Ultrasonic Motion Detector

The protector
GR-17

DEBAJYOTI ACHARYA ASIT KU. SAHOO AMARESH PATTANAIK PRACHI PARIMITA PRADHAN & RASHMI RANJAN PANDA

8/16/2011

ULTRA

NC

NT DETECTOR

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

You will find many uses for this movement detector. It is built around a matched pair of ceramic transducers, which convert movement energy to electrical energy and vice versa. The operating frequency of the pair is 40 KHZ. Any movement in the scanned by the pair of transducers will detected and a 6V pulse produced. In this kit the pulse turned on a LED. J1 pads are provided to take this pulse to add-on circuits where it may be used to turn on BUZZER , RELAY etc. A PCB mounted switch (S1) can be used to switch between an automatic reset after the detector has been triggered or to stay triggered. The unit will work reliably up to five meters after proper calibration.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

WORKING VOLTAGE OPERATING CURRENT TRANSDUCERS FREQUENCY SENSITIVITY RANGE CONTACT RATING

9 TO 12V DC 100MA 40KHZ ADJYSTABLE 4 TO 6 METTERS 230 VAC/1000W

CIRCUIT EXPLANATION Two NAND Schmidt trigger circuits are connected as a multivibrator circuit , which delivers approximate square wave pulses to the transmitter unit, the frequency can range from about 11 kHz to 55 kHz and is controlled by 50k preset. The receiver uses a similar transducer to receive the signals that are reflected back to it. The electrical signals produced by it are then amplified by transistor T3. The op-amp IC1 that also references the negative picks of the signal to a predetermined pc level further amplifies them. The output of IC1 converted to the DC in a pick detector and then taken to the non inverting input of IC2, the feedback circuit on this op-amp can be

adjusted by the sensitivity preset to control there is no change in incoming signal level IC2 quickly adjusts to a steady high output.

Sound waves reflected by different objects arrive at the receiver in different phases, if they are in phase they add to create a larger signal. If they are out of phase they cancel to give a smaller signal. As an object moves towards or away from the Rx unit by a smaller distance (about 1 cm) it causes the receiver signal to a cycle through a high/low cycle. It is this change from inphase to out-of phase, which triggers the unit. The steady high output of IC2 is pulled down causing the NAND get output to go high. The high turns on the Darlington arrangement of transistors, which turns on the LED. This 6V signal is available at pads 1 and 2 where it can be taken to manage other devices such as relays, buzzers opto couplers etc.

COMPONENTS LIST

PART (COMPONENTS) EXPLANATION 1. ULTRASONIC SENSOR

The ultrasonic sensor for the air which is made by the Nippon Ceramic company. This sensor separates into the two kinds for the transmitter and the receiver. For the transmitter, it is T40-16 and for the receiver, it is R40-16. T shows the thing for the transmitter and R shows the thing for the receiver. 40 shows the resonant frequency of the ultrasonic. (40kHz) 16 shows the diameter of the sensor. The one of the terminal is connected with the case, when grounding; the terminal on the side of the case should be used. More information please refers Data sheet of ULTRASONIC SENSOR.

2. LM741 The LM741 series are general-purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved performance over industry standards like the LM709. The amplifiers offer many features, which make there application nearly foolproof: overload protection on the input and output, no latch-up when the common mode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations.

3. CD4093 The CD4093B c s s s of four Schmitt-trigger circuits Each circuit functions as a 2-input NAND gate with Schmitt-trigger action on both inputs The gate switches at different points for positive and negative going signals The difference between the positive (VT +) and the negative voltage (VT -) is defined as hysteresis voltage (V ).

WORKING DIAGRAM OF SENSOR

ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTION

The most important thing is to make sure the ultrasonic transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) units are put into there correct position on the small circuit board. If they are mixed up then damage to the receiver unit will probably result, the transmitter is marked with a T . The receiver is marked with an R . To make soldering easier (and not heat the Tx/Rx units) gently scrape the leads of each unit before soldering.

The second most important thing is to connect the earth/case, Rx sensor pin (it is the pin which is connected to the metal case) to earth pad of the To RX pads on the main circuit board. The earth pad is the top pad. The polarity of the Tx unit is not important in this circuit; it can be connected either way around. The circuit is very sensitive. Separate the two wires going to the ultrasonic units to prevent electrical crosstalk between them. If you want to locate the units

more than 1-2 feets from the main PCB then you should use co-axial cable to shield the two transducers.

With these points to keep in mind assembly is straight forward and components may be added to the pcb in any order. Generally it is best to solder the lowest height components first such as resistors , diodes and IC sockets. Then move on to the physically taller components. Note in particular the polarity of the electrolytic capacitors, the IC s and diode, as mentioned clean. The lead of the Tx & Rx units so soldering is quick and easy. Do not overheat the ultrasonic units during soldering.

ASSEMBLY LAYOUT OF MAIN BOARD

ASSEMBLY LAYOUT OF SENSOR BOARD (PCB)

ADJUSTMENT AND TESTING

The 50K preset must be adjusted so that the multivibrator oscillates at 40 kHz, then the sensitivity pot must be adjusted so that the system will reset quickly and lock on, calibration can be done very easily by trial and error. First put the switch to self reset position and the sensitivity pot in the most sensitive position. Place the preset at the 9 o-clock position. A wave of the hand in front of the Tx/Rx pair may turn on the LED for about a second. Adjusts the position slights towards the 10 o-clock position then try again. Move further away about 2 to 3 yards/meters and try again. There will be one particular position, which is most sensitive at about 3 meters. Also simultaneously adjusts the sensitivity control as well either one way or other. No more than 2-3 minutes should be needed to calibrate the unit in this way.

If you have a CRO (cathode ray oscilloscope) then you can very easily do the calibration by displaying the signal from the Tx pins and directly adjusting the driving frequency to 40 kHz.

After Calibration you should be able to reliable triggering of the unit in the 2 to 3 meter range. Up to 5 meter is possible with good calibration.

Note that the unit will not only operate at kHz but it will also operate but not as well at 20 kHz. Using a CRO this difference can be easily seen but using trial and error the difference may not be so easy. The correct position of the trim pot for 40 kHz is that is pointing in about the 10 o-clock position. The wrong 20 kHz setting is in the 12 to 1 o-clock position.

Each unit best transmits and receives in a 40-degree cone spreading out from each unit. Naturally in the area to be monitored this imaginary cones must

overlap you cannot have the Tx pointing one way and the Rx unit pointing the other.

WHAT TO DO IF IT DOES NOT WORK

Poor soldering is the most likely reason that circuit does not work. Check all solders joints carefully under a good light. Next check that all components are in their correct position on the PCB especially diodes, electrolytic capacitors, and IC. If you put in the Tx/Rx around the wrong way they have probably been damaged.

Did you CALIBRATE the transmitter? Check the transmitter is working. The easiest way to do this is to use a CRO to check that a DC pulse wave is being fed into the Tx unit or a portable frequency meter held in front of the Tx unit.

NOTE That this circuit is very sensitive. Even air moving (hot air rising,wind blowing) will trigger it when the trimpot is set near the most sensitive position. That is why we say to set it for your particular need.