R<' 1k u", of R<ism:1ll' , Ki ... y d.uo 10 rulo """""""u.o!ity "!!QLon immutable ch.

trnrt<";,,;c
Jouph C STEFFAN. PlainJiff Ci" A. No. 88-j66').OC. ". Did CIIENEY.
s"c,etary 0( Defense. e1 a1. Defeoo.nts. Uniled Slale, Dis''';c' Coon. Dist";c, of
Columbia.
i, 'l'I"wri' l<n ",xl of ,he iundwri""n ....,., below from Senior DiJtri<l Jod!J' OIi"",
C"",h . law clork Adam C""'L 'hanking "Dr. lor p"",iding ,he Kin"')' frood d: ...
Jodge G"",h o<e<lOO lor S,'ffan Y. e",,,,),. 1991 to rdUl< ploinliff' ,<li= 00 Ki ... y', doI.'o
c loim oolOO""uol orien""i",," i. imlTOJtobl<. Jodge G"",h 'HO:
I, i, oot 31 .11 dc..-.... .oen,i fic matt ... whe'l>..- on< do, ... one', rxu.o!
on."lalion oc nco . Se. Review. R,all-j. Dr. 337 11 t...v.:., (Sri';'"
M.<bcol Journal ). 547. 547 (, 'I'll) (ci'ing Judith A. Rei.man & F-<lword W.
Eichel Kiruey. Sex and Froud: 1k Indoctrination of. 1'<",,'" (John It Coun &
L Gordo Mui .. <b. . ,'1(0) (Kinry I<po<U on maklkmaJe "".ali'y "'orply
rn,ici",d d .. '0 improp<' lno"ingly u.."hic.1 .r of u"",pre .. n,";""
popul3lion.)); R<.i<w. Kirury', Dubious. Mi'","'ling. Fr:>Ud1.
German Medieol Tribul><, July. 19. ,99"" 1. 6 (JutWn Renning """,.)
No cl'loic< in , he "",n..- would .. gil< I", JnClu,;oo of immutability, "'hi,,,
"'"'" coo; 0< gn: .. <1<01 of 000; would 'md '0 ,upport fiooing of
mutabili'y. Wi,hout. dofini,i .. at hond, Y'" confidrn,th31 ><>rOC pc",,"'
H<It:i .. "'"" ooo;cr in u..ir own .. x...,1 on.ntat;OIl tho Court 00., oot "'gam
homosexuality .. I><ing on immu,ob'" oh""",t<";";c. ('" 6)
"'-... ,,<4
01;. .. ,-; _ .
U "k'" , .. , .. "',,_ J"""
[)e", f),. /\",....
u ............. "" ... , c...n
..,. u., 0;,,";'. ole ..... ....
" ........... <><100'
... " ",""ok )'" i'" " II }'"" 1" .1"", "".1 'I"d "Ip ."},,, oul",!!",,]
" , .. 1:".,,) "'r= . ..".r J""' .u"-"" "".1 oj ,,_
11...,j 1"' '',J '" "''''9 }'"" ""l M}"Ij.oJ " .. '"'" , ..... ,,' _) ",un""" ...
, .. f",r"" .., .....
1:_ "/,,, ,n." ,,., '-1>1..- o.i",J" .1", ,,,.oJ ,,., lB. " ""'''') -. 1.('" .. '" '"
''''" ,",,, ..... "'_.< ""'''. f><r""*"" ""') .. """,",,8'>.>.1 pi""" I' n..
.. ,," /"')'" ./" I .... ''I)''"' ,,., ..,., , .. '" J"" 'II "f"oJ "'''(P"9 .>boo. u!
TIwnt.' "9" '"
r.,",.< ''') ,,"!to
.J.. .. ("""
/.'" [lui '" JodI' ()/'''' ,"d,
- COLO:ttL RONALD 0, RAy -
.. c."'"
cunwooc> KII<'rucl<Y ""', .... "
!'110M I"'''''' u"
rw.., , ,, .,, ,,
Sr."i" P"ry: Tho Ceo,nl Role .r Ik R.lo", ... ', R..s '0 u.. VICTORY
Tho hotr.o><=01 ..... vemCII( opu.I bw>iit"" of tboo;s=ds !lui '. in F"",sioi
boI,,,,,,,,,oal "..id$l:.:pma.a Joe StelWt, .aim die 0.;.0."""",,, of 0=.... hdi" Oud!',
rl"m;"'! ..... C=t.lL=<l by """"-Juqo ponti. ""'" .. ru.d -...y OIl
roIlo:ttiq.,. baIo:. \>Ihc=vc:< J...!l!!t., """"'" ""'"' it. 0::-..,,,, 'l1" 01_), """"P"
IMX" ...., .. Lot! ndu",,), assctIi .... _ .. !b.J D, R<'=",,', _do: .. -poao<lo """""." =
..... b<b ",ictifi<: acleodW Of .. -&."t6mI .. a 0<lI0b<. Of ..... ""blW>od .. a ....
w!uclt .,. 1CW!y ""'-' L-.d u," iO!I t>=:. ... .>do by boo,OlAc<lIaIo 0..:1
.... Th< bu.st ar"",k <;3m< rr- Tho Larn!:<!>.l.q:LJ Dof:t:se F"""- in !hi, '"
S ... :U d>o "";<;UJ brid' flood .. SI.ffat " "'ry "" bC-.aIf of !be A ........
Fo"c"ti<;" .,..<! I..:!:"". Tbo 1<u""'''' fot F ...... ..,.
[ <DO","" b:,.with c;.cpy of LL ... bt!>.', ..,.;.0., <l:cir iO!I:p<iootJ IIiab-lisbto<!. I-.t.i
c!l '" ... "",iou, ..,:,,,. .1:.1.d<J OIl boclt 0::- .. Ret.."""" & 101>A>on ""d
00 Dr_ and DO Iw .fe', .. 'C .... I,..!i' Guo, in :to.., Di .. ",,, of Coh'lI".b'"
CClLr: 'k ...... out co SOIl"-= .... ' I"dll""''' in 1991 ar<: .i:td D"
11.0"".","" wotk in h., KI",,?, S<z. .Nt bco.1"," ef ," . .,u Lmport.lr.( proJlClitLono
al:C"' bcI!".o-'"";'Y inclodir.i !!to of "''in')' of <1-.. .., cl.d K!r$)l "r<.'
pe''''!" c'u: b:>d b=o "':,-"""OLI by !!to lIcmcte....:l
o..;.",b .. 9. li91 ;:'",:r'.c. c"'"" Ci'.:Iica QS.O.
......m.I wM: ill 5<", [(4, T!r,
H. Cow< & I c.a,.;lg. Moi,. 011_, 1990; wblcb .... ",tt<! '" <to ..
lJ1 . S" i r.>!:.-c. 2. IWI) ill .. b<:!a l.,q.
1 u:&! bOlllo .... ualily ..
10 it p.=iblc tho.! a .... myth ..... ckriYCd in!b< =,0 of oci=:. dw .. .deed infIlI'Cod a
_ioty OI:d <CntU:\lIy.tomd it <O<!.\y', ","DS =rcph. withou: ... ,;bl, IIIld
I.ocie>t inV<>lig:Llioo.?
Tho p';"'.uy pr'.Bciplo. in 14 Gucb', OPi1li=. is lh>< bOllloo ... :lity ..
boha';"- ."d i> ... t an imm ."ble ...... ""I<,; .. i< o::- .. to. ';>eci.>J
pr0=600 inlho low. G=.\'. ........... .d:y &!51'Jl1<4l>y "'" D C C=U: or Aj)pnll
.. t.'<h ""'" brief filed =:! tt. prolimin.>ty r.t.!inp 0("'" """ a....., u ." .
Aj);-a. """'" f.!lly cocWdonoc! by Ib 0: r.ow. obj<ri<><lJ or tho boo ,tt.1
"",_', 10,,)=. Tbo fo<:y-OD< _ eo.. .. of ...... <>1>. opinioa .., ito ""'--: lie!.! riqI. ...
.. &:dl::t ofdle P.<io. ..... " loll, ..... Il<;ort. lI-.,. is . J .... UMO' "pan"
-....I.r'..,.uti.n (.-om bc .... ,....aI bduno<.-
COUry &: 1 9 isloru v. A Jo"",0l.$
The Court', of Ju<!ith' ,s grou.'1.dbrclir:i wah is men: pow"rful and
w.an1r.gfu1 t..1un !hi: t::It'efied, ivery IQw"" lefus: '<;OI\!roUed lI..'Id tr.eir
wl!Jch SCm<: .... t..'>" "Iu=e C!lCo<s<:mcm for Dr. Rc;sm:m's ",orlc is
in t.. '>e rc:ll world b:utJelie1d, in t.'>c courts, in the legisl;:.rures, in the court of public opinion
and befon: !oc:LI b<W"ds :u:d commissiQn$.
As to the R.:ism:ul &: Johnson Report's effec:ive:"leS$ and ,,,=:in loal boards and
commiuions, er.c:!osed is Pbyllis SclW1y's J;\.Ou"0' 1995 article about Dr. R.::isman' ,
and scholuly p.:lper deli vered in Spnngfietd, 11Iinois in 19!t4. Dr.
was .. key We:l.p<)11 in ItopP1na horr.osuuality being t:wS!u under the guise: Olf diversity in
SpringSc!d public 5(:lIocl.$. Hcr nicllu has bun pravw and on fullire
ti ther !hom on the abs tr act " pbyinl: or academic politiully coroeel jount . b.
AlleS:l.tions m.:l.de about Judith, work at the 11,1.$1.;<;= ncpartncnt were enpee=l agair.s:
ber by weU-p:ud homosexual P.R. 'pirur..lS:l::r, Robert Om)'. (See SUS;lI1 Treoto', "T!::c Power
Hou5(:M pages 193-200, wbich shows Ony &: Co. =eiving 5S0,OOO - 575,000 to
dls.ctll6t Juc!ith;wl L'Ic Corru:Ussi(,n).
The phony lus:icc Departrr.ent ar"..:lci:, hi\ln by O"'Y anci the .... ..,
also m.:l.dc Judith by the Pkybo)' FcW'!6.lictl i."I Holl:l.r.c ir. 1.:11<: 199 .. , ;u :l. t:sult
Judith'. "Ppe:>.r:onee cn eva.nge1ical tcie,is'"n. Playboy .... ;11 only t.:tJ.:: hu en of this
country dley bve n:fu$cd 11;1 Ill: !:cr. ludit. ... "'..:II =IIUCtcd by U-.c Du:::h S-..:lt1on
repremg the se:w:u lI..'Id violent prcs.t.'1c.t'.oo of c!illdml in P!oyboy. a.nd ;L .. ..er the int.e:-view
&ire:! P/<1ybcy SI:e:!. The Dutch cour.: L"-=SC s:une Gny lI11eg:ltiOllll th:l.t d::
1 "ditils stuciy and then dismiss.ed P leJ.boJls claims as groWld1o:ss. By the
W:l.y the truth of ber Jusl;ce Dcpatttnellt is th:l.t it W:IS fully :u;cep!cd by $ in<!<::?Cn<ient
pee:-s appointed by the Justice Oeputment II 's currently ay:utnblc at t!le Justic:
DepMttnr:::! where Or. R.::is= b.u eentin .... ed c,'er th:e:: ::!t!ministr.:lt!OI"'.5 to ,er""01 as a sc:e:l!.ifc
r:vicwer ""en under Clin:on Ac!mir.;s-..... tioo. Tht liberal smur !::tetics rem:!.in urn:
when t ruth is prcstnted. They deny, divert and attempt t o discredit.
...
...
...
...
United states Court of Appeals
For !!Ie fI
R[C'D MAR 28 1994lB
Al
S9rrDULED FOR APRTL II . 1994
RON GARVIN NO. 91 5409
CLERK "
IN THE UJIoTIED STATES CL!JRT OF "I.PPE.U.s
FOR TilE DISTRICT OF COLU!'tfBlA CIRCUIT
JOSEPH C. STEFFAN,
Plaintiff-Appellant
US ASPIN.
SECrl.ETARY or DEFENSE. ET AL .
Defendants-Appellees
0:-': APPEAL FROM TIiE UNITED STATES DlSTRlCT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLtn..mlA
BRIEF FOR AMlG CURIAE
RONAlL D. RAY
1012 South Founh SliCe!
Louisville. Kentucky 40203
584-8300
CUJI'ISe/1O AmiCI Curiae
Nav(o/ Ava:ion Foum:kJliOll. Ir.c. and
1M /l1$Iitult for Education
The Naval Av:iat ion Foundati on
alld
The Institut e for Medi a Educati on
..... "" 4 -' $JW '!:*'''''
.. "'" -t Sf<!.: ... .. P""f -' a. ""''" W<4

J udith A. l'b.D. & Charl es B. J ohnson. Ph. D.
_&,
Pi\Rn :tR SOIJCITATION CIlAn,\ CTEHl STlCS
As A REFLECTION OF
MALE S[xUAL OnlENTATION
A S-\ ' ... Comp. ,..ti,.. 01 C1 . .. ir,od Ad .... ;,.DI<" .. in M""" ... m M. 2",' .... :
M ... H<1 ...... "oI. ," tho Wp"';nzt",,;an , nd
1I,," .... ". t, in 11" 1lJ,.=ou Sr<1.,;"t P t ......
rit a. e .f .... " '" 7 ... -' at .. " . , _k--t.
j .., "" e.J !."..
7/,=,,',,, 9"--.. U . "" a. .,_ "
i\I ,s. Pmnel:lllowar
471 1 r OI ll alJ.Cr esceltt
D.C. 20007
RSVP: Ad m"al Ililt 70l) 525-6S119 0 " ColUMI ROil Ra S-2 HI 555!
Ad",;,.,.. Th ..... 1 t. }! O<J""
1'1 Ad .. I J ohn Poi"d<>I"
V;". Admi,,1 C; ... td
\';"e Adml,,1 A",hony L",
Ro., Admi ... t .'I ..... lI iU
C..,.rot R.t>t .. II. nor .....
C"", .. I R,ymond C. I),,;,
C",.".t Jo"t,h W ...
Lt. C .... Ch ..... Coo!"'.
H(,i Witti.m W<is<
Col . & M .... Ron R. y
Hr. Judi' n Rol,m."
n .. O",k John",.
.11 . & M .... Ri, k Oh,,''''''
.11, . II",,,, II ..-.pe<
.111'1. Vir:11 Orl"i,"
.11" T.d Un","
r
.; ...: cr,!iI:TI
ut THE UNITED STATES COURT Oil APPALS
APR 1 19H i' K nu; VI::iTKlI,..T u..-COLUMJ:IIA CUlcurr
CWlX "" THE UNITfO
STATES_ Of AFPEALS )
JOSEPH C. S'lHFAN,
WULIAM I . PERRY.
Secretary tt aI.,
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
Defendlnl s-AppeU..,. )
)
llESPONSR IN OPPOSmON TO PLAINTIfF.APPEU.ANTS
MOTION FOR LEAVE TO F1l.E MEMORANDUM
IN Ol'POsmON OlIT CF TIME
JlI>L Y TO PLAINTIFF_APPELlANT'S RESPONSE IN OPPOSITION TO
MOTION FOR LEAVE TO f1LE our OF TIME
AND
MOTION fOR LEAVE TO PAltIICU'ATE AS AM1CJ CURIAE
J>ropooed .",ici cw1M The Nlval Aviltioa FoundaiorI, Tnc., ;wi The Inscitutc f()f Medii
Education (c:oOectively referred 10 u tile "FoundIIion" by """noel, respcclfully JUbrnOI this
Responoc in Opposition to Plaintiff_Appellant', Motion for l<Iave to Memorandum in
Opposition Oul of Tune ond Reply to l'Iaintilf.Appc&nt', Ilaporuc: in 10 Motion ro.-
Lu..., 10 Out of Time and Motion for Let..., to Participate as A .. ;" C..mx.
lRELIMlNARY STAP;MENT
Mr. Stclfan and hi. 1a"'Y .... seek 10 b&r ond cauor!he Foundation', brief which incl""""
unique prcxnWion, IlOl provided by the pan,.,. or the thr<e other .... ci known to 1M F""",,""tiD.
which also seek m participate in this CISe and IlIpport upholding !be ceJlrurie-old ban on open
bomo...,.;ual mititary Rnice. There are significantly more brief. in IIIppon of Steffan lII<I
hi ",,,\utimwy .tt .... plIO "".nhmw 1M lImorie military "-,,,dard lhan If., ,,!fut<! in suppo!t "r
liIe ban. Surely this bononble <:<>uri would willlt" recci .... and eoolirler a significant legal,
tu,,-orie&l and llciemific p.-e$<!blation which suppon' t he miitary' s dioqullifica'>o" ofhomoJe)<Ual"
a di"lualifiution rooted hi5loriuUy in vinuc and an "ffi=', affirmative <>bliS.tion, ""1 0 gum!
agalnst and suppl'CIf all dinohnc and imm"ral procticCI. H k<: 10 U,S,C 5947, which C<>!IWn5
lhot fi rst principle and onirn.Wng .pirit of American rnilitory and naval service <incc l?7S. The
FOIUId.tlon' s br>cf confinru that 10 anler III. Atlld ... y 10 Idm;1 M r, S If.D O. I ny
homo..,.".1 break fUDd.tioa .... danl.f Am,";"n Nanl S, ..... ;"., "nd ..... in.
monl principl< .... fuw ... oJ tb landanl for Am.rlu. Naval Ch .... ter. SI.fran, his
II'WY"ft and the bomoselNlll political movement I.unched an Illack in mlIIY
f""""" '" .edcr"", the nllion', fourding moral principIa ond to legitimize svd<>my, othe!
bomo..,xual bd'avion and, ukimatdy. ,he Mlmose>!\lallifenylc, Their own leod ...... writ'"'
maga>ines and 1:<>00 declare their ;m..,,;o .. Ind IIleth<>d, Ofpl rticulor attention to the
COUrt .oo.,\d the writinS' ofDenni. Altman, including 11K HtHItOMnI"!Jzn'l,,, of A_riC<>, 1M
AIM,j=nUQ,i"" of 1M HomOSll"",,1 ('New Yo,x: St M&rti.' 1, and of Monhall Kirl< IIId
Hum ... Mad ...... &>11 (1989). which hi,. been tcnncd. re,pectively. th.
l>omoiUUIJ blueprintl for the 19ltlls and 11190,. ' The homoseJCUallifescyl. unnoI be
clCIIly cvaluated without 1M 'pec:i.oI in>iShU t heoe book. Cln give.
In oppO';"1I 1M of tile F .... ndatioft in ("Ii. cue, Steff">II and hi, l.wy ... .
altemjJIl" deny lhi, """" valuablclegal. historic and sdtMific ugumem, and dm which .... not
otherwi .. befor, the """n. and by lhi. cerllO ..... p they 1It=pt to be ... ".cll and diocr.dit Dr,
Judith A, Reilmlll vi.a an ad ioomlMm anack. Dr, Reisman is dedicated ochotar of imemllienaJ
' ''Put.t icn wIIo .. w<>rl< hu j-., eommencIod in lea.:!ing medical joumals and giv.., j udicio! not ...
in ,hi, very cue by tile U.S Diruict Judg .
, .sm cII . RonaH D. Ray, Mill",,, N."."lty d- H","o,uwai1fJ (Louisville, ICY: Fint PriD;ipJ.,. I'RI ..
1993), o..rid A, NobeL rm: H""""","QI Rnool.""", A LooJ: QU"" Pnoclo." tmd Politf"""" &thJ..t II
(M."."", SpriDp. CO: Sun.mit P,.." 198-1): and Eucm<: T Rub.. 11K HomonnuJi Prl .....
Uw. andl'llMc I./icy (wo::hiD&ton: Devin Adair Co , 1912)
206 NOTES TO PAGE 179
other midshipmen that year who were allowed to graduate, but who, be-
cause of various medical conditions discovered that year, were not commis-
sioned in the Navy.
On the issue of immutability, discussed infra, plaintiff argues that homo-
sexuality is not in fact a disease or illness of any kind. He says the scientific
literature is clear on this point. If so, he is distinguishable under the Naval
Academy Regulations which do not forbid graduation of midshipmen who
have medical conditions which cause them not to be commissioned. Fur-
thermore, plaintiff admits that he "discovered" his "condition" during his
third class year which, if known to the Academy, under the Regulations
would have caused a similarly situated midshipman ,"-lith a medical condi-
tion to be discharged.
Plaintiff also argues that his resignation was obtained within the time pe-
riod of one week while the Navy has as its goal the period of four months
to process a discharge on the grounds of homosexuality. The speed of
plaintiff's discharge proceedings and subsequent resignation, he argues,
amuunLs Lo arbitral1' and capricious action on the part of the Navy.
Because plaintiff had indicated that he did not desire to be commissioned
in the Navy, that he was a homosexual, and that since graduation was im-
possible he would have to leave the Academy, it was neither arbitrary nor
capricious for the Navy, as an accommodation to an accomplished young
man, to save him the embarrassment and expense of duplicative, longer and
more protracted discharge proceedings.
4. There is a continuum of sexuality recognized by the DOD and Navy
regulations. For example, a midshipman who had only once engaged in
some homosexual activity out of curiosity or due to intoxication, but who
othen.vise demonstrated indicia of heterosexual orientation, would normally
be retained at the Academy.
The scientific literature on this subject suggests that there are those with a
strict heterosexual orientation and whose lives and sexual experiences are
strictly consistent with that orientation. On the other end of the spectrum,
there are those who have a homosexual orientation and who have had noth-
ing but homosexual sexual activity in their lives. A. Kinsey, W. Pomeroy, and
C. Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948),638--41. The great "in
between" includes most lesbians and bisexual men, whether they have a ho-
mosexual or a heterosexual orientation. Note, "The Tradition of Prejudice
versus the Principle of Equality: Homosexuals and Heightened Equal Protec-
tion Scrutiny after Bowers v. Hardwick," Boston College raw Review 31
(1990): 378, n.24, 379, n.2S.
It is surely true that there are many stories behind why a particular indi-
vidual has a homosexual orientation. It is not at all clear, as a scientific mat-
ter, whether one chooses one's sexual orientation or not. See Review, "Really,
Dr. Kinsey?" Lancet 337 (1991): 547, citing Judith A. Reisman and Edward W.
NOTES TO PAGE 180
207
Eichel, Kinsey, Sex and Fraud: The Indoctrination of a People, ed. John H.
Court and J. Gordon Muir (1990) (Kinsey reports on male/female sexuality
sharply criticized due to improper knowingly unethical use of unrepresen-
tative populations); Review, "Kinsey's Sexreport: Dubious, Misleading,
Fraud?" trans. Jurgen Benning, German Medical Tribune, July 19, 1991, 1, 6.
No choice in the matter would argue for a conclusion of immutability, while
some choice or a great deal of choice would tend to support a finding of
mutability. Without a definitive answer at hand, yet confident that somepeo-
pIe exercise some choice in their ovm sexual orientation, the Court does not
regard homosexuality as being an immutable characteristic.
5. The latest statistics available, of which this Court takes judicial notice,
show that 59% of adults and adolescents with the Human Immunodefi-
ciency Virus ("HIV") contracted it through homosexual sodomy among
males. The HN is a virus which causes the Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome ("AIDS"). Homosexual activist groups have been highly involved
in federal, state, and local efforts to deal with the epidemic. See, e.g., Jason
DeParie, "Rude, Rash, Effective, Act-Up Shifts AIDS Policy," New York Times,
Jan. 3, 1990, BI, col. 2, B4, col. 1 (AIDS coalition to unleash power-"ACT-
UP" -well heeded by policymakers because of aggressive tactics); Bruce
Lambert, "In Gay Parade, Pause to Recall AlDS Deaths," New York Times.
July 1, 1991, Bl, col. 5, B3, col. 1 (seventy thousand marchers and two hun-
dred thousand onlookers for annual Gay and Lesbian Parade in New York
City); Philip T. Hilts, "Landmark Accord Promises to Ease Immigration
Curbs," New York Times, Oct. 26, 1990, AI, col. 4, A24, coL 1 (Lambda Legal
Defense and Education Fund and Rep. Barney Frank helped get homosexu-
als and those with AIDS reduced restrictions on immigration) i and Robert
Pear, "Congress Authorizes $875 Million to Fight AIDS in Hard-Hit Areas,"
New York Times, Aug. 4, 1990. LI. col. 1 (despite no support from the Presi-
dent, authorization passed 95 to 4 in the Senate, and 408 to 14 in the House).
This is not to imply that only homosexuals will benefit from a solution to
the HIV crisis, but simply to say that homosexual groups have been well
publicized, heard and heeded by the political branches of our federal, state
and local governments when it has come to dealing vvith the HN epidemic
and other related issues.
6. Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, San
Francisco, and Seattle are just some of the cities that have passed anti-
discrimination regulations concerning homosexuals. California, Michigan,
New York, and Wisconsin all have various statevvide legislation or regulations
which benefit homosexual groups. "Developments in the Law-Sexual Ori-
entation and the Law," Harvard Law Review 102 (1989): 1667-68 nn. 49-51.
In Jantz v. Muci (1991), the plaintiff was an applicant for a position as a
public school teacher who had claimed that he was denied the position be-
cause of the principal's perception that he had "homosexual tendencies."