ICS 13.030.

20 Z 60

National Standard of the Peoples Republic of China

Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard GB 8978 - 1996

Issued on 4 October 1996 Effective on 1 January 1998 Issued by: National Environmental Protection Bureau State Technology Supervision Bureau

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GB 8978-1996

Preface This standard revises the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-88). The main revision is the date line provision. The date line replaces the division in the original standard between existing units and new, expanded, or rebuilt units. Time periods are divided by the date when this standard was implemented. Units built before 31 December 1997 are subject to the standards set for the first phase; and units built after 1 January 1998 are subject to the standards set for the second phase. The Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard and industrial discharge standards should not operate concurrently. Wastewater discharged by the following industries is subject to the relevant national industrial standards: paper making industry, shipping, shipping industry, marine petroleum development industry, textile dyeing industry, meat product industry, synthetic ammonia industry, iron and steel industry, utilization of aviation propellants, weapon industry, phosphate fertilizer industry, caustic soda and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) industry. All other units who discharge wastewater are subject to this standard. Excluding the twelve industries named above, the seventeen previously issued industrial water pollutant discharge standards listed below are all included in this revised standard. Comparing this standard and the original standard, the standard values of the first phase basically maintain the new, expanded, and altered levels. In order to control the characteristic pollutants and other toxic and harmful pollutants in the seventeen standards included in this revised standard, ten controlling parameters are added into the standard; as to the second phase, forty controlling parameters are added, and the maximum allowable discharge concentrations of parameters such as COD, BOD5, and so on, are more stringent to some extent. This standard, from the day put into effect, will replace GB8978-88 and the following seventeen standards: GBJ48-83 GB3545-83 GB3546-83 GB3547-83 GB3548-83 GB3549-83 GB3550-83 GB3551-83 GB3553-83 GB4280-84 GB4281-84 GB4282-84 GB4283-84 GB4912-85 GB4913-85 GB4916-85 GB5469-85 Hospital Wastewater Discharge Standard (Trial) Beet Sugar Industrial Water Pollutant Discharge Standard Cane Sugar Industrial Water Pollutant Discharge Standard Synthetic Fatty Acid Industrial Pollutant Discharge Standard Synthetic Detergent Industrial Pollutant Discharge Standard Leather Industrial Water Pollution Discharge Standard Petroleum Development Industrial Water Pollutant Discharge Standard Petroleum Refining Industrial Pollutant Discharge Standard Motion Picture Film Processing Water Pollutant Discharge Standard Chromate Industrial Pollutant Discharge Standard Petrochemical Industrial Water Pollutant Discharge Standard Sulfuric Acid Industrial Pollutant Discharge Standard Yellow Phosphorus Industrial Pollutant Discharge Standard Light Metals Industrial Pollutant Discharge Standard Heavy Ferrous Metal Industrial Pollutant Discharge Standard Asphalt Industrial Pollutant Discharge Standard Freight Train Cleaning Wastewater Discharge Standard

Appendices A, B, C, and D are all appendices of this standard. This standard was first issued in 1973 and first revised in 1988. This standard was put forward by the Technology Standards Department of the National Environmental Protection Agency. Explanations of this standard are the responsibility of the National Environmental Protection Agency.

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GB 8978-1996

National Standard of People's Republic of China Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard GB8978-1996
Replaces GB8978-88 This standard was created in order to carry out the Environmental Protection Law of People's Republic of China, the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law of People's Republic of China, and the Marine Environmental Protection Law of People's Republic of China and to control water pollution, protect surface water in rivers, lakes, canals, channels, reservoirs and the sea, and protect the quality of groundwater, safeguard the peoples health, ensure ecological balance, promote the development of the national economy and rural and urban construction. 1. Main Contents and Scope of Application 1.1 Main Contents This standard provides the maximum allowable discharge concentrations of 69 water pollutants and the maximum allowable discharge capacities for certain industries, divided by a fixed date, according to the discharge direction of the wastewater. 1.2 The Scope of Application This standard applies to the management of water pollutant discharge of existing work units, including the environmental impact assessment of construction projects, design of environmental protection equipment of construction projects, post-construction inspection, and management of discharge after commencing production. In accordance with the principal that the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard and sourcespecific discharge standards should not apply concurrently, the paper making industry is subject to the Paper Making Industrial Water Pollutant Discharge Standard (GB3544-92); shipping is subject to the Shipping Pollutant Discharge Standard (GB3552-83); marine industries are subject to the Marine Industrial Pollutant Discharge Standard (GB4286-84); the marine petroleum development industry is subject to the Marine Petroleum Development Oil Bearing Industrial Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB4914-85), textile dyeing industry is subject to the Textile Dyeing Industrial Water Pollutant Discharge Standard (GB4287-92); the meat product industry is subject to the Meat Product Industrial Water Pollutant Discharge Standard (GB13457-92); the synthetic ammonia industry is subject to the Synthetic Ammonia Industrial Water Pollutant Discharge Standard (GB13458-92), the iron and steel industry is subject to the Iron and Steel Water Industrial Pollutant Discharge Standard (GB13456-92), the utilization of aviation propellants is subject to the Aviation Propellant Water Discharge Standard (GB14374-93); the weapons industry is subject to the Weapons Industrial Water Pollutant Discharge Standard (GB14470.1 to 14470.3-93 and GB4274 to 4279-84); the phosphate fertilizer industry is subject to the Phosphoric Fertilizer Industrial Water Pollutant Discharge Standard (GB15580-85); and the caustic soda polyvinyl chloride (PVC) industry is subject to the Caustic Soda Polyvinyl Chloride(PVC) Industrial Water Pollutant Discharge Standard (GB15581-95). The discharge of other water pollutants is subject to this standard. 1.3 After the issue of this standard, industries with new national industrial water pollutant discharge standards must apply the appropriate national industrial wastewater discharge standard, not this standard. 2. Standards Quoted Articles of the following standards become articles of this standard when quoted in this standard. GB3097-82 GB3838-88 GB8703-88 Marine Water Quality Standard Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard Radiation Protection Rules

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GB 8978-1996

3. Definitions. 3.1 Wastewater: the general name for water discharged during production and living activities. 3.2 Discharge capacity: Refers to the discharge capacity of water used directly in technological production during the production process. This does not include indirect cooling water, wastewater from boilers on factory grounds or power stations. 3.3 All pollution discharging work units: refers to all the work units under the scope of this regulation, which discharge pollutants. 3.4 Other pollution discharging work units: refers to the remaining pollutant discharging units other than those specified for control of specific parameters 4. Technical Contents 4.1 Standard Classifications 4.1.1 Wastewater discharged into a GB3838 Class 3 water area (excluding designated protected areas and scenic areas), and wastewater discharged into a GB3097 Class 2 marine area, must meet Class 1 standards. 4.1.2 Wastewater discharged to a GB3838 Class 4 or 5 area, and wastewater discharged to a GB3097 Class 3 marine area, must meet Class 2 standards. 4.1.3 Wastewater discharged into city and town sewage systems which have a secondary wastewater treatment plant, must meet Class 3 standards. 4.1.4 Wastewater discharged into city and town sewage systems which do not have a secondary wastewater treatment plant, should be subject to provisions in 4.1.1 or 4.1.2 according to the functional requirements of the water area which receives effluent from the sewage system. 4.1.5 The construction of new pollution outlets is forbidden in Class 1 and Class 2 water areas and Class 3 designated protection regions of GB3838; and in Class 1 marine areas of GB3097. Mass loading controls should be implemented on existing outlets in accordance with the functional requirements of the water body in order to ensure that the water quality of the receiving water body conforms with the relevant water quality standard. 4.2 Standard Values 4.2.1 Under this standard, pollutants are divided into two types according to their characteristics and method of control: 4.2.1.1 Sampling for Type 1 pollutants, regardless of industry or discharge method, and regardless of the Class of the receiving water body, should be undertaken at the outlet of the workshop or the workshop treatment facility. The maximum allowable concentration must comply with the requirements of this standard. (The outlet at the tailings dam of a mining operation is not considered to be a workshop outlet.) 4.2.1.2 Sampling for Type 2 pollutants should be conducted at the outlet of the discharging work unit. The maximum allowable concentration must comply with the requirements of this standard. 4.2.2 This standard provides the maximum allowable discharge concentrations of Type 1 and 2 pollutants and the maximum allowable discharge capacities of some industries in different time periods. These are: 4.2.2.1 The discharge of water pollutants from work units constructed before 31 December 1997 (including renovation and expansion), must concurrently implement the provisions in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3. 4.2.2.2 The discharge of water pollutants from work units constructed after 1 January 1998 (including renovation and expansion) must concurrently implement the provisions in Table 1, Table 4, and Table 5. ERM China 4 GB 8978-1996

4.2.2.3 The construction date (including renovation and expansion) of the work unit is determined by the approval date of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report or the Environmental Impact Form (EIF). 4.3 Other Provisions 4.3.1 If there are two or more types of wastewater at one outlet, and the relevant standards of the two types of water are not the same, the discharge standard of the combined wastewater is determined by Appendix A. 4.3.2 The maximum allowable discharge load of industrial wastewater pollutants should be calculated according to Appendix B. 4.3.3 The maximum allowable total annual pollutant discharge amount should be calculated according to Appendix C. 4.3.4 For the discharge of wastewater containing radiation, the Radiation Protection Regulation (GB8703-88), as well as this standard, should be implemented. 5. Monitoring 5.1 Sampling site The sampling site should be chosen according to the provisions of 4.2.1.1 and 4.2.1.2 for the establishment of Type 1 and 2 pollutant discharge outlets. Discharge outlets should be properly marked with signs, and wastewater flow measurement and wastewater ratio sampling equipment should be installed at the outlet. 5.2 Sampling frequency The frequency of monitoring industrial wastewater is determined by the production cycle. If the production cycle is less than eight hours, sampling frequency is once every two hours. If the production cycle is more than eight hours, sampling frequency is once every four hours. The sampling of other wastewater should not be less than twice every 24 hours. The maximum allowable discharge concentration is calculated by the mean value per day. 5.3 Discharge capacity The discharge capacity is controlled by the maximum allowable discharge capacity or the minimum water recycling rate, and is calculated by the mean value per month. 5.4 Statistics Consumption of raw materials and the production output of an enterprise are determined by the statutory monthly or annual report form. 5.5 Measuring methods The measuring methods of this standard are described in Table 6. 6. Supervision of the Application of the Standard 6.1 The administrative department of the peoples government of a country or higher in charge of environmental protection is responsible for the supervision of the application of this standard. 6.2 If implementation of the national water pollutant discharge standard does not meet local water environmental requirements, the peoples governments of provincial, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government can formulate standards stricter than the national standard, which should be reported to the national administrative department in charge of environmental protection for the record.

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GB 8978-1996

Table 1 - Maximum Allowable Discharge Concentrations for Type 1 Pollutants

Units: mg/L
Number Pollutant Maximum Allowable Discharge Concentration 0.05 below detection limit 0.1 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.00003 0.005 0.5 1 Bq/L 10 Bq/L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Total Mercury Alkyl Mercury Total Cadmium Total Chromium Chromium (VI) Total Arsenic Total Lead Total Nickel Benzo(a)pyrene Total Beryllium Total Silver Total Radioactivity Total Radioactivity

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GB 8978-1996

Table 2 - Maximum Allowable Discharge Concentrations for Type 2 Pollutants

Units: mg/L
No. 1 2 3 Pollutant pH Color (dilution ratio) Suspended Solids (SS) Scope of Application All discharging work units Dyeing Industry Other discharging units Mining, ore dressing, coal dressing Vein gold dressing Alluvial gold dressing in outlying districts Urban secondary wastewater treatment plant Other discharging units Cane sugar processing, ramie degluing, wet fibre board industries Beet sugar processing, alcohol, MSG, leather, chemical fibre starch industries Urban secondary wastewater treatment plants Other discharging work units Beet sugar processing, coking, synthetic fatty acid, wet fibreboard, dyes, fur treating, organophosphorus pesticide manufacturing MSG, alcohol, medicines and medicine raw materials, biological pharmaceuticals, leather, chemical fibre starch industries. Petrochemical industry (including refining) Urban secondary wastewater treatment plants Other discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging units Motion picture film processing (ferrous cyanide) Other discharging work units All discharging work units Pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical raw materials, dyes, petrochemical industry Other discharging work units Yellow phosphorous industry Low phosphate areas (water bodies containing < 0.5mg/L) Other discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units Class 1 6~9 50 50 100 100 100 20 70 30 Class 2 6~9 180 80 300 500 800 30 200 100 Class 3 6~9 ------400 600

BOD5

30

150

600

20 30 100

30 60 200

-300 1000

COD

100

300

1000

100 60 100 10 20 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 15

150 120 150 10 20 0.5 5.0 0.5 1.0 50

500 -500 30 100 2.0 5.0 1.0 2.0 --

6 7 8 9

Petroleum hydrocarbons Vegetable and animal oils Volatile Phenols Total Cyanides (CN-)

10 11

Sulphides Ammonium Nitrogen

12

Fluorides (F-)

15 10 10 10 0.5 1.0

25 20 20 10 1.0 2.0

20 30 20 -5.0

13 14

Phosphates (as P) Formaldehyde

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GB 8978-1996

Table 2 - Maximum Allowable Discharge Concentrations for Type 2 Pollutants

Units: mg/L
No. 15 16 17 Pollutant Aniline Nitrobenzene Anionic Surfactant (LAS) Scope of Application All discharging work units All discharging work units Synthetic detergent industry Class 1 1.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 0.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 0.1 below detection limit 500 pieces/L 100 pieces/L Class 2 2.0 3.0 15 10 1.0 5.0 5.0 2.0 3.0 6.0 0.3 0.5 Class 3 5.0 5.0 20 20 2.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 0.3 0.5

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Other discharging work units Total Copper (Cu) All discharging work units Total Zinc (Zn) All discharging work units Total Manganese (Mn) Synthetic Fatty Acid Other discharging work units Color developer Motion picture film processing Total developer and Motion picture film processing oxides Phosphorus as a All discharging work units element Organophosphorus All discharging work units pesticide (as P) Excrement, intestines, fungus count Hospitals*, veterinary hospitals, medical institutions with wastewater containing pathogens Wastewater from hospitals with contagious diseases and tuberculosis Total excess chlorine Hospitals*, veterinary hospitals, (used for chlorine medical institutions with disinfection in hospital wastewater containing pathogens. wastewater) Wastewater from contagious disease and tuberculosis hospitals

25

1000 pieces/L 500 pieces/L >3 (contact time 1hr) >6.5 (contact time 1.5hr)

5000 pieces/L 1000 pieces/L >2 (contact time 1hr)

26

<0.5**

<0.5**

>5 (contact time 1.5hr)

* Indicates hospitals with over 50 beds. ** After chlorine disinfection, dechlorination should be undertaken to reach the standard.

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GB 8978-1996

Table 3 - Maximum Allowable Wastewater Discharge Levels for Industrial Sectors (Work units built BEFORE 31 December 1997)
No. 1 Industrial Sector Ferrous metals mining Other mining, ore processing and coal processing Arterial Gravity gold Flotation dressing Cyanide Molten carbon Coking industry (coal gas factory) Ferrous metal smelting and metal processing Oil refining industry (not including direct discharge oil refineries) Breakdown of process types: A. Fuel refineries B. Fuel + lubricant oil refineries C. Fuel + lubricant + petrochemical oil refineries (includes refineries processing high sulfur crude oil, and oil additives) Chlorinating method of producing alkali benzene Splitting method of producing alkali benzene Alkali benzene to produce synthetic detergent Synthetic fatty acid industry Industry using the wet method of producing fibre board Sugar Cane sugar processing industry Beet sugar processing Leather Wet salt pig skin industry Dry cow skin Dry sheep skin Fermenta Alcohol Corn as raw material -tion and Industry Potato as raw material brewing Molasses as raw material industry MSG industry Beer industry (wastewater amount does not include malt water) Chromate industry Sulfuric acid industry (water washing method) Ramie degluing industry
Synthetic detergent industry

Mining industry

Maximum Permissible Wastewater Discharge Amount or Lowest Permissible Recycling Rate Water recycling rate 75% Water recycling rate 90% 16.0 m3/t (ore) 9.0 m3/t (ore) 8.0 m3/t (ore) 8.0 m3/t (ore) 1.2 m3/t (coke) Water recycling rate 80% > 5000 000t, 1.0 m3/t (crude oil) 250~5000 000t, 1.2 m3/t (crude oil) <2500 000t, 1.5 m3/t (crude oil) > 5000 000t, 1.5 m3/t (crude oil) 250~5000 000t, 2.0 m3/t (crude oil) <2500 000t, 2.0 m3/t (crude oil) > 5000 000t, 2.0 m3/t (crude oil) 250~5000 000t, 2.5 m3/t (crude oil) <2500 000t, 2.5 m3/t (crude oil) 200.0 m3/t (alkali benzene) 70.0 m3/t (alkali benzene) 10.0 m3/t (alkali benzene) 200.0 m3/t (product) 30.0 m3/t (board) 10.0 m3/t (sugar cane) 4.0 m3/t (sugar beets) 60.0 m3/t (raw hide) 100.0 m3/t (raw hide) 150.0 m3/t (raw hide) 100.0 m3/t (alcohol) 80.0 m3/t (alcohol) 70.0 m3/t (alcohol) 600.0 m3/t (MSG) 16.0 m3/t (beer) 5.0 m3/t (product) 15.0 m3/t (sulfuric acid) 500 m3/t (raw flax) or 750 m3/t (dry refined flax) Unbleached: 150 m3/t (pulp) Bleached: 240 m3/t (pulp) 300 m3/t (fibre)

2 3 4

A.

B.

C.

6 7 8 9

10

11 12 13 14 15

Chemical fibre industry Glue fibre industry Short fibre (cotton type medium length fibre, wool type medium length fibre) Long fibre Freight train washing Motion picture film development Petroleum bitumen industry

16 17 18

800 m3/t (fibre) 5.0 m3/carriage 5 m3/1000 m (35mm film) Recycling rate of cooling pond water: 95%

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GB 8978-1996

Table 4 - Maximum Allowable Discharge Concentrations for Type 2 Pollutants (Work units constructed AFTER 1 January 1998)
Units: mg/L
No. Pollutant 1 pH 2 Color (dilution ratio) 3 Suspended Solids (SS) Application Scope All discharging work units All discharging work units Mining, ore dressing, coal dressing industries Arterial gold dressing Alluvial gold dressing in outlying districts Urban Secondary wastewater treatment plants Other discharging industries Beet sugar processing, ramie degluing, wet method fibre board, dyes, fur treating industries Cane sugar processing, alcohol, MSG, leather, chemical fibre starch industries Urban secondary wastewater treatment plants Other discharging work units Beet sugar processing, synthetic fatty acid, wet method fibre board, dyes, fur treating, organophosphorus pesticide industries MSG, alcohol, pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical raw materials, biological pharmaceuticals, ramie degluing, leather, chemical fibre starch industries Petrochemical industry (including refining) Urban secondary wastewater treatment plants Other discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units Pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical raw materials, dyes, petrochemical industries Other discharging work units Yellow phosphorous industry Low phosphate areas (water bodies containing <0.5mg/L phosphate) Other discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units Class 1 6~9 50 70 70 70 20 70 20 Class 2 6~9 80 300 400 800 30 150 60 Class 3 6~9 400 600

BOD5

20

100

600

20 100 100

30 150 200

300 1000

COD

100

300

1000

60 60 100 5 10 0.5 0.5 1.0 15

120 120 150 10 15 0.5 0.5 1.0 50

500 500 20 100 2.0 1.0 1.0 -

6 7 8 9 10 11

Petroleum hydrocarbons Vegetable and animal oils Volatile Phenols Total Cyanides (CN-) Sulphides (S=) Ammonium Nitrogen

12

Fluorides

(F-)

15 10 10 10 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 5.0

25 15 20 10 1.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 10

20 30 20 5.0 5.0 5.0 20

13 14 15 16 17

Phosphates (as P) Formaldehyde Aniline Nitrobenzene Anionic Surfactant(LAS)

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GB 8978-1996

Table 4 - Maximum Allowable Discharge Concentrations for Type 2 Pollutants (Work units constructed AFTER 1 January 1998)
Units: mg/L
No. Pollutant 18 Total Copper (Cu) 19 Total Zinc (Zn) 20 Total Manganese (Mn) 23 24 Phosphorus as an element Organophosphorus pesticide Dimethoate (Rogor) Application Scope All discharging work units All discharging work units Synthetic fatty acid industry Other discharging industries All discharging work units All discharging work units Class 1 0.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.1 below detection limit below detection limit below detection limit below detection limit below detection limit 5.0 Class 2 1.0 5.0 5.0 2.0 0.1 0.5 Class 3 2.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.3 0.5

25

All discharging work units

1.0

2.0

26

Parathion

All discharging work units

1.0

2.0

27

Methyl parathion

All discharging work units

1.0

2.0

28

Malathion

All discharging work units

5.0

10

29

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Pentachlorophenol and Santobrite (as Pentachlorophenol) Absorptive Organic Halide (as Cl) Chloroform Carbon Tetrachloride Chlorylene Tetrachloroethylene Benzene Methylbenzene Ethylbenzene o-Xylene Paraxylene (p-Xylene) m-Xylene Chlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene p-Nitrochlorobenzene 2,4Dinitrochlorobenzene Oxybenzene m-Oxytoluol 2,4-Chlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Dibutyl (o-) phthalate Dioctyl (o-) phthalate Acrylonitrile Total Selenium (Se) Excrement, intestines, fungus count

All discharging work units

8.0

10

All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units All discharging work units Hospitals*, veterinary hospitals and medical institutions with wastewater containing pathogens Wastewater from contagious disease

1.0 0.3 0.03 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.1 500 pieces/L 100

5.0 0.6 0.06 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.6 5.0 0.2 1000 pieces/L 500

8.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.0 5.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 0.5 5000 pieces/L 1000

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GB 8978-1996

Table 4 - Maximum Allowable Discharge Concentrations for Type 2 Pollutants (Work units constructed AFTER 1 January 1998)
Units: mg/L
No. 55 Pollutant Total excess chlorine (used for chlorine Disinfectant in hospital wastewater Application Scope and tuberculosis hospitals Hospitals*, veterinary hospitals and medical institutions with wastewater containing pathogens Wastewater from contagious disease and tuberculosis hospitals Class 1 pieces/L <0.5** Class 2 Class 3 pieces/L pieces/L >3 (contact >2 (contact time 1hr) time 1hr) >6.5 (contact time 1.5hr) 40 60 30 >5 (contact time 1.5hr) -

<0.5**

56

Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

Synthetic fatty acid industry Ramie degluing industry Other discharging work units

20 20 20

Note: Other discharging work units: refers to all work units not specified in the controlled parameter * Refers to hospitals with more than 50 beds ** After chlorine disinfection, dechlorination should be undertaken to reach the standard.

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GB 8978-1996

Table 5 - Maximum Allowable Wastewater Discharge Levels for Industrial Sectors (Work units constructed AFTER 1 January 1998)
No. 1 Industrial Sector Ferrous metals mining Other mining, ore processing and coal processing Arterial Gravity gold Flotation dressing Cyanide Molten carbon Coking industry (coal gas factory) Ferrous metal smelting and metal processing Oil refining industry (not including direct discharge oil refineries) Breakdown of process types: A. Fuel refineries B. Fuel + lubricant oil refineries C. Fuel + lubricant + petrochemical oil refineries (includes refineries processing high sulfur crude oil, and oil additives) Chlorination method of producing alkali benzene Splitting method of producing alkali benzene Alkali benzene to produce synthetic detergent Synthetic fatty acid industry Industry using the wet method of producing fibre board Sugar Cane sugar processing industry Beet sugar processing Leather Wet salt pig skin industry Dry cow skin Dry sheep skin Fermenta Alcohol Corn as raw material -tion and Industry potato as raw materials brewing molasses as raw materials industry MSG industry Beer industry (wastewater amount does not include malt water) Chromate industry Sulfuric acid industry (water washing method) Ramie degluing industry
Synthetic detergent industry

Mining industry

Maximum Allowable Wastewater Discharge Amount or Lowest Permissible Recycling Rate Water recycling rate 75% Water recycling rate 90% (coal dressing) 16.0 m3/t (ore) 9.0 m3/t (ore) 8.0 m3/t (ore) 8.0 m3/t (ore) 1.2 m3/t (coke) Water recycling rate 80% > 5000 000t, 1.0 m3/t (crude oil) 250~5000 000t, 1.2 m3/t (crude oil) <2500 000t, 1.5 m3/t (crude oil) > 5000 000t, 1.5 m3/t (crude oil) 250~5000 000t, 2.0 m3/t (crude oil) <2500 000t, 2.0 m3/t (crude oil) > 5000 000t, 2.0 m3/t (crude oil) 250~5000 000t, 2.5 m3/t (crude oil) <2500 000t, 2.5 m3/t (crude oil) 200.0 m3/t (alkali benzene) 70.0 m3/t (alkali benzene) 10.0 m3/t (alkali benzene) 200.0 m3/t (product) 30.0 m3/t (board) 10.0 m3/t (sugar cane) 4.0 m3/t (sugar beets) 60.0 m3/t (raw hide) 100.0 m3/t (raw hide) 150.0 m3/t (raw hide) 100.0 m3/t (alcohol) 80.0 m3/t (alcohol) 70.0 m3/t (alcohol) 600.0 m3/t (MSG) 16.0 m3/t (beer) 5.0 m3/t (product) 15.0 m3/t (sulfuric acid) 500 m3/t (raw flax) 750 m3/t (dry refined flax) 300.0 m3/t (fibre)

2 3 4

A.

B.

C.

6 7 8 9

10

11 12 13 14

Glue fibre industry

15 16

Short fibre (cotton type medium length fibre, wool type medium length fibre) Long fibre Chemical fibre industry Pharmac -eutical industry and pharma -eutical raw materials Penicillin Streptomycin Terramycin Achromycin Jiemycin Aureomycin Gentamicin Vitamin C Chloramphenicol Sulfamehoxazole (SMZ)

800.0 m3/t (fibre) Unbleached: 150 m3/t (pulp) Bleached: 240 m3/t (pulp) 4700 m3/t (Penicillin) 1450 m3/t (Streptomycin) 1300 m3/t (Terramycin) 1900 m3/t (Achromycin) 9200 m3/t (Jiemycin) 3000 m3/t (Aureomycin) 20400 m3/t (Gentamicin) 1200 m3/t (Vitamin C) 2700 m3/t (Chloramphenicol) 2000 m3/t (SMZ)

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GB 8978-1996

Table 5 - Maximum Allowable Wastewater Discharge Levels for Industrial Sectors (Work units constructed AFTER 1 January 1998)
No. Industrial Sector Vitamin B1 Analgin Phenacetin Foroxohe Caffeine Dimethoate Methyl parathion water phase Parathion (P2 S5 method ) Parathion (PS Cl3 method ) Dichlorvos Dipterex Maximum Allowable Wastewater Discharge Amount or Lowest Permissible Recycling Rate 3400 m3/t (Vitamin B1) 180 m3/t (Analgin) 750 m3/t (Phenacetin) 2400 m3/t (Foroxohe) 1200 m3/t (Caffeine) 700 m3/t (product) 300 m3/t (product) 500 m3/t (product) 550 m3/t (product) 200 m3/t (product) 3/t (product) (not including wastewater 40 m from acetochloral production) 700 m3/t (product) 5 m3/t (product) 2 m3/t (product) 4 m3/t (product) 14 m3/t (product) 4 m3/t (product) 4.5 m3/t (product) 2 m3/t (product) 3 m3/t (product) 3.5 m3/(MWh) 5.0 m3/carriage 5 m3/1000m (35mm film) Recycling rate of cooling pond water: 95%

17

Organophosphorus pesticide industry

18

19 20 21 22

Malathion Nitrofen Santobrite Pentachlorophenol MCPA 2,4-D Butuchlor Chlorotoluron (reduced by Fe ) Chlorotoluron (reduced by Na2 S ) Thermal power industry Freight train washing Motion picture film development Petroleum bitumen industry Herbicide industry

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Table 6 - Measuring Methods

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Parameter Total Hg Alkyl Mercury Total Cd Total Cr Cr6+ Total As Total Pb Total Ni Benzo(a)pyrene Total Be Total Ag Total Total pH Color SS BOD5 Measuring Method Cold- vapor Atomic Absorption Photometry Gas Chromatography Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) Potassium Permanganate-Diphenyl-carbohydrazide Spectrophotometric Method Diphenyl-carbohydrazide Spectrophotometric Method Silver Diethyldithiocarbamate Spectrophotometric Method Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Diacetyldioxime Spectrophotometry Acetylation Filter Paper Chromatography Fluorescence Spectrophotometry Activated Carbon Adsorption -Chrome Azurol S Photometry Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Physical Method Physical Method Glass Electrode Method Dilution Method Gravimetric Method Dilution & Inoculation Method Potassium Dichromate Ultraviolet Photometric Method Potassium Dichromate Method Infrared photometry Infrared photometry 4-aminoantipyrine Spectrophotometry after distillation Silver Nitrate Titration Methylthionine Chloride Spectrophotometry Nesslers Reagent Colorimetric Method Distillation & Titration Method Ion Selective Electrode Method Molybdenum Blue Colorimetric Method Acetylacetone Spectrophotometry N-Ethylene Diamine Azo Spectrophotometry Reduction-Azo Colorimetry or Spectrophotometry Methylene Blue Spectrophotometry Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Sodium Diethyl Dithiocarbamate Spectrophotometric Method Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Dithizone Spectrophotometry Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Potassium Periodate Spectrophotometry 169 Color Former Method Iodostarch Colorimetry Phosphor Molybdenum Blue Colorimetry Measurement of Organophosphorus Pesticide Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Origin of Method GB7468-87 GB/T14204-93 GB7475-87 GB7466-87 GB7467-87 GB7485-87 GB7475-87 GB11912-89 GB19910-89 GB11895-89 1) GB11907-89 2) 2) GB6920-86 GB11903-89 GB11901-89 GB7488-87

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

COD Oils Grease Volatile phenol Total CNSulfide Ammonia Nitrogen Fluoride Phosphate Methanol Aniline & its Derivative Nitrobenzene & its Derivative Anionic Surfaceactive Agent Total Cu

GB11914-89 GB/T16488-1996 GB/T16488-1996 GB7490-87 GB7486-87 GB/T16489-1996 GB7478-87 GB7479-87 GB7484-87 1) GB13197-91 GB11889-89 1) GB7494-87 GB7475-87 GB7474-87 GB7475-87 GB7472-87 GB11911-89 GB11906-89 3) 3) 3) GB13192-91 GB13192-91 GB13192-91 GB13192-91

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Total Zn Total Mn Color Developing Agent Developing Agent & Total Oxide Elemental Phosphorus Organophosphorus Pesticide (as P) Rogor Parathion Methyl Parathion

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Table 6 - Measuring Methods

No. 41 42 Parameter Malathion PCP & Sodium Pentachlorophenate (as PCP ) AOX ( as Cl ) Chloroform Carbon Tetrachloride Chlorylene Carbon Dichloride Benzene Methylbenzene Ethylbenzene o-Dimethylbenzene p-Dimethylbenzene m-Dimethylbenzene Chlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene p-Nitrochlorobenzene 2,4-Nitrochlorobenzene Phenol m-Oxytoluod 2,4-Dichlorophen 2,4,6-Trichlorophen Dibutyl phthalate Dioctyl phthalate Acrylonitrile Total Se Fecal Coliform Bacteria Amount Chlorine Residual Amount Measuring Method Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Safranine T Spectrophotometry Micro Coulometry Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Gas or Liquid Chromatography Gas or Liquid Chromatography Gas Chromatography 2,3-Diamino Naphthalene Fluorescence Method Multi-tube Fermentation Method N,N-Diethyl-1,4-phenylene Diamine Spectrophotometry N,N-Diethyl-1,4-phenylene Diamine Titration Method Non-Dispersion Infrared Absorption Method Direct Ultraviolet Fluorescence Method Origin of Method GB13192-91 GB8972-88 GB9803-88 GB/T15959-95

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

GB11890-89 GB11890-89 GB11890-89 GB11890-89 GB11890-89 GB11890-89

GB13194-91 GB13194-91

GB11902-89 1) GB11898-89 GB11897-89

69

TOC

Note: 1) Water and Wastewater Monitoring Analysis Methods (3rd edition) 2) Technical Norm for Environmental Monitoring (Radiation Section) 3) See Appendix D

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Appendix A: If there are two or more types of wastewater at one outlet and the discharge standards of the two types of water are not the same, the maximum allowable discharge concentration of the pollutant in the combined wastewater concentration (CWC) can be determined as follows:
n

C Q Y
i

i i

CWC =

i 1 n

Q Y
i 1

i i

In the formula: CWC = the maximum allowable discharge concentration of a pollutant in the combined wastewater, mg/L; Ci = the maximum allowable discharge concentration of a pollutant in each type of industrial wastewater, mg/L; Qi = the maximum allowable discharge capacity of each type of the wastewater, m3/t (product) (for industries not governed by this standard, the maximum permitted discharge capacities can be determined by the negotiation between the local environmental protection department and related department); Yi = the production amount of a type of product (t/day calculated by the monthly mean value). Appendix B: The maximum allowable discharge load (MDL) of a pollutant in industrial wastewater can be determined as follows: MDL = C x Q x 10-3 In the formula MDL = the maximum allowable discharge load of a pollutant in the industrial wastewater, kg/t (product); C = the maximum allowable discharge concentration of a pollutant, mg/L; Q = the maximum allowable discharge capacity of an industry, m3/t (product). Appendix C: The maximum allowable annual discharge amount (MAD) of a pollutant can be determined as follows: MAD = MDL x Y x 10-3 In the formula: MAD = the maximum allowable discharge load of a pollutant, kg/t (product); MDL = the maximum allowable discharge amount of a pollutant, kg/t (product); Y = the approved annual production quantity of a product, t (product)/year.

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Appendix D:

A. Measurement of the total amount of the chromatic developer

- 169 Color Former Method The chromatic developer in the integrated wastewater from film processing is very difficult to detect. Chinese and international methods generally are only suitable for the detection of the developer in the cleaning water of the developing liquid. This method can rapidly detect chromatic developer in integrated wastewater. If there are several types of chromatic developers in the wastewater, the amount ascertained through this method is the total amount of the several types of developers. 1. Principle The chromatic developer in wastewater from motion picture film processing can be oxidized by oxidant. When the oxide meets water-soluble color former in basic solution, the two will immediately couple into dye. The maximum absorption wavelengths of the dyes formed with developers of differing structures (TSS, CD-2, CD-3), through coupling with 169 color former, are all 550nm, and in the range of 0 to 10mg/L conform with Beers Law. Take TSS as an example, the reaction can be described as follows: [Translation Note: See Chinese version for figure.]

2. Instruments and equipment 721 - type or similar type spectrophotometer with 1cm-sized colorimetric groove 50ml, 100ml, and 1000ml volumetric flasks. 3. Reagents (1) Color former of 0.5%: weigh out 0.5g 169 color former and put it into a beaker with 100ml distilled water inside, put 1 or 2 grains of sodium hydroxide, agitating during the process until it completely dissolves. (2) Combined oxidant solution : dissolve successively CuSO45H2O 0.5g, Na2CO3 5.0g and NaNO2 5.0g into distilled water. (3) Standard solution: weigh out precisely 100mg photographic chromatic developer (the type used most in production), dissolve it into a small amount of distilled water. Having dissolved 100mg Na2CO3 as the protective reagent, transport the solution into volumetric flasks of 1000ml, and then add distilled water into the flask to full scale, so the concentration of the standard solution is 0.1 mg/ml. The standard solution should be prepared before use. 4. Steps: (1) Drawing standard curve Put different amount of the standard solution into six volumetric flasks of 50ml, as described below: Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 Volume of standard solution (ml) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Equivalent concentration of developer (mg/L) 0 2 4 6 8 10

Add 1ml of color former solution into each of the six volumetric flasks, then add distilled water to the full scale. Next, put 1 ml of combined oxidant solution into each flask, shake the flasks to get even solution. In five minutes, measure the optical densities of the different dyes at the wavelength of 550nm with spectrophotometer (take the No. 0 sample as zero), then draw the

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optical density curve taking the concentration of the developer as the content of the horizontal coordinate which is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10mg/L. (2) Measurement of the water sample Take a 20 ml sample and add it into two volumetric flasks of 50ml each. One is the sample to be measured, the other is a blank sample. Add 1ml color former solution into the former sample, then add distilled water into the flasks to the full scale. After these, follow the steps described above in the drawing of the standard curve. Take the blank sample as zero, measure out the optical density of the water sample and get the corresponding concentration from the standard curve. 5. Calculation The concentration from the standard curve x 50/a = the total amount of chromatic developer in the wastewater (mg/L) In the formula: a = the volume of the wastewater sample, ml. 6. Points to Note: (1) The purplish red dye produced is stable in eight minutes, so the measurement should be taken within five minutes of producing the dye. (2) This method is not suitable for black and white developer. B. Measurement Method of the total amount of the developer and its oxide Because there is an uncertain amount of potassium ferricyanide bleach liquor in the motion picture film processing wastewater, which can oxidize part or all of the discharged developer, there are two possibilities for the wastewater: having both developer and its oxide in it, or just having a large amount of oxide and no developer in it. The result of this method is the total amount of the developer and the oxide as to the first possibility, or the amount of the original developer oxide in the water. 1. Principle Commonly used developer generally has a structure similar to hydrochinone, perinal and ursol, and will change into parabenzodiquinone by oxidization and hydration. We can measure its amount by iodimetric titration after oxidization by Bromine or chlorbromine. Take metol as an example: [Translation Note: See Chinese version for figure.] Quinone is a fairly strong oxidant. In an acid solution, iodide ions will reduce parabenzodiquinone quantitatively into hydrochinone. 2. Instrument and equipment 721-typed or similar typed spectrophotometer 2cm sized colorimetric groove volumetric flasks of 50ml thermostatic water bath pot graduated sucking tube of 2ml, 5ml, and 10ml 3. Reagent

(1) 0.1M potassium bromate - potassium bromide solution: weigh out 2.8g potassium bromate and 4.0g
potassium bromide, and dissolve to 1L in distilled water.

(2) 1:1 phosphoric acid : dissolve phosphoric acid into distilled water of the same weight. (3) Sodium chloride saturation solution: weigh out 40g sodium chloride, and dissolve into 100ml of
distilled water.

(4) 20% potassium bromide solution: weigh out 20g sodium chloride, and dissolve into 100ml of distilled
water.

(5) 5% phenol solution: weigh out 5ml phenol, and dissolve into 100ml of distilled water.
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(6) 5% potassium iodide solution: weigh out 5g potassium iodide, and dissolve into 100ml of distilled
water. (prepare when needed, place the solution in darkness)

(7) 0.2% starch solution: weigh out 1g soluble starch and combine with a small amount of water, then
pour into 500ml boiling water and keep boiling for five minutes. 0.2g ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid can be added in summer. (8) Preparing standard solution: Weigh out 0.276g hydrochinone (molecular weight 110.11g), or 0.861g photographic metal (molecular weight 344.40g), or 0.656g photographic TSS (molecular weight 262.33g), (the weight of the chemical can be determined according to its molecular weight and pureness), and dissolve it into 25ml of 6M HCl, then transfer it into a volumetric flask of 250ml and add water to full scale, so the concentration will be 0.100M. 4. Steps 1) Drawing standard curve

(1) Take 25ml of standard solution and dilute it into 1000ml, so the concentration of hydrochinone is
0.00025M. (referred to as solution A)

(2) Take 25ml of solution A and dilute it into 250ml, so the concentration of hydrochinone is 0.000025M.
(referred to as solution B)

(3) Add into six volumetric flasks of 50ml the following amount of diluted standard solution (solution B):
0;0.1;0.2;0.3;0.4;0.5 mmol (that is 4.0; 8.0; 12.0; 16.0; 20.0 ml of solution B), and pour some distilled water into the flasks to get solutions of 20ml or so. (4) Add 2ml of 1:1 phosphoric acid into each flask with a graduated sucking tube. (5) Add 5ml of sodium chloride saturation solution into each flask with sucking tube. (6) Add 2ml of 0.1M potassium bromate - potassium bromide solution into each flask, trying not to splash it onto the wall of the flask, then wash the wall with little water and shake the flask to even concentration. The solution should be light yellow chlorbromide. Leave the solution in a thermostatic water bath pot at 35C for 15 minutes. (7) Take 2ml of 20% potassium bromide solution and pour it into the volumetric flask along its wall. Shake it to even concentration and leave it in a thermostatic water bath pot at 35C for 5 to 10 minutes . (8) Add 1ml of 5% phenol solution quickly into the flask and shake it to even concentration immediately until the color of bromine disappears. (If added slowly, white sediment will appear, making colorimetric analysis impossible.) (9) Cooling : cool the solution in tap water for three minutes. (10) Add 2ml of 5% potassium iodate solution into each flask, then wash the wall with a little water and put it into a dark cupboard for five minutes. (11) Take 0.2% starch indicator and pour into a volumetric flask, add distilled water to full scale and put it into a dark cupboard for 20 minutes. (12) Measure out the optical densities of the five solutions at the wavelength of 570nm with spectrophotometer (take the blank solution as zero) using 2cm colorimetric groove, then draw the standard curve, the abscissa is 0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5 mol/50ml. 2) Measurement of the water sample Put some water sample (about 1 to 10ml ) into a volumetric flask of 50ml, add distilled water to about 20ml. At the same time, add 20ml of distilled water into another volumetric flask for reagent blank sample. Then follow steps (4) through (12), measure out the optical density of the sample and get the micro mole number per 50ml solution. 3) Measurement of the water sample which needs to suppress interference If there is hexavalent chromium in the sample, which will interfere the measurement, NaNO2 can be used to reduce Cr+6 into Cr+3, after reduction use excessive urea to suppress the interference of NaNO2. Precisely weigh out some water sample (about 1 to 10ml ) and pour it into a volumetric flask of 50ml, then add distilled water to 20ml or so and 2ml of 1: 1 phosphoric acid and three drops of 10% NaNO2, shake the flask sufficiently and put it in a thermostatic water bath pot at 35C for 15 minutes. Add 2ml of 20% urea, shake the flask sufficiently, and put it in a thermostatic water

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bath pot at 35C for 10 minutes. Then follow steps (4) through (12), measure out the optical density of the sample, and get the micro mole number per 50ml solution . 5. Calculation The developer and its oxide in the water sample (by hydrochinone) can be determined as follows:

mol / 50ml 110

sample volume(ml )

1000(mg / L)

6. Points of Note

(1) This experiment involves many steps and takes considerable time, therefore requires careful (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
operation. The necessary glass containers should be cleaned by rinsing liquor. The temperature of the water bath should be kept at 35C, 1C, strictly and the reaction time of each step should be controlled correctly. Wash the wall of the volumetric flask after adding potassium bromate - potassium bromide, otherwise the residual potassium bromate will react with potassium iodine and iodine will be produced which will increase the optical density. The water sample does not need treatment and can be measured directly if there is no chromium ion in it. If the sample is too thick, dilute it before measurement.

C. Measurement of element phosphorus - phosphorus molybdenum blue colorimetric method The mechanism of this method: elemental phosphorus, extracted by benzene, will be oxidized into phosphomolybdic acid which will be reduced to blue complex by stannous chloride. The sensitivity of this method is higher than the vanadium phosphorus molybdenum blue colorimetric method, it is easy to enrich the element phosphorus, and there is less interference so that the reliability of the measurement while the concentration of element phosphorus is less than 0.1mg/L is improved. There is no obvious interference to the measurement when the amounts of arsenide, silicide, and sulfide are 100, 200 and 300 times as much as the amount of elemental phosphorus. Instrument and reagents : Instrument: spectrophotometer; 3cm colorimetric vessel Colorimetric tube : 50ml Separating funnel : 60, 125, 250ml Ground conical flask : 250ml Reagents : The following reagents are all analytical chemicals: benzene, perchloric acid, potassium bromate, glycerin, stannous chloride, ammonium molybdate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, butyl acetate, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, anhydrous alcohol, phenothalein indicator. Preparation of solutions : Potassium dihydrogen phosphate standard solution: weigh out 0.4394g of dried potassium dihydrogen phosphate and dissolve it into a small amount of water, then transfer it into a volumetric flask of 1000ml, and add distilled water to full scale. The PO4-3 -P concentration of the solution produced is 0.1mg/ml. Take 10ml of this solution and pour it into a volumetric flask of 1000ml, and add distilled water to full scale. This is the standard solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate PO4-3-P of 1g/ml. Potassium bromate - potassium bromide solution: dissolve 10g of potassium bromate and 8g of potassium bromide into 400ml of water. 2.5% ammonium molybdate solution: dissolve 2.5g of ammonium molybdate into 70ml of 1:1 sulfuric acid. When the ammonium molybdate dissolves, add 30ml of water into the solution.

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2.5% stannous chloride glycerin solution: dissolve 2.5g of stannous chloride into 100ml of glycerin (water bath heating can be employed to accelerate dissolution). 5% ammonium molybdate solution: dissolve 12.5g of ammonium molybdate into 150ml of water, when it is completely dissolved, slowly pour it into 100ml of 1:5 nitric acid solution. 1% stannous chloride solution: dissolve 1g stannous chloride into 15ml of hydrochloric acid, then add 85ml of water and 1.5g of ascorbic acid into it. (This solution can be kept for 4 to 5 days.) 1% sulfuric acid solution, 1:5 nitric acid, 20% sodium hydroxide. Steps of measurement : A) If the concentration of phosphorous in wastewater is greater than 0.05mg/L, direct water phase colorimetric method should be employed. The provided operations are : Pretreatment of water sample :

(A) Extraction: pour 10 to 100ml of water sample into a separating funnel of 125ml or 250ml with 25ml
of benzene in it, shake it for five minutes and leave it static for stratification. Transfer the water phase into another separating funnel with 15ml in it, leave it static after shaken for two minutes, then discard the water phase and pour the benzene phase into the first funnel. After this, add 15ml of water and leave it static after it has been shaken for 1 minute, then discard the water phase. Do the water rinsing six times to the benzene phase. (B) Oxidization: add 10 to 15 ml of potassium bromate solution and 2ml of 1:1 sulfuric acid solution into the benzene phase, leave it static for two minutes after it has been shaken for five minutes, then add 2ml of perchloric acid into it, shake it for five more minutes, then transfer it into a conical flask of 250ml and heat it on an electric heating plate to remove the excess perchloric acid and bromine (take care not to splash or dry it).

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