The 12

th
International Conference of
International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG)
1-6 October, 2008
Goa, India


Analytical and Computational Results for the Interpretation of
Cable Jacking Tests on Rock Masses
A.P.S. Selvadurai
Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montral, QC, Canada H3A 2K6
Keywords: In situ testing, elasticity solutions, indentation tests, cable-jacking tests
ABSTRACT: This paper presents an overview of the plate load techniques that are employed in the
assessment of the in situ deformability characteristics of rock masses and the theoretical procedures that can
be used to estimate the deformability of the rock mass.
1 Introduction
The in situ determination of deformability properties of rock masses constitutes an important topic in
geomechanics (Jaeger, 1972). The justification for conducting in situ testing, as opposed to laboratory testing
of either cores recovered from boreholes or samples recovered from test pits, can be justified when there are
concerns relating to the reliability of a Representative Volume Element that could be tested in a laboratory
environment. Recourse to in situ testing is often advocated when a geologic medium contains distributions of
inhomogeneities including stratifications, sessile fractures, inclusions and voids, where the mass
deformability cannot be accurately estimated from laboratory tests. While a number of in situ testing methods,
including geophysical testing techniques involving wave propagation are in use, the direct method of load
testing is regarded as the most effective and reliable technique for estimating the deformability of geologic
media. The main drawback of in situ load testing of rock masses is that the test itself involves the application
of substantial loads to induce measurable deformations of the rock mass being tested. The most convenient
approaches for conducting such load tests are to identify test configurations where the rock mass itself can
provide the reaction necessary for the application of the test loads. Plate load tests conducted in adits and
tunnels and trenches excavated at the base of tunnels are examples where the loading can be applied without
the provision of massive reaction devices (Jaeger, 1972; Bell, 1987). Situations where the loading of the test
plate can be carried out using external reactive forces are rare and in many instances when plate loading tests
need to be carried on relatively flat regions of a rock formation, it becomes necessary to resort to other forms of
self-stressing systems to develop the test loads. In the mid 1960s engineers proposed a technique that
enables the loading of a test plate without an external reactive load. This technique involves the provision of a
reaction anchor system allowing the application of the test loads through a self-stressing system. This test is
referred to as the Cable Jacking Test. The exact origins of the cable jacking technique of in situ testing of rock
masses is not entirely clear; the test involves the location of a grouted anchorage at some depth within the
rock mass with the pre-stressing cables embedded in the grouted reaction point. Usually the cable is placed
along the axi s of symmetry of the test plate, emerging from an opening in the test plate and a doughnut-type
hydraulic jack is used to load the test plate. The method was formally proposed by Zienkiewicz and Stagg
(1967) where either a circular plate or a square plate is subjected to loads applied through the cable jacking
system. The interpretation of the test invariably involves appeal to results of the theory of elasticity, and it is
implicitly assumed that the embedded reaction forces do not influence the displacement of the test plate. In
earleir studies, empirical estimates were used to locate the permissible proximity of the anchorage. The
presence of the reaction anchor loads on the displacement of the test plate was first i nvestigated by Selvadurai
(1978, 1979a) (see also Davis and Selvadurai, 1996) and the influence of the localized anchorage force on the
displacement of the test plate was established. Furthermore, these results permit the location of the localized
anchorage point at a specified depth, and a suitable correction can be applied to explicitly account for the
reactive anchor load.

The early investigations in this area dealt with situations where the reaction loads were applied at a location
within the rock mass along the central axis of the test plate. This method requires the drilling and grouting of
regions in close proximity to the test location, which is not desirable, unless the results in theoretical elasticity
used for the interpretation of the test can accomodate the influence of the introduced inhomogeneity. The
92

analysis of the interaction of a test plate indenting a rock mass containing such a grouted section is not a
routine problem in the theory of elasticity. Furthermore, the elasticity mis-match between the rock and the
grouted cylindrical region can lead to load partitioning, which can unduly influence the interpretation of the
cable jacking test. An alternative to this procedure is to locate the anchorage points at regions remote from the
test plate in a non-axisymmetric fashion. The interpretation of the resulting test plate-anchor region interaction
problem requires the development of mathematical relationships for the net settlement of the test plate. The
paper presents a fundamental solution to the problem of the elastostatic interaction between a rigid test plate
and two localized point anchorages that are placed symmetrically in the interior of the rock mass. These
results can be extended to include multiple anchor locations and anchor load distributions within the rock
mass. The analysis is conducted to include only circular test plates that are used to evaluate the elastic
deformability properties of the rock mass. In in situ testing techniques that involve isotropic elastic geologic
media, the analysis provides compact results that can be used to estimate the bulk deformability constants for
the tested rock mass.
2 Theoretical developments
The conventional theoretical developments employed in the interpretation of plate load tests conducted on rock
are based on results of the theory of elasticity. The analysis is usually restricted to assumptions of isotropy of
the rock mass, which is regarded as a limitation. The theoretical concepts can be extended to include both
transverse isotropy of the rock mass and elastic i nhomogeneity (see e.g. Aleynikov (2000), Selvadurai (2007))
of the rock mass; however, the inverse analysis of elasticity parameter identification for these situations cannot
be conducted using only the results of plate load tests. Even within the context of isotropic and homogeneous
behaviour of the rock mass, the results of a plate load test can only provide a bulk estimate for the
deformability of the rock mass that can include both elastic constants encountered in the isotropic elastic
model. The theoretical analysis of the plate load test involving no reactive anchor forces can be conducted by
formulating the mixed boundary value problem of the indentation of an isotropic elastic halfspace by a rigid test
plate. In order to formulate the mathematical problem, it is also necessary to identify the contact conditions that
can be present at the interface between the test plate and the geomaterial. This largely depends on the
condition of the t est plate and the procedures used to either make the interface completely smooth or
completely frictional, which will inhibit relative slip between the plate and the geomaterial. Finally, the extent of
the geomaterial region that is tested is assumed to be large in comparison to the dimensions of the plate,
enabling the region to be approximated by an elastic halfspace region. The axisymmetric mixed boundary
value problem associated with the smooth indentation of a halfspace by a rigid circular test plate is described
by the boundary conditions


( ,0) , (0, ) ( ,0) 0, [ , )
( , 0 ) 0, (0, )
z zz
rz
u r r a r r a
r r

;
(1)

where ( ( ,0, ))
r z
u u u and s are, respectively, the axisymmetric versions of the displacement vector and the
stress tensor referred to the cylindrical polar coordinate system ( , , ) r z and is the displacement of the test
plate (Figure 1). In addition, the regularity conditions require that u and s reduce to zero as either r or z .


Figure 1. The classical indentation problem for a geomaterial halfspace

The mixed boundary value problem in elasticity defined by (1) is a classical problem solved by Boussinesq
(1885) employing results of potential theory and by Harding and Sneddon (1945) using the theory of dual
integral equations. Details of the methods of solution are also given by Selvadurai (1979a, 2000a, b) and
Gladwell (1980). The result of interest to geomechanics is the relationship between the displacement and
the axial load P required to achieve the indentation. This can be obtained in exact closed form as
93

(1 )
4
P
a

(2)
where and are, respectively, the linear elastic shear modulus and Poissons ratio of the geomaterial. As
is evident from (2), the classical analysis of the plate load test provides only an estimate of /(1 ) and
additional information is needed to determine the parameters separately. When the plate adheres to the
surface of the geomaterial, the resulting boundary value problem is described by the following boundary
conditions:
( ,0) , (0, ) ( ,0) 0, [ , );
( , 0 ) 0, (0, ) ( ,0) 0, ( , )
z zz
r rz
u r r a r r a
u r r a r r a

;
;
(3)

This mixed boundary value problem can be examined by appeal to the theory of integral equations where the
problem can be reduced to the solution of the Hilbert problem involving singular integral equations. The
elasticity problem of adhesive contact between a plate and an elastic halfspace region was examined by
Ufliand (1956) and the exact closed form result is given by

(1 2 )
4 ln(3 4 )
P
a

(4)

The Hilbert problem approach accounts for the oscillatory form of the stress singularity at the boundary of the
rigid plate. Selvadurai (1989) also examined the mixed boundary value problem defined by (3) but by replacing
the oscillatory form of the stress singularity by a regular
2 2 1/ 2
( ) a r

type singularity, thus reducing the
problem to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second-kind. It was shown that the difference
between the exact result based on the Hilbert problem formulation and the Fredholm integral equation
formulation is less than 0.5% when 0 and the results converge to the same result when 1/ 2 . A further
classical development is to consider the entire surface of the halfspace to be composed of an inextensible
membrane, in which case the bonded boundary condition is automatically satisfied in the indentation zone and
the shear tractions are, however, non zero beyond the indented zone. The load-displacement relationship of
the indentor can be obtained from the result for the problem of a rigid disc embedded in an elastic infinite
space (Selvadurai, 1976): i.e.
(3 4 )
16 (1 )
P
a

(5)

It should be noted that in the limit of material incompressibility, (2), (4) and (5) reduce to the same result. The
analysis can be extended to include the flexural stiffness of the test plate (Selvadurai, 1979c; Jeypalan and
Selvadurai, 1982), Coulomb friction at the contact zone (Spence,1968; Maugis, 2000), transverse isotropy of
the elastic medium (Elliott, 1949; Shield, 1951; Sveklo, 1970), the influence of depth of embedment of the test
plate (Hunter and Gamblen, 1975; Selvadurai and Nicholas, 1979; Selvadurai, 1993) and the generation of
fracture during indentation (Selvadurai, 2000c), which could be a problem of concern in the interpretation of the
test data, particularly in brittle geomaterials prone to fracture (Figure 2). The interpretation of plate load tests
where such crack extension phenomena can occur is not routine and will require information concerning crack
initiation and crack extension criteria for the geomaterial.
94

conoidal
crack
isotropic elastic
halfspace ( , )
rigid circular indentor
a
P
z
smooth
interface
r
0.0
0.00
0.02
5.0
0.04
10.0
0.06
15.0
0.08
25.0 20.0
0.10
30.0
0.22
= 0.40
= 0.0
(uncracked)
= 0.4
(uncracked)
= 0.0
= 0.25
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
P
a
2

a
( 10)
3

( )
P
a
crack

( , )
= 10
-2 KI C
a %&

Figure 2. Crack extension during indentation testing of a geomaterial
3 The cable jacking test
3.1 Analytical estimates
The primary limitation of plate load testing of rock for the determination of its elasticity properties is that very
large loads need to be applied to a test plate to generate plate settlements that are within the measurement
range of displacement transducers. I n the mid 1960s engineers proposed a technique that allows the
application of a load to a test plate without an external reactive load. This technique involves the provision of a
reaction anchor system, allowing the application of the test loads through a self-stressing system, and is
referred to as cable jacking. It involves locating a grouted anchorage at some depth within the rock mass and
pre-stressing cables are then attached to the reaction point. Usually the cable is placed along the axi s of
symmetry of the test plate, emerging from an opening in the test plate and a doughnut-type hydraulic jack is
used to apply the force to the test plate. The contact problem associated with the cable jacking test for a
circular test plate is an extension of the classical indentation test described previously but modified to account
for the effect of the anchorage force that can be represented as a Mindlin force
M
P located at the depth c
within the halfspace region(Figure 3).


Figure 3. Cable jacking test-a Mindlin-type anchorage force

The analysis of this problem, developed by Selvadurai (1978), makes use of the generalized result for the
contact problem (see e.g. Green and Zerna, 1968; Sneddon, 1965) based on the results of potential theory,
which determines the axisymmetric normal contact stress required to induce a displacement profile ( ) w r over
a region (0, ) r a of a halfspace region that is free of any surface shear tractions. The stress within the contact
zone is given by
2 2 1 / 2
( )
( , 0 ) ; 0
(1 )
[ ]
a
zz
r
t g t
r dt r a
r r
t r

< <

(6)
where
95


2 2 1/ 2
0
2 ( )
( )
[ ]
t
d r w r
g t d r
d t
t r

(7)
Also, the total force P required to induce the indentation ( ) w r is given by

0
2
( )
(1 )
a
P g t dt

(8)
In the case of the cable jacking test involving a localized Mindlin force
M
P located at a depth c

2
0
2 2 1/ 2 2 2 3/ 2
(1 )
( )
2
( ) 2( )
M
P c
w r
r c r c

+ +

+ +
,
(9)
Using the results (6) to (9) it can be shown that the net settlement of the circular test plate
0

under the action

of the external load P and an internal Mindlin force
M
P is given by
1
0
2 2
(1 ) 2
1 tan
2
(1 )( )
M
P P a a c
a P c
a c

_
_
+
' ;


+ ,
,
(10)
As has been shown by Selvadurai (1980, 1981) and Davis and Selvadurai (1996), the result (10) can also be
obtained from the application of Bettis reciprocal theorem, where the required auxiliary solution corresponds
to the solution for the problem of the directly loaded rigid circular test plate.

Axial cable jacking is one possible configuration for providing the test load to a plate. Other configurations
include the provision of multiple anchors exterior to the test plate and reaction piles that are placed close to the
test plate (Figure 4). The influence of these alternative anchorage reaction configurations on the
displacements of the test plate has not been adequately investigated. This makes the interpretation of test
data derived from cable jacking tests involving anchorage loads with general anchor configurations open to
error.


Figure 4. Multiple anchorage system for the cable jacking test.

The analysis of the interaction between the test plate and a multi ple anchor configuration can be examined by
using the conventional integral equation formulation. Such a procedure, however, involves the solution of a
problem that is non-axisymmetric and requires solving a series of dual integral equations, which are derived
from the expansion of the equations of elasticity as Fourier-Bessel series in terms of the azimuthal coordinate
(Muki, 1960). The resulting analysis is non-routine but can be evaluated for specific anchor configurations.
An alternative is to take advantage of Bettis reciprocal theorem to develop results of interest to the
interpretation of the plate load test results in the presence of interaction with the internal anchor loads. We
consider the problem where the concentrated anchor loads are symmetrically placed at a distance l from the
axis of the test plate and at a depth c from the surface of the halfspace region. We shall restrict attention to a
test plate with a smooth base although the analysis can be extended to include complete bonding between the
halfspace and the circular test plate. To apply Bettis reciprocal theorem, we consider an auxiliary problem
involving the indentation of a geomaterial halfspace region by a rigid test plate with a smooth base and
radius a , which is subjected to a central load P

(Figure 5).

96


Figure 5. The auxiliary solution required for the application of Bettis reciprocal theorem

The contact stress is given by
*
2 2
( , 0)
2
zz
P
r
a a r

(11)
Considering Boussinesqs solution and integrating the stresses acting in the contact zone we can determine
the displacement at the location x l , 0 y and z c as follows:

2
2
2 2
2 2
0 0
(1 ) 1 1
( , 0, ) 1
4
2 2(1 )
a
P c
w l c d d
a
a

1 1


1 1
+
' ;
1
1
] ]

(12)
where

1/ 2
2 2 2
2 cos c l c
1
+ +
]
(13)
Now we consider the problem where the internal anchor forces are applied to a geomaterial halfspace region
where the rigid circular test plate maintains smooth bilateral contact and denote by w% its rigid displacement
under the action of the anchor forces P
%
acting at the locations x l , 0 y , z c and x l ,
0 y , z c (Figure 6).



Figure 6. Displacement of the rigid test plate in bilateral smooth contact

Considering Bettis reciprocal theorem we have 2 wP P w

%
% . The net axial displacement of the rigid circular
test plate under the action of the external load P and the concentrated internal anchor loads / 2 P P
%
placed
equidistant from the axis of the test plate is given by
2 2
2 2
2 2
0 0
(1 ) 1 1
1 1
4 2(1 )
a
P c
w d d
a
a

_
1 1



1
1 +
' ;

1 1

]
] ,

(14)
It can be verified that as 0 c and 0 l , the anchorage forces act directly at the origin of coordinates and if
bilateral contact is maintained, the net displacement of the test plate 0 w and as either c or l ,
the term in (14) containing the integrals vanishes and we recover the result (1) for the indentation of the
geomaterial halfspace by a directly loaded circular test plate. For arbitrary values of / c a and / l a , the
expression (14) can be evaluated, using a numerical integration procedure, to determine the influence of the
location of anchorage forces on the net settlement of the test plate.
97

3.2 Computational estimates
Recently, Selvadurai and Plastre (2007) examined computationally the cable jacking test for a square rigid test
plate resting in smooth contact with an isotropic elastic region. The general purpose finite element code
ABAQUS was used in the computational modelling of the elasticity problem. A consideration in the modelling
was the estimation of the dimensions of the domain that can approxi mate a semi-infinite region. The code had
no provision for incorporating infinite elements that could accurately model the behaviour of the region in terms
of the regularity conditions applicable to the elastic region. An approximation for the dimensions of the domain
was established by comparing the results for the settlement of the rigid square plate available in the literature
with the computational results. Considering symmetry for a square test plate of dimensions 2 2 a a only a
quarter of the plate and the elastic geomaterial domain b b b was modelled. Computational modelling also
had to account for stress concentrations that occur at the boundary of the test plate. Since no singularity
elements were incorporated, the rapid changes in the stress gradients were accommodated by mesh
refinement. Figure 7 illustrates the mesh refinement for the domain, the boundary of the test plate and the
point of application of the anchorage forces. The comparison of analytical results and computational estimates
indicate that a domain of dimensions 40 b a gives a computational result that is within 3% of the analytical
result. The numerical results presented in Figure 7 enable the estimation of the influence of the position of the
internal anchor load [ a is the depth of the symmetrically placed anchor force; a is the lateral dimension] on
the net settlement of the rigid square test plate. To date there are no exact analytical estimates that are
applicable to the square and rectangular test plate configurations. In Figure 7, the plate settlement is
normalized with respect to (1 ) / 4
re
P R where (1 / 2 )
re
R A + , where A is the area of the
test plate and for a square test plate 0.5902 .

40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
0 5 10 15 20
alpha
w
(
%
)
=0
=2
=3
=4
=6
=8
=12
=16
=20


Figure 7. Mesh refinements associated with the computational modelling of the cable jacking test and
computational estimates.
4 Concluding remarks
The assessment of the bulk in situ deformability characteristics of geologic media is best achieved by
conducting tests involving a representative volume element of the material that can encompass any defects
and inhomogeneities. These features can be overlooked when using conventional small-scale tests involving
the testing of cylindrical cores or other in situ tests such as the borehole dilatometer test, which examine a
region consistent with the dimensions of the test device. Plate load tests generally achieve this objective but
require large loads to induce appreciable and measurable settlements. The cable jacking test is a convenient
technique for conducting plate load tests. The conventional procedure involves placing the anchorage point at
a depth within the rock along the axis of the test plate. This paper presents a means of accounting for the
influence of anchor loads that are located at exterior points within the rock. The cases examined focus on
testing configurations that induce symmetric settlement of the test plate. The procedures can be extended to
include non-symmetric cases that can initiate both a displacement and rotation of the test plate. Exact closed
form analytical results can be developed for the case of the circular test plate and computational techniques
are needed to examine the response of either square or rectangular test plates.
98

5 Acknowledgements
The work described in this paper was supported by the Max Planck Forschungspreis in the Engineering
Sciences awarded by the Max Planck Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany. The support provided by the NSERC
Discovery Grant is also acknowledged.
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