UNIT 2 NIGHT DREAM1. Do you remember these words? In this uni, we are going todeal with sleep expressions. ‘50, let’s read something you will probably understand easily, Why do we need to sleep? We are on the go all day long! Our bodies go through a fot, Including physical activity when we work er porticipate in sports. We can even be mentally exhausted from working hoard, playing instruments or anything else which requires our concentration Just ike carsneed fuel, our bodies need sleep to recharge our energy sources. Sleeping well ot night helps your body get ready for another day. Scientists stil don’t know everything that happens in ur brains while we sleep but they do know that we retain and organise information and that, ‘muscles and tissues are repaired. What hoppens when we sleep? Itisn’t something that we give much thought to! But, we don't just get into bed and sleep. While we sleep, our bodies go through a pattern, known as sleep cycle. The sleep cycle consists of five ‘stages, which can take around 90 minutes to 110 minutes to complete. This cyde repeats itself many times throughout the night. Most adults are used to getting about 6.5 hours @ night, but experts agree that most need 7 or 8 hours each night. However, some pegple may need more than others. On a busy day there's work, taking care of your pets, meeting up with friends for a quick coffee, going to the gym or doing your housework. But remember this! By the end of the day, your ‘body needs break. Sleep allows your body torest for the next day. GLOSSARY: ‘To be on the go: very busy Exhausted: very tired. Concentration: the state of being cont Getinto: to enter. ‘Sleep cycle: the oscillation between t Break: abrief rest. 2. ReadingNow, we will read a text which i alittle more complex. What happens when we sleep? Wien we sleep we prepare our brain forthe next day, in fact, sleeping well at night can help your body get ready for the next action-packed day. So, when we go to bed, our badies just sleep and don’t do anything. We don’t just get into bed and sleep. There isa patter to sleep, known as the sleep cyde. Everybody goes through these five stages. One full cycle can take around 90 minutes ‘and is repeated many times throughout the night. Stage 1: Light sleep The first stage is quite a light sleep. Our eyes and muscles will slow down but we can be easily woken up from this stage. Sometimes, our muscles will tense and we get the feeling of falling! ‘Stage 2: We relax During stage 2, everything slows down to get ready for a deep sleep. Our eyes stop moving, our body temperature gets lower and our brain waves and heart rate slow down. In other words, we completely relax! Stage 3: Deep sleep In the third stage of our sleep pattem, our brain activity changes yet again. Our slow brain waves (which are called detta waves) are interrupted with ittie bursts of faster waves. This is you ina deep sleep. However, thiss also the stage when some people can talk in their sleep or even sleep walk! This is rare but wil usually happen when our cycle moves from non-REM to REM sleep. Stage 4: Deep sleep, Slow brain waves The fourth stages the final non-REM stage of our eyce. We are now ina deep sleep with our brain waves mostly staying slow. I you are woken up during this stage, you can fed alittle confused for a couple of minutes. Stage 5: REM sleep Finally, we enter REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Our brain waves change yet again! During REM sleep, our brain waves look the some as when we are woking up. Our eyes move very quickly from side-to-side but stay closed. Its thought that this is when we dream the most! Afterall ofthis, we go back to stage 1 and stort again [tis common to woke up between cycles and sometimes we aren’t even aware of t! How Much Sleep Do We Need? The amount of sleep we need changes depending on our age. It is thought that: ‘Newborn babies between 0 and 3 months need 14-17 hours. Infonts between 4 and 11 months need between 12-15 hours. Toddlers between 1 and 2 years old will need between 11-14 hours. Preschool children between 3 and 5 years old willneed between 10-13 hours. ‘Schookage children between 6 and 13 years old wil need between 9-11 hours. Teenagers between 14 and 17 years old will need between 8-10 hours.[As you have seen, this topic is incredibly interesting. Let's see some vocabulary you should know: Drop off Uedown Uein ‘Sleep through ‘Sleep like a log Tonot sleep a wink 3.1 Glossary. Sleeping Drop off: fll asleep easily, without intending to. ‘Wake up: stop sleeping Get up: stop sleeping and leave bed. Lie down: rest on your back. ‘Sleep in: sleep longer than wanted. Sleep over: sleep ata friend’s house. Le in: stay in bed after the time you usually get Sleep through: sleep continuously for a long time, Sleep on it: delay making a decision until the following day. To crash out: suddenly to start sleeping when ‘you are very tired. Sleep like a log: to sleep without waking up during the night Fastasleep: to sleep very wel. Totakeanap: tosleep fora short period of time usually during the day. To not sleep a wink: 10 NOT sleep at all Hit the sack: this is an informal expression, It ‘means to go to bed to sleep. Oversleep: to sleep until later time than usual (NOT by choice) 4. Grammar: Used to, be used to and get used to. Used to, be used to and get used to are aunilary verbs that In English are used to talk about habits and. customs, although both their use in English and their meaning in Spanish are quite different Let's see what these three verbs mean. 4.1 Used to “Used to” is an auxiliary verb but in current English, the interrogative and the negative forms are done: considering "used to” asa normal verb and using did as an auxiliary, the same thing that happens to have to. ‘+ Afirmative: Subject + used to + infinitive + Negative: Subject + did not (didh’t) use to + infinitive = Interrogative: (question word) + did + subject + use to + infinitive? Uses of “Used to" + infnitive/base form+ For habits and customs we used ta do but not anymore. + Tocexpress things we used todo, thats, routines inthe pest. Some examples + Sused tosmoke but quit three months ago. + -Myhusband used to drink beer but now he prefers wine. + We used to lie down onthe couch ll doy but today we exercise o ot + She used to sleep over ata fiend’s house but now she doesn’t + When 1 was younger, used to fy abroad quite often. Keep in mind that “used to” eaists only in the past, there is no present. That is, in English to talk about habits and customs in the present, we use the present simple and the adverb usually. For instance + Fused to go on holidays with my family when osc child +S usually g0.0n holidays with my fori. Although “usually” snot mandatory inthe present simple, maybe it can help you not tobe wrong. That Is, you can keep the idea that used to is usually in the present tense. Summary Eco ears seat h) ee Negative: subject! ee ents ceca sou Ce auR cas Rn fred 4.2 Be used to"Be used to” is conjugated, according to the verbal tense that we want to express Its always followed by 2 verbin the gerund form. © Beused to-+verb —ing [As you know, in general in English, with “be” we express that we are already something. © Berich: You are already * Bemarried: You are already ‘The structure is as follows: Afirmative: Subject + am/are/is + used to + verb in-ing form, Negative: Subject + am/are/isnot + used tot verbi i form. Interrogative: (Question word + am/are/is + subject + used to + verb in -ing form? Examples: + She is used to sleeping o lot. They are not used to working for 10 hours. # Is he used to having breakfast at 6:00 am? It can be followed by things and people (nouns) and also by verbs, but if we use 2 verb, it has to goin the. gerund form. + Jam used to this job. + Sam used to working hard at the bus station. “Used to” can only be used in the past but "be used to” can be used with any verbal tense Since |live in Spain, | am used to driving on the rightEN alah cb Elyicces rte] rails ecureeie eer ety aeeteec hc) a Reese: Penh) +be + used to + ing erences or routine (in any eae) 4.3 Get used to "Get used to” is conjugated according to the verbal tense that we want to express. Like “be used to”, “get Used to” Is followed by a verbin the gerund form. * Getused to+ verb —ing "Get" usually means that we are in process of being it. © Getich: You want tobe. © Get married: You wont to be. The structure isas follows: + Affirmative: Subject + get + used to+ verb ining form. + Negative: Subject +not get + used tot verb in ing form. #Interrogative: (Question word + aunilary + subject + get + used to + verb in -ing form? Examples: + Myniece will get used to it soon. + Children don’t get used to the new teacher. + Why do teenagers get used to using the new technologies?It can be followed by things and people (nouns) and also by verbs, but if we use 2 verb, it has to goin the {gerund form + She will get used to her new boss. She will get used to working hard she will get used to working hard. “Used to” can only be used in the past but “get used to” can be used with any verbal tense. Here you have some examples: ‘+ We will get used to driving on the left once we move to the UK. Summary ea erected Eee Suc 6. Writing Nowadays, a report is 3 really common type of writing, n fact, itis an informational writing on a specific topic that must be written in formal English. In this section, we will learn how to write one, What isa report? Its a plece of work that collects information about a specific topic or problem, with the goal of someone: else reading it. General, it includes recommendations, suggestions, conclusions, etc. There are very “specific topics: sports recommendations for young people, leisure activities ina city, ideas to improve the work place, suggestions to improve the environmental situation of a city, etc The recommended number of words: between 120 and 180 words in length. Its ahvays better to stay a litle long than short, but that isthe ideal amount.What should a report contain? ‘The mostimportantthingis to understand the question you have been asked, In order to help you, try to follow these instructions. 11 The language must be formal, and this means zero contractions, try to avoid the use of compound verbs, substitute words like "good" or "very good", which are common, with a more advanced language like "excellent" or "beneficial ", and use formalisms and connectors such as Therefore, However, With respectto, ete. 2.- The structure of your report should be clear and with the corresponding sections well defined. This is the key. The report should start with an Introduction, then several sections with thelr title each, depending on the topic, an finally a section of recommendations, suggestions or conclusions. This is very Important so that the person reading the report can find the information quickly. How to start? It is important and can help you clarify the ideas to make a kind of mental map where you are pointing but the Ideas you are going to use, the reasons for each one, etc. You don't have to write complete sentences, just words or notes thet help you organise yourself and remember everything. The Structure Title Introduetion; that states a problem or situation, ‘The body which explains what could be changed or improved The conclusion, in addition to closing the writing, the connection between the two previous points is ‘mentioned (this s the only part that would include the first person, slightly) You can start ike this: From: Who writes it To: The person which will receive it Date Subject: tle of the reportTitle The title must be a formal one, focusing on the main idea to develop. Itis advisable not to use questions, just a simple statement that covers everything. Introduction For the introduction, itis highly recommended to write what the purpose of the report i, to make it lear what the writing is intended: ‘©The purpose ofthis report is # This report is about More useful expressions: The aim/purpose ofthis reports to.. + show /exemplify illustrate depict + Thisreport.. + is concerned with. + is intended to, Is written to analyse. + deals with, * relatesto.. Next paragraphs Ater the introduction, you can present the topic or problem to be addressed and explain what the current situation is. This s useful because it shows the reader of thereport that has understood the question and. what is being asked: + Some people suggest that +The current situation shows that + itseemsnecessary + There have been some complaints about. Inlater sections, you should organize the text according to the points to be treated and the topic. Since it is generally about improving a situation, recommending or suggesting changes, there are also formalities that ean help you:‘©The following recommendations should be taken into account. ©The following measures could be carried out. * Consider these elements / suggestions. More useful expressions: You may use different subtitles for advantages and disadvantages, positive and negative aspects and describe them In two paragraphs or just present them in alist of points. + The advantages) disadvantages are as follow. # The most convincing arguments in favour Of v= 37€ + I would mention... as the most discouraging feature of. * Heres the list of benefits. * would recommend... because... +L would not hesitate to recommend. © would suggest... * Inmy opinion, it would be worth... verb ining form Conclusion Finally, in the conclusion there must be a logical connection that closes the report. It Is a good Idea to repeat here why you are writing, that is, the purpose of the report. + Toconclude.. + Incondusion. + Therefore, I would recommend. + Itwould be advisable + For this reason it should be considered. Accordingly, it should be considered. More useful expressions: # Incondusion | would lke to stress that. + itis a fact that. ‘+ Itappears tof seems to/ tends to.There is no doubt that #itean be concluded that. ‘Having proved/presented this, would ike to.. Let's see an example Report 1 An English businessman is going to participate in a workshop organised by your company. He has never ‘been in your town before so the Project Manager, Mr. Megeary, has asked you to write a report about places that are worth visiting in the dlty. Write a report describing the places and explain why you think they may be of any interest To: Mr. Megeory From: Alex Martin Date: 120h January 2020 Subject title: Places to vist during your stay in Mdlaga Introduction This report iswritten to analyse places of interest that may be worth visting by you. ! have visited the main tourist information office in Mélaga to check admission fees and opening hours that would be suitable for you. Places to visit in Malaga There are many places in the city centre which are worth recommending and the majority of them are ‘open to publicall year round. | would suggest two attractions that may be taken into consideration as they seem very popular: 1. Mélaga Seaway Tour: This isthe best option to enjoy the views from the Mirador of Gibrolfaro. In this tour of abit more than one hour you willbe token to the mountain, passing first by the Roman Theatre ‘and the Alcazaba. You will enjoy the best views of Mélago, visit the park and end up cruising through the new port of Malaga; Muelle Uno, where the Pompidou Contemporary Art Center is located. This small- group tour Is limited to eight people, ensuring you'll receive special attention from your guide. 2. Malaga Flomenco show with tapas: You con stroll through the beautiful streets of Mélaga and try some of the best local dishes. After exploring the old town you will enjoy a Flamenco performance. tis a great way to experience Malaga's social scene. Conclusion | would not hesitate to recommend both of these options to you. These experiences are well-known and popular among foreign visitors.Summary REMEMBER + Decide on your target reader. * Use rather formal language. * The body of your report has to be: ‘Make your introduction brief but: Key ideas Let's see @ summary of what you have learnt in this unit: + Totalk about sleep and its diferent cycles as well as factors which can make us sleep or not property. Sleeping is considered one of the most important physiological behaviors animals have in order to hhave a healthy life. * Toutter new vocabulary related to transportation and the lexical set of sleep. We are also able to understand idioms related to sleep which are commonly used in English. * Touse the structures used to + Infinitive, be used to and get used to + verb In-ing form, How to write a report and useful phrase to use, This type of writing Is used in formal contexts and. you are able to identify and write down one with ease