SUBJECT: CONTROL SYSTEM

MBB 2053 ME THERMO II MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT SEMESTER MAY 2011

MAY 2011

SECTION A (To be filled by students)

Monday
PERIOD

12 - 3 11 -2
DATE

Thursday

4. 8 . 2011

EXP # & TITLE

Exp # 1 : Transducer fundamentals

TYPE GROUP

G5

SECTION B (To be filled by students) NAME R. Panjaabegesan s/o Ragupathy Syed Ehsan Ul-Haq Gilani Tey Chee Churn Teoh Chia Yang Arrianizam Muzni Mohamed Mahmoud Ashraf Mohamed Mahmoud Ashraf SECTION D (by Examiner) ITEM Abstract Objectives Theory & Procedure Data collection Results Conclusions & Discussion Report Format / Style MARKS ALLOCATED SCORE ID 13355 13408 13409 13035 13471 TIME IN TIME OUT SIGN

SECTION C
Discipline

(by Examiner)
(5%) (5%)
Quiz

REMARKS

10 10 10 20 20 20 10

TOTAL

100

* This form is to be attached in front of the In-Lab report. ** This form is to be attached in front of the raw data and to be submitted to Lab Personnel at the end of the lab session.
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SUBJECT: CONTROL SYSTEM

MAY 2011

Exp. 1: Transducer Fundamental

Abstract
This experiment report is regarding the Transducer Fundamental Experiment which is conducted on Thursday, 4 August 2011 . The purpose of the experiment is to make us , students , to be able to describe the basic operation of transducer devices, to be able to locate and describe the functions of the circuit blocks on your TRANSDUCER FUNDAMENTALS circuit board. The rst part of this report include the objective, theory and procedures of conducting the experiment using F.A.C.E.T .The readings, calculations are then discussed. Finally, discussion about the experiment and errors and conclusion are being made in the end of the report. We were able to operate the apparatus and record some ndings that reect the theoretical background of the experiment. We provide in the report a study involving arithmetic calculations aid the understanding of the theory under the safety regulation Act at 1994.

Objective(s)
* to be able to describe the basic operation of transducer devices * to be able to locate and describe the functions of the circuit blocks on your TRANSDUCER FUNDAMENTALS circuit board. * to be able to describe the basic operation of transducer devices. You will verify your results by measuring basic transducer output parameters throughout the exercises completed on the computer * to be able to control the temperature of the oven * to be able to explain and demonstrate the characteristics of the resistance temperature detector (RTD) and its application in a practical temperature measurement circuit. * to be able to explain and demonstrate typical strain gauge characteristics and the measurement of compressive and tensile strain by using the strain gauge xture on your circuit board. * to be able to explain and demonstrate the principles of ultrasonic transducers and their practical application in distance measurement.

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UNIT OBJECTIVE At the completion of this unit, you will be able to describe the basic operation of transducer SUBJECT: You will be able MAY devices. CONTROL SYSTEM to locate and describe the functions of the circuit blocks on your 2011 TRANSDUCER FUNDAMENTALS circuit board.

Theory and procedure:

UNIT FUNDAMENTALS Electronic computer and control control have become the backbone of modern industry because Electronic computer and circuits circuits have become the backbone of modern of their speed, accuracy, reliability, and cost-efficiency. and cost-efciency. industry because of their speed, accuracy, reliability, Electronic circuits can quickly process information that is introduced to the system by way Electronic circuits can quickly process information that is introduced to the system by way of input media such as as keyboards, switches, and external communications interfaces. of input media such keyboards, switches, and external communications interfaces. Output devices include displays for feedback to human operators and control circuits to Output devices include displays for feedback to human operators and control circuits to control machinery and/or and/or processes. control machineryprocesses.

Figure 1: examples of input and output electronic components

Another type of input medium is the!transducer. A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into another.
Another type of input medium is the transducer. A transducer is a device that converts There are two basic transducer types:!input transducers and output transducers. one form of energy into another.

Input transducers, which are also sometimes called!sensors, convert a physical quantity into a There are two basic transducer types: input into an electronic circuit. proportional electrical signal that can be input transducers and output transducers.
Input transducers, which are electrical signal into a physical quantity that can be detected or Output transducers convert an also sometimes called sensors, convert a physical quantity into a externally. electrical signal that can be input into an electronic circuit. used proportional Output transducers convert an electrical signal into a physical quantity that can be detected or used externally.
Transducer Fundamentals Unit 1 Familiarization

INPUT TRANSDUCERS heat, pressure, force, velocity acceleration, displacement, humidity, light, sound, motion

OUTPUT TRANSDUCERS light, sound, vibration, heat

! The left side of this table2: shows a table of of the physical quantities that input transducers Figure shows examples examples for input and output transducers convert into electrical signals. The right side shows physical quantities that output transducers convert electrical signals into.
The left can find this table shows examples of the physical quantities that input transducers You side of many examples of transducers in everyday life. The thermostat in your home has convert intotransducer that senses room temperature andphysical quantities that output an input electrical signals. The right side shows is used to control heating and air transducers convert electrical signals into. conditioning. YouManynd many examples of with photosensors that are used The thermostat on your home can streetlights are equipped transducers in everyday life. to turn the lights in when the sun hasgoesinput transducer that senses room temperature and is used to control heating and an down. air conditioning. A speaker is an output transducer that converts electrical signals into sound energy.
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In Exercise 1 of this Unit, you will learn the fundamental operation of transducer devices. You will apply this knowledge by measuring basic transducer parameters on your TRANSDUCER

SUBJECT: CONTROL SYSTEM

MAY 2011

Many streetlights are equipped with photosensors that are used to turn the lights on when the sun goes down. A speaker is an output transducer that converts electrical signals into sound energy. We were able to be introduced to new terms such as: transducer - a device that converts one form of energy into another. temperature coefcient - a factor used to calculate the change in the characteristics of a device with changes in its temperature. positive temperature coefcient - a temperature coefcient that indicates that a device's output parameter increases as temperature increases. negative temperature coefcient - a temperature coefcient that indicates that a device's output parameter decreases as temperature increases. sensors - input transducers that detect non-electrical physical quantities. input transducers - transducers that convert a non-electrical physical quantity into a proportional electrical signal. output transducers - transducers that convert an electrical output signal into a nonelectrical physical quantity. The procedure is Run Unit 1 ( Familiarization) on the F.A.C.E.T . Computer-based laboratory

Apparatus:
1. F.A.C.E.T base unit. 2.Computer-based laboratory, transducer fundamentals circuit board 3. Power supply 4. Multimeter 5. Oscilloscope, dual trace

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SUBJECT: CONTROL SYSTEM

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Data collection & Result Calculation:

1.record the voltage across Vr1 = 314 mV 2.Calculate the current out of the IC transducer, IT = 314 A 3. Record the thermistors resistance at 40 , RTH = 5200 4.Record the RTD resistance at 40 , RRTD = 1140 5.Measure the strain gauge resistance, R ccw = 119 6. Measure the strain gauge resistance, R cw = 118 7.What output voltage would you expect at 40, Vo = 5000 mV 8.Measure Vo =4.9 V 9.Measure the output voltage at 45 , Vo =7 5000 V 10.What voltage you should read at IA OUT= 7.5 V 11.Measure the instrumentation amplier output, IA OUT= 7.8 V Formulae used: OHMS LAW : V= IR

N.B Mostly the results are observations recorded from the oscilloscope meter. Therefore, the calculation section is not just much

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SUBJECT: CONTROL SYSTEM

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Conclusion and discussion:

Different input transducers have different electrical outputs. For example, the thermocouple produces an output voltage; the IC temperature transducer produces an output current, and the thermistor produces an output resistance. The CAPACITANCE SENSOR circuit block uses a transducer that produces an output that is a change in capacitance. The transducer output can be measured directly or fed into additional circuitry to perform one or more of these functions: amplify the signal scale the signal convert the signal convert the measuring units

Another consideration in the selection and use of transducers includes the linearity of the response and whether the output parameter increases or decreases with respect to the Transducer Fundamentals Unit 10 Computer input parameter. There are eight different types of transducers on the TRANSDUCER FUNDAMENTALS circuit board. They are: IC TRANSDUCER THERMISTOR RTD THERMOCOUPLE STRAIN GAUGE CAPACITANCE SENSOR ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER INFRARED CONTROLLER

Figure 3: shows three quad fundamental circuit board This figure shows the locations of the the transduceranalog switch ICs on your c

There are three auxiliary circuit blocks which are used in the operation of the transducer circuitry. These auxiliary blocks are: REFERENCE SUPPLY INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER OVEN The REFERENCE SUPPLY converts the + and 15 V dc from the F.A.C.E.T. base unit to a regulated reference voltage of + and 5 Vdc, and + and 0.5 Vdc.

The INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER is used to amplify the output of the transducer This is a partial block diagram of the computer interface on the F.A.C.E.T. 32 circuits.

MICROPROCESSOR circuit board. Connector JP6 in the PARALLEL PORT contains the signals used to interface to the TRANSDUCER FUNDAMENTA

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In addition to the DAC output and ADC input, several digital output signals a from a parallel port on the programmable peripheral interface (PPI).

SUBJECT: CONTROL SYSTEM

MAY 2011

The INSTRUMENTATION Amplier's gain can be selected using a DIP switch. There are four gain settings. The INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER circuit block has jacks that can be used as test points and/or making connections. Three jacks are on the input side. The OVEN consists of eight resistors that are wired in series forming a heating element. The oven components are enclosed in a clear plastic sealed cover to create a controlled air space for experiments. The IC TRANSDUCER, THERMISTOR, THERMOCOUPLE, and RTD are located inside the oven. These are temperature transducers sense heat to produce an output parameter. Temperature measurement circuits require calibration for precise operation. Transducers have different properties and characteristics that are used to determine their suitability to particular applications. Examples include: output type, operating range, linearity, stability, and cost. The STRAIN GAUGE circuit block has a transducer mounted to a thin metal beam in a xture. A strain gauge measures the strain on the surface of the object to which it is attached. Transducers can be used as touch sensors, proximity detectors, position sensors, and displacement measuring devices. The CAPACITANCE SENSOR circuit block is used to illustrate these applications. The capacitance sensor converts mechanical motion into an electrical signal. It consists of a xed and movable plate. The xed plate is solid copper which is etched onto the circuit board. The movable plates position is indicated by the scale located on the left guide; the scale is in centimeters. The ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER circuit block has separate TRANSMITTER and RECEIVER sections. There is an ultrasonic transducer on each section. Ultrasonic transducers can be used to measure distance. The INFRARED CONTROLLER circuit block uses infrared light to send and receive digital codes. Familiar applications of infrared sensors are in wireless remote control of TVs, VCRs, and stereos. The INFRARED CONTROLLER circuit block has separate RECEIVER and TRANSMITTER sections. A 4-bit binary code can be set using the DIP switches located on the TRANSMITTER section. This parallel data is converted into serial data and is transmitted by an infrared LED. The RECEIVER section has an infrared-sensitive transducer that detects the transmitted signals. The boards circuitry performs the conversion of the data and displays it on a group of four LEDs.
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Reference: Industrial Electronics: Transducer fundamentals. Student Workbook. Fourth edition (2003) .ISBN 0-86657-289-9 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS: MBB2094 CONTROL SYSTEM LABORATORY STUDENT WORKBOOK. TRANSDUCER FUNDAMENTALS. MAY 2011

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