Laser Project-Edited 21

Laser torch based audio transmitter & receiver.
LASER TORCH BASED AUDIO SIGNAL TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

MINOR PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
FARIS K.K ROSHITH P.H SAJEER P BIJOY SANKEERTH S

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Department of electrical & electronics
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February, 2011
Lase torc base audio trans itter & receiver.

COLLE E O E
T L E
LASER TORCH BASE AUDIO SIGNAL TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

Su mitted by
FAR S K.K, R SH H P.H, SANKEER H S, BIJOY & SAJEER P

I a bonafide record of the work done by them under our supervision.
PROJECT GUIDE
Depart ent
electrical & electr nics
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Thi i to certi

EE
(Affiliated to CUSAT & Approved by A.I.C.T.E)
, KANNUR.
COLLE E O ENGINEERING T ALASSERY Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department CERTI ICATE
that the mi or project report entitled
HEAD O THE DEPARTMENT
Februar 2011
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and profound respect to all those who have guided and inspired us for the project work. We are deeply grateful to our Principal, Prof.P.V.SUGATHAN for providing the facilities for our studies and constant encouragement in all achievement. We would like to express profound gratitude to our Head of the department, Ms. Ashitha T, for her encouragement and for providing all facilities for carrying out this project. We express our highest regard and sincere thanks to our project coordinator, Ms.Deepthi, who provided the necessary guidance and serious advice to carry out this project. We also express our gratitude to our Project Guide, Mr. Anith, for his apt suggestions and support. We express our sincere thanks to all the staff members of the department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for their valuable advice and encouragement that helped us a lot in successful completion of this project.
PROJECT TEAM
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February, 2011
ABSTRACT
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER or laser) is a mechanism for emitting electromagnetic radiation, often visible light, via the process of stimulated emission Communicating with laser is not new. We are all familia r with fiber optic cables that carry our telephone signals from one place to another. The laser beam here is used as a carrier, which is modulated by the signal to be transmitted. On the receiver end the desired signal is separated from the carrier. Here we are going to talk about a wireless laser link that could be used to transmit information from one end to another in its line of sight. Wireless laser communication links are very popular in space applications for providing inters satellite communication.
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION.06 2. BLOCK DIAGRAM..07 3. BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION....08 4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM..10 5. COMPONENT TUDY....11 6. CIRCUIT DE CRIPTION....19 7. WORKING...21 8. PCB DE IGN AND FABRICATION.....22 9. COMPONENT LAYOUT.24 10. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) LAYOUT..25 11. LI T OF TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED...26 12. COMPONENTS REQUIRED....27 13. PRECAUTIONS....29 14. ADVANTAGES....30 15. DISADVANTAGES..31 16.PROBLEMS FACED.32 17.APPLICATIONS.. 33 18.CONCLUSION...34 19.REFERENCES...35 20.APPENDIX.36
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1. INTRODUCTION
Laser as a communication medium ca n provide a good substitute for the present day communication systems as the problem of
interference faced in case of electromagnetic waves is not there and high deal of secrecy is available. Laser communications offers a viable alternative to RF communications for inter satellite links and other applications where high -performance links are a necessity. High data rate, small antenna size, narrow beam divergence, and a narrow f ield of view are characteristics of laser communications that offer a number of potential advantages f or system design. The present paper involves the study of wireless, open channel communication system using laser a carrier for voice signals. Using this circuit we can communicate with your own neighbors wirelessly. Instead of RF signals, light f rom a laser torch is used as the carrier in the circuit. The laser torch can transmit light up to a distance of about 500 meters. The phototransistor of the receiver must be accurately oriented towards the laser beam f rom the torch. If there is any obstruction in the path of laser beam, no sounds will be heard f rom the receiver.
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2.BLOCK DIAGRAM
VISUAL INDICATION MIC
AMPLIFIER
SWITCHING CIRCUITS
LASER DIODE
LOUD SPEAKER
PHOTO TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
AUDIO FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER
GAIN CONTROL
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3. BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

3.1CONDENSERMICROPHONE
It is also called a capacitor or electrostatic microphone. Condenser means capacitor, which stores energy in the form of an electric field. Condenser microphones require power from a battery or external source. Condenser also tends to be more sensitive and responsive than dynamic, making them well suited to capturing subtle nuances in a sound. The diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound waves, changing the distance between the two plates and therefore changing the capacitance. Specifically when the plates are closer together capacitance increases and a charge current occurs and this current will be used to trigger the transmitting section .
3.2 TRANSMITTING SECTION

The transmitter section comprises condenser microphone, transistor amplifier BC548 followed by an op -amp stage built around IC1. The gain of the op-amp can be controlled with the help of 1 -mega ohm pot meter VR1.The AF output f rom IC1 is coupled to the base of transistor Bd139, which in turn, modulates the laser beam. The transmitter uses 9V power supply. however, the 3 -volt laser torch ( after the removal of its battery) can be directly connected to the circuit -with the body of the torch connected to the emitter of BD139 and the spring -loaded lead protruding f rom inside the torch to circuit ground .
3.3 LASER TORCH

Here we use the light rays coming from laser torch as the medium for transmission. Laser had potential for the transfer of data at extremely high rates, specific advancements were needed in component performance and systems engineering, particularly for space-qualified hardware. Free space laser
communications systems are wireless connections through the atmosphere. They work similar to fiber optic cable systems except the beam is transmitted through open space. The laser systems operate in the near infrared region of the spectrum. The laser light across the link at a wavelength of between 780 920nm.
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3.4 RECEIVING SECTION

The receiver circuit uses an NPN phototransistor as the light sensor that is followed by a two stage transistor preamplifier and LM386 -based audio power amplifier. The receiver doesn't need any complicated alignment. Just keep the phototransistor oriented towards the remote transmitter's laser point and adjust the volume control for a clear sound.
3.5 LOUD SPEAKER

A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that converts an electrical signal into sound. The speaker moves in accordance with the variations of an electrical signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a medium such as air or water.
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Laser torc based audio trans itter & receiver.

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4.1 TRANSMITTER
4.2 RECEIVER
Depart ent of electrical & electronics
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Februar 2011

5. COMPONENT STUDY
5.1 OPERATIONAL AMPLI IER
A i t i ti t tt t ti i l l I t t i i f .B t i t i t tt f t i t i li i t i t i l i . it t t t i i t t f t ti i i t t i ilit , fI t ti l lf +. l ill t. A i t , t t t i ift l i t ft i it l i t i t. P i i i li . I i f l f t I . i i li t t t. B l i l t t i , i , i t lifi tilit i it . I t i t i tt i tt t f t l i i l l t P f i i i , t l ti , i t ll i , ill t iff , i l t i f l t ll t , ti ti t . i l t t i i l l i . ti ti i t l lifi t. A i t. ill l it l i f t i it l i l . t i ll l , t t l . il t iff ti l li ti f f P i t lifi f t ti l ti f l
t i t
ti t
ig 5.1 symbol of op-amp
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5.1.1 IC-741 A f i t t i t . t i t ,i l il t t t if t i i l f i ti f ti tt t i lifi i l ti it li ill t t t ff t ilit t i i it t f A i ft lifi i i t t i i i tt l l i l, t t ll i lti i . ti i it . tt i til i i t, t i l ff l i i lt i lifi . If f f ti t i ti f . lt i t t iti i i it li , t f t i i f i , , t ti l lifi l lifi lifi i ft t l it i f lif l f ll i i ti t t l t A ,i i l i , t, li i t l t lt i . t i i
t . S
ig 5.1.1 symbol of IC741
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5.1.1.1 NEGATIVE EEDBACK CONTROL
Fig 5.1.1.1. Negative feedback control circuit
The
e fi
e hows the
si
it, i
the egati e feedback loop
of an op amp. The output is fed back to the inverting input terminal in order to provide negative feedback for the amplifier. The input signal is applied to the inverting input. As a result, the output will be inverted. It is possible to operate the op amp as a non-inverting amplifier by applying the signal to the plus input. In this circuit the feedback network is still connected to the inverting input.
5.2 VR (potentiometer/resistance varies/trimmer):
The potentiometer is a resistor of variable resistance. It has three terminals; a fi ed resistance is found between two of the terminals and the third terminal slides along the fi ed resistor. ften, it is used to control the volume in an audio amplifier.
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5.3 CAPACITOR:
The capacitor plays a crucial role in electronics -- it stores electrons for when they're needed most. apacitors consist of two conducting plates placed near
each other. Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect to two metal plates separated by a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, paper, plastic or anything else that does not conduct electricit y and keeps the plates from touching each other.
fig 5.3. Ceramic capacitor
They can store electric charge for later discharge.
irect current through a
capacitor will charge the capacitor for a short time, and then stop flowing. Alternating current, because of the changing electric fields it generates, can flow across a capacitor.
5.4 DIGITAL MULTIMETER (DMM)

The is an instrument that is able to measure voltage, current, and ircuit, or across circuit components and displays its
resistance in a
measurements on a digital display.
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!
5.5 BATTERY (9 VOLT)

It has two terminals. ne terminal is marked + , or positive, while the o ther is marked -), or negative. In a normal flashlight battery, the ends of the battery are the terminals. In a large car battery, there are two heavy lead posts that act as the terminals. Electrons collect on the negative terminal of the battery. If you connect a wire between the negative and positive terminals, the electrons will flow from the negative to the positive terminal as fast as they can and wear out the battery very uickly -- this also tends to be dangerous, especially with large batteries, s o it is not something you want to be doing). the battery using the wire . ormally, you connect some type of load to
Fig 5.5: 9V Battery
5.6 LASER TORCH

For this project we have removed the laser assembly from a small laser pointer. The power supply circuit is the green board attached to the brass laser head. e carry similar laser pointers in our catalog that are easily disassembled
for this project. The power supply circuit came conveniently marked with a plus and a minus next to two holes in the board. the battery clip to the hole marked minus. hole marked plus. lead from the coil. e solder the black negative lead from e solder one of th e coil leads to the
e solder the red positive lead of the b attery chip to the other
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# "
Fig 3.7. Laser torch
5.7 MICROPHONE
All of the different sounds that we hear are caused by minute pressure differences in the air around us. The amazing fact about it is that the air transmits those pressure changes so well, and so accurately, over relatively long distances A microphone wants to take varying pressure waves in the air and converts them into varying electrical signals. There are different technologies used to accomplish this conversion. e use ondenser mic in our project .
5.7.1 CONDENSER MICROPHONES
A condenser microphone is essentially a capacitor, with one plate of the capacitor moving in response to sound waves .
5.8 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)

An integrated circuit is a pre-made circuit shrunk down to small size and put on a chip. I s save circuit makers time by serving common purposes like amplifying a signal which would otherwise have to be done by a new circuit built from scratch every time.
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% $
5.9 PHOTOTRANSISTORS
The standard symbol of a phototransistor, which can be regarded as a conventional transistor housed in a case that enables its semiconductor junctions to be exposed to external light. The device is normally used with its base open circuit, in either of the configurations shown in fig. . . , and functions as follows .
Fig. 5.9.1Phototransistor symbol.
In practice, the collector and emitter current of the transistor are virtually identical and, since the base is open circuit, the device is not subjected to significant negative feedback. The sensitivity of a phototransistor is typically one hundred times greater than that of a photodiode, but is useful maximum operating frequency a few hundred kilohertz) is proportionally lower than that of a
photodiode by using only its base and collector terminals and ignoring the emitter, as shown in fig. . . . Phototransistors are solid-state light detectors with internal
gain that are used to provide analog or digital signals. They detect visible, ultraviolet and near-infrared light from a variety of sources and are more sensitive than photodiodes, semiconductor devices that require a pre-amplifier.
Phototransistors feed a photocurrent output into the base of a small signal transistor. For each illumination level, the area of the exposed collector -base junction and the current gain of the transistor define t he output.
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' &
Fig. 5.9.2. Phototransistor used in circuit
The base current from the incident photons is amplified by the gain of the transistor, resulting in current gains that range from hundreds to several thousands. esponse time is a function of the capacitance of the collector-base
junction and the value of the load resistance. Photodarlingtons, a common type of phototransistor, have two stages of gain and can provide net gains greater than , . Because of their ease of use, low cost and compatibility with transistor -
transistor logic TTL), phototransistors are often used in applications where more than several hundred nano watts nW) of optical power are available. Selecting phototransistors requires an analysis of performance specifications. ollector
current is the total amount of current that flows into the collector terminal. ollector dark current is the amount of collector current for which there is no optical input. Typically, both collector current and collector dark current are measured in milliamps mA). Peak wavelength, the wavelength at which ise time, % of its
phototransistors are most responsive, is measured in nanometers nm). the time that elapses when a pulse waveform increases from maximum value, is expressed in nanoseconds ns). voltage is the voltage at which % to
ollector-emitter breakdown conduct a specified
phototransistors
nondestructive) current when biased in the normal direction without optical or electrical inputs to the base.
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6. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
There are two sections: the transmitter board and the receiver board, both powered by a separate 9V battery or a fixed voltage power supply. The transmitter board has a condenser microphone module at one end, and the laser diode at the other end. The electronics modulates the intensity of the laser beam according to the output of the microphone. The laser diode has an inbuilt collimating lens, and is simply a module that connects to the transmitter board. The receiver uses a phototransistor as the receiving element, and the onboa rd amplifier powers a small 8 ohm speaker. This board is therefore a high gain amplifier with a basic audio output stage. Since this design uses a higher power (and visible) laser beam, the range is improved, and alignment is easier and not all that critical, espec ially over a few hundred meters and hence get better results. The quality of sound transmitted by the link is quite surprising. Clearly, this project is ideal for setting up a speech channel between two areas, say adjacent houses or offices on opposite sides of the street. Or you could use it as a link between the work shop and the house. For duplex (two way) communication, you'll obviously need two laser 'channels. An important feature of transmission by laser beam is privacy. Because a laser beam is intentionally narrow, it's virtually impossible for someone to tap into the link without you knowing. If someone intercepts the beam, the link is brok en, signaling the interception. Fibre-optic cables also have high security, as it's very difficult to splice into the cable without breaking the link. However it's theoretically possible; so for the highest security, you probably can't beat a line -of-sight laser beam. Where the transmission distance is no more than meter of so, a LED (or two for increased power) can be substituted for the laser diode. For instance, where the link is being used for educational purposes, such as demonstrating fibre -optic coupling, or the concept of communication over a light beam. Obviously the security of the transmission is much lower as LEDs transmit light in all directions. While this laser link can be adapted for use as a perimeter protector. Now to a description of how it all works. We'll start with the transmitter.
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6.1TRANSMITTER
A laser diode needs a certain value of current, called the threshold current, before it emits laser light. A further increase in this current produces a greater light output. The relationship between output power and current in a laser diode is very linear, once the current is above the threshold, giving a low distortion when the beam is amplitude modulated. Laser diodes are very fragile and will not survive electrostatic discharges and momentary surges! However, if used within specifications, the typical life of one of these lasers is around20,000 hours. In the transmitter circuit (Fig.1) the laser diode is supplied via an adjustable constant -current source. Note that the metal housing for the laser diode and the lens also acts as a heat sink. The laser di ode should not be powered without the metal housing in place. The increasing the voltage at VR1 reduces the laser current. The setting of VR1 determines the quiescent brightness of the laser beam, and therefore the overall sensitivity of the system. The electric microphone is powered through R1 and is coupled to the non inverting input of 1C1 via a capacitor. This input is held at a fixed DC voltage to give a DC output to bias.
6.2 RECEIVER
The transmitted signal is picked up by the photo detector transistor in the receiver (shown inFig.2). The output voltage of this diode is amplified by the common emitter amplifier around T4. This amplifier has a gain of 20 or so, and connects via VR2 to IC2, anLM386 basic power amplifier IC with a gain internally set to 20.This IC can drive a speaker with a resistance as low as four ohms, and 35OmW when the circuit is powered from a 9V supply. Increasing the supply voltage will increase the output power marginally.
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7. WORKING
In all of the laser communicators on this page, the laser light is amplitude modulated. This simply means that the amount of light the laser emits varies over time. To understand what is going on, it helps to consider how a loudspeaker makes sound. A loudspeaker is a paper cone attached to a coil of wire that sits in a magnetic field from a strong permanent magnet. When an electric current flows in the loudspeaker coil, the coil becomes an electromagnet, and it moves toward or away from the permanent magnet. As it moves, the paper cone pushes on the air around it, compressing the air in front of it, and expanding the air behind it. Waves of compressed and expanded air travel to your ear, and cause your eardrum to move in time to the movements of the paper cone. The laser communicator adds two components to the loudspeaker concept. We take the electrical signal that goes to the loudspeaker, and connect it instead to the laser, so the laser gets brighter and dimmer as the electric current varies. The second component is the receiver, which converts the light back into an electric current. This current varies in time with the first current, because the amount of light that it receives is varying in time. This second electric current is used to move the paper cone of a loudspeaker, just as before. However, now the loudspeaker can be quite a distance away from the original electric current, without any wires connecting the two.
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8. PCB DESIGN AND FABRICATION

8.1 PCB DESIGN
Designing of PCB is a major step in the production of PCB is a major. It forms a distinct factor in electronic performance and reliability. The productivity of a PCB, its assembly and service ability also depends on the design. The designing of a PCB consists of designing of the layout followed by the preparation of the artwork. The layout should include all the relevant aspects in details of the PCB design while the art work preparation brings it to the form required for the production process. The layout can be designed with the help of anyone of the standard layout edition software such as Eagle, Orcad or Edwin XP. Hence a concept, clearly defining all the details of the circuits and partly of the equipment, is a prerequisite and the actual layout can start. Depending on the accuracy required, the artwork might be produced a 1:1 or 2:1 even 4:1 scale. It is best prepared on a 1:1 scale.
8.2 PCB FABRICATION

PCB fabrication involves the following steps. 1. First the layout of the PCB is generated using the software ORCAD. First step involves drawing the circuit CIS which is a section of ORCAD. Then the layout is obtained using layout plus. This layout is printed on a paper. 2. This printed layout is transferred to a Mylar sheet and t ouched with black ink. 3. The solder side of the Mylar sheet is placed on the shining side of the copper board and is placed in a frame. It is than exposed to sunlight, with the Mylar sheet facing the sunlight. 4. The exposed copper board is put in hydrogen peroxide solution. It is then put in hot water; shook till unexposed region becomes transparent. 5. This is put in cold water and then the rough side is struck in to the skill screen. This is then pressed and dried well.
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6. The plastic sheet of the five - star is removed leaving the pattern on the screen. . A copper clad sheet is cut to the size and cleaned. This is then placed under the screen. . Acid resist ink is spread on the screen; So that the pattern of the tracks and pad is obtained on the copper clad sheet. It is dried. . The dried sheet is then etched using ferric chloride solution till all the unwanted copper is etched away. . The unwanted resist ink is removed using sodium hydroxide solution, holes are then drilled. . The components are soldered neatly on the b oard without dry soldering
PCB
65
32110
CLA LA
NA
DRILLING OF PCB :
Soldering
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9. COMPONENTS LAYOUT
9.1 TRANSMITTER 9.2 RECEIVER
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9 8
10. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) LAYOUT
10.1 TRANSMITTER
10.2 RECEIVER
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11. LIST OF TOOLS AND INTRUMENTS REQUIRED

Following tools and instruments are used for preparing the project
1. Soldering iron 2. Desoldering pump 3. Drill Machine 4. Multimeter 5. Filer 6. Tweezers 7. Screw driver 8. Dual power supply 9. Flux 10. Desoldering wick 11. Petrol 12. Brush 13. Soldering Wire
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12. COMPONENTS REQUIRED

12.1 TRANSMITTER SECTION:
SI.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. NAME OF T E COMPONENT Resistance (8.2 K) Resistance(1.8 M) Resistance(10k) Resistance(15k) Resistance(82) Variable resistance (1 M) Capacitor(1F)16V Capacitor(0.1F)16V Capacitor(470F)16v Capacitor(1000F)16v Condenser mic Transistor BC548 Transistor BD139 IC UA741 9v Battery 3v Laser torch
@
QUANTITY
2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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12.2 RECEIVER SECTION:

SI.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NAME OF THE COMPONENT Resistor(6.8k) Resistor(2.2k) Resistor(4.7k) Resistor(470k) Resistor(1k) Resistor(10) Variable Resistor(10k) Capacitor(0.01F)16V Capacitor(47pF)16V Capacitor(100F)16V Capacitor(1F)16V Capacitor(0.1F)16V Capacitor(10F)16V Capacitor(470F)16V Transistor BC549 Photo transistor LI4F1 IC LM386 Loud speaker 0.4W,8 9v Battery QUANTITY 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
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13. PRECAUTIONS
1. Safety instructions for lasers: Laser beams may damage the eyes severely or
may cause blindness if they radiate into the eyes directly or indirectly. Therefore the laser electronics must be installed in such a manner that radiation into the eyes will be impossible neither directly nor indirectly via marrows in the room. When using lasers with an output power higher than 1 mW, you should check about the legal regulations for prevention of accidents and be very careful. Normal laser pointers sold in shops have typically output power of 1. 5 mW (power depends on laser pointer model and what country regulations say on maximum power). This power level is normally not very hazardous, but can cause permanent dotages your eye if you stare at the beam. We should be very careful with higher power lasers and lasers on that power range that emit invisible radiation, because they can cause immediate eye damage (and very high power lasers can cause skin burns or fire).With any high power laser make sure that you have safe operating environment, necessary regulations/permissions and somebody that takes care that these legal regulations are observed. Lasers use coherent light which has very different properties to a standard lighting effect. This is wh at makes lasers one of the most beautiful forms of light, but also one of the most dangerous light sources if not used with proper cautions 2. In the transmitter schematic, no ballast resistor is shown because most small
LASER power supplies already ha ve one built in. Yours may differ, and a resistor maybe needed. 3. The receiver should be kept away from bright lights. You may put a piece of wax paper in front of photo transistor to keep the LASER from swamping it.
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14.ADVANTAGES
1. Less costly 2. Circuit can be easily constructed 3. High data rate 4. No communication licenses required. 5. The laser transmission is very secure because it has a narrow beam. 6. There are no recurring line costs. 7. Compatibility with copper or fiber interfaces and no bridge or route r requirements. 8. Lasers can also transmit through glass; however the physical properties of the glass have to be considered. 9. Narrow beam divergence 10.Laser transmitter and receiver units ensure easy, straightforward systems alignment and long -term stable, service f ree operation, especially in inaccessible environmen ts, optical wireless systems offer ideal, economical alternative to expensive leased lin es for buildings.
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17.DISADVANTAGES
1. To avoid 50Hz hum noise in the speaker, keep the phototransistor away from AC light sources such as bulbs. The reflected sunlight, however, does not cause any problem. But the sensor should not directly face the sun. 2. It can be used only for a few meters. 3. Any obstructions in the LASER path cause distortion of audio signal.
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18. PROBLEMS FACED

Although this project was successfully completed, however a few hurdles that came during the construction of the circuit were the breaking of the thin electrical wires after it had been soldered Moreover the connections with the OP-AMP chip have to be dealt with very carefully because one wrong connection may damage the whole chip. If the supply to laser is greater than it will not glow. All these things are to be taken care of, for the efficient working of the project.
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19. APPLICATIONS
1. Using this circuit we can communicate with our neighbors wirelessly 2. It can be used in inaccessible areas. 3. In future it can be commissioned in satellites for communication. 4. It can be used in conference halls.
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20. CONCLUSION
After the successful working of the project, it can be concluded that this project is suitable for easily communication. There can be further up gradations in the project which could lead to a much better system for communication. Some of the possible ways are as follows:Instead of the short range laser, high range lasers can be used which range a few hundred meters. Provisions have to be made for cases when there is no heavy traffic.
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21.REFERENCES
1. [Online] // Wikipedia. - www.wikipedia.com. 2. [Online] // circuits today. - www.circuitstoday.com. 3. [Online] // electronics schematics. - www.electroschematic.com. 4. [Online] // electronics for you. - www.efy.com. 5. LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS [Book] D.ROY CHOUDHARY SHALIN
B. JAIN
6. ELECTRONICS FOR YOU MAGAZINE [Book]. 7. ELECTRONICS DEVICE & CIRCUITS [Book] GUPTA J.B. 8. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONICS [Book]. MEHTA V.K. 9. NAVAS K.A. ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL [Book]. Vol. 1&2.
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B A
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Laser torch based audio transmitter & receiver.

LASER TORCH BASED AUDIO SIGNAL TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

FARIS K.K ROSHITH P.H SAJEER P BIJOY SANKEERTH S

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Department of electrical & electronics

Lase torc base audio trans itter & receiver.

LASER TORCH BASE AUDIO SIGNAL TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

FAR S K.K, R SH H P.H, SANKEER H S, BIJOY & SAJEER P

electrical & electr nics

(Affiliated to CUSAT & Approved by A.I.C.T.E)

HEAD O THE DEPARTMENT

Laser torch based audio transmitter & receiver.

Department of electrical & electronics

Laser torch based audio transmitter & receiver.

Department of electrical & electronics

Laser torch based audio transmitter & receiver.

Department of electrical & electronics

Laser torch based audio transmitter & receiver.

Department of electrical & electronics

Laser torch based audio transmitter & receiver.

PHOTO TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER

AUDIO FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER

Department of electrical & electronics

Laser torch based audio transmitter & receiver.

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

3.2 TRANSMITTING SECTION

3.3 LASER TORCH

Laser torch based audio transmitter & receiver.

3.4 RECEIVING SECTION

3.5 LOUD SPEAKER

Department of electrical & electronics

Laser torc based audio trans itter & receiver.

Depart ent of electrical & electronics

Laser torc based audio trans itter & receiver.

ig 5.1 symbol of op-amp

Depart ent of electrical & electronics

Laser torc based audio trans itter & receiver.

ig 5.1.1 symbol of IC741

Depart ent of electrical & electronics

Laser torc based audio trans itter & receiver.

5.1.1.1 NEGATIVE EEDBACK CONTROL

Fig 5.1.1.1. Negative feedback control circuit

the egati e feedback loop

5.2 VR (potentiometer/resistance varies/trimmer):

Depart ent of electrical & electronics

Laser torc based audio trans itter & receiver.

fig 5.3. Ceramic capacitor

They can store electric charge for later discharge.

irect current through a

5.4 DIGITAL MULTIMETER (DMM)

measurements on a digital display.

Depart ent of electrical & electronics

Laser torc based audio trans itter & receiver.

5.5 BATTERY (9 VOLT)

Fig 5.5: 9V Battery

5.6 LASER TORCH

Depart ent of electrical & electronics

Laser torc based audio trans itter & receiver.

Fig 3.7. Laser torch

5.7.1 CONDENSER MICROPHONES

5.8 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)

Laser torc based audio trans itter & receiver.

Fig. 5.9.1Phototransistor symbol.