WSDownload 7

Epoxy Pipe Systems
Title:
Engineering Guide for
Wavistrong filament wound
epoxy pipe systems
Date issued:
01-08-2001
Replaces issue of:
01-11-1997
REP 348/Rev 2/1000
Wavistrong
Engineering Guide
ES/EW/CS System
All information was correct at the time of going to press. However, we reserve the right to alter, amend
and update any products, systems and services described in this brochure. We accept no responsibility
for the interpretation of statements made.
Copyright by Future Pipe Industries B.V.
No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means
without written permission from the publisher.
Wavistrong Engineering Guide

II
Table of Contents
Section
Page
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. Wavistrong information . . . . . . . . . . .
II.1.
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II.2.
Serial identification . . . . . . . . .
II.3.
Winding angle . . . . . . . . . . . .
II.4.
Joining systems . . . . . . . . . . .
II.4.1. Tensile resistant joints . . . . . .
II.4.2. Non-tensile resistant joints . . .
II.5.
System data . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II.5.1. Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II.5.2. Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II.5.3. Combined stresses . . . . . . . .
II.6.
Head loss in pipes and fittings
II.6.1. Wavistrong pipes . . . . . . . . . .
II.6.2. Wavistrong fittings . . . . . . . . .
II.7.
Wavistrong pipe properties . . .
II.8.
Bending radius . . . . . . . . . . .
II.9.
Fluid (water) hammer . . . . . . .
II.10. Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II.11. Buckling pressure . . . . . . . . .
II.12. Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
11
12
16
16
16
20
22
26
31
36
39
III. Wavistrong above ground pipe systems

III.1. Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III.2. Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III.3. Clamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III.4. Support distance . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III.4.1. Single span length . . . . . . . . . . . .
III.4.2. Continuous span length . . . . . . . .
III.5. Corrected support distance . . . . . .
III.6. Anchor points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III.7. Anchor loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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40
40
40
40
41
41
43
45
51
51
IV. Wavistrong underground pipe systems . . . . .

IV.1. Design and joining systems . . . . . . . . .
IV.2. Anchor points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV.3. Calculation of underground pipe systems
IV.3.1. Pipe deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV.3.2. Deflection lag factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV.3.3. Deflection coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV.3.4. Vertical soil load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV.3.5. Live load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV.3.5.1. Live load coefficient single wheel load .
IV.3.5.2. Live load coefficient two passing trucks
IV.3.6. Pipe stiffness factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV.3.7. Modulus of soil reaction . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV.4. Resulting hoop stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV.5. Allowable combined stress . . . . . . . . . .
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54
54
54
54
55
56
56
57
57
58
58
59
59
60
62

III
Appendix I
: List of symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Appendix II
: Conversion tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Appendix III
: Conversion graph psi vs bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Appendix IV
: Conversion graph C vs F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Appendix V
: Examples combined stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

IV
I. Introduction
This Wavistrong Engineering Guide provides information for the design, specification and installation
of Wavistrong glass fibre reinforced epoxy pipe systems in the diameter range from 25 mm up to and
including 1600 mm, for above ground and underground applications. For detailed specification, installation
information and standard products reference is made to the Wavistrong System Specifications, the Wavistrong
Installation Manual and the Wavistrong Product List. Beyond others, this information can be obtained
at www.futurepipe.com.
All conventional methods of calculating stresses in the pipe wall, resulting from internal and external
loads, are applicable to the Wavistrong pipe system. The occurring stresses in the structural laminate
have to be combined to an equivalent stress and compared with the allowable value of this stress. The
allowable equivalent stress has been determined using the Continuum Theory .
The engineering of piping systems is complicated and can be simplified with the aid of calculation programs.
As a help for the piping engineer, Future Pipe Industries developed computer programs for the calculation
of stresses, strains and deformations for underground and above ground applications.
On request, computer runs can be made for the calculation of stresses and deformations in a specific
underground piping system in accordance with ANSI/AWWA C950 or ATV A 127.
For rigid above ground applications pipe stress analysis can be made with the aid of a computerized
flexibility programs.
Although our Engineering Department is able to support the pipe system design with individual calculations
as described above, Future Pipe Industries will not act as "designer" as described in ASME B31.3, chapter
1, paragraph 300 (b) (2).
The design of a pipeline system using Wavistrong products means a construction with pipes as well
as fittings.
All elements of the system are designed such that the performance requirements of the pipeline is valid
for each element of the Wavistrong system.
The choice for one of the possible joining systems will be considered in design stage. Together with
our engineers we can advise an optimal solution.
Because of its benefits, the possibility of using prefabricated pipeline sections (spools), should be considered
in design stage of the piping system.
The advantage of using spools can be found in the reduced amount of joints to be made in the field,
the shorter assembly dimensions, the narrow tolerances and the shortest installation time.
With the knowledge of the system requirements for a pipeline system several questions have to be answered
to come to a successful operating pipeline.
Besides technical discussions these questions are answered in our technical literature. The different
subjects for discussion referring to the relevant information are given in the following diagram (fig. I.1.,
page 2).
If product information is not covered by this guide, our engineers will be pleased to assist and inform
you about typical design possibilities and latest improvements of Wavistrong.
"Zur Beanspruchung und Verformung von GfK Mehrschichten Verbunden", A. Puck, Kunststoffe-57, Teil 1-II, 1967. Heft
4-7-12.

1
Fig. I.1. Product information

2
II. Wavistrong information

II.1. General
Wavistrong piping systems are manufactured from glass fibres, impregnated with an aromatic- or cyclo
aliphatic amine cured epoxy resin.
This thermosetting resin system possesses superior corrosion resistance, together with excellent mechanical,
physical and thermal properties.
The glass fibre reinforced epoxy resin piping system resists the corrosive effects of mixtures of low
concentrations of acids, neutral or near-neutral salts, solvents and caustics, both under internal and external
loads at temperatures up to 110C.
The helically wound continuous glass fibres of the reinforced (structural) wall of the pipes and the fittings
are protected on the inner side by the resin-rich reinforced liner and on the outer side by the resin topcoat.
II.2. Serial identification

The serial identification consists of two parts, namely:
A. Type identification
The type of product is identified by three alphabetic characters
1. Type of matrix:
E stands for epoxy resin

C stands for electrical conductive epoxy resin
2. Type of application:
S stands for standard

W stands for potable water
3. Type of joint:
T stands for tensile resistant

N stands for non-tensile resistant
B. Pressure class
This figure indicates the maximum allowable internal pressure (bar) that the product can resist for
a life time of 50 years, with a service (design) factor (Sf) of 0.5, which implies a safety factor of 2.
Example: Serie EST 20 means:
Note:
Epoxy resin
Standard application
Tensile resistant joining system
Nominal pressure 20 bar.
The data in this Engineering Guide for series EST are also valid for series EWT and CST.
The data in this Engineering Guide for series ESN are also valid for series EWN and CSN.
For the design of the pipe it has been assumed that for the tensile resistant types of joints (identification
T) the ratio R =
= 0.5, and for non-tensile resistant types of joints (identification N) the
ratio R = 0.25.

3
II.3. Winding angle

Depending on the loading of the system and the pressure class, the continuous glass fibre reinforcement
is helically wound under a predetermined angle with the axis of the pipe. For the different systems the
winding angle (? ) is given in table II-a.
Table II-a. Winding angle ? (degrees)
Pressure class (bar)
Series
EST
10
63
ESN
12.5
16
20
25
32
40
50
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
63
63
63
63
73
For some applications it can be of advantage to use a different winding angle (? ) in order to obtain specific
product characteristics.
II.4. Joining systems

The Wavistrong joining systems can be divided into two major groups:
A.
Tensile resistant type of joints.

These joints can take the full axial load due to internal pressure.
B.
Non-tensile resistant type of joints.

The axial forces in the system have to be taken by external provisions on the pipeline.
II.4.1. Tensile resistant joints

A. Adhesive bonded conical/cylindrical joint (CJ)
The Wavistrong adhesive bonded conical/cylindrical joint is a rigid
type of joining. The joint consists of a slightly conical socket end and
a cylindrical spigot end. The socket end is provided with a pipe stop
for accurate assembly dimensions. The adhesive is a two component
epoxy resin system, packed in separate containers.
Fig. II.1. CJ
B. Adhesive bonded taper/taper joint (TJ)

The Wavistrong adhesive bonded taper/taper joint is a rigid type of
joining. The joint consists of a conical socket and a spigot end. The
adhesive is a two component epoxy resin system, packed in separate
containers.
Fig. II.2. TJ
C. Rubber seal lock joint (RSLJ)
This type of joint consists of an integral filament wound socket end
and a machined spigot end. The O-ring seal is positioned on the spigot
end. The locking device is inserted through an opening in the socket
end. It fits in a circumferential groove on the inner side of the socket
end and rests against a shoulder on the spigot end. The Wavistrong
rubber seal lock joint allows for some axial movement as well as a
certain angular deflection (table III-g., page 53).

4
Fig. II.3. RSLJ
D. Laminated joint (LJ)

Generally these joints will only be used for diameters
over 400 mm. The preparation of this rigid joint requires
good craftsmanship; it is recommended that Future Pipe
Industries provides assistance during installation.
E. Flanged joint (FJ)
Fig. II.4. LJ
To enable connections with steel piping and to allow

for easy assembling and disassembling of process lines,
Wavistrong pipes and fittings can be supplied with
flanges, drilled in accordance with ANSI, DIN or other
specifications. Special requirements can be met upon
request.
Glass fibre reinforced epoxy flanges are always flat faced
and in view of this, matching flanges should also be flat
faced. The flanged joint is completed by using a gasket.
Fig. II.5. FJ
II.4.2. Non-tensile resistant joints
A. Rubber seal joint (RSJ)

The socket end of this joint is an integral filament wound
part of the pipe. The spigot end is a machined part on
which the O-ring seal is positioned. This flexible joint
allows for axial movement of the spigot in the socket
and some angular deflection (table III-g., page 53).
B. Mechanical coupler (MC)
Fig. II.6. RSJ
The mechanical coupler normally consists of a metal casing and a rubber seal. These couplers are available
in different types and are mostly non-thrust resistant. In those joints the sealing is obtained on the (machined)
surface of plain-ended pipes. The maximum allowable pressure depends on the type of coupler.
II.5. System data

II.5.1. Pipes
In sections III. and IV. tables for the mechanical behaviour of the standard pipe series are listed. For
the determination of this behaviour, or in case these data cannot be used and separate calculations
are required, the pipe data from table II-b. through II-d. (page 8 through 11) and fig. II.7. (page 13 through
15) provide the necessary information. Table II-b. through II-d. give the following pipe data for the series
EST and ESN:

5
A. Minimum reinforced wall thickness (T E)

The minimum reinforced wall thickness is calculated with the ISO-formula:
(Eq. II.1.)
Where:
TE = minimum reinforced wall thickness
ID = inner diameter
SH = allowable hoop stress (HDS)(table II-h., page 20)
PN = nominal pressure
Note: TW
(mm)
(mm)
(N/mm)
(Mpa)
= total wall thickness (mm)
TW
= TE + TL + TC
Where:
TL = liner thickness = 0.5 mm
TC = topcoat thickness = 0.3 mm
For process reasons the real wall thickness may be greater than the theoretically calculated minimum value.
B. Mass of the pipe (G B)

The mass of the pipe is calculated as follows:
(Eq. II.2.)
Where:
GB = linear mass of the pipe
OD = outer diameter
ID = inner diameter
SL = specific gravity of the laminate (table II-l., page 21)
Note: OD
(kg/m)
(mm)
(mm)
(kg/m3)
= ID + 2 * TW
C. Structural wall area (A)

The structural wall area is calculated from:
(Eq. II.3.)
Where:
A
= structural wall area
DO = structural outer diameter
DI = structural inner diameter
Note: DO
DI
= ID + 2 * (TL + TE)
= ID + 2 * TL

6
(mm2)
(mm)
(mm)
D. Linear moment of inertia (I Z)

The linear moment of inertia is obtained from the following formula:
(Eq. II.4.)
Where:
IZ
= linear moment of inertia
(mm4)
(mm)
(mm)
E. Radius of inertia (I R)
The radius of inertia is calculated from the following equation:
(Eq. II.5.)
Where:
IR = radius of inertia
IZ
= linear moment of inertia (Eq. II.4.)
A
= structural wall area (Eq. II.3.)
(mm)
(mm4)
(mm2)
F. Bore area (A B)
The bore area of the pipe is:
(Eq. II.6.)
Where:
AB = bore area
ID = inner diameter
(mm2)
(mm)
G. Moment of resistance to bending (W B)

For the calculation of the moment of resistance to bending the following formula is used:
(Eq. II.7.)
Where:
WB = moment of resistance to bending
Note:
Where:
WW = moment of resistance to torsion (mm3)

7
(mm3)
(mm)
(mm)
H. Mass of the pipe content (G V)

The values in table II-d. (page 11) have been calculated with the following equation:
(Eq. II.8.)
Where:
GV = linear mass of the pipe content
ID = inner diameter
SV = specific gravity of the fluid
(kg/m)
(mm)
(kg/m3)
Table II-b. Pipe data for series EST

Series
Inner
diameter
ID
EST 8
EST 12.5
EST 16
EST 20
(mm)
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
Reinforced
wall
thickness
TE
(mm)
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.8
5.6
6.0
6.5
7.3
8.1
9.7
11.3
12.9
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.1
6.1
7.1
7.6
8.1
9.1
10.1
2.5
3.2
3.8
4.4
5.1
5.7
6.3
7.6
8.9
9.5
10.1
2.4
3.3
4.1
4.9
5.7
6.5
7.3
8.1
9.8
Linear
mass of
the pipe
GB
(kg/m)
7.4
9.4
11.6
14.1
19.7
26.3
29.9
34.3
42.8
52.2
73.9
99.3
128.5
4.9
6.7
8.9
11.3
14.0
17.3
24.3
32.5
37.0
41.8
52.4
64.0
3.9
5.9
8.1
10.7
13.9
17.2
20.9
29.7
40.0
45.5
51.4
2.8
4.9
7.3
10.1
13.5
17.3
21.6
26.3
37.6
Structural wall
area
Linear
moment of
inertia
Radius of
inertia
Bore area
Moment of
resistance to
bending
IZ
IR
AB
WB
*102 (mm2)
31.1
40.6
51.4
63.5
91.4
124.3
142.7
164.9
208.3
256.8
368.9
501.4
654.1
19.9
28.7
39.0
50.9
64.4
81.1
116.3
157.9
181.1
205.9
260.2
320.8
16.0
25.6
36.4
49.1
65.1
81.8
100.4
145.3
198.5
227.0
257.4
11.6
21.2
32.9
47.1
63.9
83.2
105.1
129.6
188.1
*104 (mm4)
4869.9
8299.0
13282.4
20231.2
41909.9
77588.3
102217.7
134409.2
214831.9
326870.3
676034.9
1250106.5
2129645.0
1599.5
3310.1
6123.8
10435.8
16702.4
25964.7
53606.1
99002.4
130303.3
168498.1
269409.0
410021.8
827.5
2064.5
4226.3
7757.7
13415.2
21325.3
32304.4
67287.9
125057.5
164115.2
211676.1
340.3
1105.3
2673.5
5509.4
10161.4
17276.9
27602.1
41982.1
87719.2
*10 (mm)
12.5
14.3
16.1
17.9
21.4
25.0
26.8
28.6
32.1
35.7
42.8
49.9
57.1
9.0
10.7
12.5
14.3
16.1
17.9
21.5
25.0
26.8
28.6
32.2
35.7
7.2
9.0
10.8
12.6
14.4
16.1
17.9
21.5
25.1
26.9
28.7
5.4
7.2
9.0
10.8
12.6
14.4
16.2
18.0
21.6
*102 (mm2)
962.1
1256.6
1590.4
1963.5
2827.4
3848.5
4417.9
5026.5
6361.7
7854.0
11309.7
15393.8
20106.2
490.9
706.9
962.1
1256.6
1590.4
1963.5
2827.4
3848.5
4417.9
5026.5
6361.7
7854.0
314.2
490.9
706.9
962.1
1256.6
1590.4
1963.5
2827.4
3848.5
4417.9
5026.5
176.7
314.2
490.9
706.9
962.1
1256.6
1590.4
1963.5
2827.4
*103 (mm3)
273.1
407.4
579.8
794.9
1372.7
2178.8
2679.4
3302.4
4692.7
6426.9
11078.9
17562.6
26182.0
125.0
215.6
342.1
510.3
726.2
1015.8
1748.4
2768.5
3401.3
4123.8
5861.8
8030.2
80.3
160.4
273.9
431.2
652.5
922.4
1258.0
2184.0
3479.6
4262.7
5155.3
43.7
106.5
206.3
354.5
560.8
834.6
1185.7
1623.4
2826.9
(continued)

8
Table II-b. Pipe data for series EST (continuation)

Series
Inner
diameter
ID
EST 25
EST 32
EST 40
EST 50
(mm)
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Reinforced
wall
thickness
TE
(mm)
2.4
3.1
4.1
5.1
6.1
7.1
8.2
9.2
10.2
12.2
2.4
2.6
3.8
5.1
6.4
7.7
9.0
10.3
1.8
2.6
3.3
5.0
6.6
8.3
9.9
11.6
13.2
1.8
1.8
2.1
3.3
4.2
6.3
8.3
10.4
12.5
14.6
16.7
Linear
mass of
the pipe
GB
(kg/m)
1.9
3.5
5.8
8.8
12.3
16.4
21.4
26.7
32.7
46.3
1.5
2.0
4.1
7.1
10.8
15.2
20.5
26.5
0.8
1.6
2.5
5.3
8.9
13.7
19.3
26.1
33.7
0.4
0.6
0.9
2.0
3.1
6.5
11.1
17.0
24.2
32.7
42.5
Structural wall
Linear moarea
ment of inertia
Radius of
inertia
Bore area
Moment of
resistance to
bending
IZ
IR
AB
WB
*102 (mm2)
7.8
15.0
26.4
41.0
58.9
79.9
105.4
133.0
163.8
235.0
6.3
8.5
18.5
33.0
51.8
74.7
101.8
133.1
3.0
6.8
10.8
24.5
43.0
67.6
96.7
132.1
171.8
1.6
2.4
3.5
8.7
13.9
31.1
54.6
85.4
123.1
167.7
219.1
*104 (mm4)
104.2
445.7
1389.7
3365.4
6940.7
12808.6
22072.7
35225.8
53531.0
110509.1
54.7
113.6
553.9
1754.4
4288.8
8900.8
16499.9
28160.8
10.4
59.7
147.2
746.2
2321.3
5688.4
11694.9
21737.3
36872.7
1.5
5.6
12.4
77.8
192.3
964.5
2993.1
7306.3
15148.6
28062.3
47870.0
*10 (mm)
3.7
5.4
7.3
9.1
10.9
12.7
14.5
16.3
18.1
21.7
2.9
3.7
5.5
7.3
9.1
10.9
12.7
14.7
1.9
3.0
3.7
5.5
7.3
9.2
11.0
12.8
14.7
1.0
1.5
1.9
3.0
3.7
5.6
7.4
9.2
11.1
12.9
14.8
*102 (mm2)
78.5
176.7
314.2
490.9
706.9
962.1
1256.6
1590.4
1963.5
2827.4
50.3
78.5
176.7
314.2
490.9
706.9
962.1
1256.6
19.6
50.3
78.5
176.7
314.2
490.9
706.9
962.1
1256.6
4.9
12.6
19.6
50.3
78.5
176.7
314.2
490.9
706.9
962.1
1256.6
*103 (mm3)
19.7
56.7
132.9
257.7
443.2
701.5
1057.6
1500.9
2053.4
3534.0
12.8
21.4
69.8
166.1
325.2
562.6
894.3
1335.9
3.8
13.9
27.4
92.7
216.7
425.1
729.1
1161.9
1725.4
1.0
2.5
4.5
17.8
35.2
117.9
275.1
537.6
929.4
1476.2
2204.0

9
Table II-c. Pipe data for series ESN

Series
ESN10
ESN 16
ESN 20
ESN25
ESN 32
Inner
diameter
Reinforced
wall
thickness
Linear
mass of
the pipe
ID
TE
GB
(mm)
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
80
100
150
200
250
300
(mm)
3.3
3.6
4.3
5.1
5.4
5.8
6.5
7.2
8.6
10.0
11.5
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.8
5.6
6.0
6.5
2.4
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.1
6.1
2.5
3.2
3.8
4.4
5.1
5.7
6.3
7.6
2.4
2.4
2.4
3.3
4.1
4.9
(kg/m)
10.8
12.9
17.9
24.2
27.2
30.9
38.5
46.9
66.1
88.6
115.3
7.4
9.4
11.6
14.1
19.7
26.3
29.9
34.3
3.8
4.9
6.7
8.9
11.3
14.0
17.3
24.3
3.9
5.9
8.1
10.7
13.9
17.2
20.9
29.7
1.5
1.9
2.8
4.9
7.3
10.1
Structural
wall
area
Linear moment of
inertia
Radius of
inertia
IZ
IR
A
2
*10 (mm )
47.1
57.1
81.8
113.1
128.3
147.0
185.3
228.0
326.8
443.3
582.6
31.1
40.6
51.4
63.5
91.4
124.3
142.7
164.9
15.3
19.9
28.7
39.0
50.9
64.4
81.1
116.3
16.0
25.6
36.4
49.1
65.1
81.8
100.4
145.3
6.3
7.8
11.6
21.2
32.9
47.1
*10 (mm )
12151.4
18164.6
37450.9
70510.1
91776.3
119621.2
190781.1
289770.8
597730.8
1103221.6
1893559.6
4869.9
8299.0
13282.4
20231.2
41909.9
77588.3
102217.7
134409.2
793.2
1599.5
3310.1
6123.8
10435.8
16702.4
25964.7
53606.1
827.5
2064.5
4226.3
7757.7
13415.2
21325.3
32304.4
67287.9
54.7
104.2
340.3
1105.3
2673.5
5509.4
*10 (mm)
16.1
17.8
21.4
25.0
26.7
28.5
32.1
35.6
42.8
49.9
57.0
12.5
14.3
16.1
17.9
21.4
25.0
26.8
28.6
7.2
9.0
10.7
12.5
14.3
16.1
17.9
21.5
7.2
9.0
10.8
12.6
14.4
16.1
17.9
21.5
2.9
3.7
5.4
7.2
9.0
10.8

10
Bore area
AB
2
Moment of
resistance to
bending4
WB
*10 (mm )
1590.4
1963.5
2827.4
3848.5
4417.9
5026.5
6361.7
7854.0
11309.7
15393.8
20106.2
962.1
1256.6
1590.4
1963.5
2827.4
3848.5
4417.9
5026.5
314.2
490.9
706.9
962.1
1256.6
1590.4
1963.5
2827.4
314.2
490.9
706.9
962.1
1256.6
1590.4
1963.5
2827.4
50.3
78.5
176.7
314.2
490.9
706.9
*10 (mm3)
531.1
714.9
1228.7
1982.8
2409.5
2944.2
4174.6
5707.5
9813.3
15527.4
23319.7
273.1
407.4
579.8
794.9
1372.7
2178.8
2679.4
3302.4
77.1
125.0
215.6
342.1
510.3
726.2
1015.8
1748.4
80.3
160.4
273.9
431.2
652.5
922.4
1258.0
2184.0
12.8
19.7
43.7
106.5
206.3
354.5
Table II-d. Linear mass of the pipe content G V (kg/m)

Specific gravity of the fluid SV (kg/m3)
ID
25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
800
0.4
1.0
1.6
4.0
6.3
14.1
25.1
39.3
56.5
77.0
100.5
127.2
157.1
226.2
307.9
353.4
402.1
508.9
628.3
904.8
1231.5
1608.5
1000
0.5
1.3
2.0
5.0
7.9
17.7
31.4
49.1
70.7
96.2
125.7
159.0
196.3
282.7
384.8
441.8
502.7
636.2
785.4
1131.0
1539.4
2010.6
1200
0.6
1.5
2.4
6.0
9.4
21.2
37.7
58.9
84.8
115.5
150.8
190.9
235.6
339.3
461.8
530.1
603.2
763.4
942.5
1357.2
1847.3
2412.7
1400
0.7
1.8
2.7
7.0
11.0
24.7
44.0
68.7
99.0
134.7
175.9
222.7
274.9
395.8
538.8
618.5
703.7
890.6
1099.6
1583.4
2155.1
2814.9
1600
0.8
2.0
3.1
8.0
12.6
28.3
50.3
78.5
113.1
153.9
201.1
254.5
314.2
452.4
615.8
706.9
804.2
1017.9
1256.6
1809.6
2463.0
3217.0
1800
0.9
2.3
3.5
9.0
14.1
31.8
56.5
88.4
127.2
173.2
226.2
286.3
353.4
508.9
692.7
795.2
904.8
1145.1
1413.7
2035.8
2770.9
3619.1
2000
1.0
2.5
3.9
10.1
15.7
35.3
62.8
98.2
141.4
192.4
251.3
318.1
392.7
565.5
769.7
883.6
1005.3
1272.3
1570.8
2261.9
3078.8
4021.2
II.5.2. Fittings
The minimum reinforced wall thickness (TE) of fittings is related to the minimum reinforced wall thickness
(TE) of pipes by the ratio allowable hoop stress (SH) of pipes divided by the allowable hoop stress (SH)
of fittings.
The allowable hoop stress (SH) for pipes is given in table II-h. (page 20), being the Hydrostatic Design
Stress (HDS). For fittings the allowable hoop stress is as follows:
- tee/lateral/reducer:
- elbow/double socket:
Note:
SH = 32 N/mm
SH = 40 N/mm
Fittings are only available in the series EST, EWT and CST. A non-tensile resistant pipe system can be designed as a
combination of non-tensile resistant pipes with tensile resistant fittings.

11
Table II-e. Available standard Wavistrong systems.

Pressure
class
25-40
(bar)
8
Inner diameter (mm)

50
80
100
150
200 250-300 350-400 450-600 700-800 900-1000 1200-1400 1600

1
3
2
3
4
1
3
1
3
4
1
3
4
1
3
4
2
2
3
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
10
12.5
16
20
1
3
25
32
40
1
3
4
2
50
Note 1
2
3
4
5
6
CJ
TJ
RSLJ
RSJ
LJ
FJ
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
4
1
3
4
1
3
4
2
2
1
3
1
3
1
3
4
2
1
3
4
2
1
3
4
1
3
4
1
3
4
2
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
2
2
Conical/Cylindrical Adhesive bonded Joint

Taper/Taper Adhesive bonded Joint
Rubber Seal Lock Joint
Rubber Seal Joint
Laminated Joint
Flanged Joint
Mechanical couplers on request.

= See higher pressure class
Other systems are available on request.
II.5.3. Combined stresses
Fig. II.7-a. through II.7-c. (page 13 through 15) give the allowable axial (longitudinal) and hoop
(circumferential) stress for pipes, wound under winding angles of 55, 63 or 73, in combination with
shear stress (? ).
The equivalent stress (Seq), calculated with the use of the continuum theory and related to the Hydrostatic
Design Stress (HDS), for the different pipes = 19.3 N/mm. For this case the maximum service (design)
factor referred to in ASTM D 2992, (Sf) = 0.5.
The maximum equivalent stress (Seq(max)) for combined stresses in the pipe wall, due to the hydrostatic
load plus external mechanical loads = 24.5 N/mm. For combined stress situations the maximum service
(design) factor (Sf) = 0.67.
For examples of the use of fig. II.7. see Appendix V.
Available for all diameter/pressure class combinations marked with 1, 2, 3 or 4.

"Zur Beanspruchung und Verformung von GfK Mehrschichten Verbunden", A. Puck, Kunststoffe-57, Teil 1-II, 1967. Heft
4-7-12.

12
Fig. II.7-a. Pipes, winding angle ? = 55

13
Fig. II.7-b. Pipes, winding angle ? = 63

14
Fig. II.7-c. Pipes, winding angle ? = 73

15
II.6. Head loss in pipes and fittings

II.6.1. Wavistrong pipes
Wavistrong pipe systems have a relatively low head loss due to their smooth inner surface. The head
losses have been determined by using the Darcy Weisbach formula.
The friction coefficients for the pipeline system are determined by the Colebrook-White method with a
wall roughness k = 0.05 mm, including head loss over the joints.
This approximates a Hazen-Williams coefficient of 150. For the pipes and fittings as such the wall roughness
k = 0.01 to 0.02 mm.
Head loss flow charts for pipes are shown in fig. II.8. and II.9. (page 18 and 19). These figures give the
head loss for the pipeline system in metre water column per metre pipe length for water at 10C.
At higher operating temperatures the kinematic viscosity of water decreases, resulting in lower head
losses.
II.6.2. Wavistrong fittings
The head loss in fittings can be calculated from the following formula:
(Eq. II.9.)
Where:
? Hfitting
?
SV
v
=
=
=
=
head loss in the fitting

friction coefficient
specific gravity of the fluid
flow velocity
(N/m)
(-)
(kg/m3)
(m/s)
The friction coefficient (? ) for elbows and tees is given in table II-f. and II-g. (page 17). The head loss
in fittings can be expressed in an equivalent pipe length (LEQ) when using the head loss of pipes from
fig. II.8. and II.9. (page 18 and 19).
(Eq. II.10.)
Where:
LEQ
? Hfitting
? Hpipe
g
=
=
=
=
equivalent pipe length

head loss in the pipe (fig. II.8. and II.9., page 18 and 19)
acceleration due to gravity

16
(m)
(N/m)
(m.w.c./m)
(m/s)
Table II-f. Friction coefficient ? (-) for elbows
2230'
45
90
0.07
0.24
0.11
0.16
0.30
Elbows ID ? 450 mm are mitered.

For all standard elbows the radius R = 1.5 * ID
Note:
Table II-g. Friction coefficient ? (-) for tees and laterals

Flow separation
Flow combination
Flow
combination
Flow separation
?d
?d
?d
?d
1
0.58
0.35
0.04
0.25
0
0.95
1.30
1
0.04
0.20
0
-1.20
-0.70
-1.00
0.04
0
0
0.90
1.00
2.00
0.04
0
0
-0.92
-1.00
-1.00
0.2
1
0.58
0.35
-0.08
-0.20
0
0.88
1.55
3.00
0.17
0.45
0
-0.40
0.20
2.00
-0.06
-0.15
-0.10
0.68
0.45
2.00
0.17
0.10
0
-0.38
-0.10
2.00
0.4
1
0.58
0.35
-0.05
-0.10
0
0.89
2.40
9.00
0.30
0.75
0
0.08
1.30
12.00
-0.04
0
0
0.50
0.60
6.00
0.19
-0.15
-1.10
0
0.75
9.00
0.6
1
0.58
0.35
0.07
0
0
0.95
4.25
19.00
0.41
1.00
0
0.47
2.80
29.00
0.07
0.15
0.10
0.38
1.30
14.00
0.09
-0.60
-2.90
0.22
2.15
20.00
0.8
1
0.58
0.35
0.21
0.25
0
1.10
7.10
33.00
0.51
1.25
0
0.72
4.80
0.20
0.25
0.20
0.35
2.80
27.00
-0.17
-1.50
-5.70
0.37
3.75
35.00
1
0.58
0.35
0.35
0.30
0
1.28
0.60
1.50
0
0.91
7.25
0.33
0.35
0.40
0.48
4.90
44.00
-0.54
-2.90
-9.60
0.37
5.40
54.00
?
? d (flow separation)
= friction coefficient for pressure loss of
relative to
? d (flow combination)
= flow in the run
? d
= flow in the branch
relative to
relative to

17
Fig. II.8. Head loss flow chart ID 25 mm through 300 mm

18
Fig. II.9. Head loss flow chart ID 300 mm through 1600 mm

19
II.7. Wavistrong pipe properties

Tables II-h. through II-l. (page 20 and 21) detail the minimum properties, obtained when testing Wavistrong
in accordance with the indicated test methods.
Unless otherwise stated, all properties refer to the reinforced wall and are valid for temperatures at 20C.
For higher temperatures the correction factors for the E-moduli of table II-k. (page 21) should be applied.
Table II-h. Hydrostatic properties
Winding angle (? )
Property
Test method
55
63
73
Ultimate hoop stress

(weeping)
ASTM D 1599
250
200
N/mm
Ultimate Elastic Wall Stress

(UEWS)
Future Pipe Industries
160
140
N/mm
Hydrostatic Design Basis

HDB (50 years)
ASTM D 2992 B
150
100
N/mm
Hydrostatic Design Stress

HDS (50 years)
ASTM D 2992 B
63
50
N/mm
450
370
N/mm
200
160
N/mm
100
80
N/mm
Bi-axial: (R = 0.5)
Uni-axial: (R = 0.25)
Ultimate hoop stress
(weeping)
ASTM D 1599
Hydrostatic Design Basis

HDB (50 years)
ASTM D 2992 B
Hydrostatic Design Stress

HDS (50 years)
ASTM D 2992 B
HDS = HDB * Sf
Where:
HDS = Hydrostatic Design Stress
HDB = Hydrostatic Design Basis
Sf = service (design) factor
Maximum service (design) factor Sf = 0.5.

20
Table II-j. Mechanical properties

Winding angle (? )
Property
Test method
Axial tensile stress

Axial tensile modulus
EX
Hoop tensile stress

Hoop tensile modulus
55
63
73
ASTM D 2105
ASTM D 2105
75
12000
55
11500
40
11500
N/mm
N/mm
ASTM D 2290
ASTM D 2290
210
20500
260
27500
400
37000
N/mm
N/mm
11500
9500
7000
N/mm
Shear modulus
ES
Axial bending stress

Axial bending modulus
EX
ASTM D 2925
80
12000
65
11500
50
11500
N/mm
N/mm
Hoop bending stress

Hoop bending modulus
EH
ASTM D 2412
ASTM D 2412
90
20500
120
27500
160
37000
N/mm
N/mm
Poisson ratio axial/hoop

Poisson ratio hoop/axial
NXY
NYX
0.65
0.38
0.62
0.26
0.47
0.15
Table II-k. Temperature correction factor R E (-) for moduli of elasticity

Correction factor
RE (-)
RE-Axial
Winding
Angle
Temperature
(C)
RE-Hoop
(? )
20
40
60
80
100
110
RE4
RE5
RE6
55
63
73
55
63
73
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.95
0.97
0.99
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.90
0.94
0.98
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.83
0.90
0.97
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.75
0.85
0.95
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.70
0.82
0.94
RE1
RE2
RE3
Table II-l. Physical properties

Property
Test method
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion

Thermal conductivity
Specific heat
Glass content (by mass)
Glass content (by volume)
Specific gravity of the laminate
Barcol hardness
Surface resistance (Series C..)
?L
ASTM D 696
ASTM D 2584
ASTM D 2584
SL
ASTM D 2583
ASTM D 257
2 * 10-5
0.29
921
70 5
52 7
1850
35
< 10 * 10 6
The first index gives the direction of the contraction, the second index gives the load direction.

21
mm/mm.C
W/m.K
J/kg.K
%
%
kg/m3
? /m
II.8. Bending radius

The minimum allowable bending radius (Rb) for a pipe, installed at 20C, is given in table II-n. and II-o.
(page 24 and 25).
The allowable radius depends on the operating temperature (T) and -pressure (P). For elevated operating
temperatures, the indicated values of table II-n. and II-o. have to be corrected with the temperature correction
factor (RE) from the table II-k. (page 21).
The minimum allowable bending radius (Rb) has been calculated with the following formula:
(Eq. II.11.)
Where:
Rb = bending radius
RE = temperature correction factor (table II-k., page 21)
EX = axial bending modulus (table II-j., page 21)
SA = remaining axial stress
(m)
(-)
(N/mm)
(mm)
(N/mm)
The value of SA is defined as follows:

(Eq. II.12.)
Where:
SXT = allowable axial stress
SX = actual axial stress due to internal pressure
(N/mm)
(N/mm)
(N/mm)
For bi-axial loaded systems:
(Eq. II.13.)
For uni-axial loaded systems:
(Eq. II.14.)
Where:
P
= operating pressure
ID = inner diameter
(table II-b. and II-c., page 8 through 10)

22
(N/mm)
(Mpa)
(mm)
(mm)
The allowable axial stress (SXT) depends on the type of loading (R) and the winding angle (? ) and is
given in table II-m.
Table II-m. Allowable axial stress S XT (N/mm)
Winding angle (? )
R
(-)
55
63
73
0.25
0.50
40
32
32
25
-
The values of table II-n. and II-o. (page 24 and 25) are only valid for the pipes of the indicated series.
For available standard pipe systems, see table II-e. (page 12).

23
Table II-n. Bending radius R b (m) at 20C for series EST

Series
EST 8
EST 12.5
EST 16
EST 20
EST 25
EST 32
ID
(mm)
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1 * PN
297
339
381
424
508
593
635
641
725
810
978
1147
1316
178
214
250
285
321
332
403
474
509
545
616
687
159
180
225
271
292
337
383
450
517
562
607
110
131
167
203
239
276
312
348
406
45
99
136
172
209
246
271
307
344
417
39
72
119
154
189
225
260
296
0.8 * PN
170
195
219
243
292
340
365
379
428
476
573
670
767
102
122
143
163
183
197
238
279
299
319
360
400
86
103
125
148
165
188
210
250
290
313
335
62
79
99
120
140
161
181
202
239
32
59
80
100
121
142
159
180
201
242
27
41
64
85
105
125
146
166
Operating pressure (P)

0.6 * PN
0.4 * PN
120
92
137
105
154
118
171
131
205
158
239
184
256
197
269
209
303
235
337
261
405
314
474
366
542
418
72
55
86
66
100
77
114
88
128
99
140
109
169
131
197
153
211
164
226
175
254
196
283
218
59
45
72
55
87
66
102
78
115
88
130
99
145
111
173
133
201
154
217
166
232
177
43
33
56
44
70
55
85
66
99
77
113
88
128
99
142
109
169
131
25
21
42
33
57
44
71
55
85
66
100
77
113
87
127
98
142
109
170
131
21
17
29
22
44
33
58
44
73
55
87
66
101
77
115
88
0.2 * PN
75
86
96
107
128
150
160
170
192
213
256
298
341
45
54
63
71
80
89
107
125
133
142
160
178
36
45
54
63
72
81
90
107
125
134
143
27
36
45
53
62
71
80
89
107
17
27
36
45
54
62
71
80
89
107
14
18
27
36
45
54
63
72
0 * PN
63
72
81
90
108
126
135
144
162
180
216
252
288
38
45
53
60
68
75
90
105
113
120
135
150
30
38
45
53
60
68
75
90
105
113
120
23
30
38
45
53
60
68
75
90
15
23
30
38
45
53
60
68
75
90
12
15
23
30
38
45
53
60
(continued)
24
Table II-n. Bending radius R b (m) at 20C for series EST (continuation)
ID
Series
(mm)
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
EST 40
EST 50
1 * PN
27
59
70
101
139
170
208
239
277
7
22
34
58
67
101
140
173
206
240
273
0.8 * PN
18
33
41
60
81
100
121
140
161
6
15
20
33
40
60
81
101
120
140
160

0.6 * PN
0.4 * PN
13
11
23
18
29
22
42
33
57
44
71
55
85
66
99
76
113
88
5
5
11
9
14
11
23
18
28
22
42
33
57
44
71
55
85
66
99
77
113
87
0.2 * PN
9
14
18
27
36
45
54
62
71
4
7
9
14
18
27
36
45
54
62
71
0 * PN
8
12
15
23
30
38
45
53
60
4
6
8
12
15
23
30
38
45
53
60
Table II-o. Bending radius R b (m) at 20C for series ESN

Series
ESN 10
ESN 16
ESN 20
ESN 25
ESN 32
ID
(mm)
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
80
100
150
200
250
300
1 * PN
331
383
465
522
575
603
685
766
929
1092
1230
297
339
381
424
508
593
635
641
106
214
256
299
342
384
398
483
173
198
247
296
321
370
418
493
25
39
132
157
200
243
0.8 * PN
230
262
316
361
392
415
469
523
631
739
838
170
195
219
243
292
340
365
379
76
122
147
171
195
220
236
285
98
118
144
170
190
216
242
288
22
32
74
94
119
143

0.6 * PN
0.4 * PN
176
143
199
160
239
192
275
223
298
240
316
255
356
287
397
320
478
384
558
449
635
512
120
92
137
105
154
118
171
131
205
158
239
184
256
197
269
209
60
49
86
66
103
79
120
92
137
105
154
118
168
130
202
157
69
53
84
65
102
79
119
92
135
104
152
118
170
131
203
157
20
18
27
23
52
40
67
52
84
65
101
79

25
0.2 * PN
120
134
161
187
201
214
241
268
321
375
428
75
86
96
107
128
150
160
170
42
54
64
75
86
96
107
128
43
53
64
75
85
96
107
128
16
20
32
43
53
64
0 * PN
104
115
138
161
173
184
207
230
276
322
368
63
72
81
90
108
126
135
144
36
45
54
63
72
81
90
108
36
45
54
63
72
81
90
108
15
18
27
36
45
54
II.9. Fluid (water) hammer

Fluid (water) hammer can be defined as the occurrence of pressure changes in closed piping systems,
caused by changes in the flow velocity.
Therefore, fluid (water) hammer can occur in all kinds of piping systems for the transportation of liquids.
The greater and faster the velocity changes are, the greater the pressure changes will be. The relation
between change of velocity and pressure can be derived from the formula of Joukowsky :
(Eq. II.15.)
Where:
? P = pressure change
c
= wave velocity
g
= acceleration due to gravity
? v = change in flow velocity
(m.w.c)
(m/s)
(m/s2)
(m/s)
In accordance with ANSI/AWWA C950-88 a transient pressure increase of 1.4 times the design pressure
is allowable, which is also valid for the Wavistrong piping system.
The wave velocity (c) depends on the type of fluid, pipe dimensions and the E-modulus. The wave velocity
can be calculated with the aid of the Talbot equation:
(Eq. II.16.)
Where:
c
= wave velocity
SV
= specific gravity of the fluid
KV
= compression modulus of the fluid
ID
= inner diameter
TE
= minimum reinforced wall thickness (table II-b. and II-c., page 9 and 10)
EV
= volumetric E-modulus
f
= constant
(m/s)
(kg/m3)
(N/mm2)
(mm)
(mm)
(N/mm2)
(-)
This calculation method is only valid for straight pipeline sections with different types of joints. On request, system calculations
can be made by a third party.

26
For isotropic materials, the volumetric E-modulus is equal to the E-modulus.

For an-isotropic materials, where the material characteristics are dependent on the winding angle (? ),
the volumetric E-modulus (EV) is calculated from the following equation:
(Eq. II.17.)
Where:
EV
= volumetric E-modulus
EX
= axial bending modulus
EH = hoop bending modulus
NXY = Poisson ratio axial/hoop
NYX = Poisson ratio hoop/axial
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
(-)
(-)
(table II-j., page 21)

"
"
"
"
"
"
For the three winding angles (? ) of the Wavistrong pipes the volumetric E-modulus (EV) is given in table
II-p.
Table II-p. Volumetric E-modulus E V (N/mm)

Winding angle (? )
55
63
73
EV
22775
24515
26965
The constant (f) in the Talbot equation depends on the type of anchoring of the system:
A. The pipeline may be anchored up-stream; in this case the system is loaded bi-axially. This can be
achieved in a tensile resistant piping system.
(Eq. II.18.)
B. The pipeline may be anchored completely to prevent axial displacements. This may occur in tensile
resistant and non-tensile resistant piping systems.
(Eq. II.19.)
C. The pipeline may be installed with expansion joints so that there will be no axial stresses. This will
happen in case of non-tensile resistant pipelines.
(Eq. II.20.)

27
The constant (f) is given in table II-q. for the three winding angles (? ).
Table II-q. Constant f (-)

Winding angle (? )
Constant
f1
f2
f3
55
1.1265
0.753
0.81
63
73
1.1694
0.8388
0.87
1.2148
0.9295
0.925
The values of the wave velocity (c) (c1 through c3) are related to the type of anchoring of the pipeline
system (constant f1 through f3). For the two systems EST and ESN these values are listed in tables
II-r-1. (page 29) and II-r-2. (page 30).

28
Table II-r-1. Wave velocity c1, c2 and c3 (m/s) for series EST
Series
EST 8
EST 12.5
EST 16
EST 20
Note:
ID
(mm)
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
c1
(m/s)
394
394
394
394
394
394
394
397
396
396
396
395
395
429
429
429
429
429
433
432
432
432
431
431
431
474
479
477
476
479
477
476
477
478
477
476
529
536
534
533
533
532
532
531
533
c2
(m/s)
458
458
458
458
458
458
458
461
461
461
460
460
460
513
513
513
513
513
518
517
517
516
516
516
516
565
571
568
566
570
568
567
568
569
568
567
626
634
632
631
630
630
629
629
631
Series
EST 25
EST 32
EST 40
EST 50
values of table II-r. are valid for the following conditions:

KV = 2050 N/mm2
SV = 1000 kg/m3

29
ID
(mm)
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
c2
(m/s)
626
589
587
586
585
585
587
586
586
585
684
647
640
642
643
643
644
644
733
705
709
712
709
711
709
711
709
923
794
775
770
775
775
772
772
773
773
773
c3
(m/s)
732
692
690
689
688
687
690
689
689
688
793
754
747
749
750
750
751
751
843
815
819
822
819
821
819
820
819
1028
904
886
881
886
886
882
883
883
884
884
Table II-r-2. Wave velocity c1, c2 and c3 (m/s) for series ESN
Series
ESN 10
ESN 16
ESN 20
Note:
ID
(mm)
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
c1
(m/s)
439
435
434
438
435
437
436
435
434
434
435
458
458
458
458
458
458
458
461
547
506
506
506
506
506
510
509
c2
(m/s)
440
436
435
439
436
438
437
436
435
435
436
451
451
451
451
451
451
451
454
539
498
498
498
498
498
502
501
Series
ESN 25
ESN 32
values of table II-r. are valid for the following conditions:

KV = 2050 N/mm2
SV = 1000 kg/m3

30
ID
(mm)
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
80
100
150
200
250
300
c2
(m/s)
557
562
560
558
562
560
559
560
784
723
617
625
623
622
c3
(m/s)
548
554
551
550
553
551
550
551
774
713
608
616
614
613
II.10. Stiffness
An investigation of standards concerning the stiffness of flexible pipes shows that there are different
opinions on the interpretation of pipe stiffness. The following identifications illustrate this point.
A. Specific Tangential Initial Stiffness (STIS)

The STIS is described in NEN 7037 and is calculated with the following formula:
(Eq. II.21.)
Where:
STIS
EH
TE
ID
=
=
=
=
Specific Tangential Initial Stiffness

(N/m2)
hoop bending modulus (table II-j., page 21)
(N/m2)
minimum reinforced wall thickness (table II-b. and II-c., page 9 and 10) (mm)
inner diameter
(mm)
B. Specific Tangential End Stiffness (STES)

The STES will be derived from the STIS and gives information on the regression of the stiffness
in relation to the life time (50 years). The determination of the STES is described in NEN 7037.
(Eq. II.22.)
Where:
STES
?
?
STIS
=
=
=
=
Specific Tangential End Stiffness

creep factor
ageing factor
Specific Tangential Initial Stiffness (Eq. II.21.)
For the glass fibre reinforced epoxy Wavistrong pipes ? * ? = 0.9.

31
(N/m2)
(-)
(-)
(N/m2)
C. Stiffness Factor (SF)

Another identification of the stiffness is described in ASTM D 2412 and is called the Stiffness Factor
(SF):
(Eq. II.23.)
Where:
SF = Stiffness Factor
EH = hoop bending modulus (table II-j., page 21)
TE = minimum reinforced wall thickness (table II-b. and II-c., page 9 and 10)
(in2.lb/in)
(psi)
(in)
The Stiffness Factor (SF) can also be calculated from the STIS-value by using the following formula:
(Eq. II.24.)
Where:
SF
STIS
ID
TE
=
=
=
=
Stiffness Factor
(in2.lb/in)
Specific Tangential Initial Stiffness (Eq. II.21.)
(N/m2)
inner diameter
(m)
minimum reinforced wall thickness (table II-b. and II-c., page 9 and 10)
(m)
There is also a relation between the Stiffness Factor (SF) and the Pipe Stiffness (PS):
(Eq. II.25.)
Where:
SF = Stiffness Factor
rm = mean pipe radius
PS = Pipe Stiffness (Eq. II.26.)

32
(in2.lb/in)
(in)
(psi)
D. Pipe Stiffness (PS)

The Pipe Stiffness (PS) is described in ASTM D 2412 and can be calculated as follows:
(Eq. II.26.)
Where:
PS
EH
TE
ID
=
=
=
=
Pipe Stiffness
hoop bending modulus (table II-j., page 21)
minimum reinforced wall thickness (table II-b. and II-c., page 9 and 10)
inner diameter
(psi)
(psi)
(in)
(in)
The Pipe Stiffness (PS) can also be calculated from the STIS-value by the following formula:
(Eq. II.27.)
Where:
PS
= Pipe Stiffness
STIS = Specific Tangential Initial Stiffness (Eq. II.21.)
(psi)
(N/m2)
In tables II-s-1. (page 34) and II-s-2. (page 35) the different stiffness values at a temperature of 20C
are listed. At temperatures in excess of 20C the reduction factors (RE) for the moduli of elasticity should
be applied (table II-k., page 21).

33
Table II-s-1. Stiffness for series EST at 20C.
Series
EST 8
EST 12.5
EST 16
EST 20
ID
Series EST
STIS
2
SF
PS
(mm)
(N/m )
(in lb/in)
(psi)
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1200
1190
1190
1180
1180
1170
1660
1660
1660
1660
1660
1760
1740
1730
1720
1720
1710
1710
3210
3450
3340
3270
3410
3340
3290
3340
3380
3340
3310
6670
7310
7180
7090
7030
6980
6950
6920
7090
450
660
950
1300
2240
3560
4380
5570
7890
10780
18510
29260
43530
240
410
650
970
1380
2010
3430
5410
6640
8030
11390
15570
240
500
830
1290
2010
2800
3780
6640
10660
12960
15570
210
540
1040
1780
2800
4150
5880
8030
14230
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
13
13
13
13
13
25
27
26
25
27
26
26
26
26
26
26
52
57
56
55
55
54
54
54
55
Series
EST 25
EST 32
EST 40
EST 50
ID
Series EST
STIS
2
SF
2
PS
(mm)
(N/m )
(in lb/in)
(psi)
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
21990
14180
13850
13650
13520
13430
13850
13740
13650
13520
42210
27800
25770
26270
26570
26770
26920
27030
71680
53280
55690
57340
55690
56680
55690
56400
55690
517590
136410
111870
106210
111870
111870
108080
108830
109330
109690
109960
210
450
1040
2010
3430
5410
8330
11770
16040
27450
210
270
830
2010
3960
6900
11020
16520
90
270
540
1890
4350
8640
14670
23590
34770
90
90
140
540
1120
3780
8640
17000
29520
47040
70400
171
110
108
106
105
105
108
107
106
105
329
216
201
204
207
208
210
210
558
415
434
446
434
441
434
439
434
4029
1062
871
827
871
871
841
847
851
854
856

34
Table II-s-2. Stiffness for series ESN at 20C.
Series
ESN 10
ESN 16
ESN 20
ESN 25
ESN 32
ID
(mm)
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
80
100
150
200
250
300
Series ESN
STIS
2
(N/m )
1190
1130
1110
1170
1130
1150
1140
1130
1110
1100
1120
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1200
3820
2220
2220
2220
2220
2220
2360
2340
4310
4630
4480
4390
4570
4480
4420
4480
56620
29500
8950
9800
9630
9510
SF
2
PS
(in lb/in)
980
1270
2170
3620
4300
5320
7490
10180
17350
27280
41490
450
660
950
1300
2240
3560
4380
5570
280
320
550
870
1300
1850
2690
4600
320
660
1110
1730
2690
3760
5070
8900
280
280
280
730
1400
2390
(psi)
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
30
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
34
36
35
34
36
35
34
35
441
230
70
76
75
74

35
II.11. Buckling pressure

For the calculation of the buckling pressure (PB) for Wavistrong pipes, the formula for thin wall pipes
(mean radius / wall thickness > 10) has to be used.
The ultimate buckling pressures for pipes are listed in table II-t and II-u (page 38). The tabled values
are valid for an operating temperature (T) of 20C and have been calculated in accordance with equation
Eq. II.28. (pipe without stiff ends) using a safety factor Sb=1.
For temperatures exceeding 20C the correction factors (RE) from table II-k (page 21) should be applied.
The allowable buckling pressure depends on the stability of the product as well as the type of pipe installation
and service conditions. The transition from a stable into an unstable condition will take place abruptly.
Therefor, an adequate safety factor (Sb) has to be taken into account.
The values listed in table II-t and II-u (page 38) have been calculated using a safety factor Sb=1.
Normally, a safety factor Sb>1 has to be chosen, depending on pipe installation and service conditions.
Buckling pressure resistance of underground pipes can be increased by the support of the surrounding
soil when properly backfilled. Our engineers can be contacted for advice.
Some extra buckling pressure allowance can be created by the application of stiff pipe ends. In case
of integral joints, the pipe ends are typically much stiffer than the pipe body itself and could therefor contribute
to the ultimate buckling pressure. Also, for the standard pipe lengths of 6 and 10 meters two or one,
respectively three, two or one stiffening rings can be used.
The values listed in table II-t and II-u (page 38) for pipes with stiff ends are calculated using equation
Eq. II.28 . Buckling pressures for pipes with stiff ends are calculated in accordance with equations
Eq. II.28 through Eq. II.30 as indicated and can be made available upon request.
Buckling pressure (PB) = external pressure (PE) - internal pressure (PI)

Full vacuum means: PE - PI = 1 bar.
Roark/Young, Formulas for stress and strain, McGraw-Hill, fifth edition.

36
Buckling Pressure (PB), pipe without stiff ends:
(Eq. II.28.)
Buckling Pressure (PB), pipe with stiff ends:

If:
(Eq. II.28.)
Then:
(Eq. II.30.)
Else: use equation Eq. II.28.

Where:
(table II-b. and II-c., page 9 and 10)
ID = inner diameter
L
= length between stiff pipe ends
NXY = Poisson ratio axial/hoop (table II-j., page 26)
NYX = Poisson ratio hoop/axial (table II-j., page 26)
rm = mean pipe radius (rm = 0.5 * (ID + 2TL + TE)
EH = hoop bending modulus (table II-j., page 21)
SF = service factor (SF = 0.75)
Sb = load dependent safety factor
ultimate buckling pressure is based on Sb = 1
Appropriate Sb has to be chosen based on
pipe installation and service conditions to
determine the allowable buckling pressure.
PB = buckling pressure
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(-)
(-)
(mm)
(N/mm2)
(-)
(-)
(bar)
At temperatures above 20C the value (RE) of table II-k. (page 21) should be applied as follows:
PBT = PB * RE4 (RE5 or RE6)
(Eq. II.31.)
Where:
PBT = buckling pressure at elevated temperature
PB = buckling pressure (table II-t. and II-u., page 38)
RE4, RE5, RE6 = temperature correction factors for E-modulus for winding angles of
respectively 55, 63 or 73 (table II-k., page 21)
For pipes without stiff ends, use equation II.29. only!

37
(bar)
(bar)
(-)
Table II-t. Ultimate buckling pressure P B (bar) at 20C and S B=1, series EST
ID
(mm)
25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
12.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
16
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8

20
25
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.7
5.1
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
32
40
9.7
6.5
6.0
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.4
16.2
12.3
12.9
13.4
13.1
13.4
13.2
13.4
13.2
Table II-u. Ultimate buckling pressure P B (bar) at 20C and S B=1, series ESN
ID
(mm)
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
10
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
16
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3

20
25
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.0
32
11.7
6.1
1.9
2.1
2.0
2.0

38
50
110.8
30.4
25.3
24.5
26.0
26.2
25.5
25.7
25.9
26.0
26.1
II.12. Classification
The Wavistrong pipes can be classified in accordance with ASTM D 2310, indicating type, grade and
Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB).
The classification for all pipes in the series EST 12.5 through EST 50 in accordance with this specification
is 11FX1. The classification for all pipes in the series EST 8 is 11FU1.
For the non-tensile resistant pipes in the series ESN 16 through ESN 32 the classification code in accordance
with ASTM D 2310 is 11FY2.
For pipes in the series ESN 10 the classification will be 11FX2.
The complete pipe designation code in accordance with ASTM D 2996, also identifying the cell classification
designations of short term rupture strength, longitudinal tensile strength, longitudinal tensile modulus
(EX) and apparent Stiffness Factor (SF) is presented in table II-v.
Table II-v. Designation code

Series
PN
(bar)
EST
ESN
EST
10
12.5
EST
ESN
EST
16
ESN
EST
20
ESN
EST
25
ESN
32
EST
EST
40
50
Code 11FU1- 11FX2- 11FX1- 11FX1- 11FY2- 11FX1- 11FY2- 11FX1- 11FY2- 11FX1- 11FY2- 11FX1- 11FX1ID
25
40
2111
2111
50
80
100
2112
150
200
250
5112
5112
2115
2116
2116
5116
5116
5116
2116
2116
2116
2116
2116
2116
2116
2116
2116
5116
5116
5116
2116
2116
2116
2116
2116
2116
2112
2113
2115
5112
5112
2114
2116
2116
5112
5112
5113
2116
2116
2116
5113
5114
5116
2116
2116
2116
5114
5116
5116
2116
2116
2116
5116
5116
5116
2112
2113
2115
4012
4013
4015
2113
2116
2116
2116
2116
2116
5112
5113
5115
700
750
800
2116
2116
2116
4016
4016
4016
2116
2116
2116
2116
2116
2116
5116
5116
5116
900
1000
1200
2116
2116
2116
4016
4016
4016
2116
2116
1400
1600
2116
2116
4016
4016
2111
2112
2113
2112
2113
2115
2112
2112
2112
450
500
600
2111
2112
2112
5112
5112
2112
2112
2112
2112
5112
5116
2112
2112
2113
2112
2112
300
350
400
2112
2114

39
III. Wavistrong above ground pipe systems

III.1. Design
In nearly all above ground applications thrust resistant types of joints are used (adhesive bonded joint,
rubber seal lock joint, laminated joint or flanged joint).
In case of well supported and anchored pipe lines non-thrust resistant systems can be used (rubber
seal joint or mechanically joined systems).
In II.4. (page 4) a brief review of the various types of joints is given.
III.2. Supports
Above ground pipeline systems are installed on supports.
At least one support per standard pipe length should be used if the joining is a flanged joint or rubber
seal (lock) joint system (fig. III.1.). In case mechanical couplers are used, Future Pipe Industries engineers
are pleased to inform you about the supporting.
If one of the other tensile resistant joints is used, the support distance may never exceed the values
listed in table III-c. through III-e. (page 46 through 50), taking into account Eq.III.11., page 49.
Whether the support system is new or old, take care that the couplers do not interfere with the supports;
the support should not be located at the pipe joint (fig. III.1.).
Fig. III.1.
III.3. Clamps
For the supporting of Wavistrong pipe systems several types of clamps can be used. Point- and line
loading must be avoided and therefore flat strips should be used (fig. III.2. a and b, page 41).
The width of the clamps should be in accordance with applicable standards. The inside of the clamp
must be provided with a protective rubber or thermoplastic layer.
Guides enabling the pipe system to move freely in longitudinal direction should have a low friction inner
surface to allow for this movement. In this case a protective layer of PTFE, PE or equivalent is required.

40
For the design of clamps, detailed drawings are available on request.
Fig. III.2.a Single clamp
Fig. III.2.b Double clamp
III.4. Support distance

Table III-c. through III-e. (page 46 through 50) show the maximum support distance (L') for the different
pipe series (pipe series number = nominal pressure PN), at various operating pressures (P) and temperatures
(T). The calculations have been made for water filled pipes where the specific gravity SV = 1000 kg/m3.
These tables enable the selection of a pipe system for a given support distance or the determination
of the maximum allowable distance between the supports for a given pipe system (mind the remarks
in III.2., page 40).
The support distance depends on one of the following two criteria:
A. The axial stress,
B. The allowable sag, which has been set on 5 of the span length.
If A. is the determining factor, the support distance will change with an increasing pressure.
If B. is the determining factor, the support distance will change with an increasing temperature.
The span length can be divided in:

- Single span length (LS) as described in III.4.1.,
- Continuous span length (LC) as described in III.4.2., page 43.
III.4.1. Single span length

The single span length (LS) is the length between two
supports of one single pipe or a string of flexible jointed
pipes (fig. III.3.). The single span length (LS) should be
used in each of the following situations (fig. III.5., page
45):
Fig. III.3.

41
For pipe systems where the joint is not designed to transmit bending forces; this is the case for mechanical couplers, flanged joints and the rubber seal (lock) joint,
Twice on each side of any change of direction,
Twice on both sides of an anchored valve or pump,
Twice on both sides of an expansion joint or expansion loop.
The single span length (LS) is calculated from the following formulas:
A. Based on the axial stress:
(Eq. III.1.)
Where:
LS1 = single span length based on axial stress
WB = moment of resistance to bending (table II-b. and II-c., page 9 and 10)
QP = linear weight of the filled pipe (Eq. III.5., page 43)
(mm)
(mm3)
(N/mm2)
(N/mm)
The value of SA depends on the actual stress due to internal pressure:

(Eq. III.2.)
Where:
SXT = allowable axial stress (table II-m., page 23)
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
For bi-axial loaded systems:
(Eq. III.3.)
For uni-axial loaded systems:
(Eq. III.4.)
Where:
P
ID = inner diameter
TE = minimum reinforced wall thickness (table II-b. and II-c., page 9 and 10)

42
(N/mm2)
(Mpa)
(mm)
(mm)
The value of QP depends on the type of fluid that is transported:
(Eq. III.5.)
Where:
QP = linear weight of the filled pipe
GB = linear mass of the pipe (table II-b. and II-c., page 9 and 10)
GV = linear mass of the pipe content (table II-d., page 11)
g
(N/mm)
(kg/m)
(kg/m)
(m/s2)
B. Based on the allowable sag:
(Eq. III.6.)
Where:
LS2 = single span length based on the allowable sag
EXT = axial bending modulus at elevated temperature (Eq. III.7.)
IZ
= linear moment of inertia (table II-b. and II-c., page 9 and 10)
QP = linear weight of the filled pipe (Eq. III.5.)
(mm)
(N/mm2)
(mm4)
(N/mm)
At temperatures in excess of 20C the correction factors for the E-moduli (RE)
of table II-k. (page 21) should be applied as follows:
(Eq. III.7.)
Where:
EXT = axial bending modulus at elevated temperature
RE1, RE2 or RE3 = temperature correction factors for winding angles of
respectively 55, 63 or 73. (table II-k., page 21)
The single span length (LS) will be the lowest value of LS1 and LS2.
III.4.2. Continuous span length

The continuous span length (LC) is the length
between two supports of a string of rigid jointed
pipes (fig. III.4.).
Fig. III.4.

43
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
(-)
The continuous span length (LC) may be used for pipe systems where the joint is rigid and capable to
transmit bending forces. This continuous span length (LC) can be used for adhesive bonded and laminated
pipe systems.
The continuous span length (LC) is calculated from the following formulas:
A. Based on the axial stress:
(Eq. III.8.)
Where:
LC1 = continuous span length based on axial stress
WB = moment of resistance to bending (table II-b. and II-c., page 9 and 10)
SA = remaining axial stress (Eq. III.2., page 42)
(mm)
(mm3)
(N/mm2)
(N/mm)
From above it can be found that: LC1 = 1.225 * LS1
B. Based on the allowable sag:
(Eq. III.9.)
Where:
LC2 = continuous span length based on the allowable sag
EXT = axial bending modulus at elevated temperature (Eq. III.10.)
IZ
= linear moment of inertia (table II-b. and II-c., page 9 and 10)
(mm)
(N/mm2)
(mm4)
(N/mm)
From above it can be found that: LC2 = 1.71 * LS2

At temperatures in excess of 20C the correction factors for the E-moduli (RE)
of table II-k. (page 21) should be applied as follows:
(Eq. III.10.)
Where:
EXT = axial bending modulus at elevated temperature
RE1, RE2 or RE3 = temperature correction factors
for winding angles of respectively 55, 63 or 73.
(table II-k., page 21)

44
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
(-)
The continuous span length (LC) will be the lowest value of LC1 and LC2.
Fig. III.5. Example of single span length (LS) and continuous span length (LC)
(III.4.1. and III.4.2., page 41 through 45).
III.5. Corrected support distance

Depending on the application, the values of table III-c. through III-e. (page 46 through 50) have to be
multiplied with one or more of the following correction factors:
A. Specific gravity correction factor (R S)

Above ground pipelines used for the transportation of fluids with a specific gravity (SV) other than
1000 kg/m3 should be supported at a span length adapted with the correction factor (RS) as listed
in table III-a. (page 46)
B. Temperature change correction factor (R T)

When temperature changes occur in a straight pipeline between fixed points, a correction factor
(RT) as shown in table III-b. (page 46) must be applied.
The final support distance (LF) can be derived from the following equation:
(Eq. III.11.)
Where:
LF = final support distance
L' = support distance at operating temperature (T) and -pressure (P)
(table III-c. through III-e. (page 46 through 50))
RS = specific gravity correction factor (table III-a., page 46)
RT = temperature change correction factor (table III-b., page 46)

45
(m)
(m)
(-)
(-)
Table III-a. Specific gravity correction factor R S (-)

Specific gravity of the fluid SV (kg/m3)
RS
0
1.55
600
1.25
800
1.07
900
1.03
1000
1.0
1100
0.95
1250
0.90
Table III-b. Temperature change correction factor R T (-)

Temperature change ? T (C)
ID
(mm)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
25
40
0.73
0.81
0.58
0.69
0.49
0.60
0.44
0.54
0.39
0.49
0.36
0.45
0.34
0.42
0.32
0.40
0.30
0.38
0.28
0.36
50
80
100
0.85
0.90
0.92
0.73
0.81
0.85
0.65
0.74
0.79
0.59
0.69
0.74
0.54
0.64
0.69
0.50
0.60
0.66
0.47
0.57
0.62
0.44
0.54
0.59
0.42
0.51
0.57
0.40
0.49
0.54
150
200
250
0.92
0.94
0.95
0.85
0.89
0.91
0.80
0.84
0.87
0.75
0.81
0.84
0.72
0.77
0.81
0.68
0.75
0.79
0.66
0.72
0.76
0.63
0.70
0.74
0.61
0.68
0.72
0.59
0.66
0.70
300
350
400
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.89
0.91
0.92
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.84
0.86
0.87
0.82
0.84
0.85
0.80
0.82
0.83
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.76
0.79
0.80
0.74
0.77
0.79
450
500
600
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.95
0.95
0.96
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.90
0.91
0.93
0.88
0.90
0.91
0.87
0.88
0.90
0.85
0.86
0.88
0.83
0.85
0.87
0.82
0.83
0.86
0.80
0.82
0.85
700
750
800
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.94
0.95
0.93
0.94
0.94
0.92
0.93
0.93
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.91
0.91
0.92
900
1000
1200
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.95
0.96
0.96
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.94
0.94
0.95
0.93
0.94
0.95
1400
1600
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.96
Table III-c. Support distance L' (m) for series EST, P = 1 * P N (bar)
Series
EST 8
ID
(mm)
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
T = 20C
LS
LC
3.8
4.7
4.1
5.0
4.3
5.3
4.6
5.6
5.0
6.1
5.4
6.6
5.6
6.9
6.0
7.4
6.3
7.8
6.7
8.2
7.3
8.9
7.8
9.6
8.4
10.2
T = 40C
LS
LC
3.8
4.7
4.1
5.0
4.3
5.3
4.6
5.6
5.0
6.1
5.4
6.6
5.6
6.9
6.0
7.4
6.3
7.8
6.7
8.2
7.3
8.9
7.8
9.6
8.4
10.2
T = 60C
LS
LC
3.8
4.7
4.1
5.0
4.3
5.3
4.6
5.6
5.0
6.1
5.4
6.6
5.6
6.9
6.0
7.4
6.3
7.8
6.7
8.2
7.3
8.9
7.8
9.6
8.4
10.2
T = 80C
LS
LC
3.8
4.7
4.1
5.0
4.3
5.3
4.6
5.6
5.0
6.1
5.4
6.6
5.6
6.9
6.0
7.4
6.3
7.8
6.7
8.2
7.3
8.9
7.8
9.6
8.4
10.2
T = 100C
LS
LC
3.8
4.7
4.1
5.0
4.3
5.3
4.6
5.6
5.0
6.1
5.4
6.6
5.6
6.9
6.0
7.4
6.3
7.8
6.7
8.2
7.3
8.9
7.8
9.6
8.4
10.2
T = 110C
LS
LC
3.8
4.7
4.1
5.0
4.3
5.3
4.6
5.6
5.0
6.1
5.4
6.6
5.6
6.9
6.0
7.4
6.3
7.8
6.7
8.2
7.3
8.9
7.8
9.6
8.4
10.2
(continued)
Ls=Single span length
Lc=Continuous span length

46
Table III-c. Support distance L' (m) for series EST, P = 1 * P N (bar) (continuation)
Series
EST 12.5
EST 16
EST 20
EST 25
EST 32
EST 40
EST 50
ID
(mm)
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
T = 20C
LS
LC
4.0
4.9
4.4
5.4
4.7
5.8
5.1
6.2
5.4
6.6
5.9
7.3
6.4
7.9
6.9
8.5
7.2
8.8
7.4
9.0
7.8
9.6
8.2
10.1
3.8
4.6
4.5
5.5
4.8
5.8
5.1
6.2
5.6
6.9
5.9
7.2
6.1
7.5
6.8
8.3
7.4
9.0
7.6
9.3
7.8
9.5
3.8
4.6
4.7
5.7
5.2
6.4
5.6
6.9
6.1
7.4
6.4
7.9
6.8
8.3
7.2
8.8
8.0
9.8
3.7
5.7
4.5
5.5
5.1
6.2
5.6
6.9
6.1
7.5
6.6
8.1
7.2
8.8
7.6
9.3
8.0
9.8
8.7
10.7
3.4
5.5
3.8
4.7
4.5
5.5
5.3
6.4
5.9
7.3
6.5
8.0
7.1
8.7
7.6
9.3
2.6
4.4
3.5
4.6
4.1
5.3
5.3
6.7
6.2
7.6
7.0
8.6
7.6
9.3
8.3
10.1
8.8
10.7
2.0
3.4
2.4
4.1
2.7
4.2
3.7
5.1
4.4
6.0
5.7
7.3
6.8
8.3
7.6
9.3
8.4
10.2
9.1
11.1
9.7
11.9
T = 40C
LS
LC
4.0
4.9
4.4
5.4
4.7
5.8
5.1
6.2
5.4
6.6
5.9
7.3
6.4
7.9
6.9
8.5
7.2
8.8
7.4
9.0
7.8
9.6
8.2
10.1
3.8
4.6
4.5
5.5
4.8
5.8
5.1
6.2
5.6
6.9
5.9
7.2
6.1
7.5
6.8
8.3
7.4
9.0
7.6
9.3
7.8
9.5
3.8
4.6
4.7
5.7
5.2
6.4
5.6
6.9
6.1
7.4
6.4
7.9
6.8
8.3
7.2
8.8
8.0
9.8
3.6
5.7
4.5
5.5
5.1
6.2
5.6
6.9
6.1
7.5
6.6
8.1
7.2
8.8
7.6
9.3
8.0
9.8
8.7
10.7
3.3
5.5
3.7
4.7
4.5
5.5
5.3
6.4
5.9
7.3
6.5
8.0
7.1
8.7
7.6
9.3
2.5
4.3
3.4
4.6
3.9
5.3
5.2
6.7
6.2
7.6
7.0
8.6
7.6
9.3
8.3
10.1
8.8
10.7
1.9
3.3
2.3
4.0
2.7
4.2
3.6
5.1
4.2
6.0
5.6
7.3
6.7
8.3
7.6
9.3
8.4
10.2
9.1
11.1
9.7
11.9
T = 60C
LS
LC
4.0
4.9
4.4
5.4
4.7
5.8
5.1
6.2
5.4
6.6
5.9
7.3
6.4
7.9
6.9
8.5
7.2
8.8
7.4
9.0
7.8
9.6
8.2
10.1
3.8
4.6
4.5
5.5
4.8
5.8
5.1
6.2
5.6
6.9
5.9
7.2
6.1
7.5
6.8
8.3
7.4
9.0
7.6
9.3
7.8
9.5
3.8
4.6
4.7
5.7
5.2
6.4
5.6
6.9
6.1
7.4
6.4
7.9
6.8
8.3
7.2
8.8
8.0
9.8
3.5
5.7
4.3
5.5
5.1
6.2
5.6
6.9
6.1
7.5
6.6
8.1
7.2
8.8
7.6
9.3
8.0
9.8
8.7
10.7
3.2
5.4
3.5
4.7
4.5
5.5
5.3
6.4
5.9
7.3
6.5
8.0
7.1
8.7
7.6
9.3
2.4
4.2
3.3
4.6
3.8
5.3
5.0
6.7
6.1
7.6
7.0
8.6
7.6
9.3
8.3
10.1
8.8
10.7
1.9
3.2
2.2
3.8
2.6
4.2
3.5
5.1
4.1
6.0
5.4
7.3
6.5
8.3
7.5
9.3
8.4
10.2
9.1
11.1
9.7
11.9
T = 80C
LS
LC
4.0
4.9
4.4
5.4
4.7
5.8
5.1
6.2
5.4
6.6
5.9
7.3
6.4
7.9
6.9
8.5
7.2
8.8
7.4
9.0
7.8
9.6
8.2
10.1
3.8
4.6
4.5
5.5
4.8
5.8
5.1
6.2
5.6
6.9
5.9
7.2
6.1
7.5
6.8
8.3
7.4
9.0
7.6
9.3
7.8
9.5
3.8
4.6
4.7
5.7
5.2
6.4
5.6
6.9
6.1
7.4
6.4
7.9
6.8
8.3
7.2
8.8
8.0
9.8
3.3
5.7
4.1
5.5
5.0
6.2
5.6
6.9
6.1
7.5
6.6
8.1
7.2
8.8
7.6
9.3
8.0
9.8
8.7
10.7
3.0
5.2
3.4
4.7
4.4
5.5
5.3
6.4
5.9
7.3
6.5
8.0
7.1
8.7
7.6
9.3
2.3
4.0
3.1
4.6
3.6
5.3
4.8
6.7
5.8
7.6
6.7
8.6
7.6
9.3
8.3
10.1
8.8
10.7
1.8
3.1
2.1
3.7
2.4
4.2
3.3
5.1
3.9
6.0
5.1
7.3
6.2
8.3
7.2
9.3
8.1
10.2
9.0
11.1
9.7
11.9
T = 100C
LS
LC
4.0
4.9
4.4
5.4
4.7
5.8
5.1
6.2
5.4
6.6
5.9
7.3
6.4
7.9
6.9
8.5
7.2
8.8
7.4
9.0
7.8
9.6
8.2
10.1
3.8
4.6
4.5
5.5
4.8
5.8
5.1
6.2
5.6
6.9
5.9
7.2
6.1
7.5
6.8
8.3
7.4
9.0
7.6
9.3
7.8
9.5
3.6
4.6
4.4
5.7
5.1
6.4
5.6
6.9
6.1
7.4
6.4
7.9
6.8
8.3
7.2
8.8
8.0
9.8
3.1
5.3
3.9
5.5
4.7
6.2
5.5
6.9
6.1
7.5
6.6
8.1
7.2
8.8
7.6
9.3
8.0
9.8
8.7
10.7
2.9
4.9
3.2
4.7
4.2
5.5
5.0
6.4
5.9
7.3
6.5
8.0
7.1
8.7
7.6
9.3
2.2
3.8
2.9
4.6
3.4
5.3
4.5
6.7
5.5
7.6
6.3
8.6
7.2
9.3
7.9
10.1
8.7
10.7
1.7
2.9
2.0
3.5
2.3
3.9
3.1
5.1
3.7
6.0
4.8
7.3
5.8
8.3
6.8
9.3
7.7
10.2
8.5
11.1
9.3
11.9
T = 110C
LS
LC
4.0
4.9
4.4
5.4
4.7
5.8
5.1
6.2
5.4
6.6
5.9
7.3
6.4
7.9
6.9
8.5
7.2
8.8
7.4
9.0
7.8
9.6
8.2
10.1
3.8
4.6
4.5
5.5
4.8
5.8
5.1
6.2
5.6
6.9
5.9
7.2
6.1
7.5
6.8
8.3
7.4
9.0
7.6
9.3
7.8
9.5
3.5
4.6
4.2
5.7
4.9
6.4
5.5
6.9
6.1
7.4
6.4
7.9
6.8
8.3
7.2
8.8
8.0
9.8
3.0
5.1
3.7
5.5
4.5
6.2
5.3
6.9
5.9
7.5
6.6
8.1
7.2
8.8
7.6
9.3
8.0
9.8
8.7
10.7
2.7
4.7
3.1
4.7
4.0
5.5
4.8
6.4
5.6
7.3
6.4
8.0
7.1
8.7
7.6
9.3
2.1
3.6
2.8
4.6
3.3
5.3
4.3
6.7
5.2
7.6
6.1
8.6
6.9
9.3
7.6
10.1
8.3
10.7
1.6
2.8
1.9
3.3
2.2
3.8
3.0
5.1
3.5
6.0
4.6
7.3
5.6
8.3
6.5
9.3
7.4
10.2
8.2
11.1
8.9
11.9


47
Table III-d. Support distance L' (m) for series EST, P = 0.75 * P N (bar)
Series
EST 8
EST 12.5
EST 16
EST 20
EST 25
EST 32
ID
(mm)
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
T = 20C
LS
LC
5.3
6.5
5.7
7.0
6.0
7.4
6.4
7.8
7.0
8.5
7.5
9.2
7.8
9.5
8.2
10.0
8.7
10.6
9.1
11.2
10.0
12.2
10.8
13.2
11.5
14.1
5.2
6.8
5.9
7.5
6.5
8.1
7.0
8.6
7.5
9.2
8.1
9.9
8.8
10.8
9.5
11.6
9.8
12.0
10.1
12.4
10.7
13.1
11.3
13.8
4.8
6.6
5.6
7.6
6.3
8.3
7.0
8.8
7.7
9.6
8.3
10.1
8.7
10.6
9.6
11.7
10.4
12.7
10.7
13.1
11.0
13.5
4.3
6.5
5.2
7.8
6.1
8.7
6.8
9.5
7.6
10.2
8.3
10.9
9.0
11.5
9.6
12.1
10.9
13.4
3.7
6.3
4.6
7.4
5.6
8.5
6.5
9.5
7.3
10.4
8.1
11.2
8.9
12.1
9.6
12.8
10.3
13.5
11.6
14.7
3.4
5.8
3.8
6.5
4.9
7.8
6.0
9.2
7.0
10.3
7.9
11.3
8.7
12.3
9.5
13.2
T = 40C
LS
LC
5.3
6.5
5.7
7.0
6.0
7.4
6.4
7.8
7.0
8.5
7.5
9.2
7.8
9.5
8.2
10.0
8.7
10.6
9.1
11.2
10.0
12.2
10.8
13.2
11.5
14.1
5.0
6.8
5.7
7.5
6.3
8.1
6.9
8.6
7.5
9.2
8.1
9.9
8.8
10.8
9.5
11.6
9.8
12.0
10.1
12.4
10.7
13.1
11.3
13.8
4.7
6.6
5.5
7.6
6.1
8.3
6.8
8.8
7.5
9.6
8.1
10.1
8.6
10.6
9.6
11.7
10.4
12.7
10.7
13.1
11.0
13.5
4.2
6.5
5.1
7.8
5.9
8.7
6.7
9.5
7.4
10.2
8.1
10.9
8.7
11.5
9.3
12.1
10.6
13.4
3.6
6.1
4.5
7.4
5.4
8.5
6.3
9.5
7.1
10.4
7.9
11.2
8.7
12.1
9.4
12.8
10.0
13.5
11.3
14.7
3.3
5.6
3.7
6.3
4.8
7.8
5.8
9.2
6.8
10.3
7.7
11.3
8.5
12.3
9.3
13.2
T = 60C
LS
LC
5.3
6.5
5.7
7.0
6.0
7.4
6.4
7.8
7.0
8.5
7.5
9.2
7.8
9.5
8.2
10.0
8.7
10.6
9.1
11.2
10.0
12.2
10.8
13.2
11.5
14.1
4.9
6.8
5.5
7.5
6.1
8.1
6.6
8.6
7.2
9.2
7.8
9.9
8.8
10.8
9.5
11.6
9.8
12.0
10.1
12.4
10.7
13.1
11.3
13.8
4.5
6.6
5.2
7.6
5.9
8.3
6.5
8.8
7.2
9.6
7.8
10.1
8.3
10.6
9.4
11.7
10.4
12.7
10.7
13.1
11.0
13.5
4.0
6.5
4.9
7.8
5.7
8.7
6.4
9.5
7.1
10.2
7.8
10.9
8.4
11.5
9.0
12.1
10.2
13.4
3.5
5.9
4.3
7.4
5.2
8.5
6.1
9.5
6.9
10.4
7.6
11.2
8.3
12.1
9.0
12.8
9.7
13.5
10.9
14.7
3.2
5.4
3.5
6.0
4.6
7.8
5.6
9.2
6.5
10.3
7.4
11.3
8.2
12.3
8.9
13.2
T = 80C
LS
LC
5.3
6.5
5.7
7.0
6.0
7.4
6.4
7.8
7.0
8.5
7.5
9.2
7.8
9.5
8.2
10.0
8.7
10.6
9.1
11.2
10.0
12.2
10.8
13.2
11.5
14.1
4.6
6.8
5.2
7.5
5.8
8.1
6.4
8.6
6.9
9.2
7.4
9.9
8.4
10.8
9.3
11.6
9.7
12.0
10.1
12.4
10.7
13.1
11.3
13.8
4.3
6.6
5.0
7.6
5.7
8.3
6.3
8.8
6.9
9.6
7.4
10.1
8.0
10.6
9.0
11.7
10.0
12.7
10.4
13.1
10.9
13.5
3.8
6.5
4.7
7.8
5.4
8.7
6.1
9.5
6.8
10.2
7.4
10.9
8.0
11.5
8.6
12.1
9.7
13.4
3.3
5.7
4.1
7.1
5.0
8.5
5.8
9.5
6.6
10.4
7.3
11.2
8.0
12.1
8.6
12.8
9.2
13.5
10.4
14.7
3.0
5.2
3.4
5.8
4.4
7.5
5.4
9.2
6.2
10.3
7.0
11.3
7.8
12.3
8.6
13.2
T = 100C
LS
LC
5.0
6.5
5.5
7.0
5.9
7.4
6.4
7.8
7.0
8.5
7.5
9.2
7.8
9.5
8.2
10.0
8.7
10.6
9.1
11.2
10.0
12.2
10.8
13.2
11.5
14.1
4.4
6.8
4.9
7.5
5.5
8.1
6.0
8.6
6.5
9.2
7.0
9.9
7.9
10.8
8.7
11.6
9.2
12.0
9.6
12.4
10.3
13.1
11.1
13.8
4.0
6.6
4.7
7.6
5.3
8.3
5.9
8.8
6.5
9.6
7.0
10.1
7.5
10.6
8.5
11.7
9.4
12.7
9.8
13.1
10.3
13.5
3.6
6.2
4.4
7.5
5.1
8.7
5.8
9.5
6.4
10.2
7.0
10.9
7.6
11.5
8.1
12.1
9.2
13.4
3.1
5.3
3.9
6.7
4.7
8.1
5.5
9.4
6.2
10.4
6.8
11.2
7.5
12.1
8.1
12.8
8.7
13.5
9.8
14.7
2.9
4.9
3.2
5.4
4.2
7.1
5.0
8.6
5.9
10.0
6.6
11.3
7.4
12.3
8.0
13.2
T = 110C
LS
LC
4.8
6.5
5.3
7.0
5.7
7.4
6.1
7.8
6.9
8.5
7.5
9.2
7.8
9.5
8.2
10.0
8.7
10.6
9.1
11.2
10.0
12.2
10.8
13.2
11.5
14.1
4.2
6.8
4.7
7.5
5.3
8.1
5.7
8.6
6.2
9.2
6.7
9.9
7.6
10.8
8.4
11.6
8.8
12.0
9.2
12.4
9.9
13.1
10.6
13.8
3.9
6.6
4.5
7.6
5.1
8.3
5.7
8.8
6.2
9.6
6.7
10.1
7.2
10.6
8.1
11.7
9.0
12.7
9.4
13.1
9.8
13.5
3.5
5.9
4.2
7.2
4.9
8.4
5.5
9.5
6.1
10.2
6.7
10.9
7.2
11.5
7.8
12.1
8.8
13.4
3.0
5.1
3.7
6.4
4.5
7.7
5.3
9.0
5.9
10.1
6.6
11.2
7.2
12.1
7.8
12.8
8.3
13.5
9.4
14.7
2.7
4.7
3.1
5.2
4.0
6.8
4.8
8.3
5.6
9.6
6.4
10.9
7.1
12.1
7.7
13.2
(continued)

48
Table III-d. Support distance L' (m) for series EST, P = 0.75 * P N (bar) (continuation)
Series
EST 40
EST 50
ID
(mm)
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
T = 20C
LS
LC
2.6
4.5
3.5
5.9
4.1
6.9
5.3
9.1
6.5
10.4
7.5
11.7
8.5
12.8
9.4
13.9
10.3
14.8
2.0
3.4
2.4
4.1
2.7
4.7
3.7
6.4
4.4
7.5
5.7
9.8
6.9
11.4
8.0
12.8
9.1
14.1
10.1
15.2
11.0
16.3
T = 40C
LS
LC
2.5
4.3
3.4
5.8
3.9
6.8
5.2
8.9
6.3
10.4
7.3
11.7
8.3
12.8
9.2
13.9
10.0
14.8
1.9
3.3
2.3
4.0
2.7
4.5
3.6
6.2
4.2
7.3
5.6
9.5
6.7
11.4
7.8
12.8
8.8
14.1
9.8
15.2
10.7
16.3
T = 60C
LS
LC
2.4
4.2
3.3
5.6
3.8
6.5
5.0
8.6
6.1
10.3
7.0
11.7
7.9
12.8
8.8
13.9
9.6
14.8
1.9
3.2
2.2
3.8
2.6
4.4
3.5
6.0
4.1
7.0
5.4
9.2
6.5
11.1
7.5
12.8
8.5
14.1
9.4
15.2
10.3
16.3
T = 80C
LS
LC
2.3
4.0
3.1
5.3
3.6
6.2
4.8
8.2
5.8
9.9
6.7
11.5
7.6
12.8
8.4
13.9
9.2
14.8
1.8
3.1
2.1
3.7
2.4
4.2
3.3
5.7
3.9
6.7
5.1
8.8
6.2
10.6
7.2
12.3
8.1
13.9
9.0
15.2
9.9
16.3
T = 100C
LS
LC
2.2
3.8
2.9
5.0
3.4
5.9
4.5
7.7
5.5
9.3
6.3
10.8
7.2
12.2
7.9
13.6
8.7
14.8
1.7
2.9
2.0
3.5
2.3
3.9
3.1
5.4
3.7
6.3
4.8
8.3
5.8
10.0
6.8
11.6
7.7
13.1
8.5
14.5
9.3
15.9
T = 110C
LS
LC
2.1
3.6
2.8
4.8
3.3
5.6
4.3
7.4
5.2
8.9
6.1
10.4
6.9
11.7
7.6
13.0
8.3
14.2
1.6
2.8
1.9
3.3
2.2
3.8
3.0
5.2
3.5
6.0
4.6
7.9
5.6
9.6
6.5
11.1
7.4
12.6
8.2
13.9
8.9
15.2

Table III-e. Support distance L' (m) for series EST, P = 0.5 * P N (bar)
Series
EST 8
EST 12.5
EST 16
ID
(mm)
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
T = 20C
LS
LC
6.0
7.9
6.5
8.5
7.0
9.0
7.6
9.5
8.5
10.4
9.2
11.2
9.5
11.6
9.9
12.1
10.5
12.9
11.1
13.5
12.1
14.8
13.1
16.0
14.0
17.1
5.2
8.3
5.9
9.1
6.5
9.8
7.1
10.5
7.7
11.2
8.3
11.9
9.4
13.1
10.4
14.1
10.9
14.6
11.3
15.0
12.2
15.9
13.1
16.8
4.8
8.1
5.6
9.3
6.3
10.1
7.0
10.9
7.7
11.7
8.3
12.4
8.9
13.0
10.0
14.3
11.1
15.5
11.7
16.0
12.2
16.5
T = 40C
LS
LC
5.8
7.9
6.3
8.5
6.9
9.0
7.4
9.5
8.3
10.4
9.2
11.2
9.5
11.6
9.9
12.1
10.5
12.9
11.1
13.5
12.1
14.8
13.1
16.0
14.0
17.1
5.0
8.3
5.7
9.1
6.3
9.8
6.9
10.5
7.5
11.2
8.1
11.9
9.1
13.1
10.1
14.1
10.6
14.6
11.0
15.0
11.9
15.9
12.8
16.8
4.7
8.0
5.5
9.3
6.1
10.1
6.8
10.9
7.5
11.7
8.1
12.4
8.6
13.0
9.8
14.3
10.8
15.5
11.3
16.0
11.8
16.5
T = 60C
LS
LC
5.6
7.9
6.1
8.5
6.6
9.0
7.1
9.5
8.0
10.4
8.9
11.2
9.3
11.6
9.7
12.1
10.5
12.9
11.1
13.5
12.1
14.8
13.1
16.0
14.0
17.1
4.9
8.3
5.5
9.1
6.1
9.8
6.6
10.5
7.2
11.2
7.8
11.9
8.8
13.1
9.7
14.1
10.2
14.6
10.6
15.0
11.5
15.9
12.3
16.8
4.5
7.7
5.2
9.0
5.9
10.1
6.5
10.9
7.2
11.7
7.8
12.4
8.3
13.0
9.4
14.3
10.4
15.5
10.9
16.0
11.4
16.5
T = 80C
LS
LC
5.3
7.9
5.8
8.5
6.3
9.0
6.8
9.5
7.7
10.4
8.5
11.2
8.9
11.6
9.3
12.1
10.1
12.9
10.8
13.5
12.1
14.8
13.1
16.0
14.0
17.1
4.6
7.9
5.2
9.0
5.8
9.8
6.4
10.5
6.9
11.2
7.4
11.9
8.4
13.1
9.3
14.1
9.7
14.6
10.2
15.0
11.0
15.9
11.8
16.8
4.3
7.3
5.0
8.6
5.7
9.7
6.3
10.7
6.9
11.7
7.4
12.4
8.0
13.0
9.0
14.3
10.0
15.5
10.4
16.0
10.9
16.5
T = 100C
LS
LC
5.0
7.9
5.5
8.5
5.9
9.0
6.4
9.5
7.2
10.4
8.0
11.2
8.4
11.6
8.8
12.1
9.5
12.9
10.2
13.5
11.5
14.8
12.7
16.0
13.9
17.1
4.4
7.5
4.9
8.4
5.5
9.4
6.0
10.2
6.5
11.1
7.0
11.9
7.9
13.1
8.7
14.1
9.2
14.6
9.6
15.0
10.3
15.9
11.1
16.8
4.0
6.9
4.7
8.1
5.3
9.1
5.9
10.1
6.5
11.1
7.0
11.9
7.5
12.8
8.5
14.3
9.4
15.5
9.8
16.0
10.3
16.5
T = 110C
LS
LC
4.8
7.9
5.3
8.5
5.7
9.0
6.1
9.5
6.9
10.4
7.7
11.2
8.0
11.6
8.4
12.1
9.1
12.9
9.8
13.5
11.0
14.8
12.2
16.0
13.3
17.1
4.2
7.2
4.7
8.1
5.3
9.0
5.7
9.8
6.2
10.6
6.7
11.5
7.6
13.0
8.4
14.1
8.8
14.6
9.2
15.0
9.9
15.9
10.6
16.8
3.9
6.6
4.5
7.8
5.1
8.7
5.7
9.7
6.2
10.6
6.7
11.5
7.2
12.3
8.1
13.9
9.0
15.4
9.4
16.0
9.8
16.5
(continued)

49
Table III-e. Support distance L' (m) for series EST, P = 0.5 * P N (bar) (continuation)
Series
EST 20
EST 25
EST 32
EST 40
EST 50
ID
(mm)
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
T = 20C
LS
LC
4.3
7.3
5.2
8.9
6.1
10.4
6.8
11.5
7.6
12.4
8.3
13.2
9.0
14.0
9.6
14.7
10.9
16.2
3.7
6.3
4.6
7.9
5.6
9.6
6.5
11.1
7.3
12.5
8.1
13.6
8.9
14.7
9.6
15.5
10.3
16.4
11.6
17.9
3.4
5.8
3.8
6.5
4.9
8.4
6.0
10.2
7.0
11.9
7.9
13.5
8.7
14.9
9.5
16.1
2.6
4.5
3.5
5.9
4.1
6.9
5.3
9.1
6.5
11.1
7.5
12.9
8.5
14.5
9.4
16.1
10.3
17.6
2.0
3.4
2.4
4.1
2.7
4.7
3.7
6.4
4.4
7.5
5.7
9.8
6.9
11.8
8.0
13.7
9.1
15.5
10.1
17.2
11.0
18.8
T = 40C
LS
LC
4.2
7.1
5.1
8.7
5.9
10.1
6.7
11.4
7.4
12.4
8.1
13.2
8.7
14.0
9.3
14.7
10.6
16.2
3.6
6.1
4.5
7.7
5.4
9.3
6.3
10.8
7.1
12.2
7.9
13.5
8.7
14.7
9.4
15.5
10.0
16.4
11.3
17.9
3.3
5.6
3.7
6.3
4.8
8.2
5.8
10.0
6.8
11.6
7.7
13.1
8.5
14.5
9.3
15.9
2.5
4.3
3.4
5.8
3.9
6.8
5.2
8.9
6.3
10.8
7.3
12.5
8.3
14.1
9.2
15.7
10.0
17.1
1.9
3.3
2.3
4.0
2.7
4.5
3.6
6.2
4.2
7.3
5.6
9.5
6.7
11.5
7.8
13.4
8.8
15.1
9.8
16.8
10.7
18.3
T = 60C
LS
LC
4.0
6.8
4.9
8.4
5.7
9.7
6.4
11.0
7.1
12.1
7.8
13.2
8.4
14.0
9.0
14.7
10.2
16.2
3.5
5.9
4.3
7.4
5.2
9.0
6.1
10.4
6.9
11.7
7.6
13.0
8.3
14.2
9.0
15.4
9.7
16.4
10.9
17.9
3.2
5.4
3.5
6.0
4.6
7.9
5.6
9.6
6.5
11.1
7.4
12.6
8.2
14.0
8.9
15.3
2.4
4.2
3.3
5.6
3.8
6.5
5.0
8.6
6.1
10.3
7.0
12.0
7.9
13.6
8.8
15.1
9.6
16.5
1.9
3.2
2.2
3.8
2.6
4.4
3.5
6.0
4.1
7.0
5.4
9.2
6.5
11.1
7.5
12.9
8.5
14.5
9.4
16.1
10.3
17.6
T = 80C
LS
LC
3.8
6.5
4.7
8.0
5.4
9.3
6.1
10.5
6.8
11.6
7.4
12.7
8.0
13.7
8.6
14.7
9.7
16.2
3.3
5.7
4.1
7.1
5.0
8.6
5.8
9.9
6.6
11.2
7.3
12.4
8.0
13.6
8.6
14.7
9.2
15.8
10.4
17.8
3.0
5.2
3.4
5.8
4.4
7.5
5.4
9.2
6.2
10.7
7.0
12.1
7.8
13.4
8.6
14.6
2.3
4.0
3.1
5.3
3.6
6.2
4.8
8.2
5.8
9.9
6.7
11.5
7.6
13.0
8.4
14.4
9.2
15.8
1.8
3.1
2.1
3.7
2.4
4.2
3.3
5.7
3.9
6.7
5.1
8.8
6.2
10.6
7.2
12.3
8.1
13.9
9.0
15.4
9.9
16.9
T = 100C
LS
LC
3.6
6.2
4.4
7.5
5.1
8.7
5.8
9.9
6.4
10.9
7.0
11.9
7.6
12.9
8.1
13.9
9.2
15.7
3.1
5.3
3.9
6.7
4.7
8.1
5.5
9.4
6.2
10.6
6.8
11.7
7.5
12.8
8.1
13.9
8.7
14.9
9.8
16.8
2.9
4.9
3.2
5.4
4.2
7.1
5.0
8.6
5.9
10.0
6.6
11.3
7.4
12.6
8.0
13.8
2.2
3.8
2.9
5.0
3.4
5.9
4.5
7.7
5.5
9.3
6.3
10.8
7.2
12.2
7.9
13.6
8.7
14.8
1.7
2.9
2.0
3.5
2.3
3.9
3.1
5.4
3.7
6.3
4.8
8.3
5.8
10.0
6.8
11.6
7.7
13.1
8.5
14.5
9.3
15.9
T = 110C
LS
LC
3.5
5.9
4.2
7.2
4.9
8.4
5.5
9.5
6.1
10.5
6.7
11.5
7.2
12.4
7.8
13.3
8.8
15.1
3.0
5.1
3.7
6.4
4.5
7.7
5.3
9.0
5.9
10.1
6.6
11.2
7.2
12.3
7.8
13.3
8.3
14.3
9.4
16.1
2.7
4.7
3.1
5.2
4.0
6.8
4.8
8.3
5.6
9.6
6.4
10.9
7.1
12.1
7.7
13.2
2.1
3.6
2.8
4.8
3.3
5.6
4.3
7.4
5.2
8.9
6.1
10.4
6.9
11.7
7.6
13.0
8.3
14.2
1.6
2.8
1.9
3.3
2.2
3.8
3.0
5.2
3.5
6.0
4.6
7.9
5.6
9.6
6.5
11.1
7.4
12.6
8.2
13.9
8.9
15.2


50
III.6. Anchor points
Anchor points are used to fix a certain point of the pipeline system. The expansion of the pipeline system
is directed from a fixed point towards the supports next to the anchor point. The pipe should be able
to move within these pipe supports.
Anchor points can be created as follows:
A. Adhesive bonded saddle

Adhesive bonded saddles can be fixed on the bottom of the pipe on each side of a pipe clamp.
Fig. III.6.
B. Laminate build-ups
On each side of a pipe clamp a laminate can be wrapped.
Fig III.7.
III.7. Anchor loads
Although Wavistrong pipes have a higher coefficient of linear thermal expansion (? L) than steel pipes,
their far lower axial E-modulus results in comparatively low expansion forces at the anchor points when
the pipeline is subjected to temperature changes (? T).

51
In table III-f. (page 53) the anchor loads (PA) for series EST at a temperature change ? T = 10C are
listed.
The E-modulus of 20C has been used in the following formula for the determination of this load:
(Eq. III.12.)
Where:
PA
OD
ID
EX
?L
?T
=
=
=
=
=
=
anchor load
outer diameter
inner diameter
axial tensile modulus (table II-j., page 21)
coefficient of linear thermal expansion (table II-l., page 21)
temperature change
(N)
(mm)
(mm)
(N/mm2)
(mm/mm.C)
(C)
Where temperature differences (? T) are greater than 10C, the anchor load (PA) shown in table III-f.
(page 53) should be multiplied by a factor indicating the difference between the highest actual temperature
and 20C, resulting in the following equation. Also, the temperature correction factor (RE) from table II-k.
(page 21), corresponding to the highest actual temperature, must be applied:
(Eq. III.13.)
Where:
PAT
PA
?T
RE
=
=
=
=
anchor load at elevated temperature

anchor load (Eq. III.12.)
temperature change
temperature correction factor (table II-k., page 21)
(N)
(N)
(C)
(-)
As a rule no expansion loops or compensators are required. The distance between the supports should
be reduced when there is a risk of axial buckling due to increasing axial stresses (III.5., page 45).
However, when the expansion forces on the anchor points are considered to be excessively high,
compensation of the load can be found by using compensators or expansion loops; the Future Pipe Industries
engineers can advise you.

52
Table III-f. Anchor load P A (N) for series EST at 20C and ? T = 10C
ID
Series EST
(mm)
12.5
16
20
25
32
40
50
25
40
541
835
50
80
100
150
200
250
1031
2138
3218
1157
2600
3958
2490
2007
2651
6302
5058
7660
3696
6309
9417
4525
7570
11384
5362
9159
13963
6813
11572
17777
8410
14347
22057
19771
26586
34406
25066
33882
43701
31418
42428
55088
300
350
400
9198
11677
8704
11487
14650
10564
13926
18056
13138
17472
22418
15966
21318
27754
450
500
600
14447
17508
24505
18194
22505
31574
22373
27146
38533
27977
34149
48800
34683
42381
60085
700
750
800
32667
37185
42583
42166
48033
54281
51905
59045
66643
900
1000
1200
53149
64881
91840
67919
83080
1400
1600
123461
159743
Table III-g. End play and angular deflection of the RSLJ and RSJ
ID
Note:
End play (mm)
Angular deflection
(mm)
RSLJ
RSJ
RSLJ
RSJ
80
100
2.5
3
32.5
33
1 30'
1 30'
3
3
150
200
250
6
8
9
36 (56)
38 (58)
39 (59)
1 30'
1 30'
1 30'
3
3
3
300
350
400
10
11
13
40 (60)
61
63
1 30'
1 30'
1 30'
3
3
3
450
500
600
14
16
19
64
66
69
1 30'
1 30'
1 30'
3
3
2
700
750
800
16
17
19
66
67
69
1
1
1
2
2
2
900
1000
1200
21
23
27
71
73
77
1
1
1
2
2
1
1400
32
82
The end play is required to accommodate soil settlement, Poisson contraction and temperature changes and can therefore
not be used for installation adjustments.
Values between brackets are valid for pipes with standard length Lo = 10 m.

53
IV. Wavistrong underground pipe systems

IV.1. Design and joining systems
When using the Wavistrong pipe systems for underground applications, several types of joints can be
used (II.4., page 4). In contrast to above ground pipelines, these joints can be unrestrained (ratio axial
stress/hoop stress (R) = 0.25). Only at directional changes and depending on the pressure, diameter
and soil conditions, some lengths of pipe should be installed with tensile resistant couplers. Alternatively
an external axial restraint, e.g. a concrete anchor block can be used.
IV.2. Anchor points

Buried Wavistrong non-tensile resistant pipe systems can be anchored at turns and branches by means
of thrust blocks. This not only alleviates the need for expansion details, it also eliminates underground
movement of the pipe system. However, in most circumstances the use of restrained couplers (e.g. rubber
seal lock joint or adhesive bonded joint) over a certain distance, starting from the fitting, may offer a
better solution.
For this purpose, the fictive anchor length (LA) must be determined. The fictive anchor length (LA) can
be calculated from the following formula:
(Eq. IV.1.)
Where:
LA
P
ID
FW
OD
=
=
=
=
=
fictive anchor length

operating pressure
inner diameter
frictional force between soil and pipe
outer diameter (II.5.1.B, page 6)
(m)
(Mpa)
(mm)
(N/mm2)
(mm)
The value of FW can be obtained from the soil mechanics report. If not, the following values may provide
a rough indication:
- soft clay and peaty soils
- sandy clay and sand
:
:
0.001 ? FW ? 0.003 (N/mm2)

0.003 ? FW ? 0.010 (N/mm2)
IV.3. Calculation of underground pipe systems

Calculations, as described in this paragraph are in line with ANSI/AWWA C950-88. Based on specific
material data (and many years of experience) a number of deviations are stated in the text. As in
ANSI/AWWA C950-88, Anglo-Saxon units are used.
The stresses in the wall of a flexible buried pipe not only depend on the internal pressure, but are also
a result of the deflection due to external loads. The stress resulting from the deflection depends on the
interaction between the soil and the pipe, which is among others determined by the installation method.

54
IV.3.1. Pipe deflection

The vertical deflection of an underground pipe is a function of the installation parameters, the vertical
load on the pipe, the pipe stiffness and the soil characteristics.
When installed underground, a flexible pipe deflects, which means a decrease of the vertical diameter.
Many theories are used to predict this deflection; however, in actual field conditions, pipe deflections
may vary from the calculated values because theories cannot anticipate all the parameters associated
with a given installation. These variations include the inherent variability of native ground conditions and
variations in methods, materials, and equipment used to install a buried pipe.
A prediction is made using the following formula:
(Eq IV.2.)
Where:
?y
Dl
Wc
WL
Kx
rm
EI
E'
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
predicted vertical pipe deflection

deflection lag factor
vertical soil load
live load
deflection coefficient (table IV-b., page 56)
mean pipe radius
stiffness factor
modulus of soil reaction (table IV-d., page 59)
(in)
(-)
(lb/in)
(lb/in)
(-)
(in)
(in2.lb/in)
(psi)
Two procedures are available to obtain an estimated average deflection, in order to obtain a 95% probability
that the actual deflection will be less than the calculated value.
Procedure A:
This procedure is used if the burial depth (H) is less than or equal to 16 ft ( 4.9 m).
Procedure A uses a modulus of soil reaction (E') equal to 0.75 times the value obtained from table IV-d.
(page 59).
Procedure B:
This procedure is used if the burial depth (H) is greater than 16 ft ( 4.9 m).
Procedure B uses a modulus of soil reaction (E') equal to the value obtained from table IV-d. (page 59),
and adds the percentage deflection, given in table IV-a. (page 56) to the value obtained from Eq. IV.2.
Note:
Pipe Installation where the burial depth (H) is less than the pipe diameter (ID) require special consideration.
Our engineers can be contacted for advice.

55
Table IV-a. Additional deflection dependent on the degree of compaction

Degree of compaction
Dumped
Slight
Moderate
High
Note:
Additional deflection
(%)
+2
+2
+1
+ 0.5
The actual deflection measured at a particular point along a single pipeline may vary 2% from the average deflection
for the entire pipeline due to variations from specific conditions in the soil and in the compaction procedures used.
IV.3.2. Deflection lag factor

After the soil has been initially loaded, it continues to deform (consolidate) with time. The deflection lag
factor (Dl) converts the immediate deflection of the pipe to the deflection of the pipe after many years.
For plastic pipes a value of Dl = 1.5 to 2 is recommended by ANSI/AWWA C950-88.
IV.3.3. Deflection coefficient

The deflection coefficient (Kx) reflects the degree of support provided by the soil at the bottom of the
pipe. Table IV-b. gives the recommended values for different types of installation.
Table IV-b. Deflection coefficient (K X) as function of type of installation
Type of installation
Shaped bottom with tampered backfill material placed at the sides of the pipe;
? 95 % Proctor density
Compacted coarse-grained, shaped bedding with backfill material placed at the sides of the
pipe; 70 - 100 % relative density
Shaped bottom, moderately compacted, with backfill material placed at the sides of the pipe; 85
- 95 % Proctor density
Coarse grained, shaped bedding, with slightly compacted backfill material placed at the sides of
the pipe; 40 - 70 % relative density
Flat bottom with loose backfill material placed at the sides of the pipe (not recommended);
< 35% Proctor density; < 40% relative density
At least one lift of backfill material should be placed and compacted at the sides of the pipe.

56
Equivalent
bedding
angle
(degrees)
Deflection
coefficient
Kx
(-)
180
0.083
120
90
0.090
0.096
60
0.103
30
0.108
0.110
IV.3.4. Vertical soil load

The vertical soil load (Wc) on the pipe may be considered as the mass of the rectangular prism of soil
directly above the pipe, according to the following equation:
(Eq. IV.3.)
Where:
Wc
?s
H
OD
=
=
=
=
vertical soil load

specific mass of the soil
burial depth to top of the pipe
outer diameter (II.5.1.B, page 6)
(lb/in)
(lb/ft3)
(ft)
(in)
Considerations should be given to pipe installed under unusual conditions, such as in unstable soils
or soils with high groundwater tables.
IV.3.5. Live load

The live load (WL) will be calculated according to the following equation:
or
Where:
WL
CL
CL(T)
PW
If
(Eq. IV.4.)
=
=
=
=
=
live load
live load coefficient (single wheel load)
live load coefficient (two passing trucks)
wheel load (table IV-c.)
impact factor
(lb/in)
(-)
(-)
(lb)
(-)
(Eq. IV.5.)
Where:
H
= burial depth to top of pipe (0 ? If ? 0.50)
In abscence of specific soil information, the unit weight for soil may be assumed to be
120 lb/ft3 (= 2000 kg/m3)

57
(ft)
Table IV-c. Wheel load (P W)

Wheel load
Indication
VOSB 30
VOSB 45
VOSB 60
H20-S16
LKW 12
SKW 30
SKW 60
(tons)
5
7.5
10
7.2
4
5
10
(lb)
11,000
16,500
22,000
16,000
9,000
11,000
22,000
IV.3.5.1. Live load coefficient single wheel load

The live load coefficient (CL) for a single wheel load will be determined with the following equation :
(Eq. IV.6.)
Where:
CL
= live load coefficient (single wheel load)
H
= burial depth to top of pipe
ro
= outer pipe radius
(-)
(ft)
(ft)
ARCSIN must be in radians.
IV.3.5.2. Live load coefficient two passing trucks

The live load coefficient (CL(T)) for two passing trucks will be determined with the following equation:
(Eq. IV.7.)
Where:
CL(T)
= live load coefficient (two passing trucks)
D
= mean pipe diameter
H
= burial depth to top of pipe
(-)
(ft)
(ft)
COS and TAN must be in radians
This equation (Eq. IV.6.) is based on the Boussinesq formula for a point load at the surface of a semi-infinite elastic
soil.

58
IV.3.6. Stiffness factor

The stiffness factor (EI) is the product of the hoop bending modulus (EH) of the pipewall and the moment
of inertia of the pipewall per unit length of pipe.
(Eq. IV.8.)
Where:
EH
= hoop bending modulus (table II-j., page 26)
TT
= nett total wall thickness
(psi)
(in)
(II.5.1.A, page 6)
IV.3.7. Modulus of soil reaction

The modulus of the soil reaction (E') depends on the type of backfilling. Recommended values of E'
for various soil and compaction conditions are shown in the table IV-d. The listed values are derived
from ASTM D 2487.
Table IV-d. Modulus of soil reaction (E')
E' for degree of compaction of bedding
psi (N/mm)
Dumped
Slight
Moderate
High
Soil types backfill material

Fine-grained soils LL < 50.
Soils with medium to no plasticity CL, ML, ML-CL, CL-CH, ML-MH,
with less than 25% coarse-grained particles.
Fine-grained soils LL < 50.
Soils with medium to no plasticity CL, ML, ML-CL, CL-CH, ML-MH,
with more than 25% coarse-grained particles.
Coarse-grained soils with fines GM, GC, SM, SC
, containing more
than 12% fines.
Coarse-grained soils with little or no fines. GW, GP, SW, SP
, containing less than 12% fines.
Crushed rock
50
(0.34)
200
(1.4)
400
(2.8)
1000
(6.9)
100
(0.69)
400
(2.8)
1000
(6.9)
2000
(13.8)
200
(1.4)
1000
(6.9)
1000
(6.9)
2000
(13.8)
3000
(20.7)
3000
(20.7)
Classification of soils for engineering purposes according to ASTM D 2487 (table IV-e., page 60).
Slight
= < 85 % Proctor / < 40 % relative density
Moderate
= 85-95 % Proctor / 40-70 % relative density
High
= > 95 % Proctor / > 70 % relative density
LL = Liquid Limit
Or any borderline soil beginning with one of these symbols (i.e. GM-GC, GC-SC).

59
Table IV-e. Soil classification

Group
Symbol
Group name
GW
Well graded gravels, gravel-sand mixtures, little or no fines
GP
Poorly graded gravels, gravel-sand mixtures, little or no fines
GM
Silty gravels, poorly graded gravel-sand-silt mixtures
GC
Clayey gravels, poorly graded gravel-sand-clay mixtures
SW
Well graded sands, gravelly sands, little or no fines
SP
Poorly graded sands, gravelly sands, little or no fines
SM
Silty sands, poorly graded sand-silt mixtures
SC
Clayey sands, poorly graded sand-clay mixtures
ML
Inorganic silts and very fine sand, silty or clayey fine sands
CL
Inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity
MH
Inorganic silts, micaceous or diatomaceous fine sandy or silty soils, elastic silts
CH
Inorganic clays of high plasticity, fat clays
IV.4. Resulting hoop stress

The maximum hoop stress resulting from the combined effects of internal pressure and deflection shall
meet the following equation:
(Eq. IV.9.)
Where:
?c
= resulting hoop stress
HDB
= Hydrostatic Design Basis (table II-h., page 20)
FS
= design factor (1.5)
According to ASTM D 2487

60
(psi)
(psi)
(-)
? c is calculated as follows:
(Eq. IV.10.)
Where:
?c
P
D
TE
Df
EH
RC
?y
TT
=
=
=
=
resulting hoop stress

operating pressure
mean pipe diameter
minimum reinforced wall thickness
= shape factor (table IV-f.)
= hoop bending modulus (table II-j., page 21)
= rerounding coefficient
= predicted vertical pipe deflection
= nett total wall thickness
(psi)
(psi)
(in)
(in)
(-)
(psi)
(-)
(in)
(in)
(II.5.1.A., page 6)
If:
Then:
Else:
(Eq. IV.11.)
Where:
P = operating pressure
(psi)
Table IV-f. Shape factor

Pipe-zone backfill material and compaction
Gravel
Sand
Pipe Stiffness (psi)
dumped to slight
moderate to high
dumped to slight
moderate to high
9
18
36
72
5.5
4.5
3.8
3.3
7.0
5.5
4.5
3.8
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.5
8.0
6.5
5.5
4.5

61
IV.5. Allowable combined stress

The combination of the axial stress due to internal pressure (SX) and the circumferential stresses due
to internal pressure (Sy) and vertical deflection of the pipe (? C), should not exceed the acceptable stress
levels as shown in the fig. II-7. (page 13 through 15). The occurring axial stress has a great influence
on the allowable hoop stress. Non-tensile resistant pipes (series ESN) allow for high hoop stress. It is
beneficial to use this type of pipe for underground applications.
The occurring axial stress for tensile resistant and the non-tensile resistant pipes is calculated as follows:
A. Tensile resistant system (series EST):
(Eq. IV.12.)
Where:
Sx
= actual axial stress due to internal pressure
Sy
= actual hoop stress due to internal pressure
(ISO formula)
Where:
P
ID
= inner diameter
TE
= minimum reinforced wall thickness
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
(Eq. IV.13.)
(Mpa)
(mm)
(mm)
B. Non-tensile resistant system (series ESN):

(Eq. IV.14.)
Where:
Sx
= actual axial stress due to internal pressure
Nyx
= Poisson ratio hoop/axial (table II-j., page 21)
Sy
= actual hoop stress due to internal pressure (Eq. IV.13.)
(N/mm)
(-)
(N/mm)
From the calculated values (table IV-j. through IV-m., page 64 through 67) one may conclude that the
deflection of the pipe decreases with increasing care of installation and modulus of soil reaction (E').
Stresses and deflections of the pipe system at burial depths varying from 1 to 5 metres are acceptable.
If the pipe system is installed with a depth of cover over 2.5 metres, the deflection is mainly caused by
the soil loads; at shallow depths (< 1 m) wheel loads (PW) have a predominant influence on the deformation
of the pipe.
The table IV-j. through IV-m. (page 64 through 67) show that in some cases, the required pressure class
can be reduced when using series ESN instead of EST. This is the result of the design of series ESN,
where a steeper winding angle is used compared with series EST. This steeper winding angle results
in a higher pipe stiffness (PS) as well as a higher allowable circumferential stress (SH).

62
In the following table IV-j. through IV-m. (page 64 through 67) the results of calculations for the standard
Wavistrong product range are shown. These calculations at nominal pressure (PN) for the series EST
and ESN give the deflection (? y) for various burial depths (H) and different wheel loads (PW).
The values in table IV-j through IV-m. are determined for two different soil conditions:
Table IV-g. Input conditions for table IV-j. and IV-k. (page 64 and 65).
coarse grained soils with fines
?s
2000 (125)
moderate
(-)
E'
6.9 (1000)
N/mm (psi)
degree of compaction
modulus of soil reaction
bedding angle
kg/m3 (pcf)
90
deflection coefficient
KX
0.096
(-)
Dl
1.5
(-)
Table IV-h. Input conditions for table IV-l. and IV-m. (page 66 and 67)
fine grained soil with medium or no

plasticity
?s
degree of compaction
bedding angle
E'
1600 (100)
kg/m3 (pcf)
moderate
(-)
4.8 (700)
N/mm (psi)
120
deflection coefficient
KX
0.090
(-)
Dl
1.5
(-)
Criteria for rejection ("--") in the table IV-j. through IV-m. are:
-
resulting hoop stress (? C)
> maximum hoop stress (HDB/FS) (Eq.IV.9.)
predicted vertical pipe deflection (? y)
> 5%
burial depth (H)
< pipe diameter (ID)
In case the conditions in the field differ from those used for the following listed calculations, separate
calculations can be made on request.
Pipe installations where the burial depth (H) is less than the pipe diameter (ID) require special consideration.
Our engineers can be contacted for advice.

63
Table IV-j. Vertical deflection ? y (%) at P N for buried series EST at 20C
Calculations in line with ANSI/AWWA C950-88.
Burial conditions:
Wheel load (tons)
Burial
(m)
depth
EST 8
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
EST 12.5
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
EST 16
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
EST 20
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
EST 25
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
EST 32
25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
Specific mass soil:

E' (ground)
:
2000kg/m3
6.9 N/mm
125 pcf
1000 psi
Bedding angle:
Defl.lag factor:
90
1.5(-)
7.5
10
0.5
2.5
0.5
2.5
0.5
2.5
0.5
2.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
-.-.-.-.-.-.0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
-.-.-.-.0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
-.0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
-.0.0
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
-.-.-.0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.2
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.0
3.5
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
1.4
2.1
2.6
3.0
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.2.9
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
-.-.-.-.-.-.2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.5
-.-.-.-.2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
-.2.1
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
-.0.3
0.8
1.2
1.6
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
-.-.-.1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
3.5
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
1.4
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.8
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.4.1
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
-.-.-.-.-.-.4.1
4.0
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
-.-.-.-.3.8
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
-.3.0
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
-.0.4
1.1
1.8
2.3
2.7
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
-.-.-.2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
0.2
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.7
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
3.5
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
1.4
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
-.-.5.0
4.9
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.4.9
4.8
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.5.0
4.9
4.8
4.7
-.-.-.-.5.0
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
-.3.9
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
-.0.5
1.5
2.3
3.0
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
-.-.-.2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.7
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
0.2
0.7
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
1.7
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
0.2
0.7
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
3.5
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
1.4
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
For different soil conditions, separate calculations can be made on request.

64
Table IV-k. Vertical deflection ? y (%) at P N for buried series ESN at 20C
Burial conditions:
Wheel load (tons)
Burial
(m)
depth
ESN 10
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
ESN 16
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
ESN 20
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
ESN 25
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
ESN 32
80
100
150
200
250
300
Specific mass soil:

E' (ground)
:
2000 kg/m3
6.9 N/mm
125 pcf
1000 psi
Bedding angle:
Defl.lag factor:
90
1.5(-)
7.5
10
0.5
2.5
0.5
2.5
0.5
2.5
0.5
2.5
0.4
0.4
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
-.-.-.-.0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
-.0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
-.0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
-.-.-.0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.4
1.9
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.2
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.3
4.2
3.3
4.0
4.2
4.1
4.1
4.3
2.7
2.6
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
-.-.-.-.2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
-.2.9
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.5
-.1.9
2.6
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
-.-.-.1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.0
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
1.5
2.0
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.3
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.3
4.2
3.3
4.0
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.3
3.9
3.6
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.4.0
3.9
3.8
3.6
-.-.-.-.4.1
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
-.4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
-.2.7
3.7
4.0
3.9
3.7
3.6
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
-.-.-.2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.3
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
1.5
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.3
4.2
3.3
4.0
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.4
5.0
4.7
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.5.0
4.9
4.7
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.5.0
4.8
4.6
-.-.-.5.0
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.5
-.3.5
4.8
-.5.0
4.9
4.6
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
-.-.-.2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
1.5
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
1.5
2.1
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.2
3.3
4.0
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.4

65
Table IV-l. Vertical deflection ? y (%) at P N for buried series EST at 20C
Calculations in line with ANSI/AWWA C 950-88.
Burial conditions:
Wheel load (tons)
Burial
(m)
depth
EST 8
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
EST 12.5
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
EST 16
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
EST 20
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
EST 25
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
EST 32
25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
Specific mass soil:

E' (ground)
:
1600 kg/m3
4.8 N/mm
100 pcf
700 psi
Bedding angle:
Defl.lag factor:
120
1.5(-)
7.5
10
0.5
2.5
0.5
2.5
0.5
2.5
0.5
2.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-.-.-.-.-.-.0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
-.-.-.-.0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
-.0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
-.0.0
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
-.-.-.0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.2
0.5
0.8
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.2
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
3.4
3.7
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.8
3.8
3.8
1.3
1.9
2.4
2.9
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.4
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.3.7
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
-.-.-.-.-.-.3.6
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.2
-.-.-.-.3.3
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9
-.2.4
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.4
-.0.3
0.8
1.3
1.7
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
-.-.-.1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.2
0.5
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.2
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.1
3.4
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
1.3
1.9
2.4
2.9
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
-.-.5.0
4.9
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.5.0
4.9
4.8
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.5.0
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.6
-.-.-.-.4.8
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
-.3.4
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
-.0.4
1.1
1.8
2.5
3.1
3.2
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
-.-.-.2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
0.2
0.5
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
0.2
0.5
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.2
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
3.4
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
1.3
1.9
2.4
2.9
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.4.5
-.-.-.5.0
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.6
-.0.5
1.5
2.4
3.3
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
-.-.-.3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
0.2
0.5
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
3.5
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
1.3
1.9
2.4
2.9
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3

66
Table IV-m. Vertical deflection ? y (%) at P N for buried series ESN at 20C
Burial conditions:
Wheel load (tons)
Burial
(m)
depth
ESN 10
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
ESN 16
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
ESN 20
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
ESN 25
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
ESN 32
80
100
150
200
250
300
Specific mass soil:

E' (ground)
:
1600 kg/m3
4.8 N/mm
100 pcf
700 psi
Bedding angle:
Defl.lag factor:
120
1.5(-)
7.5
10
0.5
2.5
0.5
2.5
0.5
2.5
0.5
2.5
0.5
0.5
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-.-.-.-.0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-.0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
-.0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
-.-.-.0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.5
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.9
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
1.3
1.9
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.3
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.3
3.2
4.0
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.5
3.5
3.3
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
-.-.-.-.3.7
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.2
-.3.7
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
-.2.1
3.1
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
-.-.-.2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.1
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.9
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.3
1.3
2.0
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.3
3.2
4.0
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.6
5.0
4.7
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.4.9
4.7
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.4.9
4.8
4.6
-.-.-.5.0
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.4
-.3.0
4.5
-.4.8
4.7
4.6
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
-.-.-.2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
1.3
2.0
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
1.4
2.1
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.3
3.2
4.0
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.6
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.3.9
-.-.-.-.-.-
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
-.-.-.3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.6
1.6
2.4
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.9
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
1.4
2.1
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.3
3.2
4.1
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.6

67
Appendix I : List of symbols

(mm2)
(mm2)
A
AB
= structural wall area

= bore area
c
CL
CL(T)
= wave velocity
= live-load coefficient (single wheel load)
= live-load coefficient (two passing trucks)
D
Df
DI
Dl
DO
=
=
=
=
=
mean pipe diameter

shape factor
structural inner diameter
structural outer diameter
E'
EH
EI
ES
EV
EX
EXT
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

hoop bending modulus
stiffness factor
shear modulus
volumetric E-modulus
axial bending (tensile) modulus
axial bending (tensile) modulus at elevated temperature
f
FS
FW
= constant
= design factor
= frictional force between soil and pipe
g
GB
GV

= linear mass of the pipe
= lenear mass of the pipe content
H
HDB
HDS
= burial depth to top of the pipe

= Hydrostatic Design Basis
= Hydrostatic Design Stress
(ft)
(N/mm2), (psi)
(N/mm2), (psi)
ID
If
IR
IZ
=
=
=
=
(mm), (m), (in)

(-)
(mm)
(mm4)
k
KV
KX
= wall roughness
= compression modulus of the fluid
= deflection coefficient
L
L'
LA
LC
LC1
LC2
LEQ
LF
LO
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
inner diameter
impact factor
radius of inertia
linear moment of inertia
length between stiff pipe ends

support distance at operating temperature and -pressure
fictive anchor length
continuous span length
continuous span length based on axial stress
continuous span length based on the allowable sag
equivalent pipe length
final support distance
standard length

68
(m/s)
(-)
(-)
(m), (in), (ft)
(-)
(mm), (in)
(-)
(mm), (in)
(psi)
(N/mm2), (N/m2), (psi)
(in2.lb/in)
(N/mm)
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
(-)
(-)
(N/mm2)
(m/s2)
(kg/m)
(kg/m)
(mm)
(N/mm2)
(-)
(mm)
(m)
(m)
(mm), (m)
(mm)
(mm)
(m)
(m)
(m)
LS
LS1
LS2
= single span length

= single span length based on axial stress
= single span length based on allowable sag
(mm), (m)
(mm)
(mm)
NXY
NYX
= Poisson ratio axial/hoop

= Poisson ratio hoop/axial
OD
= outer diameter
P
PA
PAT
PB
PBT
PN
PS
PW
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
QP
= linear weight of the filled pipe
R
Rb
Rc
RE
rm
ro
RS
RT
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
ratio axial stress/hoop stress, elbow radius

bending radius
rerounding coefficient
temperature correction factor
mean pipe radius
outer pipe radius
specific gravity correction factor
temperature change correction factor
(-), (mm)
(m), (in)
(-)
(-)
(mm), (in)
(ft)
(-)
(-)
SA
Sb
Seq
Seq(max)
SF
SF
Sf
SH
SL
STES
STIS
SV
SX
SXT
SY
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
remaining axial stress

load-dependent safety factor
equivalent stress
maximum equivalent stress
Stiffness Factor
service factor
service (design) factor
allowable hoop stress
specific gravity of the laminate
Specific Tangential End Stiffness
Specific Tangential Initial Stiffness
specific gravity of the fluid
actual axial stress due to internal pressure
allowable axial stress
actual hoop stress due to internal pressure
(N/mm2)
(-)
(N/mm2)
(N/mm)
(in2.lb/in)
(-)
(-)
(N/mm2)
(kg/m3)
(N/m2)
(N/m2)
(kg/m3)
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
T
TC
TE
TL
TT
TW
=
=
=
=
=
=
operating temperature
topcoat thickness
minimum reinforced wall thickness
liner thickness
nett total wall thickness
total wall thickness
UEWS
= Ultimate Elastic Wall Stress
= flow velocity
(-)
(-)
(mm), (in)
operating pressure
anchor load
anchor load at elevated temperature
buckling pressure
buckling pressure at elevated temperature
nominal pressure
Pipe Stiffness
wheel load
(Mpa), (psi)
(N)
(N)
(bar)
(bar)
(bar), (Mpa)
(psi)
(lb)
(N/mm)
(C)
(mm)
(mm), (m), (in)
(mm)
(in)
(mm), (in)
(N/mm2)
(m/s)

69
moment of resistance to bending

vertical soil load
live load
moment of resistance to torsion
(mm3)
(lb/in)
(lb/in)
(mm3)
WB
WC
WL
WW
=
=
=
=
?
?
= creep factor
= bedding angle
(-)
()
= ageing factor
(-)
?S
= specific mass of soil
? Hfitting
? Hpipe
?P
?T
?y
?v
=
=
=
=
=
=
= friction coefficient
?C
= resulting hoop stress
= shear stress
= winding angle
?L
= coefficient of linear thermal expansion
(kg/m3), (lb/ft3)

head loss in the pipe
pressure change
temperature change
predicted vertical pipe deflection
change in flow velocity
(N/m2)
(m.w.c./m.)
(N/m2), (m.w.c.)
(C)
(in)
(m/s)
(-)
(psi)
(N/mm2)
()

70
(mm/mmC)
Appendix II: Conversion tables

Conversion figures for anglo-saxon units into metric units
Flow rate
1 cubic feet per hour
1 gallon per minute
= 0.02679
= 227.1
Length (SI = m)
1 inch
1 foot = 12 inch
1 yard = 3 feet
1 mile = 1760 yards
1 seamile
Mass base
Pounds per hour
MT/D
= 0.01088 tons per day

= 0.4536
kg/h
Force (SI = N)
pounds force
= 4.4482
Heat
Btu per pound
Btu per hour
Btu / hr.ft2F
Btu / lb.F2
Btu / hr.ft 2
Btu.ft
/ hr.ft .F
ft2.hr.F/Btu
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
kJ/kg
W 2
W/m .C
KJ/kg.C
W/m2
W/m.C
m2.C/W
Moment
of inertia
inch4
= 4.162 * 10-6
m4
Moment of bending (SI = Nm)

1 inch pound
1 foot pound
= 0.1130
= 1.356
Nm
Nm
Velocity (SI = m/s)

1 ft/second
1 ft/minute
1 mile/hr
= 0.3048
= 0.00508
= 0.44704
m/s
m/s
m/s
=
=
=
=
=
0.02540
0.30480
0.91440 3
1.609 * 103
1.852 * 10
=
=
=
=
=
-4
m
m
m
m
m
Area (SI = m )
1 square inch
1 square foot = 144 square inch
1 square yard = 9 square feet
1 acre = 4840 square yards
1 square mile = 640 acres
1 circular inch= ? square inch
4
Volume (SI = m 3)
1 cubic inch
1 cubic foot= 1728 cubic inch
1 cubic yard= 27 cubic feet
1 imperial gallon
1 US gallon
1 US barrel (petrol)
1 barrel (imperial)
6.4516*10-2
9.2903*10
0.8361
4,046.85
2.58998*106
m2
m
m2
m2
m
= 5.0671*10-4
m2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
16.387*10-6
28.317*10-3
0.76455
4.5461*10-3
3.7854*10-3
0.158762
0.163656
m33
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m
Mass (SI = kg)

1 grain
1 ounce = 437.5 grains
1 pound = 16 ounces
1 US long ton= 2240 pound
1 US short ton= 2000 pound
1 hundred weight (imp.)
1 hundred weight (US)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.0648*10-3
0.0283495
0.4535924
1,016.05
907.185
50.80235
45.3592
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Mass per length (SI = kg/m)

1 pound per inch
1 pound per foot
1 pound per yard
= 17.858
= 1.488
= 0.4961
kg/m
kg/m
kg/m
Mass per area (SI = kg/m 2)

1 pound per square inch
1 pound per square foot
1 pound per square yard
= 0.0703*104
= 4.8825
= 0.5425
kg/m22
kg/m2
kg/m
Density (SI = kg/m 3)

1 grain per cubic foot
1 pound per cubic foot
1 grain per gallon (US)
1 pound per gallon (US)
=
=
=
=
2.288*10
16.0256
1.711
119.8
-3
Conversion figures for metric into anglo-saxon units

Length
1 metre
1 kilometre
Area
1 square millimetre
1 square metre
1 square kilometre
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m
Pressure (SI = Pa = 1 N/m 2 = 10 -5 bar)

1 pound per square inch
= 6.8948*103
1 pound per square foot
= 47.876
1 pound per square yard
= 5.3201
1 long ton per sq. inch (imp)
= 1.0725*1057
1 long ton per sq. foot (imp)
= 1.5444*107
1 short ton per sq. inch (US)
= 1.3789*102
1 grain per square inch
= 0.9850*102
1 ounce per square inch
= 4.3092*10
1 ounce per square foot
= 2.9925
1 ounce per square yard
= 0.3313
1 inch head of water
= 249.089 3
1 inch head of mercury
= 3.3864*102
1 foot head of water
= 2.9879*10
N/m22
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m
Power (SI = W)
1 foot pounds per second
1 foot pounds per minute
1 British thermal unit per sec.
1 centigrade thermal unit p. sec.
1 horsepower (Hp)
=
=
=
=
=
1.35582 -2
2.25 * 10
1.0549*10-3
1.8987*10-4-3
7.457 *10
W
W
W
W
W
Work (SI = Nm = J)
1 foot pound
1 yard pound
1 foot ton (US)
1 foot ton (imp.)
1 HPh
1 Btu
1 Ctu
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1.3558
4.0675
2.7164*1033
3.0371*106
2.6815*103
1.0555*103
1.8991*10
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
Acceleration (SI = m/s 2)

feet per second squared
= 0.3048
2.326
0.2931
5.678
4.187
3.155
1.731
0.1761
m3/h
dm3/h
Volume
1 cubic metre
Mass
1 kilogram
1 metric ton
Mass per length
1 kilogram per metre
=
=
=
=
=
1.094
3.281
39.37
0.621
0.540
yards
feet
inches
statute mile
nautical mile
=
=
=
=
=
15.51 square inch

1.196 square yards
10.76 square feet
0.3861 square mile
0.02471 acres
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
61.024 cubic inch

35.31 cubic feet
1.308 cubic yards
220 imperial gallon
264.2 US gallon
6.290 US barrel
6.286 imperial barrel
=
=
=
=
=
15430 grains
35.27 ounces
2.205 pounds
1.102 US short tons
0.984 long ton
= 0.056 pounds per inch

= 0.672 pounds per foot
= 2.016 pounds per yard
Mass per area (specific pressure)

1 kilogram per sq. metre
= 0.0014
= 0.2048
= 1.8433
Density
1 kilogram per cubic metre
m/s2

71
psi
psf
lb/sq. yard
= 0.0624
pcf
= 437 grain pr cubic foot
= 58.4 grain per gallon
Moment of4 inertia

millimetres
= 2.40269 * 10-6 in4
Moment of bending
Nm
= 8.850 inch pounds

= 0.07375 foot pounds
Pressure
1 N/m2
1 MN/m2
Power
1 kilowatt
Work
1 Joule
Heat
1 Kj/kg
1W 2
1 W/m .C
1 W/m2
1 W/m.C
1 m2.C/W
1 Kj/kg.C
Velocity
1 m/s
=
=
=
=
=
738 foot pounds/sec.

4.428*104 ft lb/min.
0.94799 Btu/sec.
0.526676 Ctu/sec.
1.340536 Horse Power
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.73756 foot pound

0.24585 yard pound
0.3681*10-3
ft.tons(US)
0.3293*10-3
ft.tons(Eng)
-6
0.3250*10-3 Hph
0.9474*10-3 Btu
0.5266*10 Ctu
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.42992 Btu/pound
0.341180 Btu/hour
0.17612 Btu/hr.ft2.F
0.31696 Btu/hr.ft22
0.5777 Btu.ft/hr.ft .F
5.6786 ft2.hr.F/Btu
0.23883 Btu/lb.F
= 37.32736 feet /hour

= 0.00440 gallons/minute
Mass base
MT/D
kg/h
= 91.91176 pounds/hour
= 2.20459 pounds/hour
106
103
10-3
10-6
10
m
m
m
Area 2(SI = m 2)
1 km2
1 cm 2
1 mm
= 106-4
= 10-6
= 10
m22
m2
m
Volume
(SI = m 3)
1 dm23 = 1 litre
= 10-3
1 cm 3
= 10-6
1 mm
= 10-9
m33
m3
m
Mass (SI = kg)

1 gram
1 metric ton
1 milligram
kg
kg
kg
= 10-3
= 103-6
= 10
Mass per length (SI = kg/m)-6

1 den
= (1/9)*10
kg/m
1 tex
= 10-6
kg/m
Mass per area
1 gram/mm2
Density 3
1 gram/dm
= 10-3
= 103
2
kg/mm
kg/m2
= 1 -3
= 10
=1
gram/ltr
3
kg/dm
kg/m3
Pressure 5
1 bar = 10 Pa
= 105
N/m2
1 kgf/cm2
= 98066 Pa3
1 atm.
= 101.325*10 Pa
1 at
= 98066.5 Pa
1 Torr
= 133.322 Pa
1 metre water column = 9.80665 * 103 Pa
1 metre mercury column = 133.322 * 102 Pa
Power
1 kgf.m/s
= 9.80665 W
1 metric horsepower = 735.499 W
1 kcal/h
= 1.163
W
Work
1 Nm
=1
J
1 kgf.m
= 9.80665
J
6
1 kWh
= 3.6*10 J
1 kcal
= 4186.8 J
1 metric horse power.hour
= 2.64780 * 106 J
1 erg = 1 dyn.cm = 10-7
J
= 9.8067
m/s2
= 0.22481 pounds force
Prefixes
= 103-2
= 10-3
= 10
m
Acceleration
g = gravitation
Force
1 N (Newton)
Factor
Length (SI = m)
1 km
1 cm
1 mm
1 micron = 10-6
= 3.28084 ft/sec
Flow
rate
1 m3/hr
giga
mega
kilo
milli
micro
0.0001450 psi
0.0208873 psf
0.18797lb/sq. yard
0.0102 grains/sq. inch
3.0184 ounces/sq. yard
0.0023 ounces/sq. inch
9.324long tons/ft(eng)
0.648long tons/in(eng)
0.725short tons/in(US)
= 3.28084 ft/sec
= 196.8504 ft/min.
= 2.236936 mile/hr.
Acceleration
1 m/s2
Prefix
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Conversion figures for metric units into SI-units
Velocity
1 km/h
= 0.2778
1 m/min. = 0.0167
1 knot
= 0.5144
m/s
m/s
m/s
Flow rate
1 litre/h
1 m3/h
= 10-3
= 0.2778
m33/h
m /h
Mass base
1 kg/h
= 24.0
MT/D
Symbol
G
M
k
m
Force
1 kgf
= 9.80665 N
1 dyn = 1 g.cm/s2 = 10-5
N
Heat
1 kcal/hr = 1.163
1 kcal
1 kcal(h.m)2
1 kcal(h.m )
1 cal(s.cm)

72
W
= 4186.8
= 1.163
= 1.163
= 418.68
J
W/m2
W/m
W/m
Appendix III: Conversion graph psi vs bar

73
Appendix IV : Conversion graph C vs F

74
Appendix V : Examples combined stresses

Example I:
Question
Inner diameter 400 mm, pipe series EST 20 to be used as vertical pump column. Is the maximum torque
generated by the pump allowable?
Pump data
max operating pressure
pump weight
maximum moment
Pipe data
pipe series
inner diameter
winding angle
effective wall thickness
linear mass
bore area
structural wall area
moment of resistance to
torsion
specific gravity of pipe
laminate
mass of ID 400 mm
EST 20 flange
pipe length
column length
flanged pipe lenghts of 3 m each,
total column length 12 m.
(P)
12
90
(MW) 8100
bar
kN
Nm
EST 20
(ID) 400
(? )
55
(TE) 6.5
(GB) 17.3
(AB) 125660
(A)
8320
mm
mm
kg/m
mm2
mm2
(WW) 1669200
mm3
(SL)
1850
kg/m3
27.5
3
12
kg
m
m
(Product List)
(LP)
(L)
150792
15079
2076
90000
2200
N
+
N
Calculation
1) axial load due to pressure:
Fax,1
= AB * P
= 125660 * 1.2
2) weight of water column:
Fax,2
= AB * L * 1000E-8
= 125660 * 12000 * 1000E-8
3) weight of pipe EST 20:
Fax,3
= GB * L
= 173 * 12
4) weight of pump
Fax,4
5) weight of flanges:
number of flanges = 2 * L/LP = 2 * 12/3 = 8
Fax,5
= 8 * 275
Total axial load (Fax,tot):
(table II-b., page 11)

(Eq.II.7. incl. note,
table II-b., page 11)
260147

75
Resulting axial stress (Sax):

Sax
= Fax,tot / A
= 260147 / 8320
31.3
N/mm2
Actual hoop stress due to internal pressure (SY):

SY
= P/2 *{(ID/TE)+ 1}
= 1.2/2 *{(400/6.5)+ 1}
37.5
N/mm2
Actual shear stress due to torsion (? )

?
= MW / WW
= 8100000 / 1669200
4.9
N/mm2
Fig. V-1.
Conclusion
The allowable shear stress at the combination of Sax = 31.3 N/mm2 and SY = 37.5 N/mm2 is ? = 20 N/mm2,
which exceeds the calculated ? of 4.9 N/mm2 clearly. The torque generated by the pump is allowable.

76
Example II:
Question
Inner diameter 150 mm, pipe series EST 20 to be installed horizontally on pipe supports. What is the maximum
support distance?
Operating data
operating pressure
occuring shear stress
due to torsion
continuous span support
operating temperature
Pipe data
Pipe series
Inner diameter
(ID)
winding angle
effective wall thickness
linear mass of the pipe
linear mass of the pipe content
(P)
15
bar
(? )
15
N/mm
(T)
60
EST 20
150
(? )
55
(TE)
2.4
(GB)
2.8
(GV)
17.7
mm
mm
kg/m
kg/m
bore area
structural wall area
moment of resistance to
bending
(AB)
(A)
17670
1160
mm2
mm2
(WB)
43700
mm3
axial bending modulus

linear moment of inertia
(EX)
(IZ)
12000
3403000
N/mm2
mm4
47
N/mm
2) Axial stress due to internal pressure

(Eq.III.3.)
=
24
N/mm
3) Allowable axial stress

(see fig. V-2.)
34
N/mm
4) Allowable axial stress for support

purposes = 34 - 24
10
N/mm
9840
N/mm2
0.201
N/mm
Calculation
1) Hoop stress due to internal pressure
5) Axial bending modulus at 60C (Eq. III.10.)

= 12000 * 0.82
=
6) Linear weight of the filled pipe (Eq. III.5.)
=

77
(table II-d., page 11;

SV = 1000 kg/m3)
(equation II.7. including
note, table II-b., page 11)
(table II-j., page 26)
Continuous span length based on axial stress (LC1) =

=
5108 mm
Continuous span length based on allowable sag (LC2) =

=
6839 mm
Fig V-2.
Conclusion
Under the described circumstances, a maximum support distance of 5.1 m. should be applied in order to
obtain a service factor (SF) of 1.5.

78

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Epoxy Pipe Systems

REP 348/Rev 2/1000

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

III. Wavistrong above ground pipe systems

IV. Wavistrong underground pipe systems . . . . .

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

: Conversion graph psi vs bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

: Examples combined stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

Fig. I.1. Product information

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

II. Wavistrong information

II.2. Serial identification

E stands for epoxy resin

S stands for standard

T stands for tensile resistant

= 0.5, and for non-tensile resistant types of joints (identification N) the

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

II.3. Winding angle

II.4. Joining systems

Tensile resistant type of joints.

Non-tensile resistant type of joints.

II.4.1. Tensile resistant joints

B. Adhesive bonded taper/taper joint (TJ)

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

Fig. II.3. RSLJ

D. Laminated joint (LJ)

E. Flanged joint (FJ)

To enable connections with steel piping and to allow

A. Rubber seal joint (RSJ)

B. Mechanical coupler (MC)

Fig. II.6. RSJ

II.5. System data

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

A. Minimum reinforced wall thickness (T E)

= total wall thickness (mm)

B. Mass of the pipe (G B)

C. Structural wall area (A)

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

D. Linear moment of inertia (I Z)

G. Moment of resistance to bending (W B)

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

H. Mass of the pipe content (G V)

Table II-b. Pipe data for series EST

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

Table II-b. Pipe data for series EST (continuation)

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

Table II-c. Pipe data for series ESN

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

Table II-d. Linear mass of the pipe content G V (kg/m)

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

Table II-e. Available standard Wavistrong systems.

Inner diameter (mm)

200 250-300 350-400 450-600 700-800 900-1000 1200-1400 1600

Conical/Cylindrical Adhesive bonded Joint

Mechanical couplers on request.

Available for all diameter/pressure class combinations marked with 1, 2, 3 or 4.

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

Fig. II.7-a. Pipes, winding angle ? = 55

Wavistrong Engineering Guide

Fig. II.7-b. Pipes, winding angle ? = 63

Wavistrong Engineering Guide