Hands Free Tap

Prepared by
Falinda Leong Mei Har

Prepared Ior
Mr.Richard Cocks




School oI InIormation Technology and Electrical Engineering
The University oI Queensland



Submitted Ior the Degree oI
Bachelor oI Engineering
in the Electrical Engineering Stream


October 2003




2/146 Macquarie Street
St.Lucia. Paringa Lodge
Qld 4067. Australia
Tel. (07) 3720 9759
October 26. 2003

The Head
School oI InIormation Technology and Electrical Engineering
The University oI Queensland
St.Lucia
Qld 4072

Dear ProIessor Kaplan.

In accordance with the requirements oI the degree oI Bachelor oI Engineering in the
Electrical Engineering stream. I present the Iollowing thesis entitled 'The Hands Free
Tap. This work was perIormed under the supervision oI Richard Cocks.

I declare that the work submitted in this thesis is my own piece oI work except as
acknowledge in the text and endnotes that has not been previously submitted Ior a
degree at the University oI Queensland or any other institution.



Yours truly.



Falinda Leong Mei Har









Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the Iollowing people Ior their assistance in making the
completion this thesis possible. II I had leIt any names out. I apologised.

Mr. Richard Cocks. my supervisor whose advice and proIessional attitude was much
appreciated.

Keith Bell. Ior his help in checking through my protel and answering my enquiries
about the components.

Hui Ping Foo. Ior her moral support through out the thesis semester.
Leon Ioannides. Ior his motivation and providing helpIul inIormation.


Thank you






























Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Abstract
Chapter 1- Introduction.........................1
1.1 - The problem........................1
1.2 - Proposed solutions........................1
1.3 - Thesis overview.........................2
Chapter 2- Product Review.......................3
2.1- A history oI the electronic Iaucet..................3
2.2 - DiIIerent types motion detector selections...............5
2.2.1- InIrared............................5
2.2.2 -Ultrasonic...........................6
2.2.3- Microwave.........................6
2.2.4 - Types oI sensor options......................7
2.3 - Similarities motion detectors....................9
2.3.1- Wireless motion detector.....................9
2.3.2 - InIrared motion detector camera trigger module............11
2.3.3 - Passive inIrared motion detector................13
2.4 - The existing product......................14
2.4.1 - Eurodesign ManuIacturer....................14
Chapter 3- SpeciIication.........................15
3.1- Technical speciIication.....................15
3.1.1- Sensing distance......................15
3.1.2 - Power operation......................15
3.1.3 - Other desirable properties...................16
3.2 - Hardware selection.....................17
3.2.1- Pyroelectric sensor......................18
3.2.2- Quad operational ampliIier..................19
3.2.3 - Fresnel lens..........................21
3.2.4 - WaveIorms........................24
3.2.5 - Timing circuit.......................25
3.3 - SoItware speciIications....................26



Chapter 4 - Hardware design and Implementation...............28
4.1 - Hardware design........................28
4.1.1 - Comparison between power sources...............28
4.1.2 - LM324 operational ampliIier.................29
4.1.3 - PIR sensor.........................30
4.1.4 - CD4538BC dual precision monostable..............30
4.1.5 - Other components selection...................30
4.1.6 - Ohm`s Law. KirchoII`s Law and Voltage divider............32
4.1.7 - Solenoid valve........................32
4.2 - Hardware implementation..................32
4.2.1 - Pyroelectric sensitivity....................33
4.2.2 - Fields oI view.......................33
4.2.3 - Time that load remains ON...................34
4.2.4 - Energizing a relay......................34
4.2.5 - Assembly oI other components.................34
4.2.6 - Soldering...........................35
4.2.7 - Chassis building......................35
Chapter 5 - Product Evaluation.....................37
5.1 - SpeciIication matching....................37
5.2 - Testing procedures.....................38
Chapter 6 - Future development.......................40
Chapter 7 - Conclusion.........................41
Chapter 8 - ReIerences.........................42
Appendices........................43













List of Figures
Figure 1................................4
Figure 2................................6
Figure 3................................6
Figure 4................................7
Figure 5..............................10
Figure 6..............................12
Figure 7..............................13
Figure 8..............................14
Figure 9..............................17
Figure 10...............................18
Figure 11...............................20
Figure 12...............................21
Figure 13...............................22
Figure 14...............................23
Figure 15...............................24
Figure 16...............................24
Figure 17...............................25
Figure 18...............................26
Figure 19...............................27
Figure 20...............................31
Figure 21...............................33
Figure 22...............................33
Figure 23...............................34
















List of 1ables
Table 1...............................22
Table 2...............................22
Table 3...............................28
Table 4...............................31













































Abstract
The word 'conservation is or should be important to us all. Not only Ior those living
in the present but so that those oI Iuture generations will have the same water
resources as us. Hence as hands Iree tap comes along. it brings quite a number oI
advantages. which includes signiIicant water and energy saving being able to manage
water resources. In hygiene applications. the Iact that taps can be operated without
touching can help to prevent cross inIection hitherto associated with the use oI hand
operated valves and taps.
Through the history oI the past decades. it has proven that the hands Iree system to be
energy and electricity saving.
My thesis mainly deals with the use oI three maior components Pyroelectric sensor.
Operational ampliIier and a CMOS. The aim was to detect motion Irom the motion
detector and will output a small voltage transition and this is when the op-amp comes
in handy to do the ampliIication in order to do useIul work. The CMOS will act as a
timer to cut oII unnecessary oI the water and energy wastage.
With adiustable run times. hands Iree technology can oIIer substantial water and
energy saving with short payback periods while maintaining the highest hygiene
standards. The beneIits speak Ior themselves simple and easy to operate and install.
Finally the equipment is competitively priced to help this technology to grow Iast and
provide business opportunities.
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Chapter 1- Introduction
Section 1.1 The problem
Everyday more than 240 million oI us in this country turn on our Iaucets in order to
brush teeth. wash hands. Iill glasses and prepare meals. Once we turned it on. we
oIten take the tap water Ior granted. The truth is. we shouldn`t. Water conservation is
important to us all. Not only Ior those who is living in the present but also Ior our
Iuture generation. Hence we introduced the inIrared auto Iaucet. an innovative and
proIessional product as an alternative to the more expensive devices.

Section 1.2 Proposed solutions
ScientiIically determined. the Iaucet is one oI the most risky sources oI
contamination. By touching a contaminated Iaucet. our hands carry bacteria Iurther
during Iood preparation especially in the Iood and beverage industries. In European
Iish and meat processing industries. hands Iree Iaucets are compulsory in order to
prevent cross inIection hitherto associated with the use oI hand operated valves and
taps and Iood poisoning. With the design oI hands Iree Iaucet. it will convenience the
elderly or the disabilities who do not have a strong grip tap knobs and people can ease
the worry oI getting a slip onto the ground. As well as water and energy saving are
being able to manage the water resources. The idea will be achieved by hands are
placed into inIrared light beams. the solenoid valve opens and allows tap water to
Ilow out. When it reaches Ior about 4 seconds. water turns oII and solenoid valve
resets Ior the next user. The hands Iree system can be operated Irom the battery and
an inIrared detector. However other alternatives such as the main electricity and the
ultrasonic sensor can be used to operate the hands Iree system. The comparison oI
these components will be discussed later in the chapter. To design an economical
hands Iree tap. the expectations oI all stakeholders must be addressed. The design
must consider what sort oI aspects would deem a unique innovative proIessional.
saIety and worthwhile buying. The basic criteria that must be addressed are:



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ENGG 4801 Thesis

i. Costs and operation oI the product
ii. Maintenance required during the product liIe
iii. Level oI diIIiculty to install
iv. Aesthetically pleasing design
These Iundamental requirements will set the guidelines Ior more precise product
speciIication.

Section 1.3 Thesis overview
Chapter 2 describes the history oI the electronic Iaucet. the diIIerent types systems in
which the motion can be detected and the advantages and disadvantages oI diIIerent
types oI similarities detectors which can be used to implement the electronic Iaucet.
Chapter 3 outlines the various design speciIication oI the product. Initially the main
Iunctions oI the product will be identiIied. Subsequently each Iunction will be
examined individually to derive a set oI sub requirements.
Chapter 4 gives an explanation oI the process oI hardware implementation with
respect to the speciIications as mentioned earlier in the Chapter 3. In particular. it
describes the diIIerent approaches attempted through the course oI completing the
proiect and giving the result oI components selection. In addition. it also provides
some explanations on the circuit operation and various changes made.
Chapter 5 the Iinal implementation oI the product and the degree oI completeness are
commented.
Based on the result oI the proiect. Chapter provides some possible Iuture
developments that could be made.
Finally. Chapter 7 concludes and summaries the entire thesis.








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Chapter 2- Product Review
Section 2.1 A history oI the electronic Iaucet
ManuIacturers began developing hands Iree Iaucets in the early 1970s under the name
'proximity Iaucets. Many companies tried to create Iaucets that would allow water to
Ilow without use oI a handle or push button. to alleviate people`s Iear about spreading
germs in public restrooms. as well as to make Iaucet use easier Ior people with
disabilities. Research showed that incorporating an electric power source and a timing
Iunction would allow Ior such a product.
Early product development was largely unsuccessIul. The technology used to control
water Ilow was complicated and expensive. and the wiring used to power the Iaucets
made installation diIIicult. Power regulations during the 1970s also complicated
development. as cost oI electricity was high. and. without this source. the Iaucets
could not Iunction. With the Iailure oI early electronic products. the industry aimed to
improve alternative mechanically timed Iaucets such as metering Iaucets. For nearly a
decade. manuIacturers put plans Ior developing electronic Iaucets on the back burner
while they Iocused on mechanical metering product solutions. The technology Ior
creating a completely hands-Iree Iaucet was unaIIordable and unreliable. so
companies put their research and development Iunds into creating Iaucets that limited
the use oI handles. and allowed a constant stream oI water to emit Irom the spout at a
timed interval. The metering Iaucet allowed people to wash their hands while
minimizing contact with the Iaucet handle. With a simple push on a cartridge-
activated lever. a stream oI water would Ilow. allowing people to wash their hands
and not touch the handle again to turn oII the water.
Enhanced metering Iaucets proved to be only a short-term solution to the hands-Iree
issue. While they made usage easier and helped keep bathrooms sanitary. they oIten
malIunctioned due to heavy usage or varying water pressures. causing water to
continue to Ilow aIter the "timed" cycle or discontinue prior to the minimum required
cycle. Repairing broken Iaucets oIten shut down heavy-traIIic Iacilities. leading to
Irustrated maintenance crews and patrons. Plumbers Iound replacing broken
cartridges and other parts diIIicult and time consuming. Iurther complicating the
repair iob.
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ENGG 4801 Thesis

ManuIacturers recognized these Irustrations were mounting and began looking into
electronic options again.



Figure 1: Mechanical Metering Faucet










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Section 2.2 DiIIerent types motion detector selections
Motion detector systems use a variety oI methods to detect movement. Each method
has advantages and disadvantages.

Section 2.2.1 InIrared
InIrared detectors sense heat. and can detect an intruder's radiating body heat. Most
inIrared detectors are passive. meaning they do not send out signals but merely
receive signals. such as changes in temperature. Passive inIrared motion detectors are
sensitive to inIrared wavelengths oI energy. which are invisible to the human eye.
InIrared energy can be detected as heat. and this type oI detector senses the heat that a
human or other animal emits. Passive inIrared motion detectors have lenses that allow
them to "see" an area as several distinct zones within the range oI the detector. These
zones spread out vertically and horizontally Irom the detector lens as a series oI
Iingerlike areas. Ianning out Irom the lens across the protected area and down to the
Iloor. Electronic circuits enable the detector to recognize the normal amount oI heat
that is usually present in the area. When an intruder enters. the heat Irom the intruder's
body adds to the amount oI heat normally present in the area. As the intruder moves
Irom one zone to another within the detector's Iield oI view. the detector senses an
increase in inIrared energy and signals an alarm. InIrared motion detectors are very
sensitive to heat changes. but they cannot see through solid obiects or even through
glass. InIrared energy is also used in active inIrared motion detectors. These detectors
proiect a beam oI inIrared energy Irom one unit (the transmitter) to another (the
receiver). An intruder who moves through the beam breaks a circuit in the receiver.
triggering an alarm. Active inIrared motion detectors are a more advanced version oI
electric-eye motion detectors. which use a photoelectric cell to detect an interruption
oI a beam oI light. Active inIrared systems use invisible inIrared energy. so an
intruder is less likely to discover or avoid the system.





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ENGG 4801 Thesis



Figure 2: Active infrared motion detector
2.2.2 Ultrasonic
Some older burglar alarm systems use ultrasound (sound oI very high Irequency) to
detect motion. They are called ultrasonic motion detectors. In such a detector a
transmitter sends out sound oI a Irequency that is too high Ior the human ear to hear.
A receiver picks up the sound waves reIlected Irom the room or area under protection.
The motion oI someone or something in the space between the receiver and
transmitter will cause a change. or shiIt. in the Irequency oI the sound. A circuit in the
device detects any unusual shiIt in the Irequency. A small shiIt. such as that produced
by an insect or rodent. is ignored. When a larger shiIt. such as one produced by a
moving person. is detected. the device triggers the alarm. Ultrasonic detectors are
extremely sensitive. and can sometimes be triggered by loud noises or air gusts Irom
an open vent.
Figure 3: Ultrasonic motion detector
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ENGG 4801 Thesis

2.2.3 Microwave
Microwave motion detectors also use the Doppler eIIect to detect motion. Instead oI
emitting sound. they emit electromagnetic energy in the Iorm oI microwaves. One
characteristic oI microwave energy is that it will penetrate glass. thin walls. or even
people. II microwave motion detectors are not properly installed in a protected space.
they may actually detect motion outside the building by penetrating the walls or
windows.

2.2.4 Types oI sensor options
Sensor perIormance speciIications like the sensing distance and target size which are
associated with inductive proximity sensor. photoelectric sensor and measurement
sensors are value based on a set oI deIined criteria. Standard target size. material.
colour. shape and orientation are iust a Iew oI these criteria.
Inductive proximity sensor
Based on the interaction between metallic conductors and an electromagnetic
alternating Iield.
Eddy currents are induced in the metallic clamping material. which removes
energy Irom the Iield and reduces height oI the oscillation amplitude.
This processed in the inductive sensor. which changes its output state accordingly.


Figure 4: Function groups
Start-up delays tv is the time when supply voltage is applied. the proximity switch
assumes the ready state and the correct signal is presented on the output.
Response delay is the time required Ior the proximity switch to respond when the
standard target enters or leaves the sending zone.


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Photoelectric sensor
Uses a speciIic target Ilat white paper with 90 reIlectivity oI a speciIic size
typically 10mm or 30mm square to determine maximum sensing distance oI a
particular sensor
Once the target material changes Irom the standard colour. size. texture.
reIlectance. translucence. shape or orientation. perIormance speciIications are
nothing more than a guideline to Iormulate a production selection to solve the
application.
In those applications where proximity or photoelectric sensors are unable to solve the
traditional target presence/absence condition or a process variable Ior quality purposes
is required. a measurement sensor can be a suitable alternative.
Motion measurement sensor
Becomes the elements oI a data acquisition system that converts changes in
physical parameters. Ior example dimensional tolerances into electrical signals.
typically an analog 4-20mA output.
Wide dynamic range
Has a compact IC implementation
Front end oI the motion cell is an edge detection circuit. which responds to 5-6
orders oI magnitude oI light intensity.
Produces near maximum outputs Ior contrasts as low as 40 in bright and dim
ambient conditions.










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Section 2.3 Similarities motion detectors
There are a numerous oI existing products which has the similar motion detecting
Iunction as the hands Iree tap. We shall examine a Iew oI them.

Section 2.3.1 Wireless motion detector
Motion detectors are used mostly to turn lights on when they sense movement oI
people or vehicles. The detector device is oIten built into an outdoor Ilood or porch
light to illuminate a driveway or porch at night making it easier to enter your house
without having to leave the light on while you are away. They also add security by
turning the outside light on at night when motion is detected even while you are at
home. Detectors are available that are intended Ior use with security systems to sound
an alarm or summon police when motion is detected even during daytime but these
are usually expensive and must be wired to the alarm control box. However iI security
is your main concern. this may be a good choice. It is oIten convenient iust to know
when a person is approaching in Iront or back door or when a vehicle enters the
driveway even in daytime. II several detectors are used. we can also identiIy where
the motion is taking place.
The Wireless Motion Detector system is designed to detect motion over a narrow Iield
oI less than ten degrees so that the area where motion occurs is easily identiIied. The
motion detector includes a pyroelectric sensor. ampliIier. encoder. transmitter and a
battery operated power supply housed in a plastic enclosure. The enclosure can be
attached to a wall or other surIace using a Velcro Iastener. It can be located indoors
and also outdoors iI it is protected Irom the weather with some type oI housing.









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ENGG 4801 Thesis


Figure 5: Wireless motion detector
A 9-volt alkaline battery will power this device Ior more than 2 years and a 9-volt
lithium battery is estimated to power it Ior 8 years. When the battery voltage drops
below 5 volts a low battery condition will be indicated by continuously repeating
transmission with no movement in Iront oI the sensor.

PIR detecting range










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Section 2.3.2 InIrared motion detector camera trigger module
When power is turned on there will be a IiIteen second delay beIore a picture can be
taken and beIore motion is sensed when in test mode. This delay allows time Ior the
circuits to stabilize and all mechanical vibration to stop beIore motion is sensed. An
optional external ready LED blinks Ior one and a halI second whenever a delay time
out and the camera is ready to take another picture. This is useIul to veriIy that power
is applied and everything is working correctly. especially when the camera is Iirst
turned on. The LEDs on the sensor side oI the module are Ior a walk test Iunction.
Closing the test switch and walking in Iront oI the camera test the sensor detection
distance. When motion is detected. the LEDs will light Ior one second and are
positioned on the module so they can be visible in Iront oI the sensor iI one is used.
There is one-second delay between motion detection when in test mode.
A Iour-position DIPswitch mounted on the module selects the delay between shutter
activation and selects two other Iunctions as shown in Figure 6. The Iirst two
switches. 1-2. set the delay to Iive seconds when both are OFF. one minute when
switch 1 is ON. ten minutes when switch 2 is ON. and thirty minutes when both
switches 1 and 2 are ON. Delay accuracy is about +10. Switch 3 selects delay
extend mode that resets the delay timeout to zero whenever more motion is detected
beIore the delay times out. This extends the delay and helps to avoid repeat pictures oI
the same animal that might continue to move in Iront oI the camera. Delay extend is
most useIul when short delay settings are used as it could prevent a picture Irom ever
being taken iI used with long delays. For example. iI delay extend is ON when delay
is set Ior thirty minutes and motion is detected every twenty-Iive minutes or less. the
delay will extend Iorever and no pictures will be taken. Switch. 4 selects Ilash wakeup
mode that pulses a camera`s Ilash circuit once each two minutes. This switch should
be ON when the camera requires a Ilash wakeup pulse.






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Figure 6: The functions of highlighted switches are defined above. Delay extend
and flash wakeup may either or both be turned on at the same time as any of the
delay switches 1 and 2.








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Section 2.3.3 Passive inIrared motion detector
PIR motion detectors do not emit any rays as indicated by their name Passive InIrared
Motion Detector. When an obiect with a surIace temperature other than that oI the
environment enters the detection area. its heat radiation is directed via lenses on
sensor elements and triggers a switching operation. They are ideal in applications
such as pinching protection on all automatic doors. monitoring sensor Ior control oI
cabin access. No unintentional closing oI the door while loading or unloading the
elevator and opening impulse Ior automatic doors inside the trains.



Figure 7: Some of the ideal applications







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Section 2.4 The existing product
The design oI the Hands Free Tap will be based on the PIR motion detector because it
is reasonably priced and highly eIIicient trigger sensor. In the Iollowing oI next
chapter. the existing PIR motion detector will be evaluated.

Section 2.4.1 Eurodesign ManuIacturer
The sleek Eurodesign touch-Iree Iaucet in Australia is engineered using the state-oI-
the-art battery technology yet built withstand the rigors oI commercial installations.
Eurodesign Iaucet will meet all the demands oI the market that are ease oI installation.
ease oI maintenance and vandal resistance. It will appeal to aesthetic sensibilities as
well as when design is a critical priority. But more important are the beneIits oI the
Eurodesign Iaucet are sanitary touch Iree operation. water and energy savings. A 6-
volt Lithium battery has an estimated liIetime oI 3.5 years and can be changed easily.
Eurodesign Iaucet is available with a temperature control lever. The cost oI this tap is
about AUD$680. Figure 8 shows a model oI Electra 6250F.



Figure 8: Electronic Faucet


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ENGG 4801 Thesis

Chapter 3- Specification
In order to be able to have a Iully Iunctional product. many speciIications need to be
considered. Having a product with superior Iunctions in theory does not mean
anything. No point having a dream product with Iunctions that are obviously not
going to work in the reality. In the Iollowing sections. each Iunction or component
should be broken down into smaller pieces Iirst. Then the next step is to consider each
oI their speciIications in accordance to the reality.

Section 3.1 Technical speciIication
Although no speciIic physical dimension requirement was given. it is apparent that
the physical size oI the product does play a vital role in the design. The hands Iree
taps come in diIIerent kinds oI spouts such as the goose type and the straight type.
Depending on that. the dimension will vary. Electronic controller and transIormer
shall house in moisture prooI electrical box.

Section 3.1.1 Sensing distance
Sensor distance can be adiustable Ior an active range oI 10mm to 200mm. Sensor will
activate the tap water supply operation when hands are placed under the spout within
the sensing range. In the event. iI the hands are placed under the spout Ior longer than
4 seconds. the water supply will be cut oII automatically to prevent unnecessary
wastage oI water.

Section 3.1.2 Power operation
The sensor basin tap oIIers either battery or main powered. with either type oI power.
the operation is the same.






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ENGG 4801 Thesis

Section 3.1.3 Other desirable properties
Robustness
In electronic designs improving the robustness oI the device has always being another
important issue. Better robustness means less error rate or smaller chance oI getting
operational Iailure. Despite that. in the physical context. the structural design oI the
device should include:
i. Ability to withstand a reasonable temperature range. AIter all. this is a pre-mixed
water supply.
ii. Have a reasonable level oI vandal prooI.
iii. Ability to withstand a reasonable impact Irom water pressure.
Aesthetic
Although the Iunctional design oI the device is vital. having a good aesthetic design
Ior the product is also an important matter as well. To accomplish that. two Iactors
should be consider:
i. Attractiveness (chromium plated. complete with aerator and built in sensor eye)
ii. Ease oI installation
iii. Compact (a very slim spout and sensor eye to compliment today`s washroom)
Customers buying the product would deIinitely appreciated more iI the look oI the
device is completed with an attractive Iinished otherwise it is nearly pointless to
create a product with only a Iew people buying it.
In addition the ease oI installation will make a diIIerence in the persuasiveness oI the
product. This Iactor is also part oI attractiveness. Both Iactors serve the purpose oI
increasing the compelling ability oI the device. This. however. is generally as
important as the attractiveness and can reduce installation cost Ior multiple outlets. II
is not simple enough to install. specialist installer is required. It must be remembered
that the end user oI this product is not necessarily an engineer.






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Section 3.2 Hardware selection
Clearly. this thesis proiect Iocuses primarily on hardware rather than soItware. Thus.
all the main Iunctions are derived Irom the hardware components. For a Iully working
product. it should be able to:
Detects the motion oI a human or an animal
Adiustable sensing range
Energized aIter motion is detected
Ability to determine how long the relay remains energized
To IulIil all the product`s hardware requirements. Iew components are deIinitely
needed. The Figure 9 below illustrates the necessary components:



Figure 9: A motion detector



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ENGG 4801 Thesis

InIrared radiation exists in the electromagnetic spectrum at a wavelength that is longer
than visible light. InIrared radiation cannot be seen but it can be detected. Obiects that
generate heat also generate inIrared radiation and those obiects include animals and
the human body whose radiation is strongest at a wavelength oI about 9.4um.
The above Iigure is designed to detect the motion oI a human or an animal.


Figure 10: Electromagnetic spectrum

(As Ior the purpose oI demonstrating the Iunction oI the product: 1 x pyroelectric
sensor 1 x quad operational ampliIier 1 x dual precision monostable is suIIicient)
A 5 to 12 volt power supply will power up the whole circuit. A nine-volt alkaline
battery should power the motion detector circuits Ior several months and possibly
much longer.

Section 3.2.1 Pyroelectric sensor
The sensor has two elements connected in a voltage-bucking conIiguration. This
arrangement cancels signals caused by vibration. temperature changes within the
sensor and sunlight. A body passing in Iront oI the sensor will activate Iirst one and
then the other element as shown in Iigure below whereas other sources will aIIect
both elements simultaneously and be cancelled. The radiation source should pass in a
horizontal direction so the elements are sequentially exposed to the IR source. The
sensor also has a built in inIrared Iilter window.



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ENGG 4801 Thesis


The sensor will respond to a moving body only. it will not detect a stationary inIrared
source. however it is very sensitive to changes in air density close to the Iront oI
sensor and might produce a Ialse responses iI not covered by a lens or IR transparent
window. The detection range without a lens is about three Ieet but can be extended up
to 90 Ieet or more by placing an inIrared Fresnel lens in Iront oI the sensor.

Section 3.2.2 Quad operational ampliIier
When motion is detected the sensor will output a very small voltage transition. This
voltage must be ampliIied many times in order to do useIul work. Hence the quad
operational ampliIier is used to provide necessary ampliIication. This motion detector
circuit uses a quad operational ampliIier as both a two-stage ampliIier and a window
comparator. The ampliIication circuit is used 2 operational ampliIiers and it has a total
DC gain about 10100 (80.086dB) to ampliIy the signal. which was detected with the
inIrared sensor. The Iirst operational ampliIier does about 40.086dB gain and it is the
non-inverting gain ampliIication. The second OPAMP does about 40dB gain and it is
the inverting gain ampliIication.






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ENGG 4801 Thesis


Figure 11: Signal amplification circuit

Amplification Gain Calculation:
Stage 1: Stage 2:
R3 10 x 10
3
R5 10 x 10
3

R4 1 x 10
6
R8 1 x 10
6

Gain A 1 R4 / R3 Gain A R8 / R5
A 101 A 100
AdB 20 log A AdB 20 log A
AdB 40.086dB AdB 40dB

These networks set the ampliIier gain and operating point and also Iorm a bandpass
Iilter that ampliIies only signals above DC and below about 10Hz. The Iunction oI the
BPF is preventing to detect the change oI motion. which was slowly or too quickly.
Filtering out signals outside its response time eliminates noise sources Irom
Irequencies that are not used anyway and makes the ampliIier more stable.






21


ENGG 4801 Thesis

Frequency Cut off Calculation:
R3 10 x 10
3
C2 10x 10
-6

I 1 / 2 x R3 x C2
1.592Hz
When an operational ampliIier is used as a comparator. it is run at Iull open loop gain
so that its output switches to a Iull up or down level when one input is iust a Iew
millivolts higher or lower than the other. The purpose oI this comparator is to provide
a small voltage window or dead zone centered around halI oI the supply voltage that
will not respond to small voltage transitions caused by noise or minor Iluctuations
Irom the sensor. The comparator would receive a positive and negative sine wave
signal Irom the PIR.



Figure 12: Block diagram of a motion detector

Section 3.2.3 Fresnel lens
When a lens is not used in Iront oI a sensor and an IR emitting body is close to the
sensor. about 3 or 4 Ieet and it moves across the Iront oI the sensor. the radiated IR
will expose one element more than the other and a voltage output will result.
However. when the IR emitting body is Iurther away Irom the sensor its radiation
pattern becomes blurred and both elements are exposed more equally. resulting in no
voltage output. The limited detection range is due to a lack oI unequal exposure.


22


ENGG 4801 Thesis

Placing a lens in Iront oI the sensor extends its detection range. A Fresnel lens is a
Plano Convex lens that has been collapsed on itselI to Iorm a Ilat lens that retains its
optical characteristics but is much thinner and thereIore has less absorption loss. It is
designed to have its grooves Iacing the IR sensing element so that a smooth surIace is
presented to the subiect side oI the lens which is usually the outside oI an enclosure
that houses the sensor. The lens element is round with a diameter oI 1 inch.

Maximum length Ior the detection activation
Measured maximum length without a lens 4 Ieet
Expected maximum length with a lens 90 Ieet

Table 1: Measurement 1

Maximum length Ior the detection activation
Measured maximum length with a lens 30 Ieet
Expected maximum length with a lens 90 Ieet

Table 2: Measurement 2



Figure 13: Diagram of a Plano convex lens


23


ENGG 4801 Thesis



Figure 14: Lens Dimensions










24


ENGG 4801 Thesis

Section 3.2.4 WaveIorms

Figure 15: Expected output of PIR sensor
The output signal Irom the sensor will transition Iirst positive and then negative or
Iirst negative then positive. depending on which sensor element is exposed to
radiation Iirst.



Figure 16: Actual waveform on Pin 2 before filtering



25


ENGG 4801 Thesis



Figure 17: Actual waveform on Pin 2 after filtering

Section 3.2.5 Timing circuit
The window comparator is set by the low current voltage drops across Diode 1 and
Diode 2. Comparator outputs Ieed through Diode 3 and Diode 4. which pass only the
positive transitions into CMOS single shot. which Ieeds into the N channel Iield eIIect
transistor that drives a relay. The R12 and C6 time constant determined how long the
relay remains energised aIter motion detected. All components can operate on 5 to 12
volts.






26


ENGG 4801 Thesis



Figure 18: Actual waveform on output

Section 3.3 SoItware speciIications
As most oI the Iunction can be implemented using hardware. there is not much that
needs to be done by soItware. The main goal oI the soItware in this proiect is the
sequential control oI the Ilow oI signals. It is expected that to achieve these conditions
is a simple enough task because there are not many oI them.








27


ENGG 4801 Thesis




True / False
















Positive / Negative









Figure 19: Operational Flowchart


Start
Detect
Motion

AmpliIying output
at the 1
st
stage
Window
comparator
Voltage
transition
Energizes
relay
28


ENGG 4801 Thesis

Chapter 4- Hardware design and Implementation
Designing the hardware oI the hands Iree tap is a continually evolving process.
Looking through the nature oI the product and the required Iunctionality. it was
obvious what are the maior components would be needed. However. due to various
reasons through the course oI the proiect many changes have been made to the design
and implementation oI hardware.

Section 4.1 Hardware design
As this proiect Iocuses a great deal on the hardware side. the hardware design was not
a straightIorward task and hence. careIul considerations were oIten made. As derived
Irom the Chapter 3. the main components necessary in the hardware are the
pyroelectric sensor. quad operational ampliIier and the dual precision monostable.

Section 4.1.1 Comparison between power sources
Either low-voltage wiring or batteries can power electronic Iaucets. The advantages oI
battery operated sensors and valves are that they require no power outlet and so do not
require installation by an electrician. Battery operated inIra-red Iaucets will operate
Ior well over a year or provide over 150.000 activation beIore the AA batteries
require replacement.


Table 3: Comparison between AC and DC


29


ENGG 4801 Thesis

The signiIicant advantages oI the alkaline cells are longer shelI liIe oI 5 years. better
leakage resistance and superior low temperature perIormance. In comparison to the
zinc carbon cell. the alkaline cell delivers up to ten times the ampere-hour capacity at
high and continuous drain conditions with its perIormance at low temperatures also
being superior to other conventional aqueous electrolyte primary cells. Its more
eIIective secure seal provides excellent resistance to leakage and corrosion. They
provide excellent perIormance at a price premium Ior applications such as toys. radio.
Iire detector and cordless products. Brand name recognition. Energizer makes this
chemistry an excellent choice when product image is important.

Section 4.1.2 LM 324 operational ampliIier
A particularly nice Ieature about the op amps is that I can cascade stages. each having
a relatively large input impedance and small output impedance and as a result they are
essentially non-interacting. Care has to be exercised in selecting external component
values (e.g.. resistors and capacitors) to ensure that their current requirements are not
too large Ior the op amps. While op amps are not expensive. it obviously is important
to keep the design as simple as possible. Certain device parameters need to be
considered in the selection oI the op amps Ior this design. Some oI the more important
parameters are input bias current. input common-mode voltage range; common-mode
reiection ratio. small signal bandwidth and input oIIset voltage. The advantages oI the
LM324 op amps are it eliminates need Ior dual supplies. very low supply current
drain oI 700 microampere essentially independent oI supply voltage. internally
Irequency compensated Ior unity gain and most oI all power drain suitable Ior battery
operation. Many sensors (e.g. thermopile. bridges. hall and inIra-red sensor) output
DC signals in the millivolt range. These signal are best-processed on-chip.







30


ENGG 4801 Thesis

Section 4.1.3 PIR sensor
The pyroelectric sensors are sensitive to body heat and work best when the person is
moving across the sensor pattern. The PIR sensors are available to generate speciIic
patterns oI coverage: Ian shape pattern Ior a Iield oI view oI 45 and narrow pattern
Ior areas such as hallways. Because it is sensitive to body heat. the inIrared sensor is
also sensitive to any rapid Iluctuations in temperature within its Iield oI view. which
it`s operating temperature Irom 30-70C. The supply voltage Ior this sensor will be
Irom 2.5-15 volts and most oI all it is reliable in perIormance.

Section 4.1.4 CD4538BC dual precision monostable
The CD4538BC is a dual precision monostable multivibrator with independent trigger
and reset controls. The device is retriggerable and resettable and the control inputs are
internally latched. Two trigger inputs are provided to allow either rising or Ialling
edge triggering. The reset inputs are active LOW and prevent triggering while active.
Precise control oI output pulse-width has been achieved using linear CMOS
technique. The pulse duration and accuracy are determined by external components
Rx and Cx. The device does not allow the timing capacitor to discharge through the
timing pin on power-down condition. For this reason. no external protection resistor is
required in series with the timing pin. Input protection Irom static discharge is
provided on all pins.

Section 4.1.5 Other components selection
Apart Irom the PIR sensor. operational ampliIier and a CD4538 CMOS are chosen in
order to build a motion detector. It also requires additional components to make this
motion detector a complete one.







31


ENGG 4801 Thesis


Table 4: List of components
The inverting input oI an ampliIier at pin 9 is biased by the voltage at the iunction oI
R6 so it is about 175millivolts above the halI oI the supply voltage output level at pin
7 oI the IC1B and inverting input pin 10 oI IC1C is connected to IC1B pin 7. IC1C
will not turn on until pin 10 goes more positive than pin 9. The non-inverting input at
pin 12 oI IC1D is biased by the voltage at the iunction oI R7. D1. D2 to about 175
millivolt below the halI oI the supply voltage output level at pin 7 oI IC1B and
inverting input pin 13 oI IC1D is connected to IC1B pin 7. IC1D will not turn on until
pin 13 goes more negative than pin 12. The window comparator thereIore provides
350 millivolts dead zone centered around halI oI the supply voltage within which it
will not respond to voltage level changes Irom the ampliIier. Any valid motion that is
sensed will be ampliIied enough to generate a transition that will exceed this dead
zone and will result in a comparator output. Since IC1B is an inverting ampliIier.
IC1C pin 8 will produce a positive transition when the sensor output goes more
positive and IC1D pin 14 will produce a positive transition when the sensor output
goes negative.
Figure 20: The circuit of motion detector
32


ENGG 4801 Thesis

Section 4.1.6 Ohm`s Law. KirchoII`s Law and Voltage divider
Ohm`s Law states: V RI
KirchoII`s Current Law states that the algebraic sum oI currents entering and leaving
any point in a circuit must equal zero. The reIerence voltage Ior the comparator was
built based on the usage oI resistors as the voltage divider. In the circuit as shown on
the previous page where the resistors are connected in series. the voltage across each
resistor Iollows Ohm`s Law and KirchoII`s Current Law: V/R6 V/R7
ThereIore. iI there is an adiustable potentiometer and a resistor are connected in the
reIerence circuit. the output voltage becomes adiustable through varying the
resistance oI the potentiometer. A sensor subsystem can use a voltage divider to create
an appropriate voltage signal Ior processing. My voltage divider above has two
resistors R6 and R7. across which a voltage is applied. with the output being taken
Irom the iunction oI the resistors. The voltage out to the load is less than the input
voltage: Vout Vin x (R7/ R6 R7).
The output voltage depends on the ratio oI R6 to R7. II R7 is small compared to R6.
then the output voltage is small. As the value oI R7 increases so does the output
voltage.

Section 4.1.7 Solenoid valve
A standard solenoid valve. similar to the type contained in washing machines and
dishwashers is a logical choice when engineering a reliable. electronically controlled
plumbing Iixture. Such a valve contains a minimum number oI moving parts. is
virtually maintenance-Iree and operates in widely varied water conditions and
temperatures. It is opened and closed electrically and supplies water only when it is
needed. ThereIore. it has all the characteristics oI the perIect metering valve.

Section 4.2 Hardware implementation
The process oI hardware implementation was quite straightIorward. even though
some problems have occurred. Quite clearly. the whole implementation process
Iocuses on the building oI ampliIication and timing circuitry.


33


ENGG 4801 Thesis

Section 4.2.1 Pyroelectric sensitivity
To obtain the characteristics oI the pyroelectric sensor. I positioned myselI at various
distances in Iront oI the sensor and recorded the reading. Figure 19 shows a graph oI
an average oI the data I obtained. A plastic cover. as opposed to bare skin. seems to
lower the detecting range. I noticed the sensor is Iooled by computer monitors. The
sensor probably does not Iilter the radiation that emits properly.
Sensor vaIues Vs Distance
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 2 4 6 8 10
Inches
s
e
n
s
o
r

v
a
I
u
e

Figure 21: Pyroelectric characteristics

Section 4.2.2 Fields oI view
Based on the datasheet oI pyroelectric inIrared sensor. the horizontal Iield oI view is
45 degrees relative to the Normal (90 degree total). For obtain better detection results.
mounting the motion sensor so the person entering the area will cut across the motion
sensor`s Iield oI view.


Figure 22: Sensor detection vs. motion detection
34


ENGG 4801 Thesis

Section 4.2.3 Time that load remains ON
Based on the datasheet oI the monostable. the dual single shot perIorms two built-in
Iunctions and three optional Iunctions. The built in Iunctions provides an adiustable
delay between load activation when motion events are sensed and an adiustable dwell
time to keep the load active even aIter motion stops. Each oI the two single shot
circuits in the microprocessor has both inverting and non-inverting inputs and outputs.
I had selected the Iirst single shot and that is when motion is detected a positive
transition at the cathodes oI D3 and D4 Ieeds into non-inverting input oI pin 4 oI
monostable and will trigger the Iirst single shot Ior a period determined by time
constants oI R10 and C6 and then turn oII. The non-inverting output at pin 6 goes
HIGH and remains high during the timeout period. The Iirst single shot is triggered on
by a positive transition and not by a DC level.

Section 4.2.4 Energizing a relay
Having a complete circuit. the non-inverting output at pin 6 Ieed into Iield electric
transistor Q1and turns it on which energizes relay RY1 and closes its contacts. One
end oI the RY1 coil is connected to supply voltage and the other end is attached to the
drain oI FET Q1. When Q1 turns on. it conducts current through the coil oI RY1 to
ground and energizes RY1 causing its contacts to close. When Q1 turns oII. the
collapsing magnetic Iield oI the RY1 coil attempts to produce a large positive voltage
spike (back EMF) that would damage Q1 iI not suppressed. Diode 5 clamps that spike
and prevents back EMF damage. The RY1 contacts are normally open and they close
when motion is detected.

Section 4.2.5 Assembly oI other components
I bended the leads oI all diodes and resistors close to the body oI diodes or resistors.
inserted into the printed circuit board and bended the leads against the back side oI the
board. I trimmed the excess leads oII short enough that they do not touch other
connections but long enough to retain the diodes or resistors until they were soldered.
I made sure that I had inserted the diodes with cathode bands in the correct direction
as shown in the schematic diagram.

35


ENGG 4801 Thesis

I had also insert one 14 pins IC socket and a 16 pins IC socket with their notch
indicated on the PC board and hold them against the board while soldering a Iew pins
and then soldered all the remaining pins. CareIully straighten the leads oI the Ics so
they extend straight down and will Iit into the sockets. This can be done with a pin
straightener or by resting the IC on its side on a Ilat surIace. I gently pressed on the IC
while rocking it until the leads Iace straight down Irom the top oI the IC. Cautious
handling oI the IC to avoid static discharge damage.

Section 4.2.6 Soldering
When soldering to the PC board. I had used a small soldering iron oI about 25 watts
or smaller and small diameter rosin core solder. I touched the tip oI the iron against
both the component lead and the board metal where the lead touches the metal and
apply solder between the tip oI the iron and the board metal. The solder will melt
where it touches the iron and immediately Ilow onto the component lead and the
board metal and it will then help to transIer heat to the ioint.
AIter soldered each part oI the components. I will measure the connectivity oI each
component with a multimeter making sure they are well soldered.

Section 4.2.7 Chassis building
I bought a see through chassis Irom Jaycar store and proceed to the electronic
workshop to drill two holes. which is one Ior the output oI the monostable to the
oscilloscope and a ground connection. I had also drilled a hole Ior the ease oI
switching the power supply on/oII.









36


ENGG 4801 Thesis



Figure 23: Completed Chassis














37


ENGG 4801 Thesis

Chapter 5- Product Evaluation
In general each stage oI the implementation met most oI the design speciIications in
Chapter 3. and it working to a certain extent. However. due to time constraints the
energizing oI the relay was cancelled. Still the Iinal product was able to achieve most
oI the necessary Iunctions.

Section 5.1 SpeciIication matching
The physical size oI the whole product is relatively small. ThereIore. the dimension oI
the printed circuit board PCB is well within the maximum size in order to Iit into the
diIIerent types oI taps. Also the sum oI the mass oI all components involved certainly
does not exceed the 1kg limit. Aesthetically. there may be room Ior improvement but
this is obviously not critical.
Hardware wise. all the basic Iunctions have been implemented successIully. This
means the requirements stated in Chapter 3 have been met. However. as previously
mentioned. each individual component has not yet been integrated into a whole
system resulting in an incomplete product.

(Please see Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 Ior extensive details oI hardware Iunctioning.)

The soItware speciIications outlined can be disregarded. as it was not necessary to
develop any soItware to create a Iunctional product. This is due to the Iact that there
was only one set oI operational ampliIier and a monostable Ior demonstration. Thus.
the operational Ilowchart becomes very simple and can be done achieved solely with
only the hardware.

(Please see Figure 16 in Chapter 3 Ior the Ilowchart.)

Clearly. by observing at the Figure 16. the chart Ilows in one direction. ThereIore. no
soItware code is needed to implement.


38


ENGG 4801 Thesis

Section 5.2 Testing procedures
It is not diIIicult to test whether the product meets the Iull requirements in Chapter 3
or not. For mass and size. one can simply measure these parameters with a set oI
scales and a vernier calliper respectively.
Given that an electronic sensor's task is to monitor its environment. it is important Ior
engineers designing electronic plumbing equipment to consider potential pitIalls to
the technology's optimum perIormance. Some oI these challenges are very diIIicult to
predict. but by studying past diIIiculties we avoid Iuture Irustration.
Lighting. II the room. which the sensor is used in. has a clear window. at certain
times oI the year. the sensor may look directly at reIlected light. Such specular
reIlections. similar to the reIlection oI the sun on water. are well beyond any optical
sensor's limits. As a result. the sensor may operate when no one is present. When
designing a restroom. it is thereIore recommended that any pyroelectric sensors used
not Iace a window. Frosted glass or window treatments can also be employed to
eliminate this problem.
Similarly. newer high eIIiciency Ilorescent lamps in close proximity (1 to 3 Ieet) oI
the pyroelectric sensor can overpower the signal the sensor is detecting and activate
the Iaucet unpredictably. These Ilorescent lights operate at a Irequency between 30
and 50 Khz. This Irequency oIten driIts as the lamp warms up. and the output oI these
lamps contains a Iairly large amount oI near inIra-red. which can interIere with the
sensor signals and activate the Iaucet erratically. For this reason. ceiling lighting is
recommended Ior use with pyroelectric sensors.
Signal Confusion. Sensors can sometimes be conIused by the signal Irom another
sensor within the same room. For this reason. it is important to make sure that the
Iield oI view oI one sensor does not include another sensor. Mirrors on the wall
opposite the sensor can also reIlect the signal and activate the sensor. as can
reIlections Irom a sunlit window. In addition. highly polished surIaces such as
stainless steel bowls can conIuse an optical sensor. particularly when water is beading
on the surIace oI the bowl. In these situations. dual beam sensors and position sensing
devices will operate more reliably than diIIuse reIlective sensors.


39


ENGG 4801 Thesis

Demanding Environment. The very nature oI public restrooms presents a number oI
additional challenges. which the plumbing engineer would do well to consider when
designing hands Iree systems. Fixtures in washrooms and locker rooms are exposed to
great deal oI moisture in their everyday use and cleaning. It is important. thereIore.
Ior the sensor to have their electronics 'potted or conIormal coated Ior protection
Irom high or condensing humidity.
High traIIic washroom environments also subiect plumbing Iixtures to heavy use and
exposed them to potential vandalism. As a general rule. a smaller sensor oIIers a small
target Ior mishaps. intentional or otherwise. It is also advisable Ior me to locate the
sensing device within the Iixture itselI. rather than in a remote location such as wall
above the Iixture where it is in open view.
A robust inIrared sensor that is concealed Irom the plain sight and protected within
the Iixture body itselI most eIIectively deters vandalism and this approach is
recommended in public washrooms. A plastic window that works as an inIrared Iilter
and serves to protect the sensor`s emitter and detector Irom vandalism shall protect
the inIrared sensor. Most new inIrared sensors are driven by a small microchip with
adiustments allowing control oI the sensor`s range as well as its sensitivity to motion
and the time the sensor will keep the water Ilowing once it is activated.
Proper Ilow timing in an auto Iaucet must allow users to remove their hands Irom the
water Ilow Ior three to Iour seconds Ior applying or lathering soap.
Another important testing consideration. particularly in vandal-prone washroom
settings is an automatic shut oII Ieature. The Iixture`s valve should automatically
close iI a non-moving presence is detected Ior a preset time period. This prevents
vandals Irom attempting to trigger continuous water Ilow by placing an obiect over in
Iront oI the sensor unit.







40


ENGG 4801 Thesis

Chapter - Future development
For a number oI reasons the Iinal result oI this proiect is not perIect. These reasons
have held back the hands Iree tap Irom its Iullest potential. In anyway. the product
still shows great various Iuture improvements.
One oI the improvements Ior the product might be the component side oI the motion
detector has a sensitivity adiustment R4 that controls ampliIier gain and thereIore
range (detection distance). Tuning the adiustment clockwise increases sensitivity and
gives greater range.
The pyroelectric inIra-red sensor will detect a human or animal more easily at lower
ambient temperatures when there is a greater diIIerence between the human or animal
body temperature and surrounding obiects.
Secondly using a voltage regulator that regulates the voltage Ied to the
microprocessor. The voltage regulator`s iob is to reduce the 5-volt signal to the lower
voltage required by the microprocessor.
Future developments in electronic plumbing are limited only by the imagination. and
as we reIine the technology driving these systems. we are likely to Iind electronic
plumbing solutions entering the residential market.
These reIinements are a response to enthusiasm Ior electronic solutions within the
washroom. both Irom users and Iacility managers. As we continue to adapt the
capabilities oI hands Iree technology. managing the demands oI users. owners and the
general public. we advance the cause oI public health while remaining mindIul oI
today's drive to make things easier.





41


ENGG 4801 Thesis

Chapter 7- Conclusion
Hardware design was a constant process. Finding an appropriate resistor and capacitor
combinations to create a band pass Iilter proved to be diIIicult at Iirst. However.
continued eIIort Iollowing the demonstration oI the circuit design resulted in a circuit
design capable oI blocking most oI the undesirable higher Irequencies. This helped
give more reliable and reasonable results to display on the oscilloscope. Success was
had in both analog and digital portions oI the circuit. This was again observed on the
oscilloscope.
The hardware devices include a pyroelectric sensor. an operational ampliIier. a
CMOS and a bipolar transistor. which acts as a switch to turn on the relay. The
original intent oI this proiect was to create an inIrared motion detector. The circuit
that was built and went into hardware veriIication I Iound out that sensitivity oI the
detector was too great. I then varied our resistance to make it less sensitive to light; it
did not help the situation. I then decided to cover the sensor with a Fresnel lens. This
simple change oI input would allow me to know what the components in the Iinal
design would be and how the components would operate.
This proiect has been a IulIilling one that has put some real-world experience behind
the class work involved in this course.













42


ENGG 4801 Thesis

Chapter 8 - References
1. Hardware design
Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering Technology Texas A&M University
http://etidweb.tamu.edu/proiects/labview/chamber/hardware.htm
(Last accessed -02/08/03)
2. How inIrared motion detector components works
http://www.glolab.com/pirparts/inIrared.html (Last accessed 09/08/03)
3. Technical concept
http://www.technicalconcepts.com/pages/products/autoIaucet.htm
(Last accessed 09/08/03)
4. Passive inIrared motion detector
http://www.bircher.com/en/pdI-bire-download-e-pir20.pdI
(Last accessed 12/08/03)
5. Metering Iaucet with mixer
http://www.us.geberit.com/us/Webus.nsI/Iiles/pdI (Last accessed 22/08/03)
6. InIrared motion detector camera trigger manual
http://www.glolab.com/gct1/GCT1.pdI (Last accessed - 10/09/03)
7. Home security burglar alarm systems
http://www.home-security-burglar-alarms-systems.com/Home-Security-Burglar-
Alarms-Systems-Motion-Sensor-Alarms.html (Last accessed - 25/09/03)
8. P.R.Gray et al. 'Analysis & Design oI Analog Integrated Circuits.
4
th
edition. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. 2000.
9. PM Engineer archives
http://www.pmengineer.com/CDA/ArticleInIormation/coverstory/BNPCoverStoryIte
m/0.2730.2749.00.html (Last accessed 01/10/03)
10. C. MenolIi. Q.Huang. 'A Iully integrated CMOS instrumentation
ampliIier with submicrovolt oIIset. IEEE JSSC. vol. 34. March
1999. p.415- 420




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Appendices
44


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Data Sheet for
Operational Amplifies



























45


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46


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47


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48


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49


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50


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51


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52


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53


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55


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Data Sheet for
Dual Precision Monostable





























56


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57


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58


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59


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60


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65


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Data Sheet for
Pvroelectric Sensor




























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7
0




7
1





















Thank You