Datums & Datum Targets

Datums and Datum Targets
0.08 M A C 9.6 9.4
8X
7.9 - 8.1 0.14 M A C M
0.06 A M42 X 1.5 - 6g 0.1 M B M 6.6 6.1 20.00 - 20.13 0.14 A C B 8X 45
86
44.60 44.45
Unit
B 57.6 56.6 100 99
9.6 9.4 25.5 25.4 36 34
31.8 31.6 0.1
Engineering Graphics Principles

A 41.3 41.1 0.02 Return to the Previous Slide GD&T Datums Table of Contents Glossary
Copyright 2002 Brigham Young University All Rights Reserved

Master Table of Contents Slide 1 Quit
INTRODUCTION:
Datums are the perfect geometric representation of feature characteristics, such as points, lines, axes, or planes. In design, manufacture, and inspection, datums provide the origins from which size and location dimensions, and their related tolerances are calculated. Datums are established (During Inspection) by bringing designated actual part features, called datum features, such as external and internal surfaces, into contact with precision surfaces on processing equipment or verifying gages that are called datum simulators (surface plates, collets, mandrels, etc.). When geometric tolerances are specified in feature control frames, and the specification is a related control, such as with orientation, profile, and runout tolerances, datum references are required. Geometric tolerances and functional relationships are verified within a datum reference frame, which consists of three mutually perpendicular datum planes (datum simulators). A mechanical part is oriented and immobilized by bringing the datum features on the part into contact with the simulated datumsfollowing a prescribed order of precedence.
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GD&T Datums Table of Contents
Glossary
Master Table of Contents
Slide 2
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DEFINITIONS:
A datum is a theoretically perfect axis, point, line, or plane. Datums are conceptually identical to the true geometric counterpart of specified part features. For example, a datum plane would be a perfectly flat plane, with no defined extents for length, depth, or width, no variation in surface texture, and zero thickness. A datum line would be a perfectly straight line of zero thickness, with zero variation in curvature or form.
Glossary
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THEORETICAL DATUMS and DATUM SIMULATORS

Producing mechanical parts and feature relationships to standards of perfection is beyond human capabilities, so datums are simulated by imperfect (albeit extremely accurate) special tools and precision gages. Similarly, measurements cant be verified from theoretical entities. Therefore, precision tools and processing equipmentin addition to inspection gages and instrumentation are used to represent or simulate theoretical datums. Surface plates, machine tables, mandrels, centering devices, dial indicators, gage blocks, snap gages, ring and plug gages, coordinate measuring machines etc., are all examples of such equipment used to verify the accuracy of dimensional requirements.
Glossary
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CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER
A datum feature is an actual feature on a part, and may be in the form of a planar surface, threaded protrusion, slot, hole, etc. Once defined, a specified datum feature is brought into contact with a simulated datum (surface plate, machine table, or special gage) in a very specific order of precedence. The points of contact between the datum feature and the simulated datum, establish the theoretical datum, and from this association is born the origin of specified dimensions and tolerances. The concept of establishing planar datums is illustrated in the following series of slides. You may want to view them more than once to become comfortable with the basic philosophy.
Glossary
Slide 5
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PLANAR DATUM EXAMPLE
Glossary
Slide 6
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Planar Datum Example

The base of this object has been identified as datum feature A (see datum feature symbol on the bottom surface). We will consider the relationship between the datum feature, and a datum simulator which, when brought together establish datum plane A.
Glossary
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The irregularities on the datum feature have been exaggerated to give meaning to the example.
Datum Feature
Part
Glossary
Slide 8
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Likewise, the surface shown on the top of the surface plate is imperfect. A straight flat plane extended across the (3) high points of the surface displays the simulated datum plane A, and the imperfections of the simulated datum.
Datum Feature Simulated Datum
Part
Datum Simulator
Simulated Datum Plane A (Yellow)

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As the part is placed on the surface plate, only 3 specific high points of contact between the two imperfect surfaces will be made. The 3 contact points between the two surfaces establish the theoretical datum plane A.
Established Datum Plane A (Red Line)
Part
Datum Simulator
Simulated Datum Plane A (Yellow)

INTERPRETATION
Glossary
Slide 10
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The datum plane A is established by the contact points between the datum feature and the datum simulator.
Established Datum Plane A (Red Line)
Part
Datum Simulator
INTERPRETATION
Glossary
Slide 11
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DATUM REFERENCE FRAME
Glossary
Slide 12
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A datum reference frame consists of three mutually perpendicular planes which provide an origin and direction for verification of dimensional relationships. A datum reference frame is used when more than one datum plane is necessary to insure that the process of verifying measurements is repeatable.
Glossary
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A datum reference frame is used to verify part dimensions, and to assure that the part has been produced to the specifications called out on the drawing. The process of measurement verification is accomplished by bringing the specified datum features (features that are significant to design function) into contact with appropriate datum simulators (gages) in a prescribed order and in such a way as to: Specifically relate the features on the part to the datum reference frame, as specified on the drawing. Restrict linear or rotational motion of the part by maintaining simultaneous contact with the specified datum features on the part. Make the verification process repeatable by specifically organizing the order in which the inspection procedure will be executed.
Glossary
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When making part measurements that are related to a datum reference frame, the part must be brought into contact with the representative or simulated datum reference frame by following a specific procedure: The primary datum feature is first brought into contact with the primary datum of the datum reference frame. Three points of contact are required.
Glossary
Slide 15
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Part
Primary Datum Plane
Glossary
Slide 16
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When making part measurements that are related to a datum reference frame, the part must be brought into contact with the representative or simulated datum reference frame by following a specific procedure: The primary datum feature is first brought into contact with the primary datum of the datum reference frame. Three points of contact are required.
The secondary datum simulator is next positioned with reference to the datum reference frame (normal to the primary datum) while maintaining acceptable minimum point contact between the datum features and the primary and secondary datum plane simulators. Two points of contact are required.
Glossary
Slide 17
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Secondary Datum Plane 90
Part
Primary Datum Plane
Glossary
Slide 18
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When making part measurements that are related to a datum reference frame, the part must be brought into contact with the representative or simulated datum reference frame by following a specific procedure:
The primary datum feature is first brought into contact with the primary datum of the datum reference frame. Three points of contact are required. The secondary datum simulator is next positioned with reference to the datum reference frame (normal to the primary datum) while maintaining acceptable minimum point contact between the datum features and the primary and secondary datum plane simulators. Two points of contact are required Finally, while maintaining minimum point contact between the primary and secondary datum simulators and the respective features on the part, the tertiary datum simulator and feature are brought into contact with each other and oriented in the datum reference frame. Only one point of contact is required.
Glossary
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Secondary Datum Plane 90 90 Tertiary Datum Plane 90
Part
3-2-1 Rule
Primary Datum Plane
A minimum of 3 points of contact on the primary datum plane, two points on the secondary datum plane, and one on the tertiary datum plane, must be maintained simultaneously to immobilize the part.

90 90 90
Direction of measurement
When geometric controls are specified relative to a datum reference plane, verifying measurements must originate from the referenced datum plane.

Datum Axis 90 90 90 Origin
Datum Axis Datum Axis
Datum Planes -- Origin of Measurements
Notice that the intersection of any two planes represents an axis of rotation. Also, all three axes and planes intersect at the origin of the datum reference frame.
Datum Feature Identification Symbol
Examples of Datum Feature Symbols
Glossary
Slide 23
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DATUM SELECTION
Glossary
Slide 24
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DATUM FUNCTION AND SELECTION CRITERIA

In design, manufacturing, and inspection, datums are established to locate and position a part for checking geometric tolerances relative to specified datum features. Datum specification and precedence also determines and controls the location, position, functional relationships, and orientation of parts relative to one another in the assembly.
Glossary
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Datum Control for Orientation and Location in an Assembly

B
EXPLANATION: Datum features are the surfaces that locate and orient the part to the assembly. The orientation of this part is determined by surface A. The location is controlled by surface B. The mounting holes are controlled relative to the features that locate and orient the part. Therefore, the holes are dimensioned relative to datums A and B by means of geometric tolerances. The hole at the bottom (Controlled by a Feature Control Frame) could also be called out as a datum to control the rotation or clocking of the part in the assembly.
8X
10.0 - 10.5 0.2 M A B M
DRAWING SPECIFICATION
Glossary
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Datum Control for Orientation and Location

This is the mating part to the part shown in the previous screen.
0.2 M
A B M
Glossary
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Datum Control for Orientation and Location
Datum Features Selection

The part is clamped against surface A, establishing the orientation of the part. Surface A is therefore referenced as the primary datum in dimensioning the holes. Diameter B positions the part and is referenced as the secondary datum in the dimensioning of the bolt holes.
Parts 1 and 2 in Assembly

Return to the Previous Slide GD&T Datums Table of Contents Glossary
0.2 M
A B M
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DATUM PRECEDENCE
Glossary
Slide 29
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Multiple Datum ReferencesOrder of Precedence
To position a part properly and repeatedly in the datum reference frame (according to design requirements), datum features must be specified in the order of their functional design significance. This arrangement of planar datums is called the order of datum precedence. The order of precedence is specified by entering the datum feature reference letters from left to right in the feature control frame. The first datum reference is always the primary datum, and sometimes a single datum reference is sufficient to fulfill design requirements. However, when multiple datums are required, the primary datum is followed by the secondary and tertiary datum references. Three datums are the maximum for establishing a planar datum reference frame.
Glossary
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Datum Precedence for Multiple Planar Datum Applications The 3, 2, 1 Rule

The 3-2-1 Rule applies to planar datums. It reflects the order and minimum number of contact points required to establish primary, secondary, and tertiary datums within a datum reference frame. First, a primary datum feature is related to the datum reference frame by bringing a minimum of three points of the datum feature in contact with the primary (simulated) datum plane. Next, a minimum of two points on the secondary datum feature are brought into contact with the second (simulated) datum plane. Finally, the process is completed by bringing at least one point of the tertiary datum feature into contact with the third (simulated) datum plane.
Glossary
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Datum Precedence Illustrated
2X
6.0 5.6 0 M C A B C
0.2 20.0 30.4 30.0
0.4 48.0 10.0
The features on this part have been dimensioned with reference to datums A, B, and C. Notice that datum A will, in this case, control the orientation or attitude of the axes of the holes (the primary datum always controls feature attitude).
Glossary
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The 3-2-1 Rule

The part is brought into contact with the primary datum plane (a surface plate, most likely). There must be a minimum of three points of contact.
Primary Datum A
0 M
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A B C
Glossary
The 3-2-1 Rule

A minimum of two points of contact are required between the secondary datum feature and the second datum simulator. Secondary Datum B
90
Primary Datum A
0 M
A B C
Glossary
The 3-2-1 Rule

A minimum of one point of contact is required between the tertiary datum feature and the third datum simulator.
90
Secondary Datum B
90
Primary Datum A Tertiary Datum C

0 M
A B C
Glossary
The 3-2-1 Rule

Notice the requirement of perfect perpendicularity between the 3 planes that make up the datum reference frame. The part is immobilized when restrained against all three datum plane simulators.
90
Secondary Datum B
90 90
Primary Datum A Tertiary Datum C

0 M
A B C
Glossary
Interrelated Datum Reference Frames
Glossary
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Depending upon the complexity and functional design requirements of the part, one or more datum reference frames may be required to control and verify finished geometry. Any change in the order of datum precedence or material condition, requires different inspection methods, and consequently, establishes different datum reference frames. There is no limit to the number of datum reference frames that can be used on an engineering drawing. However, singular alpha characters assigned to datum features may be used only once per drawing.
Glossary
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Any number of feature control frames may be used on a drawing. If a surface at an angle is selected as a datum feature, however, it must be controlled with an angularity geometric tolerance.
0.1 A B
C B
2X
4.0 4.5 0.2 M A B C
Glossary
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The two holes in the bottom of the part are controlled with reference to datums A, B, and C. There are also features in the angled surface that reference B and C for location, but a new primary datum will be selected to control the orientation or attitude of the features on the angled plane.
0.1 A B
C B
2X
4.0 4.5 0.2 M A B C
Glossary
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0.1 A B D 2.0 2.4 0.2 C B 1.5
M
Datum plane D is established and will control the attitude of the holes on the angled surface.
2X 4.0 4.5 0.2 M A B C
Glossary
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2X
3.8 4.5 0.4 M D E

M

0.1 A B D 2.0 2.4 0.2 C B 1.5
M
The small hole in the center of the angled surface has been established as datum feature E, and is a major factor in the location of the two associated outside holes on the same surface.
2X 4.0 4.5 0.2 M A B C
Glossary
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Cylindrical Datum Features
Glossary
Slide 43
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A cylindrical datum feature is always associated with two theoretical perpendicular planes whose intersection form the datum axis. The datum of a cylindrical datum feature is the axis of the true geometric counterpart of the datum feature, which is simulated by a variable cylindrical gage used in the manufacturing or inspection process expanding mandrels for internal features, and contracting chucks or collets for external features are examples of such tooling.
Glossary
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Establishing Cylindrical Datum Features

Whenever a cylindrical datum feature must be established, the following graphic representation will be present on the drawing: Two theoretical planes are represented on the drawing by center lines crossing at right angles. The intersection of these planes coincides with the datum axis. Once established, the datum axis becomes the origin for related dimensions while the second and third planes (center lines) indicate the orientation, or direction for measurements. (These concepts will be illustrated in the slides that follow.)
Glossary
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C 16.5 16.5
16.5
16.5
65.8 65.4 4X 8.4 - 8.6 0.2

M
C D M
The horizontal and vertical center lines on the circular view of the object, depict planes which intersect at its center. The intersection establishes the axis of the part.
Glossary

In instances where rotation of features, relative to the datum axis, have no effect on the function of the part, the rotational orientation of the second and third planes of the datum reference frame is not specified. In such cases, only two datum features are referenced in the feature control frame primary and secondary. Planar datum C would control the orientation of the axes of the mounting holes, and datum feature (diameter D) would locate datum axis D. It would be of no consequence if the part was rotated about its axis when assembled with its mating part.
0.2
C D M
Glossary
Slide 47
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Lets try to illustrate the principle. Planar datum feature C is the primary datum, and must be established by contact with a minimum of 3 points with the datum simulator.
Primary Datum Plane C

0.2
M
C D M
Glossary
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The first reference plane is established through the centers of two grooves located opposite each other. First Reference Plane

0.2
M
C D M
Glossary
Slide 49
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Second Reference Plane The second reference plane is established perpendicular to the first, and passes through the centers of the two grooves located opposite each other. First Reference Plane

0.2
M
C D M
Glossary
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Datum Axis (Secondary Datum D) Second Reference Plane The intersection of the two reference planes establishes the datum axis D. The part is symmetrical, so it would not matter how the part was rotated about its axis, it will still function as intended. Because rotation of the part is not an issue, only two datums are necessary to control the hole location and orientation.
0.2
M
First Reference Plane

C D M
Glossary
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20 20 C
20 D
22.8 22.4 20
4X
6.5 6.9 0.2

M
Lets consider an internal feature. The horizontal and vertical center lines on the circular hole in the center of the object, depict planes which intersect at its center. The intersection establishes the axis from which the mounting holes are located.
C D M
Glossary
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Illustrating the principle again, the planar datum feature C is the primary datum, and must be established by contact with a minimum of 3 points with the datum simulator.

0.2
M
C D M
Glossary
Slide 53
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The first reference plane is established through the centers of two holes located opposite each other. First Reference Plane

0.2
M
C D M
Glossary
Slide 54
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Second Reference Plane The second reference plane is established perpendicular to the first and passes through the centers of the other two holes located opposite one another.
90

0.2
M
C D M
Glossary
Slide 55
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Datum Axis (Secondary Datum D)
The intersection of the two reference planes establishes datum axis D. As stated before, it would not matter how the part was rotated about its axis, it will still function as intended. Because rotation of the part is not an issue, only two datums are necessary to control the hole location and orientation.
0.2
M

C D M
Glossary
Slide 56
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Rotational Orientation
Rotational control of the first and second reference planes about an axis, in a cylindrical datum reference frame, can be established by referencing a third or tertiary datum feature in the feature control frame. The tertiary datum is a datum axis or center plane aligned with the primary datum axis and one of the two reference planes.
Glossary
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Rotation Control in Feature Orientation

10.9 - 11.2 0.2 M A A B D
8.0 7.6 E 2X 4.8-5.0 0.2 M A B M C M C 0.4

M
A B M
The center plane of the groove on the right side of the object is datum C. It must be perpendicular to datum plane A, and be within the tolerance specified for alignment with the reference plane that establishes datum axis B,.
Primary Datum Plane A Datum plane A is established by a minimum of three high points on the surface, in contact with simulated datum.
Glossary Master Table of Contents Slide 59 Quit
0.2 M A B M
C M

Second Reference Plane Datum Axis B (Secondary Datum) established by intersecting reference planes. First Reference Plane
0.2 M A B M
C M

Datum Center Plane C and Second Reference Plane Datum center plane C must be perpendicular to datum plane A, and be aligned with the reference plane that establishes datum axis B. Datum Axis B (Secondary Datum) established by intersecting reference planes. First Reference Plane
0.2 M A B M
C M

Datum Center Plane C and Second Reference Plane Datum center plane C must be perpendicular to datum plane A, and be aligned with the reference plane that establishes datum axis B. Datum Axis B (Secondary Datum)
Primary Datum Plane A Rotational orientation is established by identifying one of the reference planes as the tertiary datum in the feature control frame.
0.2 M A B M
C M
Glossary
Feature control about tertiary datum center plane C.

Datum Targets
Glossary
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DATUM TARGETS
Some surface types, such as bowed surfaces, non-planar, or uneven surfaces produced by casting or forging, and thin section surfaces subject to warping, cannot, by themselves, be effectively matched with a datum reference frame. Datum features must contact datum simulators to establish datums, and due to surface curvature, irregularities or roughness, some surfaces may not be appropriately used as a datum feature without having been equalized or normalized in some acceptable way. In such cases, datum targets may be combined to establish a datum reference frame.
Glossary
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Datum Targets
Datum targets designate specific points, lines, or areas of contact on a part that are used in establishing a datum reference frame.
Generally two or more datum targets are required to establish a datum.
Glossary
Slide 65
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Datum Targets
Datum Target Point
Datum Target Line
Datum Target Areas
There are three different datum targets: points, lines, and areas. You may recall from our discussions on dimensioning and tolerancing that they are drawn with bold (heavy) lines. The symbol for a datum target point is in the form of a large Xtwice the drawing lettering height. The symbol depicting a datum target line is a bold line configured like a phantom line (sometimes used in conjunction with a datum point, to imply the end view of the line), and datum target areas are outlined with bold phantom lines with crosshatched interiors.
Datum Target Symbols
Datum target symbols are used to establish datum targets on engineering drawings. They are used in conjunction with target points, lines or areas, designated on the part by means of a radial, straight leader line directed at the target. For targets on a visible surface, a solid leader is used; for targets on hidden surfaces, leader lines are dashed. The leader lines typically do not have a horizontal shoulder where they originate at the datum target symbol (this characteristic is optional however), and they never end with an arrowhead. A datum feature symbol is attached to the appropriate views of surfaces that have been designated as datums by the use of datum targets.
Glossary
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Datum Target Symbols

Datum target symbols are used to identify datum target location, orientation, size, and order of precedence on engineering drawings, and relate each of them to the datum reference frame. Note the use of the solid and dashed leader lines denoting near side and far side applications. Also, notice the optional use of horizontal shoulders and the absence of arrowheads on the leader lines and the lack of arrows.
A3
B1
C1
Glossary
Slide 68
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Datum Target Point Designation
Glossary
Slide 69
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Designating a Datum Target Point
A datum target point is indicated by the target point symbol, and it is dimensionally located on a normal view of the datum feature surface. Basic dimensions are used to locate the datum target point. These basic dimensions, however, are gage dimensions, and toolmakers tolerances would be used to locate them as necessary in manufacturing and inspection. There are no tolerances for datum target location dimensions on drawings, and they are not toleranced in feature control frames.
C 72 8
C1
Glossary
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Verifying a Datum Target Point

Single point contact at basic location
Spherical tip gage pin
This view interprets the last slide, showing the point contact on the datum feature during manufacturing or inspection cycles.
Glossary
Slide 71
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Datum Target Line Designation
Glossary
Slide 72
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A datum target line may be indicated by a datum target (phantom) line on the normal view, a target point symbol on an edge view of the surface, or both.
Glossary
Slide 73
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A datum target line may be represented by either a datum target point symbol, located on the edge view of the datum feature surface, or by a datum target line located in the normal view of the feature surface, or both. Note that the datum feature symbol is on the edge view of the datum feature, and the target is located with basic dimensions.
A1
A1
Glossary
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Datum Target Line Verification
Part
Locating Gage Pin This image interprets the application of a datum target line application. In theory, the gage pin would make contact along a single line element of the datum feature surface.
Datum Target Area Designation
Glossary
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Datum Target Areas
There are times when single point contact may be determined to be insufficient to provide assurances that the datum can be accurately established. If the designer or engineer determines that an area of contact is necessary for such assurances, a datum target area of the desired shape is specified. A datum target area is indicated by a bold phantom line outline of the desired target shape, with section lines (crosshatching) filling the interior. Basic dimensions are used to locate and size the datum target area.
Glossary
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Datum target areas of the desired shape are identified on the drawing by outlining the boundary of the area with bold phantom lines, and crosshatching the interior. Basic dimensions are used to locate the datum target area.
A3
10
12
Glossary
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The diameter of the circular target area is called out in the upper portion of the symbol, if required.
10 10 A3
Datum target areas of the desired shape are identified on the drawing by outlining the boundary of the area with bold phantom lines, and crosshatching the interior. Basic dimensions are used to locate the datum target area.
or
A3
10
12
Glossary
Slide 79
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Combining Target Symbols
Glossary
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Combining Datum Target Symbols

Primary datum plane M has been established by two datum target points and one datum target line. Study this illustration until you understand the placement of datum targets. Remember, tolerances for target placement are not called out on the drawing.
M
M1
M2 M1
M3
M3
3.125
.500
M2
2.625
Glossary
.438
Spherical Tip Gage pins (point contact)
Gage pin (line contact)
Two spherical tipped gage pins and one line gage pin would be used to position the part and establish the primary datum.
This computer-generated image should help you understand the placement and orientation of the gage pins to establish the primary datum.
Datum Target Planar Applications
Glossary
Slide 84
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Interpreting Datum Target Area Symbols

Gage pins of the specified diameter (10 mm), and located as shown, using basic dimensionsand tool makers tolerances, would be required to establish datum A.
10 A1 A
10 A3
10 A2
Interpreting Datum Target Area Symbols

The basic theory behind this approach is that the gage pins will establish a level of accuracy on the specific part feature, that will be sufficient to further establish other features and feature relationships. Gage pins (A1, A2, A3, 10 mm)
Part
Datum Plane A
Datum Feature
Surface Plate
Surface Plate
Glossary
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Datum Targets Used To Establish A Primary Datum Axis
Glossary
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Datum Targets Used to Establish a Primary Datum Axis of a Single Cylinder
Two sets of three equally spaced targets may be used to establish a datum axis for a single cylindrical primary datum feature (RFS). The two sets of datum targets are spaced as far apart as practicable and dimensioned from the secondary (planar) datum. Both sets of targets use the same datum identifying letter.
Glossary
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Datum Target Points Used on a Single Cylindrical Feature To Establish a Primary Datum Axis
B5 B5 B2 B3 B6 B
B2
B6
B3
B4 B1 D B4 B1
Both sets of equally spaced datum target points use the same datum reference letter to establish datum axis B. Notice that under these conditions, the datum target numbers increase to B6.
End of Unit Number Seven
Glossary
Slide 90
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Datums &amp; Datum Targets

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Datums and Datum Targets

0.08 M A C 9.6 9.4

7.9 - 8.1 0.14 M A C M

0.06 A M42 X 1.5 - 6g 0.1 M B M 6.6 6.1 20.00 - 20.13 0.14 A C B 8X 45

9.6 9.4 25.5 25.4 36 34

31.8 31.6 0.1

Engineering Graphics Principles

Copyright 2002 Brigham Young University All Rights Reserved

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GD&T Datums Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

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GD&T Datums Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

THEORETICAL DATUMS and DATUM SIMULATORS

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GD&T Datums Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

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GD&T Datums Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

PLANAR DATUM EXAMPLE

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GD&T Datums Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Planar Datum Example

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GD&T Datums Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Planar Datum Example

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GD&T Datums Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Planar Datum Example

Datum Feature Simulated Datum

Simulated Datum Plane A (Yellow)

Planar Datum Example

Established Datum Plane A (Red Line)

Datum Feature Simulated Datum

Simulated Datum Plane A (Yellow)

GD&T Datums Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

Planar Datum Example

Established Datum Plane A (Red Line)

Datum Feature Simulated Datum

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GD&T Datums Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

DATUM REFERENCE FRAME

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GD&T Datums Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

DATUM REFERENCE FRAME

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GD&T Datums Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

DATUM REFERENCE FRAME

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GD&T Datums Table of Contents

Master Table of Contents

DATUM REFERENCE FRAME

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GD&T Datums Table of Contents

Datums & Datum Targets

Datums & Datum Targets