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Asia Edition Home More Todays Paper Video Blogs Journal Community BEST OF THE WEB TODAY AUGUST 11, 2011 John Roberts Is No Fool The White House tries to put one over on the Supreme Court. Article Comments (93) By JAMES TARANTO The White House . . . has quietly altered its website to remove the references to Jerusalem being in Israel, the New York Sun reports. It sounds like another makework Keynesian stimulus: dig a hole, fill it up. But the Obama administration fo rgot the first rule of holes: When youre in one, stop digging. (Hows that for a pa ssably bad Thomas Friedman imitation?) The website editing is an attempt to put one over on the Supreme Court, and we doubt it will succeed. Currently pending before the high court is the case of Zivotofsky v. Clinton. Ap pellant Menachem Zivotofsky, 9, is a U.S. citizen who was born in Jerusalem. As a Sun report from last week explained, two months after Menachems birth, his pare nts went to the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv to apply for a passport for the boy. Th ey asked that his country of birth be listed as Israel, but the embassy refused, citing longstanding State Department policy that such passports list only Jerusal em, with no country added. (This policy applies only to the capital, not other Isr aeli cities.) In 2002 Congress enacted legislation to reverse this policy, directing the State Department to list the country of origin as Israel on passports (as well as bir th and nationality certificates) if a Jerusalem-born applicant requests it. The provision was part of a larger spending bill, which President Bush signed into l aw, but he issued one of those signing statements that were anathema to liberals b efore Barack Obama fundamentally transformed America. The Bush administrations position, which is now the Obama administrations position , is that the provision is an unconstitutional infringement of the presidents powe r to recognize foreign sovereigns. Part of Jerusalem was occupied by Jordan until 1967, and the State Department views the citys sovereignty as disputed. In 2009 the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia declined to rule on the question, holding that the case posed a nonjusticiable political dispute. The Supreme Courts having agreed to take the case suggests that the just ices disagree. There wouldnt be much point hearing an appeal only to affirm a low er courts ruling that the courts have no business deciding the matter. Last week the Sun reported on the references the White House has now scrubbed fr om its website: On the official website are a series of pictures from Vice Presid ent Bidens trip last year to Israel, where he met in Jerusalem with Prime Ministe r Netanyahu and other Israelis. In cutlines associated with the pictures the vic e president is described as being in Jerusalem, Israel. As the Sun acknowledges, the cutlines on the White House photos were themselves n

ot formal legal recognition of sovereignty. It is only symbolic. But so too, the Zivotofskys argue, is the change in policy dictated by the 2002 law. If the Whit e House website can acknowledge that Jerusalem is in Israel without undermining the administrations diplomatic position, why cant Congress, in a law governing onl y the administration of vital documents, compel the State Department to do the s ame? The White House changed its website in an attempt to shore up its legal position by depriving the Zivotofskys of this argument. It is at least mildly deceptive, but it will succeed only if it escapes the notice of the Supreme Court. [botwt0811] Agence France-Presse/Getty ImagesHell see right through the White Hou ses tricks. But if the guys at the White House thought they could get away with this, they d idnt read footnote 10 of Chief Justice John Robertss opinion for the court in Ariz ona Free Enterprise Clubs Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett (citations and extraneous q uotation marks omitted): Prior to oral argument in this case, the Citizens Clean Elections Commissions Web site stated that The Citizens Clean Elections Act was pa ssed by the people of Arizona in 1998 to level the playing field when it comes t o running for office. The Web site now says that The Citizens Clean Elections Act was passed by the people of Arizona in 1998 to restore citizen participation and confidence in our political system. The court had previously held that preventing corruption was a compelling state i nterest that justified some restrictions on political speech. But as the chief ju stice noted, we have repeatedly rejected the argument that the government has a c ompelling state interest in leveling the playing field that can justify undue burd ens on political speech. The commission, a state government agency, was altering its public statements to bring them into line with its legal defenseprecisely wha t the White House is now doing. In dissent, Justice Elena Kagan rejected what she inferred to be the majoritys cl aim that a statement appearing on a government website in 2011 (written by who-kn ows-whom?) reveals what hundreds of thousands of Arizonas voters sought to do in 1998 when they enacted the Clean Elections Act by referendum. She added: Just to s tate that proposition is to know it is wrong. Maybe so, but the Obama administrat ions position in Zivotofsky was not adopted by plebiscite, so that even if you ac cept Kagans rebuttal in the Arizona case, it would not apply here. The White House websites photo captions may not prove decisive to the outcome of Zivotofsky v. Clinton. But if Obamas men thought that pulling a stunt like this o n the Web-savvy Roberts court would strengthen their case, they really are a bun ch of amateurs. Reading the Tea Leaves, or Writing Them? The Weekly Standards Jay Cost makes a very interesting point about the continuing Democratic campaign to demonize the Tea Party: The interesting thing about the Tea Party is that it does not have a lot in common with any kind of party. A partyin the political senseimplies organization, me mbership, internal rules and practices to govern the behavior of its members, an d so on. Even the social sense of the word implies some kind of structure; after all, you cant go to Johnsons party down the street while simultaneously playing X -Box in your basement. . . . The ambiguity . . . of the Tea Party is what makes it an attractive target f or the Democratic party and its friends in the mainstream media. There is no lea der of the Tea Party. No building where the Tea Party meets. No set of rules and regulations that enumerates the privileges and responsibilities of its members. Thus, the Tea Party can be whatever the Democrats need it to be.

Were they a bunch of terrorists? Sure! Were they intransigent? Absolutely! A s long as they stay relatively obscure, Democrats can ascribe almost any quality t hey want to them. This fantasy version of the Tea Party is the evil twin of Barack Obamanot President Obama, who has a record to run on (or from), but Obama the mythical figure of 2 008, onto which his enthusiasts projected all their hopes and ambitions. Having been disappointed by their fantasy savior, they are dreaming up a fantasy villai n to take his place. Their problem is that whereas the Tea Party wont be on the ballot next year, Obamath e real Obama, not the fantasywill. The Answer, My Friend, Is Blowing in the Wind Todays New York Times has an entertaining set of letters to the editor in respons e to Sundays fascist fairy tale by Drew Westen, which we noted Monday. This line, from Ellen Goldstein of Washington, is laugh-out-loud funny: By finally taking o n the deficit over jobs, President Obama has become a weather vane. He was suppo sed to be the wind. We could go for the cheap shot and say that Obama has in fact been pretty damn w indy. But that would be unfair. After all, he inherited the wind from George W. Bush! A Stopped Clock Is Right Twice a Day We never thought wed say this, but The New Republics Jonathan Chait had a post yes terday that was both witty and insightful, especially the concluding paragraphs: Meanwhile, Tom Friedman writes a column today envisioning a world in which b oth parties come together. Republicans agree to endorse Obamas policy agenda, and Obama agrees to admit that he could have explained his agenda more clearly. I s hare Friedmans enthusiasm for such an outcome, but I fail to see how this relates to the current impasse. This is one way in which conservative journalism is actually far more sophis ticated than mainstream news journalism. Conservative pundits, while usually sla nting their account in highly partisan and often misleading terms, do a fairly g ood job of grasping and explaining the fact that the two parties fundamentally d isagree on the causes of and solutions to the economic crisis and the long-term deficit. In this sense, a Rush Limbaugh listener may well be better informed abo ut the causes of the impasse than listener of NPR or other mainstream organs. Th e former will have in his mind a wildly slanted version of the basic political l andscape, while the latters head will be filled with magical thinking. Wildly slanted is a matter of opinion, and an opinion we dont share, but Chaits desc ription of the mainstream medias shortcomings sounds uncannily like the Taranto P rinciple. A Marxist Puppet Minnesota Public Radio reports on an educational puppet show at Minneapoliss Walk er Art Center: [Director Pedro] Reyes is filming an improvised story called Baby Marx. In it, Adam Smith and Karl Marx come to the 21st century to learn how their work has b een interpreted over the years. Im afraid that Mr. Marx has a chip on his shoulder because his philosophies ha ve failed so miserably, sniggers Smith.

Failed so miserably, Marx responds, because they arent doing it right. Maybe Marx just didnt do a good enough job explaining it. You Better Start Hiring or Hell Keep TalkingYeah, Thatll Work Obama: Ill Release Job Policies Until Every American Who Wants a Job Can Find Onehea dline, NationalJournal.com, Aug. 11 Those Guys in Washington Just Cant Agree

Super Committee Lineup Gives Hope for Dealheadline, Politico.com, Aug. 10 Leaders Deficit Panel Picks Wont Make Achieving Grand Bargain Any Easierheadline heHill.com, Aug. 10 Hows That Hopey Changey Thing Workin Out for Ya? Obama Sets Ambitious Export Goalheadline, New York Times, Jan. 29, 2010 Trade Deficit of U.S. Unexpectedly Widens to $53.1 Billion on Export Slumpheadl ine, Bloomberg, Aug. 11 Help Me, Oba-One Kenobi How ObamaWhos Our Only HopeCan Make a Comebackheadline, Tucson Weekly, Aug. 10 Reuterville Becomes Rioterville When we first saw this headline from the Onion, we thought maybe it was too soon : London Rioters Resent Media Image of Hooded Teen Thug. But we have to admit, the story is pretty funny: Residents of a London housing estate laughed at a televised plea by police f or parents to call their children and help rein in the youths who looted and bur ned swathes of the city. Not only were some of the parents at the riots themselves, but many of those taking part were not the hooded, teenage delinquents on which many have pinned the blame for the worst street riots Britain has seen for decades. . . . Its like the old days. Its bringing the community spirit back. Even though its a sad way to do it, its bringing the community together, Ariom said. As the sun set, the men at the estate said they would hang out on a typical evening, play football or visit girlfriends. But if the riots kick off again, Im going. Its history, its a revolution, Ariom s aid. I loved Hackney during the riot. I loved every minute of it. It was great to see the people coming together to show the authorities that they cannot just com e out here bullying. Oh wait, sorry, that wasnt the Onion. It was Reuters. Which in a way makes it fun nier, though also infuriating. Other Than That, the Story Was Accurate Correction: An earlier version of this transcript incorrectly quoted Rick Perry a s saying he met with the Libyan prime minister.Time.com, Aug. 11 We Wonder What Jogged His Memory Obama Remembers 9/11 at Ramadan Dinnerheadline, 9 News website (Australia), Aug. 11 Hoe Is die Hoop en Verandering Dingen Oit te Werken Voor U?

Heavily Republican Holland Doesnt Get Dressed Up for Obama Visitheadline, Detroit Fr ee Press, Aug. 11 In Another Setback for Obama, George W. Bush Falls Out of 1st Place Casey Anthony Is Most Hated Person in America: Pollheadline, Reuters, Aug. 10 With DNC in Mind, City Bans Carrying Urine, Feces HB Aims to Curb Urination in Publicheadline, Daily Breeze (Torrance, Calif.), Aug. 10 Like a Rotten Mackerel in the Moonlight Debt Panel Gives Kerry Chance to Shineheadline, TheHill.com, Aug. 11 Or So Pawlenty Hopes Bachmann Heads to Waterlooheadline, CNN.com, Aug. 11 Dont Take Any Wooden Nickels Gingrich Calls for Real Change video title, FoxNews.com, Aug. 11 Youll Never Believe Whos Running the Asylum Patrick Kennedy Joins Psychiatric Hospital Boardheadline, Associated Press, Aug. 10 Un Remde Surprenant Pour la Maladie dAlzheimer UK Riots Bring Back Memories in Franceheadline, Deutsche-Welle, Aug. 11 Large, Slow-Moving Targets First Ladys Anti-Obesity Campaign Turned Heavy Children Into Targets, Group Sayshead line, CNSNews.com, Aug. 11 They Come in Two Designs, Solid Orange and Striped Bernie Madoffs Pants Turned Into $500 iPad Coversheadline, Los Angeles Times website , Aug. 10 Theyre Too Busy Putting People Down to Sing The Monkees Cancel Nine Remaining Tour Datesheadline, BBC website, Aug. 11 If They Get Any More Desperate, Theyll Turn to Jgermeister Desperate to Drink, West Texas Turns to Wastewaterheadline, CNN.com, Aug. 11 The Earth Moved Affair With Presidents Wife Shakes Vermont Universityheadline, Reuters, Aug. 11 Questions Nobody Is Asking Who Says Turtles Dont Eat Pasta?headline, New York Times website, Aug. 10 Answers to Questions Nobody Is Asking Gravel Names His Price: $1 Million to Challenge Obamaheadline, DailyCaller.com, Aug. 9 Cameron Has Lost Legitimacy, Should Go, Libya Saysheadline, Jerusalem Post, Aug. 10 Question and Answer If the Police Arent Able to Defend People and Property, What Exactly Are They For?headline, Daily Telegraph website (London), Aug. 9 Police Nab Alleged Zit-Popper Grossing Out Fast-Food Customersheadline, WTOG-TV website (Tampa, Fla.), Aug. 10 Dogs Admitted to Hospital After People InjuriesNow That Would Be News

More People Admitted to Hospital After Dog Injuriesheadline, BBC website, Aug. 11 Its Always in the Last Place You Look Putin Discovers Greek Urns on Scuba Diveheadline, Agence France-Presse, Aug. 10 Too Much Information Poll Surprise: Weiner Seat in Playheadline, Politico.com, Aug. 10 News of the Tautological Wisconsin Recall Election a Test of Voter Sentimentheadline, Chicago Tribune Aug. 1 1 Breaking News From Genesis 2:21-3:24 Boy or Girl? A Simple Test Raises Ethical Concernsheadline, Associated Press, Aug. 9 Breaking News From 1963 Gloria Steinem Hopes Youll Boycott Playboy Club headline, CNN.com, Aug. 10 News You Can Use Deciding on a Book, and How to Read Itheadline, New York Times, Aug. 11 Bottom Stories of the Day

Rick Perry Slammed by Libertarian Director: Videoheadline, Libertarian Party pr ess release, Aug. 10 Newsweeks Tina Brown Offers No Apology, Doubles Down on Crazy Bachmann Coverheadl ne, NewsBusters.org, Aug. 10 Obama Tries to Change Subject Back to Green Jobsheadline, Washington Post websi te, Aug. 11 The Friedman Award You probably didnt know this, but Meghan McCain, daughter of Sen. John McCain, wr ites a column for TheDailyBeast.com, Newsweeks website. Gawkers John Cook is not a fan of her writing: As a columnist, she is a thought-murdering demon of stupefac tion. Cook fisks Miss McCains latest column, whose headline, Welcome to the Obamaclpyse, manages the neat trick of misspelling a neologism. We cant bear to read McCains gal actically, apocalyptically dreadful prose, but Cooks response to it gives you the flavor: The ball fell on to the burden! And then rolled off onto the pledge and down into the duty. All this ball-dropping is getting really bad. . . . The breaking point is nearing for Americans, sure, but its also nearing for young Americans, in addition to the previously mentioned Americans. Thats how bad it is. . . . The problem here is that we are heading toward the future, but at the same time thi s asteroid is heading toward us, so its not just that were going fast toward the f uture but that the asteroid is also going really fast. Its like double the speed. See what we mean? If we were Sen. McCain, we would demand a DNA test, if only to pre-empt the inevitable rumors that Meghans real father is Thomas Friedman. Follow us on Twitter. Join Fans of Best of the Web Today on Facebook. Click here to view or search the Best of the Web Today archives. (Carol Muller helps compile Best of the Web Today. Thanks to Hillel Markowitz, C

hris Papouras, Michele Schiesser, Ed Grinberg, T. Young, Miguel Rakiewicz, Don H ubschman, Tim Vande Zande, Edward Schulze, Joseph Heschmeyer, Ethel Fenig, Kelly Fogarty, David Hallstrom, Chris Hayes, Clifford Crouch, Kyle Kyllan, Paul Coope r, Mark Kellner, Jeff Chrzanowski, Bob Ellison, Michael Capel, Shalom Berger, Ge rald Massoudi, Evan Slatis, Michael Aracic, Tony Mecia and Jeanie Ribble. If you have a tip, write us at opinionjournal@wsj.com, and please include the URL.) Join the discussion 93 Comments, add yours More In Opinion Add a Comment We welcome your thoughtful comments. Please comply with our Community rules. All comments will display your real name. Account Problem Your account type requires additional information before we can set up your prof ile. Please send your login username and your real first and last name to journa lcommunity@wsj.com Go Fuck Yo Mama, Oops, Go suck Yo lemon. (Note: 1. I have gone on wagon 2. Never get mad. Get even 3. Never spare words. Never ever and one day 4. Never accept partisan propaganda 5. Give them Hell, especially to born idiots like James Taranto 6. May Allah be praised 7. Amen, Oops, Assalam Aleikum, Oops, Shalome 8. The End My good buddy, James Taranto has opened up a hole, Oops, topic and I take a plea sure to throw some light on it. Jerusalem, Oh Jerusalem! CBS News.com CBS Evening News The Early Show 48 Hours Mystery 60 Minutes Sunday Morning Face the Nation Up to the Minute bakulaji profile log out 60 Minutes Scroll Left Scroll Right Mortgage paperwork mess: Next housing shock? 60 Minutes Mortgage paperwork m ess: Next housing shock? 1 of 9

Paul Allen and the birth of the PC, Microsoft 60 Minutes Paul Allen and the birth of the PC, Microsoft 2 of 9 Eminem s incredible rise to stardom 60 Minutes Eminems incredible rise to sta rdom 3 of 9 Eminem and Anderson Cooper: Behind the scenes 60 Minutes Overtime Eminem and Anderson Cooper: Behind the scenes 4 of 9 Slot machines: The big gamble 60 Minutes Slot machines: The big gamble 5 of 9 Brazil: The world s next economic superpower? 60 Minutes Brazil: The worlds n ext economic superpower? 6 of 9 Mark Wahlberg on his new life, film 60 Minutes Mark Wahlberg on his new life , film 7 of 9 Mark Wahlberg s real-life entourage 60 Minutes Overtime Mark Wahlbergs real-l ife entourage 8 of 9 60 Minutes/Vanity Fair Poll August Edition 60 Minutes 60 Minutes/Vanity Fair Poll August Edition 9 of 9 October 18, 2010 1:59 AM Controversy in Jerusalem: The City Of David By CBSNews 241 Comments Have Your Say Watch the Segment Web Extras Jerusalem: City of David Extra: Touring East Jerusalem Jerusalem: The City of David? Jerusalem: City of David (CBS) Jerusalem is one of the holiest cities on Earth, for Jews, for Muslims an d for Christians. It is also one of the most difficult issues at the negotiating table as Palestinians and Israelis struggle to continue the peace talks.The cha llenge is how to divide the city between the two sides. Back in 2000, then-Presi dent Clinton came up with some parameters for how to do it: areas populated most ly by Jews would remain Israeli; those populated mostly by Arabs would become th e new Palestinian capital. That meant that for the most part East Jerusalem woul d go to the Arabs.Well, its not so simple anymore. In the decade that has elapsed , more and more Israeli settlers have moved east into the Arab-populated areas. One place where it has gotten especially complicated and volatile is the Arab ne ighborhood of Silwan. The complication in Silwan involves an Israeli archeological dig called the City of David. 60 Minutes Overtime: The City of David Its a sacred city to the world but also a place where science and faith sometimes collide. Can archeology prove the Bible? Extra: Touring East Jerusalem Extra: Jerusalems New Rail System Link: City of David Link: Silwan Information Center Go to Jerusalem today and youll likely visit the City of David, one of the worlds great archeological wonders, where diggers are sifting back through time: scores of workers, filling hundreds of buckets, unearthing thousands of years.

This tunnel is 3800 and 50 years old, Doron Spielman, the sites international direc tor of development, told correspondent Lesley Stahl as he led her through an anc ient tunnel. According to Spielman, the tunnel is exactly as it was when it was built. Look at these stones, you can see the chisel marks on the walls, he pointed out. He then took her to another area aboveground. This is the original flooring. Thes e are more ritual baths or water cisterns, he pointed out. Spielman led us down to an ancient waterway carved out of the hard stone. The who le beginning of life in ancient Jerusalem happened from this little spring which is nestled in this little cave, he explained. We were taken down excavated tunnels no human eye has seen for two millennia and shown the process of removing the layers of history sandbag by sandbag from whe n the city was sacked by the Romans, and before them the Babylonians. So this structure was here when Abraham was here? Stahl asked. Thats right. He saw it with his own eyes, Spielman said. Thats a bit of a stretch: archeologists tell us that no one has found any evidenc e that Abraham was ever there. Its controversial that the City of David uses disc overies to try to confirm whats in the Bible, particularly from the time of David , the king who made Jerusalem his capital. People believe that when King David captured the city, he snuck underground throu gh this tunnel which led him underneath the city wall, up into the city, Spielman said. Half a million tourists visit the site every year, with guides who try to bring King David to life. Theres an implicit message: that because David conquered the city for the Jews back then, Jerusalem belongs to the Jews today. Today, Ive seen scores and scores of soldiers coming through, Stahl remarked. Its part of their cultural day to try to learn about what theyre fighting for. And when we bring them here they understand that theyre not just fighting for today, they actually represent the return of the Jewish people to Israel after thousand s of years, Spielman said. So archeology is being used as a political tool. I mean, I hate to use the word, but indoctrination almost, Stahl replied. I wouldnt call it indoctrination. I would call it giving meaning to life, giving m eaning to why were here, he replied. But for all the talk of King David, one thing is glaringly missing here at the C ity of David. Theres actually no evidence of David, right? Stahl asked. Theres no doubt that this is the City of David from the Bible. Theres no doubt that the Bible took place here. Proof of David himself, until we find the actual nam e, we cant say, Spielman acknowledged. Another problem is an inconvenient truth: that biblical Jerusalem is not located in the western half of the city. Its right under the densely populated Arab neig

hborhood of Silwan. And according to the Clinton parameters, Silwan should be pa rt of a Palestinian state. To remedy that, organizations that move Jewish settlers into Arab areas have inf iltrated Silwan. For example, a group of settlers live in a seven-story building under heavy secu rity. Theyve barricaded themselves in and refuse to leave. With some 450 Jews liv ing among tens of thousands of Arabs, Silwan is now at the center of the battle to keep all of Jerusalem under Israeli control. 1 2 3 4 Next Page Copyright 2010 CBS. All rights reserved. See all 241 Comments by calcaylor June 5, 2011 8:16 PM EDT Horribly biased journalism and another proof of the industrys leftist orienta tion. Check out the excellent critique of it at:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L z8erDslhII Reply to this comment by imimim1 November 3, 2010 9:11 PM EDT For those who seek truth, please watch this very interesting you tube: http: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4bM2QG3r-I and decide for yourself. The honest thing to do is look for truth amongst propaganda, fabrications, and out and out lies. I dont think you will be sorry to have watched this and perhaps you will want to learn more. Remember most of those writing here not only have an agenda but make no qualms about lying and avoiding answering to the truth when confronted. If I have enlightened one person with this video it will have been worth it to go ba ck onto this site, which I really didnt want to do, since it is so venomous. Reply to this comment by elvaston67 November 3, 2010 12:03 AM EDT mariapalestina: If Israel attacked the Liberty, why would LBJ lie? If responsibility for 9/11 is not clear, why would Osama Bin Laden claim credit? The whole international community, including the UN Atomic agency, says Iran is developing nuclear weapons. Iran has signed the international non proliferation treaty-it is not allowed to develop nuclear weapons, it has always denied trying to develop them despite repeated proof that it has been doing so surreptiously. It is suffering international sanctions as a result-willing to allow its citize ns to suffer deprivation while it spends billions on nuclear development, on mil itary arms and on support for terrorist organizations and terrorist actions. Its leaders torture and murder anyone who does not toe the party line. It gives roc kets and missiles to terrorists. If it had nuclear arms it would give them to th e terrorists too. Israel is not a signatory to the nuclear treaty. Also, it is ambiguous about whe ther it has nuclear arms. Unlike Iran it does not lie. LOOK at the following site for Iranian calls for the destruction of Israel: http ://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/html/hi_210208e.htm

In 2007 hundreds of Palestinians died in fighting between Hamas and Fatah, until Fatah withdrew to the West Bank. This division had an immediate disastrous poli tical, social and economic effect on Hamas and the people of Gaza, with the Euro pean Union, United States and other financial donors withdrawing support. This t ogether with other sanctions and restrictions put in place by Israel meant that conditions for the citizens of Gaza became desperate. Regarding The 2008 Gaza war: In June of 2008, Egypt, acting as the go-between, m anaged to arrange a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas. This cease-fire was bro ken several times by both sides, but largely brought a measure of peace to the I srael-Gaza border. Israel maintained closed borders with Gaza, hoping to pressur e the Hamas regime economically. While Israel indicated a willingness to extend the cease-fire, Hamas began increasing its Qassem rocket attacks on Israel, forc ing the Israeli government to make a decision on how to respond. For treatment of Palestinain prisoners, see the following: http://www.freepalestinianprisoners.com/family-visits-to-prisons http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3292467,00.html You will see some Palestinians complaining that SOME prisoners dont get visits of ten enough. Families and the Red Cross have access to Palestinian prisoners, unl ike the treatment of Israelis by Hamas and Hezbollah. As to the MAVI MARMARA, you claim the Israelis murdered 9 unarmed passengers. Th ere is not one shred of actual evidence for this. The videos issued by the Pales tinians and Turks show many things, including wounded people being carried, but no soldiers murdering or wounding. There were computers and journalists but no e mail transmisions. Some Arab journalists mentionned that there were armed passen gers, but these were criticised- not the party line. There are You Tube videos s howing passengers attacking unarmed soldiers with bars, knives and other weapons , showing crew members saying there were 40 militants on board who cotrolled par t of the ship and sawed bars and chains off of the ships construction; You sould look at some videos: About what you call the call the massacre of 1400+ people in Gaza, here is a quo te from Wikipedia: The conflict resulted in between 1,166 and 1,417 Palestinian and 13 Israeli deaths. The high number of civilian casualties led some critics t o accuse Israel of committing a massacre. Other critics accused Hamas of using c ivilians as human shields and said that Israel went to great lengths to avoid ha rming civilians. In September 2009, a UN special mission, headed by Justice Rich ard Goldstone, produced a controversial report accusing both Palestinian militan ts and Israeli Defense Forces of war crimes and possible crimes against humanity , and recommended bringing those responsible to justice.Reply to this comment by mariapalestina October 31, 2010 11:23 PM EDT Elvaston, I am responding to you because although I disagree with a lot of the things you write, you are respectful and in some cases state that there are two sides t o many of the issues. I dont think there is any question that Israel attacked the USS LIBERTY, and that they then lied and were protected by LBJ. As for who was behind 9/11 I agree we dont know the truth. Ahmadinejad quotes earlier Iranian leaders who hope to see the end of the zionis t entity in Israel. So do I. That doesnt mean anybody (even Ahmadinejad) has ever suggested driving Jews into the sea. That was coined by a zionist, and nobody h

as ever come up with a non-zionist source for the quote. There is no evidence Iran is developing nuclear weapons, but even if they are wh y shouldnt they? Why should Israel have nukes if others cant have them. You say th e Iranians arent honest; are Israelis? They dont even admit they have them or how many. The truce before Israel attacked Gaza in December 2008 was broken by Israel, not by Hamas. Hamas might be many things but it always keeps its word, unlike Israe l. Hamas fired no rockets during the truce, though a handful were fired by other resistance groups. Israel cant control its terrorist settlers so how can it expe ct Hamas to control all its own fighters? Hamas didnt sieze anything any more than Netanyahoo siezed power in Israel. Hamas was democratically elected and then Israe l immediately arrested dozens of the newly elected leaders. How can they lead un der those circumstances? Suppose Netanyahoo and Lieberman were arrested and impr isoned by outsiders? Shalit was a militant and is a prisoner of war; he should be visited by the Red Cross. So should thousands of Palestinian prisoners, many of whom were arrested and imprisoned for no reason and many of whom are held in secret prisons where t hey have had no visits from Red Cross or family for many years. I cant cry for Sh alit so long as such injustice against Palestinians goes unresolved. As for the MAVI MARMARA, attacked by Israeli pirates in international waters, th ere were no weapons on board, there was no talk of violence, and no soldiers wer e attacked. Nine unarmed passengers were murdered in cold blood and this crime c an never be forgotten or forgiven. The faked footage was released by Israel whil e it held our passengers in jail. All the footage, cameras, videotapes, memory c ards, cell phones etc were stolen by Israel, along with a million dollars in cas h and hundreds of credit cards, some of which were used by Israeli soldiers. I w as part of the flotilla and I know what happened. Israel lied shamelessly, so no thing Israel ever says can ever again be believed. I think you want to believe y ou have an open mind, but the fact you could fall for that phoney video and beli eve the IDF version of the events proves your bias and your willingness to swall ow lies when they come from zionists. By the way, there was violence on all the ships of our flotilla. When pirates fo rcefully board boats in international water, subdue unarmed passengers with stun guns, rubber-coated bullets, paint guns, handcuffs, teargas, hoods, forcing the m at gunpoint to go where they do not want to go, this is violence. Israel targe ted the MAVI MARMARA because they knew most of the passengers were Muslim. And n one of the passengers I repeat none of them was armed. Israel is in very deep trouble today, in good part because of the massacre of 14 00+ people in Gaza, including 350 children and infants, and then the attack on u narmed passengers on the flotilla. BDS is gaining momentum, people all over the world, including US Jews, are turning away from Israel in disgust. Eventually th e U.S. government will listen to the people and start treating Israel as it dese rves to be treated, and soon Israel will have lost the few friends it still has. It cant come soon enough for me, because Palestinians are dying every day, and o ccasionally Israeli Jews too, and I dont want to see another needless death in Is rael or Palestine. Israel doesnt want peace. Why should it when it has all the we apons and all the power? But the chickens are coming home to roost, and if Israe l doesnt read the handwriting on the wall it will wake up and find there is nobod y left to buy the hasbara.Reply to this comment by truthnow3 November 1, 2010 7:20 PM EDT Dear Mariapalestina I cant agree with you more about everything you wrote. I have decided that I will no longer respond to any comments made by those w ho give Israel a pass on the crimes that the Jewish state commits and has commit

ted. I wish you and the Palestinians all good luck in gaining your freedom from I sraeli oppression and that freedom must also be extended to the Israeli Palestin ians who have been treated as less than human for far too long. I could never support apartheid in South Africa nor racism in the United Sta tes so I see no reason that I should support Israeli apartheid and racism even t hough, as a Jew, it is expected that I keep my mouth shut. I will never do that in the face of terrible injustice. I embrace you as my sister Mariapalestina.

by sabapete October 31, 2010 6:48 AM EDT Dear Truthnow3, Cite proof, not third party innuendo and fantasy. This is the kind of libel that perpetuates the conflict. Feed the Arabs and Leftists what they want to hear, e ven if its total fiction and the conflict continues. You, and your friends, some of which are Jewish, are directly responsible for every death that takes place f ollowing this type of missive. No one does anything in your name. And if you sti ll believe that, then change your name.Reply to this comment by mariapalestina October 31, 2010 12:02 PM EDT Sabapete, like Truthnow I will no longer waste my time responding to your no nsense. When Israel goes down, as it will, the blame will be upon zionists like yourself who refuse to see the truth. Israels crimes have become so outrageous an d so blatant that even Israels own newspapers report them. Jews around the world are screaming that Israel is on the wrong path, and countries that used to be Is raels friends are condemning zionist Israel. Keep your head buried in the sand un til one day you take it out and find there is no Israel. You should be ashamed t o support and participate in the crimes committed by your state. Once the U.S. s tops pandering to AIPAC and the rest of the zionist mafia you will see what you have done, but it will be too late for you. You attack countries that have never even threatened you, like Iran. Your wars have all been pre-emptive, usually ag ainst weaker neighbors where your victims are mostly defenseless women and child ren. Your IDF are cowards, as witness the massacre on unarmed passengers on the MAVI MARMARA.

Im done with you. Too busy with the BDS movement which is rapidly building up ste am. Adios. by truthnow3 October 31, 2010 1:29 PM EDT I am a Leftist and I am proud of it. Remember that before Hitler went after the Jews he went after the Leftists. It is you Rightists who are the Fascists an d who are dragging Israel into Fascism. I get my information primarily from the Israeli press and from Israeli histo rians. Benny Morris has documented the ethnic cleansing and now says he is sorry that all the Palestinians were not ethnically cleansed. Sabapete you are blind to the crimes of your country just as most Germans we re blind to the crimes of their country. Too bad you are too afraid to face the reality of Israeli racism and arrogan ce. Since Israel says it is the homeland of the Jews they seem to believe that t heyl act in my name. Israel is not nor will it ever be my homeland or the homela nd of my children and grandchildren. The US is my homeland and, yes, I have many problems with what the US does. But I will not put my head in the sand as you d o and I will not defend the US when it commits crimes of empire as it is doing i n Iraq and Afghanistan and as it does by coddling and defending Israel no matter

what horrible thing Israel does up to and including spying on us and deliberate ly attacking a US ship in 1967. I have ised no libel and what perpetuates the conflict is Israels refusal to get the hell out of the West Bank and to remove all the settler thugs. The Pales tinians know what is being done to them. They dont need me to tell them. Sham;e o n you sabapate. Go back to the US from where you probably came. See all 4 Replies by mariapalestina October 30, 2010 4:11 PM EDT I have read no defense of Israel here beyond the usual hasbara and links to typical zionist islamophobic websites. None of my own comments criticizing Israel are general; all are made from my per sonal experience. Ive been shot by Israeli soldiers, beaten and robbed by illegal Jewish settlers living on stolen land in Palestine. I have been on fishing boat s with Gaza fisherman being attacked by Israeli naval gunboats, on board boats t o Gaza attacked by Israeli pirates in international waters. Even Jews both insid e and outside of Israel are critical of Israels apartheid policies that discrimin ate against Israeli Palestinians. And what Israel does to Palestinians in the We st Bank and Gaza is beyond any defense from a so-called democratic state. Settle rs attack Israeli soldiers and border police as well as peaceful Palestinians. Z ionism is destroying Israel, and though I believe the creation of Israel in the first place on Palestinian land was a huge mistake, I would like to see decent I sraeli Jews survive. It is clear now that zionist Israel can never survive itsel f, and I long for the day the zionists will leave so that there can finally be p eace. It will happen sooner than later.Reply to this comment by truthnow3 October 30, 2010 11:54 PM EDT Dear Mariapalestina, I know that every word you say is true and it sickens m e that my people and my government are participating in this evil called Zionism and occupation. I have friends, some of them Jewish, who have spent time in the Occupied Territories and witnessed the crimes of the IDF and the settlers. One Jewish friend of mind and her son lived in Nablus for a time. They stayed with P alestinian families who welcomed them into their homes telling them that they ha d no problem with Jews who came in peace, only with those who came with guns to steal their lands and to destroy their lives. My friend said she felt no fear fr om Palestinians but only from the thugs of the Israeli army. One day her son was kidnapped by the IDF and taken to a settlement where he was held tied up in the sun for two days given only a small amount of water. When he was released the I DF thugs dumped him in the hills in the middle of the night to find his way back to Nablus. When he was released the IDF stole his camera and his mobile phone. Not content with stealing land the IDF also steals from homes they invade and fr om those they kidnap. It is most interesting that the first items to be stolen f rom the flotilla members were their video cams, their cameras and the mobile pho nes. The young Turkish American man who was murdered by the IDF was shot in the face as he was videoing the actions of the IDF criminals. When he fell they fini shed him off with bullets to the back. I could say much more but it would fill this entire page. Israel is a crimin al racist country and, according to some in Israel, is rapidly moving toward fas cism something to which die-hard Zionists probably would not object as long as t he Brown Shirts were worn by the Jews. Mariapalestina you have every right to be angry. I am angry too because the evils that Israel done is supposedly being done in my name. I reject those evils and I reject the racist apartheid state of Israel. I do not reject Judaism. I r eject what is being done in the name of Judaism by those who dishonor what is go od in Judaism.

by mariapalestina October 29, 2010 8:12 PM EDT Dear Truthnow, No wonder you are frustrated, but please dont be discouraged by the vitriol c oming from these fanatic zionists. They wear blinders and refuse to see the way the wind is blowing. Israel has blown it big time, most recently with the massac re in Gaza and then the act of piracy on the freedom flotilla. I was on the firs t Free Gaza boat that broke the siege, and was part of the recent flotilla. We w ill never give up until Gaza and all of Palestine are free. Zionism is racism an d it is destroying Israel and Judaism. Palestinians understand; Zionists dont. Th e land will all be returned to its rightful owners and there will be peace after the zionists leave. Then Muslims, Christians and Jews of the region will live i n peace once again. InshahAllah. Reply to this comment by elvaston67 October 30, 2010 1:58 PM EDT mariapalestina You keep making general anti Israel statements but you do not cite any facts to back you up.. You have IGNORED the many facts listed in support of the other poi nt of view. Please explain your logic. by truthnow3 October 30, 2010 2:00 PM EDT Thanks for your support Mariapalestina. I find it incredibly frustrating to deal with hard core Zionists who refuse to acknowledge what Zionism has done to another people who did nothing to create the anti-Semisitm in Europe that drove early Zionists to decide that the Jews needed to get out of Europe and go to Pal estine. It should be of some interests to these Zionists that the vast majority of Europes Jews much preferred to go to America rather than to Palestine. In fact there was a large majority of Russian Jews who denounced the idea of a Jewish h omeland in Palestine. Later, when there was a move to get Soviet Jews out of the Soviet Union, the Jewish agencies would not help those Soviet Jews who wanted t o go to America. They would only get help if they wanted to go to Israel where t hey could be put into the Occupied Territories where they could displace more Pa lestinians. Thanks for participating in the flotilla. We here are helping to raise funds for the American boat which will participate in the flotilla to help the people under blockade in Gaza, a blockade that was recently described in Haaretz as be ing designed not as a security measure but as a political measure to squeeze the people of Gaza. I hope and pray that one day those who do not want to live in peace and equa lity with the Palestinians will leave. There will be much work to do for reconci liation but it can be done when one group does not try to dominate another and t o run a supremacist and racist state. Mariapalestina, it is a waste of time to try to get through to these Zionist s who will excuse every crime that Israel commits whether it is in Palestine or Lebanon. There is no making them understand that when one takes over the land of another people and drives most of those people out that they will never live in peace and do not deserve to live in peace. Israel is a sad commentary on how th ose who have been victims can so easily turn into the victimizers. Let us hope for a better world. by sabapete October 29, 2010 8:13 AM EDT May I also suggest an op-ed piece in yesterdays Jerusalem Post written by a p erson of Middle Eastern origin (not Israel or a Jew): http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=193018Reply to th is comment by imimim1 October 29, 2010 2:46 AM EDT I swore I wasnt going to make even one more comment because as elvaston67 has

rationally and politely wrote that truthnow (ironic name to be sure)does not ad dress anyone when faced with actual facts, but seems to be a prolific and repeti tious mouthpiece for Hamas and other haters. Yet, on the slim chance that any re ader of these posts would be interested in a short informational you tube here i t ishttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrO_KSqrmns. Very well thought out video. Reply to this comment by truthnow3 October 29, 2010 6:36 PM EDT I will not be commenting any further. None of you want to take any respo nsibility for what has been done to the Palestinians over the decades. None of y ou seem to understand that were it not for the brutal and vicious Israeli occupa tion, were it not for the theft of Palestinian lands and water resources, were i t not for the ethnic cleansing of 1948 and 1967 there would be no Hamas, no Isla mic Jihad. Were Jews treated for over 60 years as have been the Palestinians I assu re you that they/we would have been just as angry, if not more, than have the be en the Palestinians. We would not love those who oppressed us and stole our land s. And just like the Jewish terrorists of pre-state Israel we would have committ ed crimes, blown up buildings, killed the occupiers etc. I dont know why you expe ct Palestinians to just take it. I will not be responding any more. I dont care how many youtube videos yo u post or how much you copy and paste. I can do the same but it would be a waste of my time and energy. Meanwhile I join the growing number of people around the world, includin g many Jews, who say Boycott, Sanctions, Divestment. by sabapete October 27, 2010 6:06 AM EDT Whether King equated Zionists and Jews was relevant in the 60s. His offsprin g think otherwise. If King was alive today, he too would be ignored. Reply to this comment CBS News CBSNews.com Visit other CBS Interactive sites: Go Copyright 2011 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved Jerusalem From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia al-Quds redirects here. For other uses, see al-Quds (disambiguation). For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). Page semi-protected Jerusalem ( Yerushalayim), (al-Quds) City From upper left: Jerusalem skyline viewed from Mamilla, the Old City and the Dom e of the Rock, a souq in the Old City, the Knesset, the Western Wall, the Tower of David and the Old City walls Flag Emblem of Jerusalem Coat of arms Nickname(s): Ir ha-Kodesh (Holy City), Bayt al-Maqdis (House of the Holiness) Motto: Holiest city in Judaism Jerusalem is located in Jerusalem

Jerusalem Jerusalem Coordinates: 3147N 3513ECoordinates: 3147N 3513E District Jerusalem Government - Mayor Nir Barkat Area - City 125,156 dunams (125.2 km2 / 48.3 sq mi) - Metro 652 km2 (251.7 sq mi) Elevation 754 m (2,474 ft) Population (2009) - City 780,200 - Density 6,183/km2 (16,013.9/sq mi) - Metro 1,029,300 Demonym Jerusalemite Time zone IST (UTC+2) - Summer (DST) IDT (UTC+3) Area code(s) overseas dialing +972; local dialing 02 Website jerusalem.muni.il OldWorldMapNearJerusalemCityCouncil.JPGJerusalem History Timeline 1000 BC 721 BC 597 BC 587 BC Second Temple Period 70 614 637 Middle Ages 1099 1187 1244 1917 1947 1948 Religious significance Judaism Christianity Islam Temple Mount Western Wall Dome of the Rock al-Aqsa Mosque Holy Sepulchre Church Demographics People Patriarchs Chief Rabbis Grand Muftis Mayors Names Positions Judaization Islamization Places Old City Archaeological sites Synagogues Churches Mosques Neighbourhoods Mountains East Jerusalem Other topics Mayors Flag Emblem Jerusalem Law Jerusalem Day Quds Day Transportation EducationJerusalem-coat-of-arms.svg v d e

Jerusalem (Hebrew: About this sound (audio) (helpinfo), Yerushalyim, ISO Peace; Arabic: About this sound (audio) (helpinfo), al-Quds [al-Sharif], The Holy ary)[ii] is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. [iii] If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israels lar gest city[1] in both population and area,[2] with a population of 763,800 reside nts over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi).[3][4][iv] Located in the Judean Moun tains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, mode rn Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City. Jerusalem is a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religionsJudaism, Christian

ity and Islam. In Judaism, Jerusalem has been the holiest city since, according to the Biblical Old Testament, King David of Israel first established it as the capital of the united Kingdom of Israel in c. 1000 BCE, and his son Solomon comm issioned the building of the First Temple in the city.[5] In Christianity, Jerus alem has been a holy city since, according to the New Testament, Jesus was cruci fied in c. 30 CE, and 300 years later Saint Helena identified the pilgrimage sit es of Jesus life. In Sunni Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest city.[6][7] It b ecame the first Qibla, the focal point for Muslim prayer (Salah) in 610 CE,[8] a nd, according to Islamic tradition, Muhammad made his Night Journey there ten ye ars later.[9][10] As a result, and despite having an area of only 0.9 square kil ometres (0.35 sq mi),[11] the Old City is home to sites of key religious importa nce, among them the Temple Mount, the Western Wall, the Church of the Holy Sepul chre, the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque. During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.[12] The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE, making Jerusalem one of the olde st cities in the world.[13] The old walled city, a World Heritage site, has been traditionally divided into four quarters, although the names used todaythe Armen ian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarterswere introduced in the early 19th cent ury.[14] The Old City was nominated for inclusion on the List of World Heritage in Danger by Jordan in 1982.[15] Today, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the core issues in the IsraeliPales tinian conflict. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas captured and later annexed by Israel, while East Jerusalem was captured by Jordan. Israel captured East Jerusalem during the 1967 Six-Day War and subseque ntly annexed it. Currently, Israels Basic Law refers to Jerusalem as the countrys u ndivided capital. The international community has rejected the annexation as ille gal and treats East Jerusalem as Palestinian territory held by Israel under mili tary occupation.[16][17][18][19] The international community does not recognize Jerusalem as Israels capital, and the city hosts no foreign embassies. According to Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 208,000 Palestinians live in East Jerusalem, which is sought by the Palestinian Authority as a future capi tal of a future Palestinian state.[20][21][22] All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the K nesset (Israels parliament), the residences of the Prime Minister and President, and the Supreme Court. Jerusalem is home to the Hebrew University and to the Isr ael Museum with its Shrine of the Book. The Jerusalem Biblical Zoo has ranked co nsistently as Israels top tourist attraction for Israelis.[23][24] Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Overview 2.2 Overview of Jerusalems historical periods 2.3 Ancient period 2.4 Classical antiquity 2.5 Middle Ages 2.6 Early modern period 2.7 Modern period 2.7.1 British Mandate 2.7.2 Division and reunification 19481967 2.7.3 Today 3 Geography 3.1 Climate

4 Demographics 4.1 Criticism of urban planning 5 Local government 6 Political status 7 Religious significance 8 Culture 9 Economy 10 Transportation 11 Education 12 Sports 13 See also 14 Twin towns and sister cities 15 Endnotes 15.1 References 15.2 Other resources 16 External links [edit] Etymology Further information: Names of Jerusalem View of Nachlaot, with the city center in the background and Sacker Garden in th e foreground The Jewish Quarter in the Old City A city called Rualimum or Urualimum (Foundation of Shalem)[25] appears in ancient Egyptian records as the first two references to Jerusalem, in c. 2000 BCE and c. 1330 BCE respectively.[26][27][28] The form Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) first appe ars in the Bible, in the book of Joshua. This form has the appearance of a portm anteau (blend) of Yireh (an abiding place of the fear and the service of God)[29 ] and the original root S-L-M and is not a simple phonetic evolution of the form in the Amarna letters. The meaning of the common root S-L-M is unknown but is t hought to refer to either peace (Salam or Shalom in modern Arabic and Hebrew) or S halim, the god of dusk in the Canaanite religion.[30][31][32] Typically the ending -im indicates the plural in Hebrew grammar and -ayim the du al, thus leading to the suggestion that the name refers to the fact that the cit y sits on two hills.[33][34] However the pronunciation of the last syllable as ayim appears to be a late development, which had not yet appeared at the time of the Septuagint. The tradition names the oldest settled neighborhood of Jerusalem, the City of Da vid.[citation needed] Zion initially referred to part of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole and to represent the biblical Land of Israel. In Greek and Latin the citys name was transliterated Hierosolyma (Greek: ; in G y), th gh th city w n m d A i C pit in f p t f th R m n p i d f it hi t y. In A bic, J m i m t c mm n y[cit ti n n d d] kn wn , t n it t d -Q d nd m ning Th H y. [ dit] Hi t y M in tic : Tim in f J m nd Hi t y f J m S : Hi t y f I , Hi t y f th S th n L v nt, J wi h Hi t y, Hi t y f Ch i ti nity, Hi t y f I , nd Hi t y f P tin [ dit] Ov vi w

Giv n ini n f inh d ( ity gg t

th city c nt p iti n in b th I i n ti n i m (Zi ni m) nd P t n ti n i m, th ctivity q i d t mm i m th n 5,000 y bit d hi t y i ft n[35][36] inf nc d by id gic bi b ckg n Hi t i g phy nd n ti n i m). F x mp , th J wi h p i d f th c hi t y imp t nt t I i n ti n i t (Zi ni t ), wh di c th t m d n J w d c nd f m th I it nd M cc b ,[37][38] whi

t th I mic, Ch i ti n nd th n n-J wi h p i d f th city hi t y im p t nt t P tini n n ti n i m, wh di c gg t th t m d n P ti ni n d c nd f m th diff nt p p wh h v iv d in th gi n.[39][4 0] A t, b th id c im th hi t y f th city h b n p iticiz d by th th in d t t ngth n th i tiv c im t th city,[35][35][36] [41][42] nd th t thi i b n t by th diff nt f c th diff nt w it p c n th v i v nt nd in th city hi t y. [ dit] Ov vi w f J m hi t ic p i d

mic vid nc indic t th cc p ti n f City f D vid, within p nt-d y J m, f b ck th C pp Ag (c. 4th mi nni m BCE),[13][43] with v id nc f p m n nt tt m nt d ing th y B nz Ag (c. 30002800 BCE).[4 3][44] Th Ex c ti n T xt (c. 19th c nt y BCE), which f t city c d R h m m R h- m n[43] nd th Am n tt (c. 14th c nt y BCE) m y b th i t m nti n f th city.[45][46] S m ch gi t , inc ding K th n K ny n, b i v J m[47] city w f nd d by N thw t S mitic p p with g niz d tt m nt f m nd 2600 BCE. Acc ding t J wi h t diti n , th city w f nd d by Sh m nd Eb , nc t f Ab h m. In th bib ic cc nt, J m (S m) wh n fi t m nti n d i d by M chiz d k, n y f Ab h m (id ntifi d with Sh m in g nd). L t , in th tim f J h , J m y within t it y c t d t th t ib f B nj min (J h 18:28), b t c ntin d t b nd th ind p nd nt c nt f th J b it nti it w c nq d by D vid nd m d int th c pit f th nit d Kingd m f I (c. 11th c nt y BCE).[48][49][v] R c nt xc v ti n f L g St n St ct nd n by St pp d St n St ct wid y b i v d[by wh m?] t b th m in f King D vid p c . Th xc v ti n h v b n int p t d by m ch gi t nding c d nc t th bib ic n tiv , whi th di g .[50] Acc ding t H b w c ipt , King D vid ign d nti 970 BCE. H w cc d d by hi n S m n,[51] wh b i t th H y T mp n M nt M i h. S m n T m p ( t kn wn th Fi t T mp ), w nt n t p y piv t in J wi h hi t y th p it y f th A k f th C v n nt.[52] F m th n 400 y , nti th B by ni n c nq t in 587 BCE, J m w th p itic c pit f th nit d Kingd m f I nd th n th Kingd m f J d h. D ing thi p i d, kn wn th Fi t T mp P i d,[53] th T mp w th igi c nt f th I it .[54] On S m n d th (c. 930 BCE), th t n n th n t ib p i t ff t f m th Kingd m f I . Und th d hip f th H f D vid nd S m n, J m m in d th c pit f th Kingd m f J d h.[55]

Wh n th A y i n c nq d th Kingd m f I in 722 BCE, J m w t ngth n d by g t inf x f f g f m th n th n kingd m. Th Fi t T m p p i d nd d nd 586 BCE, th B by ni n c nq d J d h nd J m, nd id w t t S m n T mp .[53] In 538 BCE, ft 50 y f B by ni n c ptivity, P i n King Cy th G t invit d th J w t t n t J d h t b i d th T mp .[56] C n t cti n f th S c nd T mp w c mp t d in 516 BCE, d ing th ign f D i th G t, 70 y ft th d t cti n f th Fi t T mp .[57][58] In b t 445 BCE, King A t x x I f P i i d d c wing th city nd th w t b b i t.[59] J m m d it c pit f J d h nd c nt f J wi h w hip. [ dit] C ic ntiq ity F th inf m ti n: J m d ing th H ni tic p i d, J m d ing t

St pp d St n

St ct

, City

f J b

[ dit] Anci nt p i d F th inf m ti n: City f D vid, Hi t y f nci nt I m d ing th Ach m nid p i d

nd J d h, nd J

Wh n M c d ni n A x nd th G t c nq d th P i n Empi , J m nd J d c m nd M c d ni n c nt , v nt y f ing t th Pt m ic d yn ty nd Pt my I. In 198 BCE, Pt my V t J m nd J d t th S cid nd Anti ch III. Th S cid tt mpt t c t J m H niz d city- t t c m t h d in 168 BCE with th cc f M cc b n v t f M tt thi th High P i t nd hi fiv n g in t Anti ch Epiph n , nd th i t b i hm nt f th H m n n Kingd m in 152 BCE with J m g in it c pit . In 63 BCE, P mp y th G t int v n d in H m n n t gg f th th n nd c pt d J m, inc p ting J d int th R m n R p b ic. [60]

A R m b c m t ng it in t d H d J wi h c i nt king. H d th G t, h w kn wn, d v t d him f t d v ping nd b tifying th city. H b i t w , t w nd p c , nd xp nd d th T mp M nt, b tt ing th c ty d with b ck f t n w ighing p t 100 t n . Und H d, th f th T mp M nt d b d in iz .[51][61][62] Sh t y ft H d d th, in 6 CE J d c m nd di ct R m n th I d P vinc ,[63] th gh H d d c nd nt th gh Ag ipp II m in d c i nt king f n ighb ing t it i nti 96 CE. R m n v J m nd th gi n b g n t b ch ng d w ith th Fi t J wi hR m n W , which t d in th d t cti n f th S c nd T mp in 70 CE. J m nc g in v d th c pit f J d d ing th th -y b i n kn wn th B K khb v t, b ginning in 132 CE. Th R m n cc d d in pp ing th v t in 135 CE. Emp H d i n m niz d th city, n ming it A i C pit in ,[64] nd b nn d th J w f m nt ing it. H d i n n m d th nti I d P vinc Sy i P tin , ft th bib ic Ph i i tin , in n tt mpt t d -J d iz th c nt y.[65][66] Th nf c m nt f t h b n n J w nt ing A i C pit in c ntin d nti th 4th c nt y CE. m in d nd R C n t ntin th H y S p f th S c nd T mi.) nd h d th 7th c nt

In th fiv c nt i f wing th B K khb v t, th city m n th n Byz ntin . D ing th 4th c nt y, th R m n Emp I c n t ct d Ch i ti n it in J m, ch th Ch ch f ch . J m ch d p k in iz nd p p ti n t th nd mp P i d, wh n th city c v d tw q ki m t (0.8 q p p ti n f 200,000.[65][67] F m th d y f C n t ntin nti y, J w w b nn d f m J m.[68] Th t n c ntin nt f th city d f m Byz ntin t . F wing S ing th gh Sy i , -c nt d city f P tin , wh ti n f f y P i n nid Kh S nid f J h d i

th R m n Empi , th Byz ntin Empi , m int in d c . Within th p n f f w d c d , J m hift nd t n d t R m n-Byz ntin d mini n nc m II y 7th c nt y p h int Byz ntin , dv nc G n Sh h b z nd Sh hin tt ck d th Byz ntin m (P i n: D j H dkh). Th y w id d by th J w n p g in t th Byz ntin .[69]

In th Si g f J m (614), ft 21 d y f nt i g w f , J m w c pt d. Th Byz ntin ch nic t th t th S nid my nd t h J w ght d t n f th nd f Ch i ti n in th city, n pi d whic h h b n th bj ct f m ch d b t b tw n hi t i n .[70] Th c nq d city w d m in in S nid h nd f m fift n y nti th Byz ntin Emp H c i c nq d it in 629.[69] [ dit] Midd Ag

m i

c n id

d th thi d h i t city ( ft

D m

f th R ck vi w d th

gh C tt n G t

M cc

nd M din ) in th

R m n i g

nd d t cti n f J

m (D vid R b t , 1850) S

h H m n n p i d, J n

m d ing th E

y R m n p i d,

nd A i C pit i


M di v i t ti n f c pt f J m d ing th Fi t C d , 1099 In 1099, m w inh bit f i g 099 J Th F timid c nq d by th nt wh n th y t ; t th C m p p ti xp d th n tiv Ch i ti n p p ti n b f J C d , wh m c d m t f it M im nd J wi h k th id y d f nd d city by t, ft p i d d c t d th Kingd m f J m. By y J n 1 n h d d c in d f m 70,000 t th n 30,000.[81] In 1187, th city w w t d f m th C d by S din wh p mitt d J w nd M im t t n nd tt in th city.[82] Und th Ayy bid dyn ty f S din, p i d f h g inv tm nt b g n in th c n t cti n f h , m k t , p b ic b th , nd pi g im h t w th t b i hm nt f igi nd wm nt . H w v , f m t f th 13th c nt y, J m d c in d t th t t f vi g d t city f f t t gic v nd Ayy bid int n cin t gg .[83] cim t d th city n T t w d w d by th n th M m k Th In 1244, J m w ck d by th Khw zmi n T t , wh d Ch i ti n p p ti n nd d v t th J w .[84] Th Khw zmi iv n t by th Ayy bid in 1247. F m 1250 t 1517, J m M m k . D ing thi p i d f tim m ny c h cc d b tw n n id nd th c d nd th M ng n th th id . ff d f m m ny thq k nd b ck p g . [ dit] E y m d n p i d D vid Cit d nd th Ott m n w In 1517, J d in c nt m nd nvi n f nti 1917.[82] J t th Ott m n T k , wh g n y m in m nj y d p p p i d f n w n

nni d n min ti n f I m. Am ng M im f n i t it w f d t M din t b yt -M qdi (City f th T mp )[71] which w t ict d t th T m p M nt. Th t f th city w c d I iy , f cting th R m n n m giv n th city f wing th d t cti n f 70 c. .: A i C pit in .[72] L t th T mp M nt b c m kn wn -H m -Sh if, Th N b S nct y, whi th city nd it b c m kn wn B yt -M qdi ,[73] nd t ti , -Q d -Sh i f Th N b City. Th I miz ti n f J m b g n in th fi t y A.H. (620 CE), wh n M im w in t ct d t f c th city whi p f ming th i d i y p t ti n nd, cc ding t M im igi t diti n, M h mm d night j n y nd c n i n t h v n t k p c . Aft 16 m nth , th di cti n f p y w ch ng d t M cc .[74] In 638 th I mic C iph t xt nd d it d mini n t J m.[75] With th A b c nq t, J w w w d b ck int th city.[76] Th R hid n c iph Um ibn -Kh tt b ign d t ty with M n phy it Ch i ti n P t i ch S ph ni , ing him th t J m Ch i ti n h y p c nd p p ti n w d b p t ct d nd M im .[77] Wh n d t p y t th Ch ch f th H y S p ch , th h i t it f Ch i ti n , th c iph Um f d t p y in th ch ch th t M im w d n t q t c nv ting th ch ch t m q . H p y d t id th ch ch, wh th M q f Um (Om ) t n d t thi d y, pp it th nt nc t th Ch ch f th H y S p ch . Acc ding t th G ic bi h p A c f, wh iv d in J m f m 679 t 688, th M q f Um w ct ng w d n t ct b i t v in which c d c c mm d t 3,000 w hip .[78] Wh n th M im w nt t B yt A -M qd f th fi t tim , Th y ch d f th it f th F Aw y H y M q (A -M j d A -Aq ) th t w m nti n d in Q n nd H dith cc ding t I mic b i f . Acc ding t I mic g nd, th y f nd th it f f bbi h, th y c n d it n d t t d ing it f p y th ft .[cit ti n n d d] Th Um yy d c iph A bd -M ik c mmi i n d th c n t cti n f th D m f th R ck in th t 7t h c nt y.[79] Th 10th c nt y hi t i n -M q dd i w it th t Abd -M ik b i t th h in in d t c mp t in g nd with J m m n m nt ch c h .[78] Ov th n xt f h nd d y J m p min nc dimini h d A b p w in th gi n j ck y d f c nt .[80]

Th Ott m n b ght m c n t ; th f i g , th wh b w f m d niz ti n in th t d th fi t p v d ch d th city.[87] [ dit] M d n p i d ny inn v ti n : m d n p t y t m n by th v i th wh f m d f t n p t ti n; t g c ch nd c nd th c t; nd th i - nt n, m ng th fi t ign city.[87] In th mid 19th c nt y, th Ott m n c n t c d f m J ff t J m, nd by 1892 th i d h d Ott m n w in t t d in 1840, b t m ny Egypti n M im m in d in J m nd J w f m A gi nd N th Af ic b g n t tt in th city in g ng n mb .[88] In th 1840 nd 1850 , th int n ti n p w b g n t gw in P tin th y ght t xt nd th i p t cti n v th gi n i min iti , t gg c i d t m in y th gh c n p nt tiv in J m.[90] Acc ding t th P i n c n , th p p ti n in 1845 w 6,410, with 7,120 J w , 5,000 M im , 3,390 Ch i ti n , 800 T ki h di d 100 E p n .[88] Th v m f Ch i ti n pi g im inc d nd th Ott n , d b ing th city p p ti n nd E t tim .[91] In th 1860 , n w n ighb h d b g n t d v p t id th pi g im nd i v th int n v c wding nd p city. Th R i n C mp nd nd Mi hk n t Sh n nim w f 1867 n Am ic n Mi i n y p t n tim t d p p ti n 15,000, with 4,000 t 5,000 J w nd 6,000 M im . Ev y t 6,000 R i n Ch i ti n Pi g im .[93] [ dit] B iti h M nd t F th inf m ti n: B iti h M nd t f P tin G n Edm nd A nby nt th O d City f J In 1917 ft th B tt f J m, th B iti h A my, nby, c pt d th city,[94] nd in 1922, th L g f nc f L nn nt t d th Unit d Kingd m t dmini t tin , th n ighb ing m nd t f T n j d n t th t n, nd th I q M nd t b y nd it. F m 1922 t 1948 th t t p p ti n f th city f m 52,000 t 165,000 w ith tw thi d f J w nd n -thi d f A b (M im nd Ch i ti n ).[95] Th it ti n b tw n A b nd J w in P tin w n t q i t. In J m, in p tic , i t cc d in 1920 nd in 1929. Und th B iti h, n w g d n b b w b i t in th w t n nd n th n p t f th city[96][97] nd in tit ti n f high ning ch th H b w Univ ity w f nd d.[98] [ dit] Divi i n nd nific ti n 19481967

With th nn x ti n f J m by M h mm d A i f Egypt in 1831, f ign mi i n nd c n t b g n t t b i h f th d in th city. In 1836, Ib him P h w d J m J wi h id nt t t f m j yn g g , m ng th m th H v .[88] In th 1834 A b v t in P tin , Q im -Ahm d d hi f c f m N b nd tt ck d J m, id d by th Ab Gh h c n, nt d th city n 31 M y 1834. Th Ch i ti n nd J w f J m w bj ct d t tt ck . Ib him Egypti n my t d Q im f c in J m th f wing m nth.[89] in 1893 wi fig 1 n

B n-Z k i Syn g g

O d City w t h nit ti n in id th nd d in 1860.[92] In f J m f b v y th w 5,000

m n 11 D c mb

1917

d by G n Edm nd A N ti n t th C nf th M nd t f P c th Riv J d

d p c

nd nd p vinci , t b tw th p ck n d

S im n th M gnific nt inc ding th b i ding f m gnific nt w th O d City. Th gh t m ch f Ott m n , J m m in d if igi y imp t nt c nt , nd did n t t dd th m in t d n D m c nd C i .[85] Th Eng i h f nc b k M d n hi t y nt t t f n ti n w itt n in 1744 t t d th t J m i ti th c pit city f P tin .[86]


I i p ic m n m t J d ni n L gi nn i n th M nd b m G t Aft 1948, inc th d w d city in it nti ty w t th t f th m i tic in , J d n w b t t k c nt f th h y p c th in, nd c nt y t th t m f th mi tic g m nt, d ni d J w cc t J wi h h y it , m ny f which w d c t d. J d n w d n y v y imit d cc t Ch i ti n h y it .[111] Of th 58 yn g g in th O d City, h f w ith z d c nv t d t t b nd h n-h v th c f th n xt 19 y , inc ding th H v nd th Tif t Yi Syn g g . Th J wi h C m t y n th M nt f O iv w d c t d, with g v t n d t b i d d nd t in .[112] M ny th hi t ic nd igi y ignific nt b i ding w d m i h d nd p c d by m d n t ct .[113] D ing thi p i d, th D m f th R ck nd A -Aq M q nd w nt m j n v ti n .[114] Th J wi h Q t b c m kn wn H t -Sh f, nd w tt d with f g f m th 1948 w . In 1966 th J d ni n th iti c t d 500 f th m t th Sh f t f g c mp p t f p n t d v p th .[115] M p f E t J

A th B iti h M nd t f P tin w xpi ing, th 1947 UN P titi n P n c mm nd d th c ti n f p ci int n ti n gim in th City f J m , c n tit ting it c p p t m nd th dmini t ti n f th UN.[99] T h int n ti n gim (which inc d d th city f B th h m) w t m i n in f c f p i d f t n y , wh p n f nd m w t b h d in w hich th id nt w t d cid th f t gim f th i city. H w v , thi p n w n t imp m nt d, th 1948 w pt d, whi th B iti h withd w f m P tin nd I d c d it ind p nd nc .[100] Th w d t di p c m nt f A b nd J wi h p p ti n in th city. Th 1,500 id nt f th J wi h Q t f th O d City w xp d nd f w h nd d t k n p i n wh n t h A b L gi n c pt d th q t n 28 M y.[101][102] Th A b L gi n t t ck d W t n J m with nip .[103] A b id nt f K t m n, T biy , nd th G m n C ny w d iv n f m th i h m . By th nd f th w I h d c nt f 12 f J m 15 A b id nti q t . An tim t d minim m f 30,000 p p h d b c m f g .[104][105]

Th w f 1948 t d in J m b ing divid d, with th d w d city y ing nti y n th J d ni n id f th in . A n -m n nd b tw n E t nd W t J m c m int b ing in N v mb 1948: M h D y n, c mm nd f th I i f c in J m, m t with hi J d ni n c nt p t Abd h T i n d t d h in J m M n ighb h d nd m k d t th i p c tiv p iti n : I p iti n in d nd J d n in g n. Thi gh m p, whic h w n t m nt n ffici n , b c m th fin in in th 1949 A mi tic Ag m nt , which divid d th city nd ft M nt Sc p n I i xc v i n id E t J m.[106] B b d wi nd c nc t b i n d wn th c nt f th city, p ing c by J ff G t n th w t n id f th d w d city, nd c ing p int w t b i h d t M nd b m G t ight y t th n th f th d w d city. Mi it y ki mi h f q nt y th t n d th c f i . Aft th t b i hm nt f th St t f I , J m w d c d it c pit . J d n f m y nn x d E t J m in 1950, bj cting it t J d n i n w.[100][107] On y th Unit d Kingd m nd P ki t n f m y c gniz d ch nn x ti n, which, in g d t J m, w n d f ct b i .[108] A , it i d bi if P ki t n c gniz d J d n nn x ti n.[109][110]

In 1967, d pit I i p th t J d n m in n t , J d ni n f c tt ck d I i-h d W t J m

d ing th Six-D y W n th w c nd d y. A

F th inf m ti n: 1947-1948 Civi W in M nd t y P tin , 1948 A b-I i W , nd Si g f J m (1948) S : UN G n A mb y R ti n 194, Occ p ti n f th W t B nk nd E t J m by J d n, nd E t J m


ft h nd t h nd fighting b tw n I i nd J d ni n di n th T mp M nt, th I D f n F c c pt d E t J m, ng with th nti W t B nk. E t J m, ng with m n by W t B nk t it y, w b q nt y nn x d by I . On 27 J n 1967, f w w k ft th w nd d, I xt nd d it w nd j i dicti n t E t J m nd m nding , inc p ting it int th J m M nicip ity.[116] A th gh t th tim I inf m d th Unit d N ti n th t it m c n tit t d dmini t tiv n d m nicip int g ti n th th n nn x ti n, t ing by th I i S p m C t indic t d th t th t n ct f J m h d b c m p t f I . In 1980, I p d th J m L w n dditi n t it B ic L w , which d c d J m th c mp t nd nit d c pit f I .[117] J wi h nd Ch i t d. I t p n d th W t d dj c nt t p z f th th J wi h Q ini t y ffici wi h Q t f A b f mi y. ti n cc t th h y it ft th T mp M nt nd th t n W t J wi h cc . th W t n W , w v c vi iting th w .[119] In t w vict d. On Ap xp p i t d th nd f th p b ic , nd ff d 200 in id th d w d city w j i dicti n f n I mic w qf, b Th M cc n Q t , which w c t d nd z d[118] t m k w y f th f wing d y , A b iving in i 18, 1968, th I i T y M f m M cc n Q t nd th J J d ni n din t ch di p c d in E t J m, nd tt d J nn x ti n, I c nd ct d c n id nt p nt t th tim f th with th pti n f pp ying f c I w in f c n itiz n b q nt y b A b n ighb h A b id nt w giv n p hip. i t J wi h n ighb h d d .[120] F wing th in th nn x d. R m n nt id ncy t t , Th nn x ti n f E t J m w m t with int n ti n c itici m. F wing th p ing f th J m L w, th Unit d N ti n S c ity C nci p d ti n th t d c d th w vi ti n f int n ti n w nd q t d m mb t t t withd w m ining mb i f m th city.[121] [ dit] T d y F th inf m ti n: P iti n n J m f th Ring N ighb h d

Th t t f th city, nd p ci y it h y p c , m in c i in th I i-P tini n c nf ict. Th I i g v nm nt h pp v d b i ding p n in th M im Q t f th O d City[122] in d t xp nd th J wi h p nc in E t J m, whi p min nt I mic d h v m d c im th t J w h v n hi t ic c nn cti n t J m, ging th t th 2,500-y d W t n W w c n t ct d p t f m q .[123] P tini n nvi i n E t J m th c pit f f t P tini n t t ,[124][125] nd th ci ty b d h v b n th bj ct f bi t t k . A t ng nging f p c i ymb iz d by th P c M n m nt (with f ming t m d t f c p w p n ), f cing th O d City w n th f m I i-J d ni n b d nd q tin g f m th b k f I i h in A bic nd H b w.[126] [ dit] G g phy Th M nt f O iv J m i it t d n th th n p f p t in th J d n M nt in , which inc d th M nt f O iv (E t) nd M nt Sc p (N th E t). Th v ti n f th O d City i pp xim t y 760 m (2,490 ft).[127] Th wh f J m i nd d by v y nd d y iv b d (w di ). Th Kid n, Hinn m, n d Ty p n V y int ct in n j t th f th O d City f J m .[128] Th Kid n V y n t th t f th O d City nd p t th M n t f O iv f m th city p p . A ng th th n id f d J m i th V y f Hinn m, t p vin ci t d in bib ic ch t gy with th c

R m t, n

Th city i ch mi d, w t wint th city xp i h t- iv d cc g t mp t n v g t mp . Th v g ng m t nti n hin h

M t f th i p ti n in J m c m f m v hic t ffic.[137] M ny m in t t in J m w n t b i t t cc mm d t ch g v m f t ffic, ding t t ffic c ng ti n nd m c b n m n xid d int th i . Ind t i p ti n in id th city i p , b t mi i n f m f ct i n th I i M dit n n c t c n t v tw d nd tt v th cit y.[137][138] [hid ]C im t d t f J m (18812007) M nth J n F b M Ap M y J n J A g S p Oct N v D c Y R c d high C (F) 23.4 (74.1) 25.3 (77.5) 27.6 (81.7) 35.3 (95.5) 37.2 (99) 36.8 (98.2) 40.6 (105.1) 44.4 (111.9) 37.8 (100) 33.8 (92.8) 29.4

ct iz d by M dit n n c im t , with h t, d y mm , nd . Sn w f i y cc nc twic wint , th gh nc h vy n wf v y th t f y , n v g , with m ti n. J n y i th c d t m nth f th y , with n v f 9.1 C (48.4 F); J y nd A g t th h tt t m nth , with t f 24.2 C (75.6 F), nd th mm m nth y in nn p cipit ti n i nd 550 mm (22 in), with in cc i y b tw n Oct b nd M y.[136] J m h n y 3,400 nn .[cit ti n n d d]

P n m f th T mp m th M nt f O iv [ dit] C im t

M nt, inc ding A -Aq

M q , nd D m

f th R ck, f

nc pt f G h nn H .[129] Th Ty p n V y c mm nc d in th n thw t n th D m c G t , n th- th t y th gh th c nt f th O d Ci ty d wn t th P f Si m, nd divid d th w p t int tw hi , th T mp M nt t th t, nd th t f th city t th w t (th w nd th pp citi d c ib d by J ph ). T d y, thi v y i hidd n by d b i th t h cc m t d v th c nt i .[128] M h n ighb h d In bib ic tim , t . Ov c nt m in th J b ck th i , f [cit ti n n d d] J i m t m w f w f nd gi n th b i ti v y m nd d by f t f m nd, iv nd pin n g ct, th f t w d t y d. F t t n t c ng th p t h d ch in vid nc in th J m nd c p . W t pp y h w y b n m j p b m in J int ic t n tw k f nci nt q d ct , t nn , p city.[130] m, tt t d t by th nd ci t n f nd in th

m i 60 ki . On th pp it w y, i th D d S t wn inc d B th h t, M v t ][134][135]

m t (37 mi)[131] t f T Aviv nd th M dit n n S id f th city, pp xim t y 35 ki m t (22 mi)[132] , th w t b dy f w t n E th. N ighb ing citi nd h m nd B it J t th th, Ab Di nd M Ad mim t t Zi n t th w t, nd R m h nd Giv t Z v t th n th.[133

(84.9) (79) (111.9) Av g (53.2) (54.7) (59.7) (70.7) (77.5) (81.7) (84.2) (84.9) (82.8) (76.5) (65.8) (57.2) (70.7) D i y m (48.4) (49.1) (53.4) (62.8) (68.9) (72.9) (75.6) (76.1) (74.1) (69.3) (60.1) (52.2) (63.5) Av g (43.5) (43.5) (47.1) (54.7) (60.3) (64) (66.9) (67.1) (65.5) (61.9) (54.1) (47.1) (56.3) R c d (19.9) (27.7) (31.5) (33.4) (45.7) (52) (58.3) (59.9) (55.8) (49.6) (35.2) (32.4) (19.9) R inf

26 44.4 high C (F) 12.6 15.4 21.5 25.3 27.6 29.0 29.4 28.2 24.7 18.8 14.0 21.5 n C (F) 9.5 11.9 17.1 20.5 22.7 24.2 24.5 23.4 20.7 15.6 11.2 17.5 w C (F) 6.4 8.4 12.6 15.7 17.8 19.4 19.5 18.6 16.6 12.3 8.4 13.5 w C (F) -2.4 -0.3 0.8 7.6 11 14.6 15.5 13.2 9.8 1.8 0.2 -6.7 mm (inch ) 11.8

9.1

6.4

-6.7

133.2

Ki y t S nz, H di n ighb h d in n thw t n J P p ti n f J m Y T t 1844 15,510 1876 25,030 1896 45,420 1922 62,578 1931 90,053 1944 157,000 1948 165,000 1967 263,307 1980 407,100 1985 457,700 1990 524,400 1995 617,000 2000 657,500 2005 706,400 2010 776,000 M in tic : D m g phic f J m

In 2005, 2,850 n w immig nt tt d in J m, m t y f m th Unit d St t , F nc nd th f m S vi t Uni n. In t m f th c p p ti n, th n m b f tg ing id nt xc d th n mb f inc ming id nt . In 2005, 16, 000 ft J m nd n y 10,000 m v d in.[2] N v th , th p p ti n f J m c ntin t i d t th high bi th t , p ci y in th A b nd H di J wi h c mm niti . C n q nt y, th t t f ti ity t in J m (4.02) i high th n in T Aviv (1.98) nd w b v th n ti n v g f 2.90. Th v g iz f J m 180,000 h h d i 3.8 p p .[2] In 20 05, th t t p p ti n g w by 13,000 (1.8%) imi t I i n ti n v g

In D c mb 2007, J m h d p p ti n f 747,60064% w J wi h, 32% M i m, nd 2% Ch i ti n.[3] At th nd f 2005, th p p ti n d n ity w 5,750.4 / km2 (14,893 / q mi).[2][142] Acc ding t t dy p b i h d in 2000, th p c nt g f J w in th city p p ti n h d b n d c ing; thi w tt ib t d t high M im bi th t , nd J wi h id nt ving. Th t dy f nd th t b t nin p c nt f th O d City 32,488 p p w J w .[143]

Th A m ni n Q

in th

O d City, h m

n A m ni n-Ch i ti n p p

(5.244) 118.3 (4.657) 92.7 (3.65) 24.5 (0.965) 3.2 (0.126) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0.3 (0.012) 15.4 (0.606) 60.8 (2.394) 105.7 (4.161) 554.1 (21.815) % H midity 72 69 63 58 41 58 56 61 69 58.3 Avg. iny d y 12.9 11.7 9.6 4.4 0 0.3 3.6 7.3 10.9 62 S n hin h 192.2 226.3 243.6 267.0 331.7 309.0 275.9 228.0 192.2 3,397.1 S c n . 1: I M t gic S vic [139][140] S c n . 2: H ng K ng Ob v t y f d t f n hin [ dit] D m g phic

44 1.3 381.0 h

52 0 384.4 [141]

57 0 365.8

ti n


, b t th igi nd thnic c mp iti n i hifting. Whi 31% f th J wi h p p ti n i m d p f chi d n b w th g fift n, th fig f th A b p p ti n i 42%.[2] Thi w d m t c b t th b v ti n th t th p c nt g f J w in J m h d c in d v th p t f d c d . In 1967, J w cc nt d f 74 p c nt f th p p ti n, whi th fig f 2006 i d wn nin p c nt.[144] P ib f ct th high c t f h ing, f w j b pp t niti nd th inc ing y igi ch ct f th city, th gh p p ti n y, y ng H dim ving in high n mb .[cit ti n n d d] M ny p p m ving t th b b nd c t citi in ch f ch p h ing nd m c if ty .[145] J wi h n ighb h d in t J m Pi g t Z v,

Si w n, p d min nt y A b n ighb h d dj c nt t th O d City Whi m I i J m p , nd wn nd idd d with igi n d p itic t n i n, th city h b n m gn t f P tini n , ff ing m j b nd pp t nity th n ny city in th W t B nk G z St ip. P tini n ffici h v nc g d A b v th y t t y in th city t m int in th i c im.[148][149] P tini n tt ct d t th cc t j b , h thc , ci c ity, th b n fit , nd q ity f if I p vid t J m id nt .[150] A b id nt f J m wh ch n t t h v I i citiz n hip g nt d n I i id ntity c d th t w th m t p th g h ch ckp int with tiv nd t t v th gh t I , m king it i t find w k. R id nt ntit d t th b idiz d h thc nd ci c ity b n fit I p vid it citiz n . A b in J m c n nd th i chi d n t I i- n ch , th gh n t v y n ighb h d h n , nd niv iti . I i d ct nd high y g d d h pit ch H d h M dic C nt v i b t id nt .[151] D m g phic nd th J wi h-A b p p ti n divid p y m j in th di p t v J m. In 1998, th J m D v pm nt A th ity p p d xp nd ing city imit t th w t t inc d m h vi y p p t d with J w .[1 52] C itic f ff t t p m t J wi h m j ity in I y th t g v nm nt p nning p ici m tiv t d by d m g phic c n id ti n nd k t imit A b c n t cti n whi p m ting J wi h c n t cti n.[153] Acc ding t W d B nk p t, th n mb f c d d b i ding vi ti n b tw n 1996 nd 2000 w f nd h f tim high in J wi h n ighb h d b t f tim f w d m it i n d w i d in W t J m th n in E t J m; A b in J m w ik y t c iv c n t cti n p mit th n J w , nd th th iti m ch m ik y t t k cti n g in t P tini n vi t th n J wi h vi t f th p mit p c .[154] In c nt y , p iv t J wi h f nd ti n h v c iv d p mi i n f m th g v nm nt t d v p p j ct n di p t d nd , ch th City f D vid ch gic p k in th 60% A b n ighb h d f Si w n ( dj c nt t th O d City),[155] nd th M m f T nc n M mi c m t y ( dj c nt t Zi n Sq ).[154][156] Opp n nt vi w ch b n p nn ing m v g d t w d th J d iz ti n f J m.[157][158][159] [ dit] L c g v nm nt

Sh ikh J h, p d min nt y A b n ighb h d in E m city c nt in th b ckg nd. [ dit] C itici m f b n p nning

t J

m, with th J

In 2009, th p c nt g f H dim in th city i inc ing. A f 2009, t f 150,100 ch chi d n, 59,900 40% in t t - n c nd N ti n R igi ch , whi 90,200 60% in H di ch . Thi c t with th high n mb f chi d n in H di f mi i .[146][147]


Th J m City C nci i b dy f 31 ct d m mb h d d by th m y , wh v fiv -y t m nd pp int ight d p ti . Th f m m y f J m, U i L p i n ki, w ct d in 2003.[160] In th N v mb 2008 city cti n , Ni B k t c m t th winn nd i n w th m y . Ap t f m th m y nd hi d p ti , City C nci m mb c iv n i nd w k n v nt y b i . Th ng t- ving J m m y w T ddy K k, wh p nt 2 8 y - ix c n c tiv t m -in ffic . M t f th m ting f th J m Cit y C nci p iv t , b t ch m nth, it h d i n th t i p n t th p b ic.[160] Within th city c nci , igi p itic p ti f m n p ci y p w f f cti n, cc nting f th m j ity f it t .[161] Th h dq t f th J m M nicip ity nd th m y ffic t S f Sq (Kik S f ) n J ff R d. Th m nicip c mp x, c mp i ing tw m d n b i ding nd t n n v t d hi t ic b i ding nding g p z , p n d in 1993.[ 162] Th city f nd th J m Di t ict, with J m th di t ict c pit . [ dit] P itic t t S : P iti n n J m Kn t b i ding in Giv t R m Th Und th Unit d N ti n P titi n P n f P tin p d by th UN in 1947, J m w nvi g d t b c m c p p t m dmini t d by th Unit d N ti n . Whi th J wi h d cc pt d th p titi n p n, th A b d h ip (th A b High C mmitt in P tin nd th A b L g ) j ct d it, pp ing ny p titi n.[163][164] In th w f 1948, th w t n p t f th city w cc pi d by f c f th n c nt t t f I , whi th t n p t w cc pi d by J d n. Th int n ti n c mm nity g y c n id th g t t f J m t d iv f m th p titi n p n, nd c p nding y f t c gniz I i v ignty in th city. Ki y t H M m h g v nm nt c mp x On 5 D c mb 1949, th St t f I fi t P im Mini t , D vid B n-G i n, p c im d J m I c pit ,[165] nd inc th n b nch f th I i g v nm nt gi tiv , j dici , nd x c tiv h v id d th , xc pt f th Mini t y f D f n , c t d t H Ki y in T Aviv.[166] At th tim f th p c m ti n, J m w divid d b tw n I nd J d n nd th n y W t J m w p c im d I c pit . F wing th Six-D y W , I nn x d E t J m, nd p vi i n tip ting th t th city w th nit d c pit f I w dd d t th c nt y B ic L w.[167] Th t t f nit d J m I t n c pit [165][168] h b n m tt f imm n c nt v y within th int n ti n c mm nity. A th gh m c nt i m int in c n t in J m, mb i c t d t id th city p p , m t y in T Aviv.[169][170] D t th n n- c gniti n f J m I c pit , m n n-I i p T Aviv m t nym f I .[171][172][173][174] N ti n Lib y f I S p m C t f I Th n n-binding Unit d N ti n S c ity C nci R ti n 478, p d n 20 A g t 1980, d c d th t th B ic L w w n nd v id nd m t b cind d f thwith. M mb t t w dvi d t withd w th i dip m tic p nt ti n f m J m p nitiv m . M t f th m ining c nt i with mb i in J m c mp i d with th ti n by c ting th m t T Aviv, wh m ny mb i dy id d p i t R ti n 478. C nt y, th n mb i c t d within th city imit f J m, th gh th mb i in M v t Zi n, n th t ki t f J m, nd f c n t in

S f

Sq

, J

m City H

In 2010, I pp v d gi ti n giving J m th high t n ti n p i ity t t in I . Th w p i itiz d c n t cti n th gh t th city, nd ff d g nt nd t x b n fit t id nt t m k h ing, inf t ct , d c ti n, mp ym nt, b in , t i m, nd c t v nt m ff d b . C m m nic ti n Mini t M h K h n id th t th bi nt c , n q iv c p itic m g th t J m wi n t b divid d, nd th t th within th P tini n nd int n ti n c mm nity wh xp ct th c nt I i g v nm n t t cc pt ny d m nd g ding I v ignty v it [ ic] c pit m i t k n nd mi ding.[178] Vi w f m d n J

Th I i g v nm nt h p c d m t f it in tit ti n in J m. T h city i c nt y h m t th Kn t,[179] th S p m C t,[180] th ffic i id nc f th P id nt nd P im Mini t , th C bin t, mini t i xc pt th Mini t y f D f n , nd th B nk f I . P i t th c ti n f th St t f I , J m v d th dmini t tiv c pit f th B it i h M nd t f P tin , which inc d d p nt-d y I nd J d n.[181] F m 1949 nti 1967, W t J m v d I c pit , b t w n t c gni z d ch int n ti n y b c UN G n A mb y R ti n 194 nvi g d J m n int n ti n city. A t f th Six-D y W in 1967, th wh f J m c m nd I i c nt . On 27 J n 1967, th g v nm nt f L vi E hk xt nd d I i w nd j i dicti n t E t J m, b t g d th t dmini t ti n f th T mp M nt c mp nd w d b m int in d by th J d ni n w qf, nd th J d ni n Mini t y f R igi End wm nt .[182] In 198 8, I d d th c f O i nt H , h m f th A b St di S ci ty, b t th h dq t f th P tin Lib ti n O g niz ti n, f c it y n . Th b i ding p n d in 1992 P tini n g th .[183][184] Th O Acc d t t d th t th fin t t f J m w d b d t min d b y n g ti ti n with th P tini n N ti n A th ity, which g d E t J m th c pit f f t P tini n t t .[20] M hm d Abb h id th t ny g m nt th t did n t n t inc d E t J m th c pit f P tin w d b n cc pt b ,[185] whi B nj min N t ny h h imi y t t d t h t J m w d m in th ndivid d c pit f I . D t it p ximity t th city, p ci y th T mp M nt, Ab Di , P tini n t wn b d ing J m, h b n p p d th f t c pit f P tini n t t by I . I h n t inc p t d Ab Di within it c ity w nd J m. Th P tini n A th ity h b i t p ib f t p i m nt b i ding f th P tini n L gi tiv C nci in th t wn, nd it J m Aff i Offic c t d in Ab Di .[186] [ dit] R igi ignific nc M in tic : R igi ignific nc f J m Th W t n W , kn wn th K t

i F

ign Mini t y b i ding

On 28 Oct b 2009, Unit d N ti n S c t y-G n m m t b th c pit f b th I nd P d.[177]

B n Ki-m n w n d th t J tin if p c i t b chi v

B it Aghi n, th

ffici

id nc

f th P im Mini t

th city it f.[170] In 1995, th mb y f m T Aviv t J ct.[175] H w v , U.S. p id nt ding th t t f J m ign ti n n x c tiv p ti in T Aviv.[176]

Unit d St t C ng h d p nn d t m v it m with th p g f th J m Emb y A h v g d th t C ng i n ti n g m y dvi y. Th C n tit ti n v f w , nd ch, th Unit d St t mb y i


Ch ch f th H y S p ch J

m h b n c d t th J w inc King D vid p c im d it hi c pit in th 10th c nt y BCE. J m w th it f S m n T mp nd th S c n d T mp .[5] It i m nti n d in th Bib 632 tim . T d y, th W t n W , mn nt f th w nding th S c nd T mp , i J wi h h y it c nd n y t th H y f H i n th T mp M nt it f.[188] Syn g g nd th w d t diti n y b i t with th H y A k f cing J m,[189] nd A k within J m f c th H y f H i .[190] A p c ib d in th Mi hn nd c difi d in th Sh ch n A ch, d i y p y cit d whi f cing t w d J m nd th T mp M nt. M ny J w h v Miz ch p q h ng n w f th i h m t indic t th di cti n f p y .[190][191]

Ch i ti nity v J m n t n y f it O d T t m nt hi t y b t f it ignific nc in th if f J . Acc ding t th N w T t m nt, J w b ght t J m n ft hi bi th[192] nd t in hi if c n d th S c nd T mp .[193] Th C n c , b i v d t b th it f J L t S pp , i c t d n M nt Zi n in th m b i ding th t h th T mb f King D vid.[194][195] An th p min nt Ch i ti n it in J m i G g th , th it f th c cifixi n. Th G p f J hn d c ib it b ing c t d t id J m,[196] b t c nt ch gic vid nc gg t G g th i h t di t nc f m th O d City w , within th p nt-d y c nfin f th city.[ 197] Th nd c nt y cc pi d by th Ch ch f th H y S p ch i c n id d n f th t p c ndid t f G g th nd th h b n Ch i ti n pi g im g it f th p t tw th nd y .[197][198][199] Th T mp J M nt

m i c n id d by m th thi d-h i t city in S nni I m.[6] F pp xim t y y , b f it w p m n nt y witch d t th K b in M cc , th qib (di cti n f p y ) f M im w J m.[200] Th city tin g p c in I m, h w v , i p im i y d t M h mm d Night f A c n i n (c. C E 620). M im b i v M h mm d w mi c y t n p t d n night f m M c c t th T mp M nt in J m, wh p n h c nd d t H v n t m t p vi p ph t f I m.[201][202] Th fi t v in th Q n S t -I n t th d tin ti n f M h mm d j n y -Aq (th f th t) m q ,[203] in m d f nc t th c ti n in J m. T d y, th T mp M nt i t pp d by tw I mic ndm k int nd d t c mm m t th v nt -Aq M q , d i v d f m th n m m nti n d in th Q n, nd th D m f th R ck, which t nd v th F nd ti n St n , f m which M im b i v M h mm d c nd d t H v n.[204] [ dit] C t

Ent nc t M nt H z , I

A th gh J m i kn wn p im i y f h m t m ny ti tic nd c t

m B t nic

G d n

n ti n

c m t y.

it v n

igi ignific nc , th city i . Th I M m tt ct n

Th Sh in

f th

B k, h

ing th D d S

Sc

, t th I

m h b n nd 2000 y , c Y b k f J thin th city.[187] m it , ch nd c nt v y.

c d t J d i m f gh y 3000 y , t Ch nd t I m f pp xim t y 1400 y . Th m i t 1204 yn g g , 158 ch ch , nd D pit ff t t m int in p c f igi th T mp M nt, h v b n c ntin c

i ti nity f 2000 St ti ti 73 m q wi c xi t nc , f f icti n

Th

-Aq

M q ,

c d it f

im

n mi i n vi it y , pp xim t y n -thi d f th m t i t .[205] 20- c (81,000 m2) m m c mp x c mp i v b i ding f t ing p xhibit nd xt n iv c cti n f J d ic , ch gic finding , nd i nd E p n t. Th D d S c , di c v d in th mid-20th c nt in th Q m n c v n th D d S , h d in th M m Sh in f th k.[206] Th Y th Wing, which m nt ch nging xhibit nd n n xt n iv t d c ti n p g m, i vi it d by 100,000 chi d n y . Th m m h g td c pt g d n, nd c -m d f th S c nd T mp .[205] Th R ck f M m, c t d in E t J m, w th fi t ch gic m m in th Midd E t. It w b i t in 1938 d ing th B iti h M nd t .[207][2 08] Th J m Th t t night

Y d V h m, I

n ti n

t m m i .

Y d V h m, I n ti n m m i t th victim f Th H c t, h th w d g t ib y f H c tt d inf m ti n,[209] with n tim t d 100,000 b k nd tic . Th c mp x c nt in t t - f-th - t m m th t xp th g n cid f th J w th gh xhibit th t f c n th p n t i f individ nd f mi i ki d in th H c t nd n t g y f t ing th w k f ti t wh p i h d. Y d V h m c mm m t th 1.5 mi i n J wi h chi d n m d d by th N zi , nd h n th Right m ng th N ti n .[210] Th M m n th S m, which xp i f c xi t nc th gh t, i it t d n th d dividing t n nd w t n J m.[211] Th Int n ti n C nv nti n C nt .

Th J m Symph ny O ch t , t b i h d in th 1940 ,[212] h pp d nd th w d.[212] Oth t f ci iti inc d th Int n ti n C nv nti n C nt (Biny n i H Um ) n th nt nc t city, wh th I Phi h m nic O ch t p y , th J m Cin m t q , th G d B h C nt (f m y B it H m) in d wnt wn J m, th J m M ic C nt in Y min M h ,[213] nd th T g M ic C nt in Ein K m. Th I F tiv , f t ing ind n d td p f m nc by c nd int n ti n ing , c nc t , p y nd t t th t , h b n h d nn y inc 1961; f th p t 25 y , J m h b n th m j g niz f thi v nt. Th J m Th t in th T b iy n ighb h d h t v 150 c nc t y , w th t nd d nc c mp ni nd p f ming ti t f m v .[214] Th Kh n Th t , c t d in c v n i pp it th d J m t in t ti n, i th city n y p t i th t .[215] Th t ti n it f h b c m v n f c t v nt in c nt y , th it f Sh v H f , n nn w k- ng b k f i , nd td m ic p f m nc .[216] Th J m Fi m F tiv i h d nn y, c ning I i nd int n ti n fi m .[217] A tifici k t th Bib ic Z

Th Tich H , in d wnt wn J m, h th p inting f Ann Tich nd t h J d ic c cti n f h h b nd, n phth m gi t wh p n d J m f i t y c inic in thi b i ding in 1912.[218] A -H h, t b i h d in 2004, i g y f th p v ti n f P tini n t.[219] m i h v ti n t .[221] Y th O c in 2009 m ny m b c ctivit

J m w d c d th C pit f A b C t in 2009.[220] J m t th P tini n N ti n Th t , which ng g in c t p w inn v ti n, w king t kind P tini n int t in th Th Edw d S id N ti n C n v t y f M ic p n th P tin h t [222] which t d th G f t t nd th Midd E t c nt i .[223] Th I mic M m n th T mp M nt, t b i h d in 1923, h I mic tif ct , f m tiny k h f k nd m n c ipt t gi nt mn .[224] Whi I pp v nd fin nci y pp t A b c t

y Th ci I y B

i , A b C pit f C t v nt w b nn d b c th y w p n d by t h P tin N ti n A th ity.[220] In 2009, f -d y c t f tiv w h d in th B it An n b b f J m, tt nd d by m th n 15,000 p p [225 ]

In 2008, th T nc M n m nt, n td d n hi b tw n J wi h A m n H n tziv m q t f p c .[231] [ dit] Ec n my H d M , T pi t

c pt by Cz w Dwig j, w ct nd A b J b M k b ymb f J

m T chn

gy P k

A th gh m ny t ti tic indic t c n mic g wth in th city, inc 1967 E t J m h gg d b hind th d v pm nt f W t J m.[232] N v th , th p c nt g f h h d with mp y d p n i high f A b h h d (76.1%) th n f J wi h h h d (66.8%). Th n mp ym nt t in J m (8.3%) i ight y b tt th n th n ti n v g (9.0%), th gh th civi i n b f c cc nt d f th n h f f p n fift n y d w in c mp i n t th t f T Aviv (58.0%) nd H if (52.4%).[2] P v ty in th city h inc d d m tic y in c nt y ; b tw n 2001 nd 2007, th n mb f p p b w th p v ty th h d inc d by f ty p c nt.[cit ti n n d d] In 2006, th v g m nth y inc m f w k in J m w NIS 5,940 (US$1,410), NIS1,350 th n th t f w k in T Aviv.[cit ti n n d d] D ing th B iti h M nd t , w w p d q i ing b i ding t b c n t ct d f J m t n in d t p v th niq hi t ic nd t h tic ch ct f th city.[97] C mp m nting thi b i ding c d , which i ti in f c , i th di c g m nt f h vy ind t y in J m; n y b t 2.2 % f J m nd i z n d f ind t y nd inf t ct . By c mp i n, th c nt g f nd in T Aviv z n d f ind t y nd inf t ct i twic high, nd in H if , v n tim high.[2] On y 8.5% f th J m Di t ict w k f c i mp y d in th m n f ct ing ct , which i h f th n ti n v g (15.8%). High th n v g p c nt g mp y d in d c ti n (17.9% v . 12.7%); h th nd w f (12.6% v . 10.7%); c mm nity nd ci vic (6.4% v . 4.7%); h t nd t nt (6.1% v . 4.7%); nd p b ic dmini t t i n (8.2% v . 4.7%).[233] A th gh T Aviv m in I fin nci c nt , g wing n mb f high t ch c mp ni m ving t J m, p viding 12,000 j b in 2006.[234] N th n J m H H tzvim ind t i p k i h m t m f I m j c p ti n , m ng th m Int , T v Ph m c tic Ind t i , Ophi Opt nic nd ECI T c m. Exp n i n p n f th p k nvi i n n h nd d b in , fi t ti n, nd ch , c v ing n f 530,000 m2 (13 0 c ).[235] B nk f I

Hi t ic y, J m c n my w pp t d m t xc g im , it w c t d f f m th m j p t f J ff m igi ndm k t d y m in th t p d w f f m j ity f t i t vi iting th W t n W nd th O d p t h f-c nt y it h b c m inc ing y c th t J nn t y b t in d by it igi ignific nc .[232]

iv y by igi pi nd G z .[232] J ign vi it , with th City,[2] b t in th m p vid nc c

H tzvim

Th Ab j int t n M wi h-A m b th

h m F nd[226] nd th J m Int c t C nt ] (JICC)[227] p m t J wi h-P tini n c t p j ct . Th J m C nt f Midd E ic nd D nc [228] i p n t A b nd J w , nd ff w k h p n J b di g th gh th t .[229] Th J wi h-A b Y th O ch t p f E p n c ic nd Midd E t n m ic.[230]

m Light R i d p t in F nch Hi

Th i p t n t t J m i At t Ai p t, which f ight nti it c in 2001. Sinc th n it h b n h I D f n F c d t di t b nc in R m h i t ffic f m At t w t d t B n G i n Int n g t nd b i t i p t, which v nin mi i n p ]

Egg d B C p tiv , th c nd- g t b c mp ny in th w d,[238] h nd m t f th c nd int city b vic . Th D n v th Bn i B k-J m t ng with Egg d, nd S p b v th t b tw n J m, M diin I it, nd M diin-M cc bim-R t. Th c mp ni p t f m J m C nt B St ti n, th city m in b d p t, c t d n J ff R d n th w t n n t nc t J m f m Highw y 1. A b n ighb h d in E t J m nd t b tw n J m nd c ti n in th W t B nk v d by th E t J m C nt B St ti n, t n p t ti n h b c t d n th O d City D m c G t . C nt y, Egg d b , t xic b nd p iv t c th n y t n p t ti n pti n in J m. Thi i xp ct d t ch ng with th c mp ti n f t h J m Light R i , n w i -b d t n it y t m c nt y nd c n t cti n.[239] Acc ding t p n , th fi t i in wi b c p b f t n p t ing n tim t d 200,000 p p d i y, nd wi h v 24 t p .[240] It i t d t b gin vic in A g t 2011.[241] w k in p g [240] i n w high- p d i which i ch d d t b c mp t d in 2017. It t ti n (80 m (262.47 ft) d p) ving th Int th C nt B St ti n,[242] nd i p nn d t t ti n. I R i w y p t t in vic Aviv vi B it Sh m h.[243][244] in t n b t f m T min wi ti n C xt nd d M h t Aviv t J b n nd nv nti n C n v nt y t in t ti n

An th m, g nd t nd M h f m T

Bi ing

high ch

in J

Th c mp

f th H b w Univ

ity f J

m n M nt Sc p

B gin Exp w y i n f J th w t n id f th city, m t w d T Aviv. R t 60 n Lin b tw n E t nd W t J 35-ki m t (22-mi ) ing d tw n th b b .[245][246] Th d c d g , b t cti n t th [ dit] Ed c ti n

Sinc th t b i hm nt f th in d m j p y in J g n t g n mb f j in initi tiv nd t tIn 2010, J m w n m d th t p i E t by T v + L i m g zin .[236] [ dit] T n p t ti n M in tic : T n p t in J m m C nt m Ch d B St ti n t v city in Af ic nd th Midd J J B idg Th B gin Exp w y with n i b i

St t f I , th n ti n g v nm nt h m m c n my. Th g v nm nt, c nt d in J m, b , nd ff b idi nd inc ntiv f n w b p .[232]

d f d m tic nd th c nt f t nd th W t B nk. A ti n Ai p t, I ng nn y.[237

m m j n th- th th ghf ; it n n ging in th n th with R t 443, which c ntin th gh th c nt f th city n th G n m. C n t cti n i p g ing n p t f nd th city, f t ing f t c nn cti n b t n h f f th p j ct w c nc pt iz d p p d highw y i ti mix d.[245]


J m i h m t v p tigi , A bic nd Eng i h. F nd d in 1925, n nk d m ng th t p 100 ch in inc d d ch p min nt J wi h int d.[98] Th niv ity h p d c d ci t d with H b w Univ ity inc d D ni K hn m n.[250] On f th niv nd Univ ity Lib y, which h p n d in 1892, v th d c d b f n f th w d g t p it i b th th c nt ib y f th niv 52] Th H b w Univ ity p t th n Giv t R m nd m dic c mp t niv th H b th w ct v N Av m H ity v fiv th f b ity nd c mp th H d iti ff ing c in H b w w Univ ity f J m h b d.[247] Th B d f G v n h A b t Ein t in nd Sigm nd F b t ; c nt winn hk ,[248] D vid G ,[249] nd m j t i th J wi h N ti n mi i n b k .[251] Th ib y niv ity w t b i h d, nd i k n J wi h bj ct . T d y it i th n ti n ib y f I .[2 in J m, n M nt Sc p , h Ein K m h pit . A -Q d Univ ity w t b i h d in 1984[253] t v f g hip niv it y f th A b nd P tini n p p . It d c ib it f th n y A b niv ity in J m.[254] N w Y k B d C g nd A -Q d Univ ity g d t p n j int c g in b i ding igin y b i t t h th P tini n L g i tiv C nci nd Y A f t ffic . Th c g giv M t f A t in T ching d g .[255] A -Q d Univ ity id th t f th city p p n 190,000 q m t (47 c ) Ab Di c mp .[253] Oth in tit ti n f h igh ning in J m th J m Ac d my f M ic nd D nc [256] n d B z Ac d my f A t nd D ign,[257] wh b i ding c t d n th c m p f th H b w Univ ity. E Om yi Sch in th O d City Th J m C g f T chn gy, f nd d in 1969, c mbin t ining in ngin ing nd th high-t ch ind t i with J wi h t di p g m.[258] It i n f m ny ch in J m, f m m nt y ch nd p, th t c mbin c nd igi t di . N m igi d c ti n in tit ti n nd Y hiv t, inc ding m f th m t p tigi y hiv , m ng th m th B i k, Ch v n, Mid h Shm nd Mi , b d in th city, with th Mi Y hiv c im ing t b th g t.[259] Th w n y 8,000 tw fth-g d t d nt in H b w- ng g ch d ing th 20032004 ch y .[2] H w v , d t th g p ti n f t d nt in H di J wi h f m w k , n y fifty-fiv p c nt f t w fth g d t k m t ic ti n x m (B g t) nd n y thi ty- v n p c nt w igib t g d t . Un ik p b ic ch , m ny H di ch d n t p p t d nt t t k t nd diz d t t .[2] T tt ct m niv ity t d nt t J m, th city h b g n t ff p ci p ck g f fin nci inc nti v nd h ing b idi t t d nt wh nt p tm nt in d wnt wn J m. [260]

T ddy K k St di m

Sch f A b in J m nd th p t f I h v b n c iticiz d f ff ing w q ity d c ti n th n th c t ing t I i J wi h t d nt .[261] Whi m ny ch in th h vi y A b E t J m fi d t c p city nd th h v b n c mp int f v c wding, th J m M nicip it y i c nt y b i ding v d z n n w ch in th city A b n ighb h d . [262] Sch in R -Am d nd Umm Li n p n d in 2008.[263] In M ch 2007, t h I i g v nm nt pp v d 5-y p n t b i d 8,000 n w c m in th city, 40 p c nt in th A b ct nd 28 p c nt in th H di ct . A b d g t f 4.6 bi i n h k w c t d f thi p j ct.[264] In 2008, J wi h B iti h phi nth pi t d n t d $3 mi i n f th c n t cti n f ch in A b E t J m.[263] A b high ch t d nt t k th B g t m t ic ti n x m , th t m ch f th i c ic m p th t f th I i high ch nd inc d c t in J wi h bj ct .[261] [ dit] Sp t

Th tw m t p p p t f tb ( cc ) nd b k tb .[265] B it J m F tb C b i n f th m t w -kn wn in I . F n inc d p i tic fig wh ft n tt nd it g m .[266] J m th m j f tb t m, nd n f B it t p iv , i H p J m F.C. Wh B it h b n I St t C p ch mpi n v n tim ,[267] H p h w n th C p n y nc . B it h w n th t p g ix tim , whi H p h n v cc d d. B it p y in th m p tigi Lig t H A , whi H p i in th c nd divi i n Lig L mit. Sinc it p ning in 1992, T ddy K k St di m h b n J m p im y f tb t di m, with c p city f 21,600.[268] tb t m i c d mi L g . Th t m tb C nf d ti n, t A -R m, c th J b A -M k h i f m M nd p y t W t B nk B b ( inc 1976) wh nt Sc p t J th F i A -H i .[269][270] w n th Th p p P tini n f ich p y in W t B nk P m, p t f th A i n F ini Int n ti n St di m In b k tb , H p J m p y in th t p divi i n. Th c b h St t C p th tim , nd th ULEB C p in 2004.[271] Th J m H f M th n i n nn v w d c mp t n c th t t k in n dditi n t th 21.1 km (13.1 mi ) H f h h t 10 km (6.2 mi ) F n R n. B th in Giv t R m.[272][273] [ dit] S J m D y (Y m Y h yim) Q d D y (Y wm -Q d ) Li t f p c in J m Li t f ng b t J m nt in which nn f m v th m f th city m t f m ight . I M th n, nn c n pt f t n t t nd fini h t th t di m

[ dit] Endn t i. ^ Th w b it f J m i v i b in th ng g H b w, Eng i h, nd A bic. ii. ^ J m in th ng g : A bic Bib h m ( h m); ff c in I : , h m- -Q d (c mbining th Bib ic nd c mm n g A bi iii. ^ J m i th c pit nd I i w. Th p id nti id nc , g v nm nt ffic , p m c t nd p i m nt (Kn t) c t d th . Th P tini n A th ity f E t J m th c pit f it f t t t . Th UN nd m t c nt i d n t c gniz J m I c pit , t king th p iti n th t th fin t t f J m i p nding f t n g ti ti n b tw n I nd th P tini n A th ity. M t c nt i m int in th i mb i in T Aviv nd it b b b b f J m, ch M v t Zi n ( CIA F ctb k nd M p f I PDF (319 KB)) S P iti n n J m f m inf m ti n. iv. ^ St ti tic g ding th d m g phic f J m f t th nifi d nd xp nd d I i m nicip ity, which inc d th p -1967 I i nd J d ni n m nicip iti w v dditi n P tini n vi g nd n i ghb h d t th n th t. S m f th P tini n vi g nd n ighb h d h v b n inq i h d t th W t B nk d f ct by w y f th I i W t B nk b i ,[152] b t th i g t t h v n t b n v t d. v. ^ b M ch f th inf m ti n g ding King D vid c nq t f J m c m f m Bib ic cc nt , b t m d n-d y hi t i n h v b g n t giv th m

Unit d St t N w Y k City, Unit d St t M cc F , M cc ( inc 1982)[276]

( inc 1993)[274][275]

citi in I it i

[ dit] Twin t wn nd i t S : Li t f twin t wn nd i t citi in th P

citi nd i t tini n t

nd Li t f twin t wn

^L g t city: m d n J m, I g t city (E ng , St v n. J m, N w, T h N w Y k Tim , 16 Ap i 2006.) J m i I g t city. (I (c nt y)[d d ink], Mic ft En c t , 2006, p. 3. R t i v d 18 Oct b 2006. A chiv d 31 Oct b 2009.) Sinc 1975 nifi d J m h b n th g t city in I . (J m, Encyc pdi B it nnic On in , 2006. R t i v d 18 Oct b 2006. A chiv d 21 J n 2008) J m i th g t city in th St t f I . It h th g t p p ti n, th m t J w nd th m t n n-J w f I i citi . (K in, M n ch m. J m: Th F t f C nt t d City, N w Y k Univ ity P , 1 M ch 2001, p. 18. ISBN 0-8147-4754-X) In 1967, T Aviv w th g t city in I . By 1987, m J w iv d in J m th n th t t p p ti n f T Aviv. J m h d b c m I p mi city. (F i d nd, R g nd H cht, Rich d. T R J m, Univ i ty f C if ni P , 19 S pt mb 2000, p. 192. ISBN 0-520-22092-7). ^ b c d f g h i j P R : J m D y (PDF). C nt B f St ti tic . 24 M y 2006. R t i v d 10 M ch 2007. ^ b TABLE 3. POPULATION(1) OF LOCALITIES NUMBERING ABOVE 2,000 RESIDENTS AN D OTHER RURAL POPULATION ON 31/12/2008 (PDF). I C nt B f St ti tic . 31 D c mb 2008. R t i v d 26 Oct b 2009. ^ L c A th iti in I 2007, P b ic ti n #1295 M nicip ity P fi J m (in H b w) (PDF). I C nt B f St ti tic . R t i v d 31 D c mb 2007. ^ b Sinc th 10th c nt y BCE:[v] I w fi t f g d int nifi d n ti n f m J m m 3,000 y g , wh n King D vid iz d th c wn nd nit d th tw v t ib f m thi city F th nd y J m w th t f J wi h v ignty, th h h d it f king , th c ti n f it gi tiv c nci nd c t . In xi , th J wi h n ti n c m t b id ntifi d with th city th t h d b n th i t f it nci nt c pit . J w , wh v th y w , p y d f it t ti n. R g F i d nd, Rich d D. H cht. T R J m, Univ ity f C if ni P , 2000, p. 8. ISBN 0-520-22092-7 Th J wi h b nd t J m w n v b k n. F th mi nni , J m h b n th c nt f th J wi h f ith, t ining it ymb ic v th gh t th g n ti n . J m- th H y City, I i Mini t y f F ign Aff i , 23 F b y 2003. Acc d 24 M ch 2007. Th c nt ity f J m t J d i m i t ng th t v n c J w xp th i d v ti n nd tt chm nt t th city, nd c nn t c nc iv f m d n St t f I with t it. F J w J m i c d imp y b c it xi t Th gh J m c d ch ct g b ck th mi nni . L i J. H pp . Th H y City: J m in th th gy f th O d T t m nt, Lit gic P , 2000, p. 6. ISBN 0-8146-5081-3 Ev inc King D vid m d J m th c pit f I 3,000 y g , th city h p y d c nt in J wi h xi t nc . Mitch G ff y B d , Th C mp t Idi t G id t th Midd E t C nf ict, A ph B k , 2002, p. 33 0. ISBN 0-02-864410-7 F J w th city h b n th p - min nt f c f th i pi it , c t , nd n ti n if th gh t th mi nni . Y i F int ch, U.S. P icy n J m, G nw d P b i hing G p, 1987, p. 1. ISBN 0-313-25700-0 J m b c m th c nt f th J wi h p p m 3,000 y g M h M z, S i N ib h, J m: P int f F icti n And B y nd, B i Ac d mic

c dit d t vi. ^ S c ). Wh m nd d,[278][279] y tt ib t d t th P ct p -d t [ dit] R f nc

1993 xc v ti n.[277] di g n th timing f th c ti n f th P ct f Um (Om y th P ct igin t d d ing Um if tim b t w t xp th y th P ct w c t d ft hi d th nd t ctiv him.[280] F th ti , th hi t i n b i v th id in I m nd Um nti y.[281]


P b i h

, 2000, p. 1. ISBN 90-411-8843-6 Th J wi h p p in xt ic b y b nd t th city f J m. N th city h p y d ch d min nt in th hi t y, p itic , c t , ig i n, n ti n if nd c n ci n f p p h J m in th if f J w y nd J d i m. Sinc King D vid t b i h d th city th c pit f th J wi h t t ci c 1000 BCE, it h v d th ymb nd m t p f nd xp i n f th J wi h p p id ntity n ti n. B ic F ct y h d kn w: J m, Anti-D f m ti n L g , 2007. R t i v d 28 M ch 2007. ^ bThi d-h i t city in I m: E p it , J hn L. (2 N v mb 2002). Wh t Ev y n N d t Kn w b t I m. Oxf d Univ ity P . p. 157. ISBN 0195157133. Th Night J n y m d J m th thi d h i t city in I m B wn, L n C (15 S pt mb 2000). S tting th St g : I m nd M im . R igi n nd St t : Th M im App ch t P itic . C mbi Univ ity P . p. 11. ISBN 0231120389. Th thi d h i t city f I mJ mi v y m ch in th c nt H pp , L i J. (A g t 2000). Th H y City: J m in th Th gy f th O d T t m nt. Mich G zi B k . p. 14. ISBN 0814650813. J m h w y nj y d p min nt p c in I m. J m i ft n f d t th thi d h i t city in I m ^ Midd E t p c p n by Wi d A. B ing: Th Aq M q n th T mp M nt i th thi d h i t it in S nni I m ft M cc nd M din ^ L wi , B n d; H t, P. M.; L mbt n, Ann, d (1986). C mb idg Hi t y f I m. C mb idg Univ ity P . ^ [Q n 17:13] ^ A n, Edg (2004). St t , N ti n , nd B d : Th Ethic f M king B nd i . C mb idg Univ ity P . ISBN 0521525756. R t i v d 9 J n 2008. ^ K k, T ddy (1977). Aft w d. In J hn Phi ip . A Wi t S viv I : th F c f th T 1948-th F c f H p T d y. Di P /J m W d . b t 225 c (0.91 km2) ^ D W Divid th H i t H y City?. M m nt M g zin . A chiv d f m th ig in n 3 J n 2008. R t i v d 5 M ch 2008.. Acc ding t E ic H. C in t y i n J m B i g d. ^ b Tim in f th Hi t y f J m. J wi h Vi t Lib y. Am ic nI i C p tiv Ent p i . R t i v d 16 Ap i 2007. ^ B n-A i h, Y h h (1984). J m in th 19th C nt y, Th O d City. Y d Izh k B n Zvi & St. M tin P . p. 14. ISBN 0312441878. ^ O d City f J m nd it W . Whc. n c . g. R t i v d 11 S pt mb 2010. ^ I p n 1,300 E t J m J wi h tt h m . BBC N w . 9 N v mb 2010. E t J m i g d d cc pi d P tini n t it y by th int n ti n c mm nity, b t I y it i p t f it t it y. ^ Th t t f J m. Th Q ti n f P tin & th Unit d N ti n . Uni t d N ti n D p tm nt f P b ic Inf m ti n. E t J m h b n c n id d, by b th th G n A mb y nd th S c ity C nci , p t f th cc pi d P tini n t it y. ^ I i th iti b ck 600 n w E t J m h m BBC 26 F b y 2010 ^ R ti n 298 S pt mb 25, 1971: R c ing it ti n c nc ning m nd cti n by I d ign d t ch ng th t t f th I i- cc pi d cti n f J m, ^ b S g , J m M. (F 1997). N g ti ting J m. Th Univ ity f M y nd Sch f P b ic P icy. A chiv d f m th igin n 14 M y 2006. R t i v d 25 F b y 2007. ^ M , Bj n (N v mb 2002) (PDF). A C p tiv St ct f I i-P tini n R ti n . W king P p N . 1. C nt f E p n P icy St di . A chi v d f m th igin n 6 J n y 2004. R t i v d 16 Ap i 2007. ^ P tini n g w by mi i n in d c d ^ R nb m, I it. H z Bib ic Z f v it t i t it in 2006. H tz . I . R t i v d 11 S pt mb 2010. ^ Li , J n th n. J m Z i I n mb n t i t tt cti n. H t

z. I . R t i v d 11 S pt mb 2010. ^ J m, th H y City by St ph n J. Binz, 2005 ^ G.J h nn B tt w ck, H m Ringg n ( d .) Th gic Dicti n y f th O d T t m nt, (t .D vid E.G n) Wi i m B.E dm nn, G nd R pid Michig n, C mb idg , UK 1990, V . VI, p.348 ^ EA287 Abdi Hib f J m t th king, N . 3. Sp ci tyint t .n t. R t i v d 11 S pt mb 2010. ^ Th E Am n L tt f m C n n. T . c.i . R t i v d 11 S pt mb 2010. ^ Th L g nd f th J w V m 1 by L i Ginzb g, R D t : Oct b , 1998 ^ On in Etym gy Dicti n y. Etym n in .c m. R t i v d 17 M ch 2010. ^ E n, Am (8 J n y 1996). J m. H p C in P b i h Ltd. ISBN 0006375316. R t i v d 26 Ap i 2007. Th pith t m y h v igin t d in th nci nt n m f J mS m ( ft th p g n d ity f th city), which i tym g ic y c nn ct d in th S mitic ng g with th w d f p c ( h m in H b w, m in A bic). ^ Ringg n, H., Di R igi n n d A t n O i nt (Gtting n, 1979), 212. ^ W c , Edwin Sh m n (A g t 1977). J m th H y. N w Y k: A n P . p. 16. ISBN 0405102984. A imi vi w w h d by th wh giv th H b w d t th w d ^ Smith, G g Ad m (1907). J m: Th T p g phy, Ec n mic nd Hi t y f m th E i t Tim t A.D. 70. H dd nd St ght n. p. 251. ISBN 0790529 351. Th t min ti n - im - yim d t b t k n th din y t min ti n f th d f n n , nd w xp in d ignifying th pp nd w citi ( h [1]) ^ b c Azmi Bi h . A b i f n t n J m. R t i v d 22 S pt mb 2010. ^ b D ni Pip . C n t cting C nt f it Hi t y f J m. R t i v d 22 2010. ^ N city in th w d, n t v n Ath n R m , v p y d g t in th if f n ti n f ng tim , J m h d n in th if f th J wi h p p . D vid B n-G i n, 1947 ^ F th th nd y , J m h b n th c nt f J wi h h p nd nging. N th city h p y d ch d min nt in th hi t y, c t , igi n nd c n ci n f p p h J m in th if f J w y nd J d i m. Th gh t c nt i f xi , J m m in d iv in th h t f J w v ywh th f c p int f J wi h hi t y, th ymb f nci nt g y, pi it f fi m nt nd m d n n w . Thi h t nd f th J wi h p p ng nd th th ght th t if y w nt n imp w d t ymb iz f J wi h hi t y, th t w d w d b J m. T ddy K k (DC: W hingt n In t it t F N E t P icy, 1990), pp. 1920. ^ Th gh t hi t y g t div ity f p p h m v d int th gi n nd m d P tin th i h m nd: C n nit , J b it , Phi i tin f m C t , An t i n nd Lydi n G k , H b w , Am it , Ed mit , N b t n , A m n , R m n , A b , nd E p n c d , t n m f w. E ch f th m pp p i t d diff nt gi n th t v pp d in tim nd c mp t d f v ignty nd nd. Oth , ch Anci nt Egypti n , Hittit , P i n , B by ni n , nd M ng , w hi t ic v nt wh cc iv cc p ti n w v ging th ff ct f m j thq k Lik h ting t , th v i c t hin f b i f m m nt b f th y f d t f ffici hi t ic nd c t c d f P tin . Th p p , h w v , viv . In th i c t m nd m nn , f i f th nci nt civi iz ti n viv d nti m d nity b it m d nity c m f g d nd th v n f I m nd A bic c t . A i Q ib , P tini n nth p gi t ^ (With f nc t P tini n in Ott m n tim ) A th gh p d f th i A b h it g nd nc t y, th P tini n c n id d th m v t b d c nd d n t n y f m A b c nq f th v nth c nt y b t f m indig n p p wh h d iv d in th c nt y inc tim imm m i , inc ding th nci n t H b w nd th C n nit b f th m. Ac t y w f th di tinctiv n f P tini n hi t y, th P tini n w th m v th h i f it ich ci ti n . W id Kh idi, 1984, B f Th i Di p : A Ph t g phic Hi t y


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26: It i diffic t t bt in c ct tim t f th n mb f inh bit nt f J m ^ F mkin, D vid (1 S pt mb 2001). A P c t End A P c : Th F f t h Ott m n Empi nd th C ti n f th M d n Midd E t (2nd p int d d.) . Ow B k . pp. 3123. ISBN 0805068848. ^ Ch t f th p p ti n f J m. F c nj m.c m. R t i v d 11 S p t mb 2010. ^ T m i, S im (1999). J m 1948: Th Ph nt m City (R p int). J m Q t y Fi (3). A chiv d f m th igin n 9 S pt mb 2006. R t i v d 2 F b y 2007. ^ b Ei n t dt, D vid (26 A g t 2002). Th B iti h M nd t . J m: Lif Th gh t th Ag in H y City. B -I n Univ ity Ing b g R nn t C nt f J m St di . R t i v d 10 F b y 2007. ^ b Hi t y. Th H b w Univ ity f J m. R t i v d 18 M ch 2007. ^ C n id ti n Aff cting C t in f th P vi i n f th G n A mb y R ti n n th F t G v nm nt f P tin : Th City f J m. Th Unit d N ti n . 22 J n y 1948. A chiv d f m th igin n 26 J n y 2008. R t i v d 3 F b y 2007. ^ b L pid th, R th (30 J n 1998). J m: L g nd P itic B ckg n d. I Mini t y f F ign Aff i . A chiv d f m th igin n 7 A g t 200 7. R t i v d 22 J y 2008. ^ B nny M i , 1948 (2008), pp.218219. ^ M d ch i W ing t n ^ Am Oz, A T f L v nd D kn , (2004), ISBN 0151008787 ^ C tt n, H n y (1981) J m. C m H m. ISBN 0 7099 0412 6. P g 51. N mb f A b di t ict nd J wi h c nt . ^ A i, K.J. (1989) J m in Hi t y. Sc pi n P b i hing. ISBN 0 90590 6 70 5. P g 259. E tim t f n mb f f g . (Mich C. H d n) ^ N M n L nd. Jp tt v .c m. R t i v d 11 S pt mb 2010. ^ L g St t in P tin . Bi z it Univ ity In tit t f L w. R t i v d 22 J y 2008. ^ Ann nc m nt in th UK H f C mm n f th c gniti n f th St t f I nd f th nn x ti n f th W t B nk by th St t f J d n. C mm n D b t (H n d) 5th i , V 474, pp 11371141. 27 Ap i 1950. c n (PDF) ^ S. R. Si v b g, P ki t n nd th W t B nk: A ch n t , Midd E t n St di , 19:2 (1983) 261263. ^ P. R. K m w my (2000-03) (PDF). B y nd th V i : I -P ki t n R ti n . T Aviv, I : J ff C nt f St t gic St di , T Aviv Univ ity. A chiv d f m th igin n 28 J n 2007. R t i v d 22 J y 2009. ^ M tin Gi b t, J m: A T f On City, Th N w R p b ic, 14 N v. 199 4 ^ O n, M, Six D y f W , ISBN 0-345-46192-4, p307 ^ L tt F m Th P m n nt R p nt tiv Of I T Th Unit d N ti n Ad d d T Th S c t y-G n . Unit d N ti n . R t i v d 11 S pt mb 2010. ^ G g N k (S pt mb /Oct b 1994). Di p t Ov J m H y P c Di pt A b C mp. W hingt n R p t n Midd E t Aff i . R t i v d 20 J y 200 8. ^ D n, N ndit nd S bb h, Abd W h d ( dit ) St i f m M th (2010). ISBN 978 0 9956136 3 0. P g 18/19. ^ 13 L w nd Admini t ti n O din nc -Am ndm nt N . Mf .g v.i . 27 J n 1967. R t i v d 2 J n 2011. ^ B ic L w- J m- C pit f I . I i Mini t y f F ign Aff i . 30 J y 1980. R t i v d 20 J y 2008. ^ R hid Kh idi, Th F t f A b J m B iti h J n f Midd E t n St di , V . 19, N . 2 (1992), pp. 133143 ^ J m H y P c nd th P c P c . Th W hingt n In tit t f N E t P icy. 1988. R t i v d 20 J y 2008. ^ B w n, J my (15 J y 2010). H -by-h t gg f E t J m. BB C. R t i v d 11 S pt mb 2010. ^ R ti n 478 (1980). Unit d N ti n . 1980. R t i v d 30 J y 2008.


^ J wi h In d in M im Q t : S tt P j ct t A t Sky in f J m O d City Th W hingt n P t F ign S vic , 11 F b y 2007; P g A01 ^ W t n W w n v p t f t mp . J m P t. 25 Oct b 2007. A chiv d f m th igin n 27 Oct b 2007. R t i v d 20 J y 2008. ^ N Mid-E t dv nc t UN mmit. BBC. 7 S pt mb 2000. R t i v d 3 F b y 2007. ^ Kh d Ab T m h (11 J n y 2007). Abb : Aim g n g in t cc p ti n. Th J m P t. R t i v d 3 F b y 2007.[d d ink] ^ Bib ic v n p b ic di p y: th P c M n m nt ^ C b , En iq ; J g G c -S (31 D c mb 1998). D ght M n g m nt P nning in W t S pp y Sy t m . Sp ing . p. 304. ISBN 0792352947. Th O d City f J m (760 m) in th c nt hi ^ b B g hn, S m (15 M y 2006). G g phy. C n Univ ity. A chiv d f m th igin n 14 J y 2007. R t i v d 9 F b y 2007. ^ W v d, J hn; Z ch y J. H y , C k H. Pinn ck, Wi i m C ck tt, nd St n y N. G nd y (7 J n y 1996). Th M t ph ic Vi w. F Vi w n H . Z n d v n. p. 58. ISBN 0310212685. ^ Th W t S pp y f J m, Anci nt nd M d n, E. W. G. M t m n, Th B ib ic W d, V . 19, N . 2 (F b 1902), pp. 87112, Univ ity f Chic g P [ d d ink] ^ R n-Zvi, I ch (J n 2004). T king Sp c S i y: L w, Sp c nd S ci ty in C nt mp y I . A hg t P b i hing. p. 37. ISBN 0754623513. Th , f in t nc , th di t nc b tw n th f g m t p it n gi n 39 mi ^ F d m n, J f (18 A g t 2004). D b t f n w v D d S Sc . AP vi MSNBC. R t i v d 9 F b y 2007. ^ Int d cti n. Th T -S fi/G th A ch gic Exp diti n. B I n Univ ity. A chiv d f m th igin n 5 F b y 2008. R t i v d 24 Ap i 2007. (Im g c t d h [2]) ^ M p f I . Ey On I . R t i v d 25 Ap i 2007. (S m p 9 f J m) ^ On m Ob t c t P c A n w I i N ighb h d n th nd f J m city. Th App i d R ch In tit t J m. 10 M ch 2007. R t i v d 24 Ap i 2007. (Im g c t d h [3]) ^ M nth y Av g f J m, I . Th W th Ch nn . R t i v d 7 F b y 2007. ^ b M z, M h ; S i N ib h (M ch 2000). J m: P int f F icti n -And B y nd. B i Ac d mic P b i h . pp. 446. ISBN 9041188436. ^ R y K (16 S pt mb 2007). W t z n p ti n in B it Sh m h, G h Etzi n. Th J m P t. R t i v d 23 Oct b 2007.[d d ink] ^ L ng T m C im t Inf m ti n f I . J n 2011. ^ R c d D t in I . ^ C im t gic Inf m ti n f J m, I . H ng K ng Ob v t y. ^ P p ti n nd D n ity p km2 in L c iti N mb ing Ab v 5,000 R id nt n 31 XII 2005 (PDF). I C nt B f St ti tic . 2006. R t i v d 11 A p i 2007. ^ A b p p ti n g wth tp c J w in J m R t , 26 S pt mb 2000 ^ S , N t (23 M y 2006). J m: M t i t , f w J w . YN t. R t i v d 10 M ch 2007. ^ H ck t d , L (16 A g t 1998). J wi h D p In J m W i I . T h W hingt n P t vi C n Univ ity. A chiv d f m th igin n 9 S pt mb 2006. R t i v d 10 M ch 2007. ^ M t J mit Att nd H idi-R igi Sch . A tz Sh v . 21 M y 200 9. R t i v d 21 M y 2009. ^ N d v Sh g i (21 M y 2009). M t f J m n n-J wi h chi d n iv b w p v ty in . H tz. R t i v d 21 M y 2009. ^ Rich d B d x (5 J n 2007). C hing v t city f c . L Ang Tim . R t i v d 22 J y 2009. ^ G g My (13 M y 2007). I i Ridd : L v J m, H t Living Th . N w Y k Tim . R t i v d 22 J y 2009. ^ K n E ingw d (4 J n 2007). Ch ng c t in c nc t . L Ang Tim . R


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id I CBN N w Ch i ti n N w 247. CBN.c m. R t i v d 1 J n 2011. ^ Eng i h g t w y t th Kn t w b it . R t i v d 18 M y 2007. ^ Th St t f I : Th J dici A th ity. R t i v d 18 M y 2007. ^J m dmini t tiv c pit f th B iti h M nd t : O f i, J c b G. (M ch 1995). Ev ywh Y G , P p A th S m . R nin P b i hing. p. 25. ISBN 0914171755. In th y 1923, [J m] b c m th c pit f th B iti h M nd t in P tin O n-N dh im, Mich ; R th K k (S pt mb 2001). J m nd It En vi n : Q t , N ighb h d , Vi g , 18001948. W yn St t Univ ity P . p. 36. ISBN 0814329098. Th th d c d f B iti h in P tin (1917/181 948) w high y ignific nt ph in th d v pm nt, with ind ib ff ct n th b n p nning nd d v pm nt f th c pit J m. R th K k i p f in th D p tm nt f G g phy t th H b w Univ ity f J m. D mp , Mich (15 Ap i 1996). Th P itic f J m Sinc 1967. C mbi Univ ity P . p. 59. ISBN 0231106408. th city th t w t b c m th dmini t tiv c pit f M nd t P tin ^ D G d. J m in Int n ti n Dip m cy. R t i v d 20 J y 2008. ^ Th N w O i nt H : A Hi t y f P tini n H pit ity. j mit . g. R t i v d 20 J y 2008. ^ K in, M n ch m (M ch 2001). Th PLO nd th P tini n Id ntity f E t J m. J m: Th F t f C nt t d City. N w Y k Univ ity P . p. 189. ISBN 081474754X. ^ N g m nt with t P tini n c pit in J m: M hm d Abb . Tim findi .indi tim .c m. 10 J n 2010. R t i v d 11 S pt mb 2010. ^ B d, Mitch G. Wi I S viv ? ^ G inn, D vid E. (2 Oct b 2006). P t cting J m H y Sit : A St t gy f N g ti ting S c d P c (1 t d.). C mb idg Univ ity P . p. 142 . ISBN 0521866626. ^ Wh t i th W t n W ?. Th K t . R t i v d 6 M ch 2007. ^ G db g, M niq S kind. Syn g g . A k th R bbi. Sch cht In tit t f J wi h St di . A chiv d f m th igin n 31 J n y 2008. R t i v d 10 M ch 2007. ^ b S g , B nj min J. (1987). R t ning: Th L nd f I F c in J wi h Hi t y. J m, I : D p tm nt f Ed c ti n nd C t f th W d Zi ni t O g niz ti n. p. 124. R t i v d 10 M ch 2007. ^ Th J wi h inj ncti n t p y t w d J m c m in th O ch Ch yim cti n f Sh ch n A ch (94:1) Wh n n i t p y nywh in th Di p , h h d f c t w d th L nd f I , di cting him f t w d J m, th T mp , nd th H y f H i . ^ F m th King J m V i n f th Bib : And wh n th d y f h p ific ti n cc ding t th w f M w cc mp i h d, th y b ght [J ] t J m, t p nt him t th L d; (L k 2:22) ^ F m th King J m V i n f th Bib : And th y c m t J m: nd J w nt int th t mp , nd b g n t c t t th m th t d nd b ght in th t mp , nd v th w th t b f th m n ych ng , nd th t f th m t h t d d v ; (M k 11:15) ^ B , Ad i n J. (12 Oct b 2001). Phy ic R m in f C d J m. J m in th Tim f th C d . R t dg . p. 112. ISBN 0415230004. Th int ting, if n t i b i t ti n f th ch ch n th nd m p f J m h w tw di tinct b i ding n M nt Zi n: th ch ch f St M y nd th C n c (Ch p f th L t S pp ) pp p t b i ding . ^ End , Sh k (1999). Rich d A. Sch ch t. d. A Lif f J . P i t P . p. 116. ISBN 0809123193. ^ F m th King J m V i n f th Bib : Thi tit th n d m ny f th J w : f th p c wh J w c cifi d w nigh t th city: nd it w w itt n in H b w, nd G k, nd L tin. (J hn 19:20) ^ b St mp, K ith W. (1993). Wh W G g th ?. W dwid Ch ch f G d. R t i v d 11 M ch 2007. ^ R y, St ph n K. (Oct b 2002). St. J hn G p : A Bib St dy G id nd C mm nt y f Individ nd G p . S n F nci c , CA: Ign ti P . p. 340.

ISBN 0898708214. ^ OR i y, S n; J m OR i y (30 N v mb 2000). Pi g Fi : Adv nt f th Spi it (1 t d.). T v T . p. 14. ISBN 1885211562. Th g n c n n i th t th Ch ch f th H y S p ch m k th hi c d G g th , nd th t th it f th C cifixi n nd th t fiv St ti n f th C c t d nd it g b ck d m . ^ C d m n, Anth ny H. (30 Oct b 2005). Th Fin S tt m nt I : A ymm t ic V & A ymm t ic W f . Th I i-P tini n W : E c ting t N w h . P g S c ity Int n ti n . p. 62. ISBN 0275987582. ^ P t , F nci E. (20 Oct b 2003). M h mm d th P ph t f G d. Th M n t h i t : Th P p f G d. P inc t n Univ ity P . pp. 956. ISBN 0691114609. ^ S hih B kh i. C mp ndi m f M im T xt . Univ ity f S th n C if ni . R t i v d 11 M ch 2007. (f m n Eng i h t n ti n f S hih B kh i, V m IX, B k 93, N mb 608) ^ F m Abd h Y f A i Eng i h t n ti n f th Q n: G y t (A h) W h did t k Hi v nt f J n y by night f m th S c d M q t th f th t M q , wh p cinct W did b ,- in d th t W might h w him m f O Sign : f H i th On Wh h th nd th ( thing ). (17:1) ^ Th E y A b P i d 6381099. J m: Lif Th gh t th Ag in H y City. B -I n Univ ity Ing b g R nn t C nt f J m St di . M ch 1 997. R t i v d 24 Ap i 2007. ^ b Ab t th M m. Th I M m, J m. R t i v d 27 F b y 20 07. ^ Sh in f th B k. Th I M m, J m. R t i v d 27 F b y 2007 . ^ Th R ck f A ch gic M m. Th I M m, J m. R t i v d 28 F b y 2007. ^ Th R ck f A ch gic M m: Ab t th M m: Th P m n nt Exhi biti n. Th I M m, J m. A chiv d f m th igin n 11 D c mb 2 007. R t i v d 28 F b y 2007. ^ Y d V h m. Th H c t M ty nd H R m mb nc A th ity. R t i v d 28 F b y 2007. ^ Ab t Y d V h m. Th H c t M ty nd H R m mb nc A th ity. A ch iv d f m th igin n 17 F b y 2007. R t i v d 28 F b y 2007. ^ Th M m. M m On Th S m. R t i v d 20 J y 2008. ^ b Hi t y. J m O ch t . A chiv d f m th igin n 28 S pt mb 2007. R t i v d 4 M ch 2007. ^ J m M ic C nt . R t i v d 18 M y 2007. ^ Th J m C nt f th P f ming A t . J m Th t . A chiv d f m th igin n 2 F b y 2007. R t i v d 4 M ch 2007. ^ Ab t U . Th Kh n Th t . 2004. R t i v d 4 M ch 2007. ^ S mm Night F tiv 2008. J m F nd ti n. R t i v d 20 J y 2008. ^ Ab t Th F tiv . J m Fi m F tiv . R t i v d 20 J y 2008. ^ Tich H . Th I M m, J m. R t i v d 28 F b y 2007. ^ Ab t A h h. P tini n ART C t. R t i v d 20 J y 2008. ^ b I b n P tini n c t v nt I N w , Yn tn w . Yn tn w . c m. 20 J n 1995. R t i v d 22 J n y 2010. ^ Hi t y. P tini n N ti n Th t . R t i v d 4 M ch 2007.[d d ink] ^ P tin Y th O ch t ^ J Ep t in, T ching in P tin , Th St d J n 2009, p. 42. ^ Li t f P tini n C t & A ch gic Sit . J m M di & C mm n ic ti n C nt . A chiv d f m th igin n 25 J n y 2008. R t i v d 20 J y 2008. ^ P m ting P tini n c t p nt ch ng t cc p ti n nd c b t h it g . A q d 2009. g. R t i v d 11 S pt mb 2010. ^ Ab h m F nd ^ J m Int c t C nt ^ J m C nt f Midd E t n M ic nd D nc ^ Sp king A t C nf nc : J wi h-A b Di g Th gh th A t t th J m Int c t C nt

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698-029-7 Kchler, Hans (1981) The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special R egard to the Question of Jerusalem Vienna: Braumller ISBN 3-7003-0278-9 The Holy Cities: Jerusalem produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications; 2006 Wasserstein, Bernard (2002) Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy Cit y New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09730-1 Keys to Jerusalem: A Brief Overview, The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Cente r, Amman, Jordan, 2010. http://www.rissc.jo/docs/J101-10-10-10.pdf [edit] External links Find more about Jerusalem on Wikipedias sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Official website of Jerusalem Municipality Jerusalemp3, offers free virtual tours in mp3 format from the Jerusalem Muni cipality Jerusalem travel guide from Wikitravel Government The Status of JerusalemPDF (159 KB), United Nations document related to the recent dispute over Jerusalem Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel, Government of Israel, the Israeli l aw making Jerusalem the capital of Israel Culture Israel Museum, one of Jerusalems premier art museums Yad Vashem, Israeli memorial to victims of The Holocaust Education Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalems foremost institution of higher lea rning al-Quds University, the only Palestinian university in Jerusalem Maps Modern-day map of Jerusalem, from City of Jerusalem. Ancient Maps of Jerusalem, from the Jewish National Library at the Hebrew Un iversity of Jerusalem Modern maps, post-1947 from PASSIA Maps of Jerusalem, from Israel Star News [show]v [show]v [show]v [show]v [show]v [show]v [show]v [show]v [show]v d d d d d d d d d eJerusalem District eJerusalem Governorate eNeighborhoods of Jerusalem eIsraeli cities with a 50,000+ population eCapitals of Asia eHoly sites in Judaism eSecond Journey of Paul the Apostle eArab Capital of Culture eHost cities of the Eurovision Song Contest

View page ratings Rate this page Whats this? Trustworthy Objective Complete Well-written I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional) Categories: Jerusalem District Jerusalem Governorate Neighbourhoods of Jerus alem Arab Capital of Culture Jerusalem Amarna letters locations Ancient Pilgrim Centres Capitals in Asia Cities in Israel Cities in the Palestinia n territories Disputed territories in Asia IsraeliPalestinian conflict Fert ile Crescent Hebrew Bible cities Historic Jewish communities Holy cities Jewish holy places History of Islam Islamic holy places Land of Israel Mixed Israeli communities New Testament cities Old Yishuv Orthodox Jewish communities Torah cities Bakulaji My talk My preferences My watchlist My contributions Log out Search Wikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki This page was last modified on 11 August 2011 at 15:32. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a nonprofit organization. and I am Sid Harth@mysistereileen Track replies to my comment Go to Comments tab Share this: Email Print StumbleUpon Digg Facebook Reddit This entry was posted on August 12, 2011 at 3:06 am and is filed under Uncategor ized. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Leave a Reply Logged in as admin. Log out? Calendar

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