EE in Buildings Building Energy Simulation Method

Danida Project in Malaysia EE in buildings

BUILDING ENERGY SIMULATION METHOD

Prepared by:

CK Tang Technical Adviser

Checked by:

Ole Balslev-Olesen Key Technical Advisor

The views expressed in this document, which has been reproduced without formal editing, are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Malaysia nor DANIDA.

September 2005

EE in Buildings Building Energy Simulation Method

Definition: CoSP (Coefficient of System Performance): The term CoSP was borrowed from CIBSE TM22 for Energy Assessment and Reporting Methodology. This term provides a simple means to estimate energy consumption from room and mechanical ventilation loads based on an Idealised plant energy. The loads fall into the following categories: Idealised cooling: cooling supplied to rooms not included in the ACMV system to maintain their cooling set-points. Idealised dehumidification: latent heat removed from the room to maintain its upper humidity set-point.

In short CoSP translates cooling demand into energy consumption without requiring detailed modelling of the ACMV system. 10. BUILDING ENERGY SIMULATION METHOD (An alternative to manual OTTV compliance method) 10.1. General 10.1.1. Building Energy Simulation Method Scope. The building energy budget method is an alternative to the OTTV provision in Section 5 of MS1525. 10.1.2. This Section allows design building that cannot be calculated appropriately by Section 5 to comply with this standard through simulation so that the design building maintains or reduces energy use in comparison to a specified base building. 10.1.3. This section requires an energy simulation of 2 buildings. The first building as per design, called the design building. The second building is a fictitious one called the base building. The base building shall be as functional as the design building and shall share the all the same characteristics of the design building with the exception to the following: (a) Building Form (b) Building Envelope (c) Daylighting & Lighting control 10.1.4. Compliance. Compliance with Section 10 will be achieved if 10.1.4.1. the design building energy use, as calculated in 10.3 does not exceed the base building energy use as calculated by the simulation program described in 10.2 and 10.3; 10.1.4.2. the energy efficiency level of the components specified in the building design meets or exceeds the efficiency level used to calculate the design energy consumption. 10.1.4.3. Exceptional Compliance. 10.1.4.3.1. On-site renewable energy sources or site-recovered energy sources meet or exceed the energy used by the design building as simulated

EE in Buildings Building Energy Simulation Method

per the requirement of Section 10. Base building needs not be modeled or simulated. 10.1.5. Documentation Requirements. Compliance shall be documented and submitted to the authority having jurisdiction. The information submitted shall include the following: 10.1.5.1. The annual energy consumption for both the base building and the design building. 10.1.5.2. A list of the energy-related features that are included in the design and on which compliance with the provisions of Section 10 is based. This list shall document all energy features that differ between the models used in the base building and the design building simulation. 10.1.5.3. The input and output report(s) from the simulation program including a breakdown of energy usage by at least the following components: lights, internal equipment loads, space cooling equipments, fans, and other ACMV equipment (such as pumps). The output reports shall also show the amount of time any loads are not met by the ACMV system for both the base building and the design building. 10.1.5.4. An explanation of any error messages noted in the simulation program output. 10.2. Simulation General Requirements 10.2.1. Simulation Programs. The simulation program shall be a computer-based program for the analysis of energy consumption in buildings (a program such as, but not limited to, DOE-2, TRNSYS or ESP). The simulation program shall include calculation methodologies for the building components being modeled. 10.2.1.1. The simulation program shall be approved by the adopting authority and shall, at a minimum, have the ability to explicitly model all of the following: (a) a minimum of 8,760 hours per year; (b) a minimum of hourly variation in occupancy, lighting power, miscellaneous equipment power, thermostat set-points, and ACMV system operation, defined separately for each day of the week and holidays. (c) thermal mass effects; (d) sufficient thermal zone to model the design building. (e) the design building characteristics specified in Table 10.3.1 10.2.1.2. The simulation program shall have the ability to directly determine the design building annual energy consumption and base building annual energy consumption. 10.2.1.3. The simulation program shall be capable of performing design load calculations to determine required ACMV equipment capacities. 10.2.1.4. The simulation program shall be approved by the authority having jurisdiction and shall have a report such as ASHRAE Standard 140, CIBSE: AM11 or equivalent and the report shall be furnished by the software provider.

EE in Buildings Building Energy Simulation Method

10.2.2. Climatic Data. The simulation program shall perform the simulation using at least, hourly values of climatic data, such as temperature and humidity from representative climatic data, for the city which the design building is to be located. For cities or urban regions with several climatic data entries, and for locations where weather data are not available, the designer shall select weather data that best represent the climate at the construction site. Such selected weather data shall be approved by the authority having jurisdiction. 10.2.2.1. The weather data preference list, starting from the most recommended to be used, to acceptable use. (a) Test Reference Year (TRY) Weather Data for the design building location. (b) Quality checked recent single year weather data for the design building location. (c) TRY of a location not more than 600km from the proposed design location of similar altitude and land/cityscape. (d) Quality checked recent single year weather data of a location not more than 600km from the proposed design location of similar altitude and land/cityscape. (e) Meteornorm and other reliable sources of weather data at a location nearest to design building location. 10.2.2.2. On-site renewable energy sources or site-recovered energy are encouraged. The annual energy consumption of the design building allowed to be reduced by subtracting 50% of the renewable energy or site-recovered energy. 10.2.3. Compliance Calculations. The base building and the design building energy consumption shall be calculated using 10.2.3.1. the same simulation program, 10.2.3.2. the same weather data, and 10.2.3.3. the same ACMV system or same CoSPs, and 10.2.3.4. the same floor area for air-conditioned space and non-air-conditioned space. 10.2.4. Exceptional Calculation Methods. Where no simulation program is available that adequately models a design, material, or device, the authority having jurisdiction may approve exceptional calculation method to be used to demonstrate compliance with Section 10. Applications for approval of an exceptional method to include theoretical and empirical information verifying the methods accuracy shall include the following documentation to demonstrate that the exceptional calculation method and results 10.2.4.1. make no change in any input parameter values specified by this standard and the adopting authority; 10.2.4.2. provide input and output documentation that facilitates the enforcement agencys review and meets the formatting and content required by the adopting authority; and

EE in Buildings Building Energy Simulation Method

10.2.4.3. are supported by instructions for using the method to demonstrate that the base building and design building energy consumption required by Section 10 are met. 10.3. Calculation of Base Building and Design Building Energy Consumption. 10.3.1. The simulation model for calculating the base building and design building energy consumption shall be developed in accordance with the requirements in Table 10.3.1 10.3.2. ACMV Systems. The ACMV system type and related performance parameters for the base building shall be the same as the design building. The system shall be sized to meet the requirement of both base and design building to provide the conditioned space as per the requirement in Section 8 for a minimum of 97% of the conditioned hours. One of the following efficiency descriptions of the ACMV equipments is to be used: (a) CoSP of Cooling & Dehumidification of 1.96, or (b) Fixed Chiller COP of 3.8 and Fixed Fan Efficiency at 50% and Fan Static Pressure at 800 Pa, or (c) Part Load efficiency curve for Chiller COP, Fan Efficiency and static pressure as per manufacturer and design data for the design building. 10.3.3. Minimum outdoor air ventilation rates shall be the same for both the base building and design building and in accordance with the requirements in Table 10.3.1 10.3.4. Exceptional Calculation Method. The simulation program shall be able to adequately model a design, material or device that is in the design building. 10.3.4.1. Atria over 8 meter height, (a) The design building energy consumption simulation shall be simulated together with at least zonal airflow model (such as, but not limited to, Comis and Macroflo). If the simulation program is not able to model stratification of energy/temperature within a single zone, it shall then be modeled with each zone at the same height of the corresponding floor height but not more than 4 meter height. Advance computational fluid dynamic (CFD) programs may also be used in place of zonal airflow model that runs in combination of the building energy balance simulation to account for the stratification of energy/temperature over height of the atria and its effect on surrounding conditioned space. (b) The base building shall not have an atria. The occupied area of atria that is actively cooled in the design building shall be considered as conditioned space for the base building on the same floor as it is found on the design building. The occupied area of atria that is not actively cooled in the design building shall be considered as a unconditioned space for the base building on the same floor as it is found on the design building. Exception to (b) The occupied area of atria in the design building that is maintained at or below 29C via passive or semi-passive mean (not actively cooled), for more than 80% of the occupied hours, shall be deemed as conditioned area

EE in Buildings Building Energy Simulation Method

in the base building and is maintained at 29C via the ACMV system during occupancy period. Table 10.3.1 Modeling Requirements for Calculating Design Building Energy Consumption and Base Building Energy Consumption Budget No. Design Building (Column A) Design Energy Consumption (DEC) 1. Design Model (a) The simulation model of the design building shall be consistent with the design documents, including proper accounting of fenestration and opaque envelope types and area; interior lighting power and controls. (b) When building energy simulation method is applied to buildings in which energy-related features have not yet been designed (e.g., a lighting system), those yet-to-be-designed features shall be described in the proposed design so that they minimally comply with applicable mandatory and prescriptive requirements of MS 1525. Where the space classification for a building is not known, the building shall be categorized as an office space. New Building The base building shall be developed to resemble the base OTTV Malaysia Base Base Building (Column B) Energy Consumption Budget (ECB)

Case building, with floor to floor height, conditioned floor area and non-conditioned floor area and no of floors the same as the design building floor by floor. The Malaysian base case building is a perfectly square with equal surface area and fenestration area on each orientation.

2.

Additions and Alterations to Existing Building It is acceptable to demonstrate compliance using building models that exclude parts of the existing building provided all of the following conditions are met: (a) Work to be performed under Section 10 shall meet requirements of Sections 6 to 9. (b) Boundary with existing building is clearly defined. Same as design building and share the same boundary conditions.

Building Envelope All components of the building envelope in the design building shall be modeled as shown on architectural The base building shall have an envelope that meet the

EE in Buildings Building Energy Simulation Method

drawings or as installed for the existing building envelopes. Exception: The following building elements are permitted to differ from architectural drawings. (a) Any envelope assembly that covers less than 5% of the total area of that assembly type (e.g. exterior walls) need not be separately described. If not separately described, the area of an envelope assembly must be added to the area of the assembly of that same type. (b) Exterior surfaces whose azimuth orientation and tilt differ by no more than 22.5 degrees and are other wise the same may be described as either a single surface or by using multipliers. (c) For exterior roofs other than roofs with ventilated attics, the roof surface may be modeled with a solar absorption of 0.55 if the solar absorption of the design building roof is lower than 0.30 and its emittance is greater than 0.75. All other roof surfaces shall be modeled with a solar absorption of 0.7. (d) Manually operated fenestration shading devices such as blinds or shades shall not be modeled. Automatic/Permanent shading devices such as blinds, fins, overhangs, and light shelves shall be modeled.

requirement of the OTTV as specified in 5.2 calculated as per section 5 of this document. (a) Walls shall be modeled as a typical clay brickwall with Uvalue and thermal capacity as described in this standard for a clay brickwall. (b) Windows shading coefficient and Windows to Wall Ratio (WWR) shall be equal on all orientation of the building and adjusted until it meets the OTTV requirement as specified in 5.2 (c) All roof shall be considered as standard flat roof with 100mm concrete and 50mm insulation as described in this standard for a standard roof construction. (d) All roof surfaces shall be modeled with a solar absorption of 0.7 (e) No shading of the windows shall be assumed.

4.

Occupancy Density The occupancy density shall follow as per design condition or as stated by the UBBL. Same as Design Building

5.

Schedules The schedule types listed in 10.2.1.1 (b) shall be required input. The schedules shall be typical of the design building type as determined by the designer and approved by the authority having jurisdiction. Required schedules shall be identical for the design building and base building. Same as Design Building

EE in Buildings Building Energy Simulation Method

6.

Lighting Lighting power in the proposed design shall be determined as follows: (a) Where a complete lighting system exists, the actual lighting power shall be used in the model. (b) Where a lighting system has been designed, lighting power shall be as per designed. (c) Where no lighting exist or is specified, lighting power shall be determined in accordance with Table 11. (d) Lighting system power shall include all lighting system components shown or provided for on plans. Daylighting & Lighting power Lighting power in the design building may be reduced to reflect savings from daylighting subjected to the following conditions: (a) Anti-glare control shall be described for areas where daylighting is used and it shall be taken into account when calculating the daylight factor and lighting load as required in part (b) and (c) below. (b) Daylight Factor calculation provided via methods approved by this standard. (c) Lighting Power may be reduced by one of the following methods: a. Lighting power may be considered off for area where it received a minimum of 2% daylight factor for spaces that require 300 lux, from the hours of 9am to 4pm daily. The specified daylight factor of 2% shall be increased or decreased linearly with the required lux level of the space. b. Calculated via the simulation program to account for the reduced lighting load for spaces that meets the light requirement via daylight use. (d) Lighting circuit diagram must reflect that it is zoned to take advantage of daylighting and daylighting controls must be made available. Lighting power shall be the same as design building without possibility of daylighting.

7.

Thermal Block

EE in Buildings Building Energy Simulation Method

Where ACMV zones are defined on ACMV design drawings, each ACMV zone shall be modeled as a separate thermal block. Exception: Different ACMV zones may be combined to create a single thermal block or identical thermal blocks to which multipliers are applied provided all of the following conditions are met: (a) The space use classification is the same throughout the thermal block. (b) All of the zones are served by the same ACMV system or by the same kind of ACMV system. 8. Plug Loads (Small Power Load) Computer, monitor, water heating and other plug load shall be modeled and estimated based on the building type or space type category and shall be assumed to be identical in the base building and design building. All end-use load components within and associated with the building shall be modeled, unless specifically excluded by Section 10 and 11 of Table 10.3.1: 9 Fresh Air & Infiltration During conditioned hours a minimum outdoor airventilation rate as required in 8.1.4 should be used for all conditioned space or a minimum of 1 air change per hour, whichever is higher. During non-conditioned hours, an infiltration rate of 1 air change per hour should be used for all spaces. Non-conditioned spaces shall have a minimum outdoor air-ventilation rate of 1 air change per hour. 10 Modeling Exceptions All elements of the design building envelope, ACMV, lighting, service water heating and electrical systems shall be modeled in the design building in accordance with the requirements of Sections 1 to 9 of Table 10.3.1 Exception: Components and systems in the design building may be excluded from the simulation model provided: (a) components energy usage does not affect the energy usage of systems and components that are being considered for trade-off; (b) the applicable prescriptive requirement of Section 5 to 9, applying to the excluded components are met.

The base building shall have an equivalent space with equivalent load, schedule and ACMV type as the design building.

Same as design building

Same as design building

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11

Modeling Limitations to the Simulation Program If the simulation program cannot model a component or system included in the design building, one of the following methods shall be used with the approval of the authority having jurisdictions: (a) Ignore the component if the energy impact on the trade-offs being considered is not significant. (b) Model the component substituting a thermodynamically similar component model. Whichever method is selected, the component shall be modeled identically for both the design building and base building models. Same as Design Building.

Table 10.3.2 Recommended Load & Conditioned Schedules for an Office Space (These numbers are not absolute and should be modified to reflect predicted actual situation as closely as possible, with justifiable data) Type of Load Power Density Schedules Percentages Working Day Working Day People As per design or as 1% ramp (or staggered) to 95% 7 am to 9 am per UBBL 95% 9 am to 12 noon requirement in 50% 12 noon to 1 pm m2/person e.g. 95% 1 pm to 5pm 10 m2/person 95% ramp to 5% 5 pm to 7 pm
7 pm to 10pm 10 pm to 7am Non Working Day 24 hours Working Day 7 am to 9 am 9 am to 5 pm 5 pm to 7 pm 7 pm to 10 pm 10 pm to 7 am Non Working Day 24 hours Working Day 7 am to 9 am 9 am to 12 noon 12 noon to 1 pm 1 pm to 5pm 5 pm to 7 pm 7 pm to 10pm 10 pm to 7am Non Working Day 5% ramp to 1% 1% Non Working Day 1% Working Day 10% ramp (or staggered) to 100% 100% 100% ramp (or staggered) to 30% 30% ramp to 10% 10% Non Working Day 10% Working Day 15% ramp (or staggered) to 95% 95% 65% 95% 95% ramp to 20% 20% ramp to 15% 15% Non Working Day

Interior Lighting

As per design or as per the maximum allowed in this standard, e.g. 15 W/m2

Computer Plug Load

150 W/person is recommended. Lower or high values used should to be justified.

EE in Buildings Building Energy Simulation Method

Other Plug Load (for shared fax machine, printers, etc) Conditioned Hours

Recommended value: 0.25 W/m2

24 hours 24 hours

15% 95%

24C / 60% RH

6 am to 5:30 pm 7:30 am to 5:30 pm

Monday Other working days

Table 10.3.2 Recommended Loads, Schedules & Conditioned Schedules for a Server Room in an Office Building. (These numbers are not absolute and should be modified to reflect predicted actual situation as closely as possible, with justifiable data) Type of Load Power/Load Density Schedules Percentages 24 hours 50% Interior As per design or as Lighting per the maximum allowed in this standard, e.g. 15 W/m2 24 hours 100% Server Plug Includes Server and Load UPS load. 180 W/m2 of server room area is recommended. Or 220 W/server. 24 hours 100% Conditioned 25C / 55% RH Hours