percent of the time. It is reasonable to assume that the uncertainty for this example is so large as to mask the objective of the test (recall that the numerical values for the independent measurement bias limits and precision indices wereselected at 1 percent simply to demonstrate unit variations). It is a very simple matter to review the calculations to expose the major uncertainty source. Inspection of equations (a) and (b) for the largest terms immediately indicates the speed measurement. Thus, for example, if the bias limit and precision error for speedmeasurement could be reduced to
But = 0.001 Ut, and Su, = 0.001 Ut
the uncertaintiesbecome
It is clear that such analysis is of great value in both planning a test and evaluating test results.
163
APPENDIX D
REFERENCES
(ThisAppendixisnot
a part o ASME PTC 10-1997.) f
Maretti, A., M. Giovannini, and P. Nava. Shop Full Load Testing of Centrifugal Compressors. December 1982 proceedings of the 1l t h Turbomachinery Symposium, Texas A&
(D.8) Samurin, N. A., and M. A. Strite. Equivalent PerformanceTesting of Multi-Section Compressors. ASME 81-GT-150, March 9, 1981.
M.
F. J. Wiesner. A New Appraisal of Reynolds Number Effects on Centrifugal Compressor Performance. Transactions o the ASME, pp. f
R. L., and B. Franzini. Fluids (D.9)Daugherty, Mechanics with Engineering Application. McGraw Hill Book Co.; 1977.
(D.10) Lee, J. F., and F. W. Sears. Thermodynamics. Addison Wesley Publication Co.; 2nd edition, 1963.
J.
384-395,Vol.101,July1979,lournalofngineering for Power.

Huber, M. L., and M. O. McLinden. Thermodynamic Properties of R134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane). July 14-1 7,1992 proceedings, International Refrigeration Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Simon, H., and A. Bulskamper. On the Evaluation of Reynolds Number and Related Surface Roughness Effects on Centrifugal Compressor Performance Basedon Systematic Experimental Investigations.ASME paper no. 83 GT-118: Transactions of the lournal ofEngineering for Power, presented March 27, 1983. Nathoo, N. S., and W. G. Gottenberg. Measuring the Thermal Dynamic Performance of Multi-Stage Compressors Operating on Mixed Hydrocarbon Gases. December 1981 proceedings of the 10th Turbomachinery Symposium, Texas A and M. Herd, T. C., and E. J. Hipp. Accuracy Expectations for Gas Turbine and Centrifugal Compressor Performance Testing. Paper ASME 83GT-128. Carter, A. D. S., C. E. Moss, G. R. Green, and G. G. Annear. The Effects on Reynolds Number on the Performanceof a Single Stage Compressor. Aeronautical Research Council Reports and Memorandum, 1960; memorandum 31 84, May 1957, U.K. 165 (D.11)A. (D.12) (D.13)
H. Shapiro. Compressible Fluid Flow. The Weld Press Co., 1953.

J.E. Lay. Thermodynamics. Charles E. Merrill Books, Inc., 2nd printing, 1964.
J. M. Schultz. The
Polytropic Analysis of Centrifugal Compressors. Transactions of the ASME, Series A. Vol. 84, Journal of Engineering for Power. January 1962, p. 69-82 and April 1962, p. 22.
(0.14)
M. V. Casey. The Effects of Reynolds Number on the Efficiency of Centrifugal CompressorStages. Transaction of the ASME, April 1985, Vol. 107, p. 541 -548. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbine and Power.
(D.15) A. Schaffler. Experimental and Analytical lnvestigation of Effects of Reynolds Number the and Blade Surface Roughness on Multistage Axial Flow Compressors.Transactions of the ASME, January 1980, Vol. 102, p. 5-1 3,lourna/ of Engineering for Power. (D.16)
R. A. Strub. Influence of the Reynolds Number on the Performance of Centrifugal Compressors. Final Report the Working Group of of the Process Compressor Subcommittee of the International Compressed Air and Allied Machinery Committee (ICAAMC) Zurich, October 1982.
(D.17)Nathoo,W. S., and W. G.Gottenberg."A New Look Performance Analysis Centrifat of ugal CompressorsOperatingwith Mixed Hydrocarbon Gases." Transactions the ASME, of October 1983,Vol. 105, p.920-926,lournal of Engineering for Power. (D.18) Skoch, Gary J., and Royce D. Moore. NASA TechnicalMemorandum 7007/5 AJAA-877745. AVSCOMTechnicalReport87-C-21 "Performance of two 10 Ib/sec centrifugal compressors with different blade and shroud thickness operating overa range of Reynolds Numbers." 23rdJointPropulsion Conference cosponsored the by AIAA, SAE, ASME and ASEE, San Diego, CA, June29-July 2, 1987. (D.19) Moore,
M, J.,and H. S. Shapiro. Fundamen-
tals of EngineeringThermodynamics. John

Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1988. (D.20)
F. Kreith. Principlesof Heat Transfer. lntext Educational Publishers, 3rd edition, 1973.
166
APPENDIX E RATIONALE FOR CALCULATION METHODS

(This Appendixisnot
a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
E.l
PURPOSE
The purpose of this Appendix is to describe the Code problem model, background theory, and simplifying assumptions.
E.2
PROBLEM MODEL
The ultimate aim of a Codetest is to determinecompressorperformancefor conditions. That is, to determine relationships of the form Dependentparameter = F (many independentparameters)
a given set of
Examples of dependentparametersaredischargepressure, head, efficiency,etc.Amongthe independentparametersaregeometry,speed, flow rate, inlet gas state, gas properties,etc.The functional relationship f i s unknown. It is to bedetermined by the test. Themanyindependentparametersrepresentthespecifiedoperatingconditions.Practicaltest is precluded from taking on the situations are often suchthatoneormoreoftheseparameters desired specified operating condition value. Means must then be sought to determine the effects of thedepartures.Onemethod is to employ dimensional analysis.
E.2.1 Dimensional Analysis. The theory of dimensionalanalysisandsimilarity arediscussed in PTC 19.23, Guidance Manual for Model Testing,andmany fluid dynamics textbooks. In essence it provides a means to reducethenumberofparameters in a problem which is expressed in in dimensionless dimensional terms. This is done by appropriate grouping of dimensional terms groups.
E22 Basic Model. Considerationof a simplemathematicalmodel of compressor performance .. illustrates the general features of dimensional analysis as they are applied in this Code. A simple conventional set of dimensionlessparametersoften applied is given by v,,= F1 (4, Mm, Rem,gaspropertiesexpressed in dimensionlessterms) F,,= F2 (#J, Mm, Rem, gas propertiesexpressed in dimensionlessterms) p i n = F2f FI Thedimensionlessparametersaredefined in terms of dimensional variables,
n- 1
167
0757b70 Ob05587 T 2 1
with,
In
Vi vd
dJ=
Rem= ULIv Mm= U/a gas properties . . . according to gastypes
k= C &
Z= pv/RT
It is presumed in performing a dimensional analysis that all of variables the affecting the thermodynamicand fluid dynamicperformanceofthecompressorhavebeen included. If so, different sets of dimensional variables which combine to formidentical sets of independent gas will have associated with them identical dimensionless groups (4, Mm, Rem, properties) valuesfor r], , , Uand p i . , This basic model is generally accepted to adequately describe the main features of compressor performance. It has the immediate advantage of reducing the number of parameters which must beconsidered in developing a test. But of at leastequalimportance it providesa means of accounting for unavoidable departures from desired specified operating conditions. For example, it may be used to establish an appropriate testspeed to compensate for the effect of a test inlet temperature which differs from the specified operating condition temperature.
AllowableDepartures. It oftenremains impracticalto satisfy all theindependentdimensionless parameter requirements. This situation may be addressed allowing controlled departures by in certain independent dimensionless groups. The assumption is that the limits placed upon these departures render the effects upon the dependent parameters either negligible or predictable. The following approach is taken in this Code.
E.2.3 E.2.3.1 Mach Number. Mach number departures assumed are to be of increasing relative importance as the Machine Mach number increases, This is reflected in the allowable departures shown in Table 3.2 orFigs. 3.2 and 3.3. It i s assumed that negligible effect is associated with departure within these limits. E.2.3.2 Cas Properties. Allowable departuresfromtheidealgaslawsfor both the test and thespecified gases are given in Table 3.3. Whenthese limits are exceeded the gas must be treated as real. E.2.3.3
Reynolds Number. The allowable departures in Machine Reynoldsnumberaregiven
in Table 3.2 and Fig. 3.4.

E.2.3.4 Specific Volume Ratio. The preceding allowable independent dimensionless group departuresmaycombine to alterthespecificvolumeratiobetweenthecompressor inlet and discharge. As a resultan additional restriction i s placed upon the volume ratio, r,, as shown in Table 3.2. Theeffectsdue to volumeratiodepartureareassumed to be negligible when these limits areobserved.
168
L777 D 0759b70 Ob05590 743
E.2.4 Secondary Flow Streams. Thebasiccompressorperformance model assumes single entry and exit flow streams. In actual practice secondary flow streams may enter or leave a compressor section.Examplesaresidestreams and leakages.Thesesecondarystreams give rise to a number of additional dimensionless groups.Each additional entry flow streamhasassociated with it a flow rate and gasstate, or three additional independentvariables. If we use volume flow rate, enthalpy, and density to define the streams we may form three additional independent dimensionless groups by referencing mainstream values,
7r2=
= (q/qx)m (hh,)rn 7r3 = ( p / p x h

Tl
where x denotesthesidestreamvalue, and rn denotesthereferencemainstreamvalue. Theapproachtaken in this Code is to require that the ratio of sidestream to reference flow rates remain within the limits of Table 3.5 or leakagesperpara. 3.3.6. When these limits are observed it is assumed that the effects upon the dependent dimensionless groups are negligible. No specific restriction is placed upon the density or enthalpy ratios. It is assumed that departures in these ratios will produce negligible effects upon the dependent dimensionless groups. Where thorough mixing of inlet streams before thecompression is doubtful, this assumptionmay not be valid. In such cases the parties to the testmay elect by mutual agreement to further restrict these ratios as well. Departures in these secondary dimensionless groups do affect results in the dimensional sense. This is accounted for in the calculation procedure.
E.2.5
Code Model Summary. TheCodeperformance
model maybesummarized
as follows:
vp, = vp,Remcor, =
F1
( 4 , -, 4x
9m
M m , r,, dimensionles gas properties)(Remcorr
ppsp pPtRemcorr = =
F2
9 (4,- x ,
9m
Mm, r", dimensionles gas properties)(Remcor,
as,, =
F3
9s ( 4 , -,
9m
M,,,, r,, dimensionles gas properties
For a given flow coefficient 9, certain departures are allowed in the remaining independent dimensionless groups.The volume ratio restriction serves to limit theeffects of the combined departures in the otherdimensionlessgroups.Thefirstthreedependent groups have the same form as those in preceding issues of this Code. The fourth, as,,,is new to this issue as an explicit parameter. It is a power coefficient which takes on different forms for energy balance and shaft power methods. It is related to theotherdependent parameters, but is useful explicitly in a bookkeeping sense for complicated arrangements.
169
E.3 CODE DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS

Appropriateunitsanddimensionalconstantsarerequiredforthesystem computations. of unitselectedfor
E.3.1 Inlet and Exit Conditions. Thestructureofthe problem model is such that it is necessary to carefully define the inlet and exit conditions which areused in calculating the dimensionless groups.The exit conditions are thestagnation condition at thedischargemeasurementstation. The inlet condition is the stagnation state assigned to the flow stream entering the impeller, and is denoted by the subscript i on thermodynamic properties. For a simple single inlet flow stream this is the stagnation state at the inlet flange. For multiple inlet streams it is the stagnation state computed from the mixing of the individually determined streams. A standard calculation scheme is given in subpara. E.5.
E.3.2 Flow Coefficient. The flow coefficient is defined as
where wrotor= mass flow rate entering rotor (mass flow ratecompressed) pi= inlet total density N= rotor rotational speed Dis the blade tip diameter of the 1 st impeller for centrifugal compressors Dis the diameter at the leading edge of the 1ststage rotor blade for axial compressors. The mass flow rateenteringtherotor i s determinedgivingdueconsideration to all section inlet and outlet flow streamsandleakages.
E33 GasProperties. The physicalpropertiesof the gas expressed .. are in dimensionless form as theisentropicexponents,compressibilityfactors,andcompressibilityfunctions.
E.3.4 SpecificVolumeRatio. The specific volume ratio is the ratio of inlet to exit total specific volumes. The inlet specific volume is that assigned to the flow entering the rotor. The exit specific volume is that computed for exit total conditions
where
E.3.5Ratio of Flow Rates. The ratio of flow rates is the ratio of flow ratesat two points in the flow. It i s givenby
170
where
W=
local mass flow rate
P= local total density
and x and y denote different points in the section. The flow rates so defined havethe units of volume flow rate, but donot representactual volume rates of flow since they are defined in terms of total densities. It is assumed that there is aconstant relationship between these flow rates and actual volume flow rates between test and specified operating conditions. This is true when the test and specified operating condition local Fluid Mach numbers are equal, and the deviations are assumed negligible when the Code Machine Mach number departure limits areobserved.
E.3.6
Machine Mach Number. The Machine Mach number is given by

Mm = U/a
where
U = first stage impeller blade or rotor blade tip velocity

a= acoustic velocity at the inlet total conditions For ideal gases
For real gases
The Machine Mach number so defined i s not an actual Fluid Mach number. It is nearly directly proportional to actual Fluid Mach numbers when theCodedeparture limits areobserved.The Code departure limits shown in Figs. 3.2 and 3.3 for centrifugal and axial compressorsarealso given in equation form in Table E.l.
E.3.7
Machine Reynolds Number. The Machine Reynoldsnumber i s given by
Rem = Ub/v
For centrifugal compressors, 6 is the exit width of thefirst stage impeller in thesection of interest.For axial compressors, b is the chord length at the tip of thefirst stage rotor blade in the section of interest. The viscosity U is taken for inlet (stagnation) conditions. The Code departure limits shown in Fig. 3.4 for centrifugal compressorsare given in equation form in Table E.2. E.3.8
Isentropic Work Coefficient, Theisentropic work coefficient is givenby
171
0759b70 Ob05593 4 5 2
TABLE El . M A C H I N E M A C H NO. LIMITS

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS Specified Mach No. Range 0-0.214 0.215-0.86 0.86 5 Mm, Lower Limit
-Mmsp (0.266 MITI,,- 0.271) -0.042
Upper Limit
- Mm4 c (-0.25 Mm,, + 0.286) <(Mm,- Mms&c (-0.25 Mm,, + 0.286) <(Mm, - Mms& c 0.07
<(Mm,
AXIAL COMPRESSORS Specified Mach No. Range 5 0-0.1 (0.266Mmq 6-0.6 0.1 0.6 5 Mmq
- m M ,
Lower Limit
Upper Limit
<(Mm, M m 4 c (-0.25 Mm, <(Mmt - M m 4 c (-0.25 Mm,, <(Mmt M m d c 0.05
- 0.1 9)
-0.03
+ 0.20)
+ 0.20)
TABLE E.2 REYNOLDS NUMBER APPLICATION LIMITS FOR CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS'

UPPER LIMIT Remt/Rem, 5 1.O x = (Rem,,/107)o.3 Application Range
9x 1x
Equation RemJRem,, = RemJRemp = 100
lo4c Rem,< lo7c Rem,
1 x lo7
LOWER LIMIT Remt/Remv c 1.O, x = (Rem,,/107)n.3 Application Range 9x104cRem,,cl x106 e, 1 x l o 6c Rm Equation RemJRem,, Remt/Rem,
= (0.olP
= 0.1
NOTE:
(1) See Fig. 3.3.
172
where W= isentropic work per unit mass Z U 2 = sum of rotor tip speeds The isentropic work for the purposes of this Code is theworkdone in anisentropicprocess betweenthe inlet stagnationstateandthedischargestagnationstate.Theisentropic workper pound massforan ideal gas is given by
k W, = 144 pi vi k-l
Forany gas the isentropic work
[(z)
kl
Pd T -
11
may be calculated from
Theisentropicworkfor
a real gas mayalso be calculated from the following:

W, = 2f 1 4 4 pi vi
n,
-1
[ e"' ()
Pi
n,- 1
- ll
Equation (a) differs from equation (b) by substituting n, for k and introducing f. For a real gas the isentropicvolumeexponent is notthesame as k. On test, n, canbe calculated from
Pi ns = vi In In Pd
Vd
Substitutingthis n, for k in equation (a) wouldproduce a small error unless theisentropic exponent were constant and equal to n, along the compression path. The polytropic work factor f compensates for the difference between n, and the actual isentropic exponent. It is computed from
E39 ..
Polytropic Work Coefficient. The polytropic workcoefficient is givenby
where
W'= polytropic work per pound mass ZU2/gc= sum of rotor tip speedssquared
The polytropic work for the purposes of this Code is the polytropic work required to compress the gas from the inlet stagnationstate to thedischargestagnation state. Thegaspropertiesare evaluatedatthearithmeticmeanbetween inlet anddischargeconditions.
173
For ideal gases

n- 1 n W, = -144 pi n-1
V
[(?)T - 11
For real gases

n- 1
W, =
-f 144 pi Y [(;)y - 13 n-1
where
or
1 Y-m(1 + X )
n =
and
It is assumed that here a variation in n affects W, just as thevarying n, affects W,. The polytropic work factor f i s assumed to havethesame value as computed in para. E.3.8.
Efficiencies. Efficiencies are in general defined as the ratio of ideal to actual work required in a given compression process. standard The ideal work chosen this for Code is the work required in a polytropic compressionprocess occurring betweenthetotalpressure at the inlet reference stagnation state and the total pressure at the discharge stagnation state. The actual work is taken as thechange in totalenthalpybetweenthesestates. It represents theactualwork in the process only in the absence of heattransferandsecondary flow effects.Thedischarge gas state calculated for specified operating conditions using this efficiency definition therefore assumes the same relative heattransferandsecondary flow effects as those prevailing attest. The polytropic efficiency is then
W P
E.3.10
(hd
- hi)
and the corresponding isentropic efficiency
is
W s
v 5
(hd - h ) I
174
Work InputCoefficient. The work input coefficient is defined in terms of the stagnation enthalpy rise. It is a dimensionless representation of the actual gas work not including the effects of heat transfer and secondary flow. The work input coefficient is given by
E31 ..1
The ideal work coefficients are related to the foregoing efficiencies through the work input coefficient
E.3.12 Total Work Input Coefficient. Relative differencesin heat transferand leakage or sidestream flow rates often will occur between test and specified operating conditions. It is assumed that these relative differences are sufficiently small so as to produce negligible changes in the polytropic work coefficient and efficiency. Theleakageandsidestream flow ratedifferences,however,can produce relative differences in actual power requirement.The following model i s presented to establish a method to account for these effects as they relate to power consumption. The method is based on relating the total work input to rotor mass flow rate. The problem model and nomenclature are shown in Fig. E.l. The dimensionless total work input coefficient is determined as follows. The first law of thermodynamics for a control volume surrounding the rotor (in Fig. E.l) is
Thefirst law of thermodynamics for a control volume surrounding the section (in Fig. E.l) is
From the conservation of mass
The only work done on the gas is that done by the rotor, so
f'grOtor
= [ M'rotor h~~ -
wrotor
h~~+
175
Qrotorl
I 33000
measurement
Section discharge measurement
station
L
I
Figure Nomenclature W ] = mass flow rateat the inlet measurementstation. hi= enthalpy per unit mass at the inlet measurementstation. Wd= mass flow rate at the discharge measurement station. hd= enthalpy per unit mass at the discharge measurement station. W/,,= leakagemass flow rateforgasescapingbefore the rotor, .e.,upstream of the rotor. hlu= enthalpy per unit mass for escaping gas. When the gas does not escape, but inlet leakage occurs, hlu is the enthalpy of the gas outside the seal. W/d= leakage mass flow ratefor gas escaping after the rotor, .e., downstream of the rotor. hid= enthalpyper unit mass of theescapinggas.For inward leakage, it is theenthalpy of the gas outside the seal. W,,,= mass flow rate sidestream for flow enteringafterthemeasurementstation but before the rotor. h,,= corresponding enthalpy per unit mass. Wsd= mass flow rate sidestream for flow exiting after the rotorbut before discharge the measurementstation. hd= corresponding enthalpy per unit mass. Qrotw= net mass flow rate through rotor. h ~ 1 =enthalpy per unit massat rotor inlet. h ~ z =enthalpy per unit mass at rotor exit. Qraor= heat loss rate from rotor. Q= heat loss rate from section. P= work input rate excluding mechanical loss.
FIG. E.l
176
Rearrangingand non-dimensionalizing with CU2
This equation represents the total work input to the gas in dimensionless form. It is called the total work input coefficient and is given the symbol fl, .e.,
PS a = 33000 U2 c
wrotor
gc
This coefficient bears aclose relationship to the work input coefficient, pin, but accounts additionally for the energylostthroughheattransfer and secondary flow effects. Like the work input coefficient it i s assumed to be invariant between test and specified operating conditions at the same flow coefficient. Is purpose is to aid in properly accounting for heat t transfer and secondary flow effects in power calculations. For heat balance method tests,
Forshaft power method tests,
where Pparasitic represents all power in the shaft power measurement which does not represent work input to the gas in the compressor section of interest, for example, mechanical losses and power input to other sections.
177
0757b70 Ob05577 970
E.4
SPEED SELECTION
Theprocess of structuring the Code performance model includes adding the volume ratio to the independent parameterlist to serve as a limiting parameter for the effects of other dimensionless parameter departures. The volume ratio at test may be controlled at a given flow coefficient and inlet conditions by controlling thecompressorspeedand flow rate.The appropriate speedmaybe determinedby combining the specific volume ratio requirement
or
1 1
[ ( y ] ] , = [(3]
SP
with the polytropic work coefficient equality
or
which maybe written as
where
wpt= [(fi)
and
n- 1 .. .
fZi R Ti (;)y 1 -1
n- 1
These relationshipsmaybeused to estimate theappropriate testspeed. It is anestimate in the sensethat the appropriate test speed depends upon a prior knowledge of the test efficiency andgasproperties. The anticipated test efficiency is estimated from the design value when available. The anticipated polytropic exponent may then be estimated for ideal gases from
178
S T D * A S f l E PTC 10-ENGL 1777 W 0759b7fl Ob05b00 412 W
"I I
L
IC I
I
-X-axis
FIG. E.2
and for real
gases from
E5 .
INLET STATE FORMIXED STREAMS
For compressor sections with multiple inlets it is necessary to establish the mixed inlet conditions. Ideally thiswould be the mixed stagnation state. It is conceivable that this state might be measured byobtaininginternal pressureandtemperaturemeasurementswherethecompressorgeometry allows.However, in practice thesearevery difficult measurements to obtain. In somecasesan actual full mixed state maynotevenoccur. The following development provides a standard method for calculation of the mixed conditions. A number of simplifying assumptions are made. The computed reference conditions are only an approximation to the stagnation state after mixing. The intent is simply to model the main features of the mixing process. It is presumed that the same model when applied to the test and specified operatingconditions will produceconsistentresults.Other mixing modelsmay be appropriate for particular compressor geometries. These may also be used with mutual consent by the parties to the test.
E.5.1 Inlet StagnationEnthalpy. The inlet stagnationenthalpy is deducedfromtheaverage total enthalpy of the mixed streams. In theabsence of work andheattransfer in the mixing section,
wherethesubscripts
a and b designatethe individual streamvaluesbefore
mixing.
E.5.2 Inlet Stagnation Pressure. The inlet pressure be may calculatedbyapplyingthelinear momentum principle to a simplified mixing section model. The geometry under consideration is given in Fig. E.2. The following simplifying assumptionsaremade. (a) The flow is one dimensional. Conditions atstations a, b, and c aredescribed by constant average values for the cross section. The flows are thus treated as being fully mixed. (b) The flow velocity at stations a and c is assumed to be parallel to the x axis. (c) The flow velocity at station b is assumed to enter at an angle with respect to the x axis. (dl The static pressure at station b is assumed equal to the static pressure at station a. fe) The wall shear stress is ignored.
179
Thesubscript s in the following developmentrefers to static conditions. With theseassumptionsthex-componentofthelinearmomentumconservationequationfor the control volumeshown is
Introducing the continuity of mass equation yields the mixed inlet staticpressure
The inlet stagnation pressure is obtained by adding the dynamic head deduced from the average Fluid Mach numberat c. The actual form of the equations to be solved depends upon the choice of gas.The following setamenable to iterative solution may be written forideal gases.
180
A simplerformulationassumingincompressible
flow may be written as
where
"
This formulation will yield similar results to the compressible solution for numbersandnearlyequalmixingstreamdensities. Figure E.3 showssome typical resultsbased upontheprecedingequations.
low Fluid Mach
181
0.97
1 1 1 1 1 1
0.2
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
WblWa
0.98
20
40 ab
60
80
1.07
1.o6
1
.5 o
1.o2
1.o1
1.o0
x
-
Ab is implied
1.04
0.99
2
wblWa
FIG. E.3
APPENDIX F REYNOLDS NUMBER CORRECTION

(ThisAppendixis
not a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
TheReynoldsnumber correction for centrifugal compressors recommended in thisCode has been changed significantly from the previous issue of PTC 1 O. The changes resulted from new references not previously available. The old correction for centrifugal compressorswas adapted from work on axial compressors (D.811 [Ref. since no centrifugal compressor data was available. The correction for axial compressorsremainsunchanged from theprevious issue of the Code. The method of correction, for centrifugal compressors, recommended in this Code is based on the work done by Weisner [Ref. (D.2)I but has been simplifed for ease of application. The data presented by Weisner suggests that the Machine Reynolds number at which a compressor operates has an effect not only on the efficiency, but on the flow coefficient and work input coefficient as well. The corrections are all based on thedeparture from a nominal Machine Reynolds number which may vary
from one manufacturer to another.The correction used in this Code, for centrifugal compressors, is simplified in that the correction is only applied to the efficiency and polytropic work coefficient. No correction is applied to the flow coefficient or the work input coefficient. Additionally, the nominal condition has been standardized to a Machine Reynolds number = 4.8 x lo6 x b and the surface roughness to 0.000125 in. Another correction method has been documented by Simon and Bulskamper [Ref. (D.411. This method is developed by analogy with the turbulent flow in rough pipes. Semi-empirical correlations are derived for efficiency, flow coefficient, head coefficient, and work coefficient. The equations developed include a correction to the head, work, and flow coefficients. Similar correction methods have been proposed by Casey (D.1411 [Ref. and Strub (D.1611. [Ref. Test data supporting Reynolds number corrections has been published by NASA[Ref. (D.l8)].
183
S T D - A S M E P T C 10iNGL 1777
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 CIb05bU5 T T 4 H
APPENDIX G REFINEDMETHODS FOR CALCULATING
TOTALCONDITIONS
Guidelines are presentedfor calculating total pressure and total temperature with accuracies that exceed those determined by the simplermethods of paras.5.4.3 and 5.4.4. The detailsof thermodynamic property evaluations are not a part ofthis Code. The calculations outlined below for both ideal gases and real gasesmust be supplemented by the data and proceduresneeded to provide the required properties. Compressible flow and uniform velocity are assumed for the measurement station in question. Static absolute pressure, pStatic, measured absoand lute temperature, Tmeas, are the only local measurements. The mass flow rate, W, and pipe flow area, A, are known and thermodynamic properties are calculable as needed. Theremaining key assumption is the recovery factor, rf, which is defined in para. 5.4.4 in terms of temperature.
k - ratio of specific heats

Step 3
- Compute velocity
V = (w/60)/pA
Step 4
- Compute Mach number

V
M = d z m E
Step 5 - Compute total temperature

= tmeas +
(1
- rd V 2
21gccp
Step 6
- Compute static temperature

tstatic
G.l
IDEAL GASES
1+
(k - 1) M
2
The following iterative procedure is appropriate: Step 1 - Let &tatic = heas be the initial estimate of static temperature. Step 2 - Calculate needed properties corresponding to (pstatic, tstatic):
Step 7- Compare from step 6 with the value used in previous steps. If agreement is unacceptable, use from step 6 and repeat steps 2 through 7 until the change i n i s acceptable (for example, Ahtatic < O. SOF). O Step 8 - Calculate total pressure
= density (from p = 144 p/Rt)
p =
Pstatic
[1 + ( k - 1) I]&
c,,
- specific heat at constant pressure

185
Should Fluid Mach numbers be unusually high, greater than 0.3 for example, accuracy could be improved by evaluating cp and k at both t and &tatic
and using average values of calculations.
cp and
k in the above
Step 3
- Compute velocity - Compute kinetic energy
G.2
REAL GASES
Theterm"real gas" normally suggests thatthe compressibility factor, Z, is not unity andmust be included in p-v-T calculations according to pv = Z T. R The purpose of an equation of state is to provide a mathematical expression relating pressure, volume, andtemperature which corresponds as closely as possible to known or expected p-v-t behavior. Most equations of state use temperature and specific volume (or density) as independent variables, from which pressuremay be calculated. That is,
p = p(t,v)
Step 4
Step 5 - Compute "measured" enthalpy
Step 6
- Compute static enthalpy
Rigorous thermodynamic procedures are available for evaluating all thermodynamic properties needed forcompressorcalculationseventhough only the equation of state andlow pressure (ideal gas) specific heat correlations known. are Only the results of these calculations arereferred to below,such as: (a) t (p, h), temperature obtained from pressure and enthalpy (b) p (h,s), pressure obtained from enthalpy enand tropy Therecoveryfactor, rf, will be defined in terms of enthalpy rather than temperature, giving
Step 7 - Compute static temperature
Step 8 - Compare Tstatic from step 7 with the value used in previous steps. If agreement is unacT&c from step 7 and repeat ceptable, use then change in Tstatic is steps 2 through 8 until the acceptable (for example, ATatic < 0.05 "R). Step 9 - Compute total enthalpy
Step 10 - Compute static entropy
This definition is the same as that given in para. 5.4.4 when appliedto ideal gases. The above definition is considered to bemoreappropriateforreal gas calculations, and r[ = 0.65 remains the best available value for typical applications. The following iterative procedure is appropriate: Step 1 - Let Static = b e a s bethe initial estimate of static temperature for the calculation of density. Step 2 - Compute static density
Step 1 1
- Compute total pressure
(Recall that static and total entropies are the same.) Step 12 Compute total temperature
t(p, h)
186
S T D - A S M E P T C LU-ENGL L 9 9 7
0759b70 ObD5b07 8 7 7
APPENDIX H S UNITS I
U.S. Customary Conversion

Description Symbol Units Flow channel cross sectional area Acoustic velocity Tip width Coefficient of discharge Molal specific Specific heat Specific heat at constant pressure Specific heat at constant volume Diameter Diameter of fluid meter Relative error Thermal expansion factor for fluid meter Polytropic workfactor Acceleration of gravity Dimensional constant Molal enthalpy Humidity ratio Enthalpy Coefficient of heat transfer per unit area (for combined convection and radiation) Mechanical equivalent of heat Flow coefficent Ratio of specific heats,
Cp/G
X Factor =
S Units I
m2 m/s m dimensionless N-mkgmole K N-m/kg K N m/kg K
A
a
ft2
0.0929
C
C
CP
ft/sec ft dimensionless Btu/lbmole "F Btu/lbm "F Btu/lbm "F
0.3048 0.3048
1
1 4 1 8 3 41 83
cv D
Btu/lbm "F in. in. dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless ft/sec2
8 4 3 1 0.0254 0.0254
1 1
1
N.m/kg,K
m m dimensionless dimensionless
d
e
Fa
f
g
g c
0.3048 0 0 1 08 .3 2324
1
dimensionless m/s2
32.1 74
m ft Ibm Ibf + sec2
1 -
. kg - S' .
H HR
h h,
Btu/l bmole da Ibm w/lbm Btu/lbm Btu/hr ft2 "F
N m/kg mole kg w/kg da
2324 0.04896
mkg
N m/s m2 K
J
K
7 8 17 7.
dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless
ft * Ibf Btu
1
1
not used dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless
k
log
Common logarithm (base 1 O)
187
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1997
0757b70 ObU5b08 703
Symbol in
Description
Naperian (natural) logarithm MW Molecular weight Mm Machine Mach number M Fluid Mach number m Polytropic exponent fora path on the p - T diagram m Mass (Appendix B only) N Rotative speed n Polytropic exponent fora path on thep v diagram n Number of moles (Appendix B only) Isentropic exponent for an n, isentropic path on a p - v diagram P Power Pressure P Velocity pressure Pv Total mechanical losses Om (equivalent) Casing heat transfer Or External seal loss Qsl equivalent Capacity 9 Volume flow rate 9 R Gas constant RA, RB, RC Machine Reynolds number correction constants R e Fluid Reynolds number Rem Machine Reynolds number RH Relative humidity r Pressure ratio across fluid meter Recovery factor rf Pressure ratio 'P Flow rate ratio rq Temperature ratio rt Specific volume ratio rv S Molal entropy Heat transfer area of SC exposed compressor casing and adjoining Pipe s Entropy T Temperature r Temperature
U.S. Customary Units dimensionless Ibm/lbmole dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless
Conversion X Factor =
S Units I
dimensionless kgkgmole dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless
1
1
1
1
Ibm Tm dimensionless
lbmole dimensioness
0.4536 0.01 667
Hz dimensionless
kg
0.4536
kgmole dimensionless
1
0.746 6895 6895 0.01 757
psi psi Btu/min Btu/min Btu/min ft3/m in ft3/min ft Ibf/lbm "R dimensionless
e
hP
kW N/m2(Pa) N/m2(Pa) kW kW kW
m3/s m3/s N.m/kg.K dimensionless
0.01757 0.01 757

0.0004719 0.0004719 5.381 1
1
dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless Btu/lbmole "R
1 1 1
1 1 1
dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless N mkgmole K m2
1 1
41 83 0.09294
ft2
BTU/lbm "R "R
"F
188
41 83 Nemkg-K 0.5556 K 0.5556 K ("F + 459.67)
U.S. Customary
Description Symbol
Conversion X Factor =
SI Units m/s N m/kg m/s m3/kg N m/kg
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y Y
a
77
P P in PP PS
Y
$
Y
e
fl
d l
Blade tip speed Internal energy Fluid velocity Specific volume Work Mass flow rate Compressibility function Mole fraction Compressibility function Elevation Compressibility factor as used in ideal gas law, pv = ZRT Diameter ratio of fluid meter Partial derivative Efficiency Absolute viscosity Work input coefficient Polytropic work coefficient Isentropic work coefficient Kinematic viscosity Density Summation Torque Surface roughness Total work input coefficient Flow coefficient
~~
ftlsec Btullbm ftlsec ft3/l bm ftllbf/l bm Ibm/min dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless ft dimensionless
0.3048 2324 0.3048 0.06243 2.989 0.00756 1
kgls
dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless m dimensionless
1 1
0.3048
1
1
dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless Ibmlft sec dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless ft2/sec Ibm/ft3 dimensionless ft * Ibf in dimensionless
e
dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless kg/m s dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless m2/s kg/m3 dimensionless N.m m dimensionless dimensionless
1
1 1.488 1
1 1 0.09294 16.02 1.356 0.0254 1

1
dimensionless
189
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ASME-PTC10 ADOPTION NOTICE ASME-PTC10, "Compressors and Exhausters,'' was adopted on October 3 , 1994 for use by the Department

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services

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ASME PTC 10-1997

Performance Test Code on Lompressors and Exhausters

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S T D - A S M E PTC LU-ENGL 1977 D 0757b70 Oh05923 158 m

Date of Issuance: September 30, 1998

ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

No part of this document may be reproduced i n any form,

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P T C LO-ENGL L997 D 0759b70 Ob05925 T20

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TEST CODECOMMITTEE NO. 10

ON COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS

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BOARD ON PERFORMANCE TEST CODES

J. W. Milton G. H. Mittendorf, ]r.

S. B. Scharp J. Siegmund J. A. Silvaggio, Jr. R. E. Sommerlad W. G. Steele, Jr. J. C. Westcott J. G. Yost

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Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CommitteeRoster ................................................ Board Roster ....................................................

Figures 3.1 3.2

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.......................................... ...................................... ........

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1777 W 0759b70 O b 0 5 4 3 1 378

- OBJECT SCOPE AND

EQUIPMENT COVERED NOT CODE

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S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL L777 m 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 Ob05q32 1bO

BASIC SYMBOLS AND UNITS Symbol

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S T D D A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L997

COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS

Btu/min Btulmin ft3/min ft Ibf/lbm . "R dimensionless

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services

STD-ASME PTC LO-ENGL

L997 D 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05434 T33

a,b,c,j Component of gas mixture (Appendix B

2.2.1 Absolute Pressure. The absolute pressure is the pressuremeasuredaboveaperfectvacuum.

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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1777 9 0759b70 Ob05435 77T 9

OTHER GAS (FLUID) PROPERTIES

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WORK, POWER, AND EFFICIENCY

These definitions apply to a section.

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ASME PTC 10-1997

COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS

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S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L797 W 0757b70 UbO5439 515 H

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0757b70 ObOSqqO 237

COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS

See Fig. 3.3 See Fig. 3.4

See Fig. 3.5

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COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS ASME

TABLE 3.3 LIMITS OF DEPARTURE FROM IDEAL CAS LAWS GASES

Allowed Range for

Allowed Range for