Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on

Contemporary
Problems in
Mathematical
Physics
Cotonou, Republic of Benin 27 October 2 November 2007
editors
Jan Govaerts
Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium
M. Norbert Hounkonnou
University of Abomey-Calavi, Republic of Benin
International Chair in Mathematical Physics and Applications
ICMPA-UNESCO Chair
University of Abomey-Calavi, Republic of Benin
December 2008
Published by
International Chair in Mathematical Physics and Applications
ICMPA-UNESCO Chair
University of Abomey-Calavi
072 B.P. 50 Cotonou, Republic of Benin
National Library of the Republic of Benin
Legally registered under the number 4006, December 9
th
, 2008
Contemporary Problems in Mathematical Physics
Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop
Copyright c 2008 by the ICMPA-UNESCO Chair
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system
now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.
ISBN 978-99919-69-81-7
Contents
Plenary Lectures
Deformation Quantisation and Symmetric Spaces: An Introduction 3
P. Bieliavsky
A Pedestrian Introduction to the Mathematical Concepts of Quantum Physics 36
J. Govaerts
Parallel Sessions
Group I. Theoretical Methods of
Modern Classical and Quantum Physics
The Adomian Decomposition Method for the Solution of Oxygen Absorption in Aquatic Systems 117
F. B. Agusto and O. R. Ogunye
Classes of f-Deformed Landau Operators:
Nonlinear Noncommutative Coordinates from Algebraic Representations 124
J. Ben Geloun, J. Govaerts and M. N. Hounkonnou
PhysicalTopological Factorisation and Duality in Abelian Gauge Theories 130
B. Bertrand and J. Govaerts
Application of the Adomian Decomposition Method to Solving the van der Pol Equation
and Comparison with the Regular Perturbation Method 131
G. Bissanga and A.-K. Nsemi
The Eects of Linearly Varying Distributed Moving Loads on Beams with Winkler Foundations 136
M. S. Dada
Modelling of Atmosphere Remote Sensing by Multi-Wavelength LIDAR:
Application to Real Signals 142
G. Debiais, V. Guglielmi, F. K. Guedje and M. N. Hounkonnou
The 1 + 1 Dimensional Abelian Higgs Model Revisited:
Non-perturbative Dynamics in the Physical Sector 159
L. Gouba and J. Govaerts
i
The 1 + 1 Dimensional Abelian Higgs Model Revisited:
Physical Sector and Solitons 164
L. Gouba, J. Govaerts and M. N. Hounkonnou
A Deformation of Quantum Dynamics through the Phase Space Path Integral 170
J. Govaerts and O. Mattelaer
Representations of the Noncommutative WeylHeisenberg Group on the Torus 187
J. Govaerts and F. G. Scholtz
Methanol Adsorption on the (100) Surface of Platinum: The Inuence of Molecular Orientations 188
P. S. Moussounda, B. MPassiMabiala, M. F. Haroun, P. Legare,
G. Rakotovelo and A. Rakotomahevitra
Exact Analytical Solutions of the Schrodinger Equation for
Some Molecular Potentials in N Dimensions 193
K. J. Oyewumi
Growth Simulations of Fe
x
Ni
1x
on the Cu(111) Surface 206
D. Randrianasoloharisoa, L. Lahatra Razandramisa, A. Rakotomahevitra,
H. Dreysse and L. T. Wille
Eect of Shear on both Persistence and Autocorrelation Exponents in Coarsening Systems 214
N. P. Rapapa
Group II. Coherent States, Wavelets,
Functional Analysis and Orthogonal Polynomials
The Fourier Algebra A
1
(G, A) of Vector Valued Functions on Compact Groups 223
V. S. K. Assiamoua and Y. Mensah
Compact Action and Semisimple Locally Convex Algebras 231
U. N. Bassey
Basic Theorems about Harmonic Analysis of Spherical Functions on SL(2,R) 240
U. N. Bassey and O. O. Oyadare
Diusion Equation Modelling a Brain Cancer Treatment:
Nonclassical Symmetries and Direct Reductions 253
M. N. Hounkonnou and M. K. Mahaman
The r-Deformed Oscillator Algebra 263
M. N. Hounkonnou and E. B. Ngompe Nkouankam
-Totally Umbilical Lightlike Hypersurfaces of Indenite Sasakian Manifolds 269
F. Massamba
ii
On Property (Q

) and Weak Amenability of A(X) 280

O. T. Mewomo
Construction of a Topology on a Covariant Distribution Vector Space and its Disintegration 286
M. Sankhe
Proof of a Monogenesis Conjecture Involving one Unit in Biquadratic Number Fields 292
F. E. Tanoe
Proof of a Local Existence and Peano-like Theorem for Fuzzy Dierential Equations 299
R. Walo Omana
List of Participants 307
iii
Proof of a Monogenesis Conjecture
Involving one Unit in Biquadratic Number Fields
Fran cois E. TANO

E
UFR-MI, Laboratoire de Mathematiques Fondamentales, Universite de CocodyAbidjan,
22 B. P. 1102 Abidjan 22, Cote dIvoire
E-Mail: aziz marie@yahoo.fr
Let K = Q
_

dm,

dn
_
be a biquadratic number eld, which is canonically written. It is
shown that K is monogenic (i.e., its integer ring has a power basis, namely O
K
= Z[] for
some O
K
) if and only if the following two conditions hold.
(i) 2

m = 2

n + 4
_
2

d
_
(where {0, 1} for mn (1)

(mod 4).
(ii) q N and u, v N

so that
(
dm
)
2q+1
=
1
2

d
_
_
u
2
+v
2
_
2

d +uv

dm
_
2
,
where
dm
stands for the fundamental unit of the sub-quadratic eld Q
_

dm
_
of K.
Two other similar formulae but with
dn
and
mn
can replace (ii) equivalently. Earlier it had
been conjectured that q = 0. Here, this conjecture is established in a particular case, namely
for an explicit family of biquadratic number elds whose cardinal is innite, namely those for
which u v = a {1, 2}.
1 Introduction
Previous studies on the monogenesis of number elds K of degree n [14] have shown that if K is monogenic
(i.e., a Z-basis of the type
_
1, ,
2
, . . . ,
n1
_
exists for the ring of integers O
K
of K, known as a Z-free
module of rank n), K is essentially characterised by the group of units of K, via algebraic equations in
terms of units and/or unit congruences modulo particular prime numbers (see Ref. [1], Theorem 2; Ref. [2],
Theorem 3(iii); Ref. [5], Theorem 18). Recently, Y. Motoda, T. Nakahara and K. Park [6, 7] found similar
results for the missing elds of degree 2
n
, n 4, specically the n-quadratic number elds. For the
degree 8, results for some 3-quadratic number elds were established.
In this contribution, we show a result conrming this thesis, which is extracted from a general
conjecture, given in Ref. [5], and which is demonstrated here in the particular case of an explicit innite
cardinal family of monogenic biquadratic elds (see Theorem 4 hereafter).
Let K be a biquadratic number eld, i.e., a Galoisian number eld of degree 4, whose Galois group
is isomorphous to the Klein group Z/2Z Z/2Z. Let us specify some of the formalism used hereafter.
Denition 1
A. There is a single characterisation for K, known as canonical, K = Q
_

dm,

dn
_
and dened by,
(i) d N

, m > n Z, square-free, relatively prime in pairs, such as dm = 1, dn = 1, mn = 1 and

dm dn (mod 4).
(ii) When dm dn 1 (mod 4), d is chosen such that d < Min (|m| , |n|).
292
B. Let M = {K = Q
_

dm,

dn
_
canonical, dm dn 2, 3 (mod 4), with 2

m = 2

n + 4
_
2

d
_
},
where {0, 1} is dened by mn (1)

(mod 4). The integer is the parity indicator of K.

C. Let K = Q
_

dm,

dn
_
written in canonical form. We say that K is obvious and then K F
when d = 2

or |m| = 1 or |n| = 1.
D. K = Q
_

dm,

dn
_
in canonical written form, is real when m > 0 and n > 0, and imaginary in the
converse case.
We have the following result.
Theorem 1 (Ref. [5], Theorem 7.B)
K = Q
_

dm,

dn
_
is a monogenic eld K M.
Let us recall the Theorem characterising the monogenesis of K.
Theorem 2 (Ref. [5], Theorem 11)
Let K = Q
_

dm,

dn
_
M, then K is a monogenic eld (of parameters (u, v) N N, u v = 1 and
u > v) if and only if, the following diophantine equation,
(E) :
_
u
2
+v
2
_
2
_
2

d
_
u
2
v
2
_
2

m
_
= s (where s = 1) , (1)
is solvable in u, v N.
Remark 1
(i) Equation (E) can be replaced in an equivalent way by,
(E

) :
_
u
2
v
2
_
2
_
2

d
_
u
2
v
2
_
2

n
_
= s,
or,
(E

) :
_
u
2
v
2
_
2
_
2

m
_

_
u
2
+v
2
_
2
_
2

n
_
= 4s
(we only need to use the relation 2

m = 2

n + 4
_
2

d
_
to show this).
(ii) When Equation (E) is given as solvable, necessarily the central element of the periodic sequence
_
N
Q(

dm)/Q
_
P
r
+q
r

dm
__
r1
, where (P
r
/q
r
) is the r
th
convergent of

dm (see Ref. [8], p. 42)

exists, its sign is that of s.
(iii) The set of imaginary monogenic biquadratic elds is entirely given, and this in an explicit way, by
two families (see Ref. [5], Theorem 13) as the imaginary monogenic eld of M F.
Theorem 3
Let K = Q
_

dm,

dn
_
M\ F and
dm
be the fundamental unit of Q
_

dm
_
, then K is monogenic
(of parameters (u, v) N

) if and only if the following property is true,

(
dm
)
2q+1
= E
dm
=
_
_
u
2
+v
2
_
2

d +uv

dm
_
2
2

d
, q N,
=
_
u
2
+v
2
_
2
_
2

d
_
+u
2
v
2
_
2

m
_
+ 2uv
_
u
2
+v
2
_
dm.
293
Proof. Necessary condition: see Ref. [5], Theorem 18(iii). It is also a sucient condition because while
applying the norm operator N
Q(

dm)/Q
to each part of the rst equality, one nds that the equation of
the Theorem 2 is solvable. Consequently K is monogenic as expected.
The following conjecture has been made (Ref. [5], Conjecture 23(iii)).
Conjecture 1
The assumptions and notations being those of the previous Theorem, this Theorem is true with q = 0.
Given the contents of Remark 1, one nds that Theorem 3 and the Conjecture 1 have their equivalents in
Q
_

dn
_
and Q(

mn) (Ref. [5], Theorem 18(i,ii) and Conjecture 23(i,ii); see also Remark 4(b) hereafter
in this contribution).
2 Monogenesis Conjecture in Terms of Units
We are going to prove Conjecture 1 in a particular case by stating the following theorem.
Theorem 4
A real biquadratic eld K = Q
_

dm,

dn
_
M\ F is monogenic (of parameters (x +a, x), a {1, 2},
x N

) if and only if the fundamental unit

dm
of Q
_

dm
_
is equal to E
dm
with,
E
dm
=
__
(x +a)
2
+x
2
_
2

d +x(x +a)

dm
_
2
2

d
=
_
(x +a)
2
+x
2
_
2
2

d +x
2
(x +a)
2
2

m+ 2x(x +a)
_
(x +a)
2
+x
2
_

dm.
Let us point out the expression of the real monogenic biquadratic elds not obvious that belong to M\F,
which are of parameters (x +a, x), a {1, 2}, x N

. To simplify we shall write X

t
instead of X
a,x,t
.
Lemma 1
One accounts for an innity of real monogenic biquadratic elds not obvious, which are of parameters
(x +a, x), a {1, 2}, x N

. Modulo the existence conditions stated in Remark 2 hereafter, those elds

are exactly,
K
t
= Q
_
_
D
t
M
t
,
_
D
t
N
t
_
, t Z

,
where
2
t
D
t
= s
t
_
A
0a
+t
_
x
2
(x +a)
2
__
,
2
t
M
t
= s
t
_
B
0a
+t
_
(x +a)
2
+x
2
_
2
_
,
2
t
N
t
= s
t
_
C
0a
+t
_
(x +a)
2
x
2
_
2
_
,
with,
A
01
= 4x
2
+ 4x 1, A
02
=
1
16
_
_
x
2
+ 2x 1
_
2 (x + 2)
2
x
2
_
,
B
01
= 16x
2
+ 16x + 12, B
02
=
1
16
_
_
4x
2
+ 8x + 12
_
2
_
(x + 2)
2
+x
2
_
2
_
,
C
01
= 16, C
02
=
1
16
_
16 2
_
(x + 2)
2
x
2
_
2
_
.
294
In these results, when a = 2, = 1 is dened by x (mod 4) and
t
{0, 1} is the parity indicator of
K
t
(see Denition 1.B). For an indication about the demonstration, see Ref. [5].
Remark 2
(a) (A
01
, B
01
) is the minimal solution of (1) except if a = 1, x = 1 and t = 1, but then K
1
does not
exist.
(b) Since K
t
is real, s
t
is the sign which recties the one of Bezouts solutions of (1), namely,
_
A
0a
+t
_
x
2
(x +a)
2
_
, B
0a
+t
_
(x +a)
2
+x
2
_
2
_
,
with 2
t
D
t
, 2
t
M
t
, 2
t
N
t
positive and such that 2
t
M
t
= 2
t
N
t
+ 4
_
2

D
t
_
. Moreover, s
t
= 1 =
sign
_
A
0a
+tx
2
(x +a)
2
_
= sign (t) |t| = ts
t
(except when a = 1, x = 1, t = 1 in which case
s
t
= 1 but K
1
does not exist).
(c) According to Lemma 1 the integers D
t
, M
t
and N
t
dene a real biquadratic eld K
t
M \ F;

t
{0, 1} is then the parity indicator of K
t
.
(d) If t = 0, K
0
is never monogenic.
Indeed, if K
0
= Q
_
D
0
M
0
,

D
0
N
0
_
were monogenic of parameters (x + a, x), a {1, 2} and
x N

, it should occur that,

- if a = 1 : 2
0
M
0
= s
0
B
01
0 (mod 4), which is excluded because M
0
must be odd (see Denition
1.B).
- if a = 2 : since x = + 4k (k N) and = 1, we should have the following congruences,
_
_
_
2
0
D
0

+1
2
+
+1
2
k + k
2
(mod 4),
2
0
M
0
1 2 + 2 ( + 1) k (mod 4),
2
0
N
0

1
2
k 2 k (mod 4),
which whould be incompatible with the canonical writing of K
0
. Indeed, if = 1, the third congruence
shows that
0
= 1. Consequently 2
0
M
0
should be simultaneously even and odd, which is absurd.
And if = 1, then D
0
M
0
1 (mod 4), which is excluded since K
0
is assumed to be monogenic
(see Theorem 1).
From now on we consider the situation when t = 0. Let us establish Theorem 4.
The condition is sucient. This is obvious from the sucient condition of Theorem 3 with q = 0, u = x+a,
v = x. Consequently K
t
is eectively monogenic of parameters (x +a, x), a {1, 2} and x N

.
The condition is necessary. Let K = Q
_

dm,

dn
_
be a real monogenic biquadratic eld not obvious
of parameters (x +a, x), a {1, 2} and x N

. Thus from Theorem 3, there exists q N such that

(
dm
)
2q+1
= E
dm
, and taking into account the result of Lemma 1,
t Z

| K = Q
_

dm,

dn
_
= K
t
= Q
_
_
D
t
M
t
,
_
D
t
N
t
_
.
Consequently the above units equality must be written as, for t and q above,
(
DtMt
)
2q+1
= E
DtMt
.
295
Let us turn to the demonstration that we must have q = 0. From Lemma 1, we have,
D
t
M
t
=
_
A
0a
+t
_
x
2
(x +a)
2
__
_
B
0a
+t
_
(x +a)
2
+x
2
_
2
_
.
After factorisation, we obtain (when a {1, 2}, x N

, t Z

),
D
t
M
t
=
_
1
f
a
(x)
t
__
1
g
a
(x)
t
_
(h
a
(x))
2
t
2
,
and nally,
_
D
t
M
t
=
_
1
f
a
(x)
t
_
1
g
a
(x)
t
(h
a
(x)) |t| , (2)
where h
a
(x) = x(x +a)
_
(x +a)
2
+x
2
_
is an increasing function and f
a
(x) = A
0a
/
_
x
2
(x +a)
2
_
,
g
a
(x) = B
0a
/
_
(x +a)
2
+x
2
_
2
are decreasing ones.
The parameters (a, x, t) that characterise K
t
belong to {1, 2} N

. Let us note that {1, 2}

N

is the following disjoined union,

(1 1 {1, 2, 3})
_
1 1 {1, 2, 3}
_
(1 2 Z

)
_
1 {1, 2} Z

_
.
Let us rst solve the case (a, x, t) 1 1 {1, 2, 3} (i.e., t = 2, 3 are the acceptable values).
We have
_
(x +a)
2
+x
2
_
2
= 25, (x +a)
2
x
2
= 4, A
01
= 7 and B
01
= 44. For what concerns the elds,
K
2
= Q
_
30 47,

30 17
_
and K
3
= Q
_
5 31,

5 11
_
with
2
= 1 and
3
= 0. The calculation
of the fundamental unit of the elds K
2
and K
3
gives,

3047
= 25
_
2
1
30
_
+ 4 (2 47) + 2 (2 5)

30 47 = E
3047
,

531
= 25 (5) + 4 (31) + 2 (2 5)

5 31 = E
531
.
This shows that the sucient condition of Theorem 4 is met in this particular case.
Let us now solve the general case (a, x, t) 1 1 {1, 2, 3}
We dene
a,x,t
and
a,x,t
by,
1.
1,1,|t|4
= 0.6,
1,1,|t|4
= 2 and
1,2,t
= 0.6,
1,2,t
= 1.3, t Z

.
2.
a,x,t
= 2/3,
a,x,t
= 4/3, where (a, x, t) 1 {1, 2} Z

.
After an elementary study of the functions f
a
(x) and g
a
(x) on the partition, one obtains the following
system of inequalities, (a, x, t) 1 1 {1, 2, 3},
(
a,x,t
)
2
<
_
1
f
a
(x)
t
__
1
g
a
(x)
t
_
< (
a,x,t
)
2
. (3)
Then via formula (2), we obtain, (a, x, t) 1 1 {1, 2, 3},

a,x,t
h
a
(x) |t| <
_
D
t
M
t
<
a,x,t
h
a
(x) |t| . (4)
If we use
DtMt
= A + B

D
t
M
t
, the fundamental unit of Q
_
D
t
M
t
_
, notice that E
DtMt
can also be
written in the form,
E
DtMt
= s
t
(h
a
(x))
2
(f
a
(x) +g
a
(x)) + 2 (h
a
(x))
2
|t| + 2h
a
(x)
_
D
t
M
t
.
Thus one may deduce that there is then simultaneously the following majoration and minoration,
_
E
DtMt
< s
t
(h
a
(x))
2
(f
a
(x) +g
a
(x)) + 2 (1 +
a,x,t
) (h
a
(x))
2
|t| ,

DtMt
> A+
a,x,t
Bh
a
(x) |t| ,
(5)
296
from which the next two relations follow,
(f
a
(x) +g
a
(x)) <
a,x
, h
a
(x) >
a,x
,
where,
_
_
_

a,x
= 351/100,
a,x
= 9, for (a, x) = (1, 1) and t 4;

a,x
= 7775/6084,
a,x
= 77.5, for (a, x) = (1, 2) ;

a,x
= 0.7,
a,x
= 30, for (a, x) 1 {1, 2}.
These conclusions imply the following majoration and minoration,
_
E
DtMt
<
a,x
(h
a
(x))
2
+ 2 (1 +
a,x,t
) (h
a
(x))
2
|t| ,

DtMt
> A+
a,x,t
Bh
a
(x) |t| .
(6)
However, the second inequality implies,

3
DtMt
>
_
A
3
+ 3
2
a,x,t
AB
2
h
2
a
(x) t
2
_
+
_
3
a,x,t
A
2
Bh
a
(x) +
3
a,x,t
B
3
h
3
a
(x) t
2
_
|t| .
Since A, B and |t| are larger than 1, or |t| 4 if (a, x) = (1, 1), and |t| 2 when (a, x) = (1, 2), and given
that h
a
(x) >
a,x
, we have,
_
A
3
+ 3
2
a,x,t
AB
2
h
2
a
(x) t
2
_
> 3
2
a,x,t
AB
2
h
2
a
(x) t
2
>
a,x
h
2
a
(x) ,
3
a,x,t
A
2
Bh
a
(x) +
3
a,x,t
B
3
h
3
a
(x) t
2
>
3
a,x,t
h
3
a
(x) t
2
>
a,x

3
a,x,t
h
2
a
(x) t
2
> 2 (1 +
a,x,t
) h
2
a
(x) ,
which implies
(
DtMt
)
3
>
a,x
(h
a
(x))
2
+ 2 (1 +
a,x,t
) (h
a
(x))
2
|t| > E
DtMt
.
This conclusion means that for K = K
t
, Theorem 3 can be true only for q = 0, in which case
DtMt
=
E
DtMt
. This completes the demonstration of the necessary condition of Theorem 4.
In conclusion, let us make the following remark.
Remark 3
When Conjecture 1 is realised, the parameters (u, v) characterising the monogenesis of K are solutions of
the system,
_
u
2
+v
2
_
2
_
2

d
_
u
2
v
2
_
2

m
_
= s (see Theorem 2),
_
u
2
+v
2
_
2
_
2

d
_
+u
2
v
2
_
2

m
_
= A,
_

dm
= E
dm
= A +B

dm
_
.
Hence u
2
and v
2
are the roots of the polynomial P(X) of Z[X],
P (X) = X
2

_
A +s
2 2

d
X +
A s
2 2

m
.
Since the Conjecture holds in the case u v = a {1, 2}, we get the following Theorem.
Theorem 5
Given K M\F and
dm
= A + B

dm the fundamental unit of Q

_

dm
_
, then K is monogenic of
parameters (x +a, x), a {1, 2} and x N

, if and only if, P (X) = X

2

_
A+s
22

d
X +
As
22

m
Z[X]
admits as roots (x +a)
2
and x
2
.
Remark 4
(a) In Ref. [9], among the 2 393 471 094 biquadratic elds that the present author has studied, it happens
that 2 896 of these are known as obvious monogenics and 303 others are not obvious monogenics.
The latter precisely agree with Theorem 4 with q = 0. That is to say that indeed, they all agree
with Conjecture 1. Of the 303 elds one accounts for 257 of these, thus 85% that are of the type of
those studied in this paper. It seems possible for us to use the method applied to show Theorem 4
for checking this conjecture in the general case.
297
(b) Theorem 4 gives the fundamental unit of the quadratic eld stated in Lemma 1, which is
DtMt
and
also by homology (see the Remark following Conjecture 1),

DtNt
= E
DtNt
=
__
(x +a)
2
x
2
_
2

d +x(x +a)

D
t
N
t
_
2
2

d
,

MtNt
= E
MtNt
=
__
(x +a)
2
x
2
_
2

M
t
+
_
(x +a)
2
+x
2
_
2

M
t
N
t
_
2
4 (2

M
t
)
,
of the sub-quadratic elds Q
_
D
t
N
t
_
and Q
_
M
t
N
t
_
of K
t
. There are thus explicit formulae for
quadratic units which are of innite cardinal which, except for the units of Degert, is a rather rare
and remarkable phenomenon (under the assumption according to which Q(

D
t
N
t
,

M
t
N
t
) M\F
is monogenic of parameters (x +a, x), (a, x) {1, 2} N

.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Professors J. Govaerts, M. N. Hounkonnou, K. Kangni and Y. Diagana for the good
conditions that they provided which allowed me to complete this contribution.
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2
,
3
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298