Laboratory No 2

Electrical Systems 100

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 100

13952673 AJ PERKS A5
THURSDAY (08:00am)

STUDENT NUMBER: NAME:

GROUP:

LABORATORY:

2. DC CIRCUITS

LABORATORY SUPERVISOR: KEITH RAINBOW

LABORATORY PARTNERS:

JIMMY

DATE PERFORMED: DATE DUE: DATE SUBMITTED:

13 AUGUST 2009 26 MAY 2004 26 MAY 2004

I hereby declare that the calculations, results, discussion and conclusions submitted in this report are entirely my own work and have not been copied from any other student or past student. (AJ PERKS)

13952673 AJ Perks

Laboratory No 2

Electrical Systems 100

DC Circuits
Introduction
The purpose of this laboratory was to analyse direct current (DC) circuits using different techniques. These included using fundamental laws from Kirchoff and Thevenin to predict the performance of power networks and DC circuits.

Summary of results
Circuit 2.1 the voltages for the circuit varied by 4.13% and the current measured was only 0.04% different from the theoretical values. In circuit 2.2 there was a abnormally large difference of 37.23% and the voltage varied by 0.02%. Circuit 2.3 results for current, voltage and power varied by 8.8%, 10.51% and 15.41% on average respectively. The graph load power against normalised resistance when graphed showed a parabolic relationship which was desired. The last circuit, circuit 2.4 the results for voltage and current varied by 0.83% and 4.21% on average respectively.

13952673 AJ Perks

Laboratory No 2

Electrical Systems 100

Circuit 2.1

Figure 1

Results
2.1 Measure d R1 R2 R3 Supply Voltage (volts) Current (Amps) Theoretica Experiment Theoretica Experiment l al l al 15 14.38 0.031940 0.031860 15 14.38 0.015000 0.015060 15 14.37 0.010000 0.010100 15 15 0.056914 0.056890

Circuit 2.2 and 2.3

Figure 2

Figure 3.(Thevenin Equivalent)

13952673 AJ Perks

Laboratory No 2

Electrical Systems 100

Results
2.2 Measured Experimenta l Theoretical E1 (volts) E2 (volts) I (Amps) 0.0905 0.0568 PL (watts) x 0.2644 VRL (volts) 4.6570 4.6560

9.0100 20.0000 9.0000 20.0000

2.3 ohms 10 82 100 130 150 220 1000

Load Voltage (volts) Current (amps) Power (watts) Theoretica Experiment Theoretica Experiment Theoretica Experiment l al l al l al 0.8395 1.0040 0.0859 0.0850 0.0739 0.0773 4.6559 5.2200 0.0568 0.0635 0.2643 0.3302 5.2338 5.7400 0.0522 0.0569 0.2739 0.3238 6.0194 6.5180 0.0463 0.0502 0.2787 0.3271 6.4497 6.9600 0.0429 0.0462 0.2773 0.3201 7.5684 8.0300 0.0345 0.0365 0.2604 0.2923 10.6580 10.8400 0.0107 0.0109 0.1136 0.1179

13952673 AJ Perks

Laboratory No 2

Electrical Systems 100

Graphs

13952673 AJ Perks

Laboratory No 2

Electrical Systems 100

13952673 AJ Perks

Laboratory No 2

Electrical Systems 100

Circuit 2.4

Figure 4

Results
2.4 Voltage (volts) Current (amps) Measuremen Theoretica Experiment Theoretica Experiment t l al l al R1 3.9135 3.9900 0.0261 0.0265 R2 12.1721 12.0700 0.0148 0.0147 R3 1.3499 1.1780 0.0112 0.0118 R4 5.5466 10.8900 0.0230 0.0210 R5 -1.7770 -1.1240 -0.0118 -0.0210 R6 3.9139 3.9450 0.0261 0.0179 point 1 16.0830 16.0600 0.0261 0.0250 point 2 12.1721 12.0700 0.0148 0.0137 point 3 10.8260 10.8900 0.0230 0.0217 point 4 3.9139 3.9450 0.0261 0.0231 point 5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0148 0.0146

13952673 AJ Perks

Laboratory No 2

Electrical Systems 100

Discussion
In circuit 2.1 the experimental and theoretical results were quite close, the voltages for the circuit were 4.13% away from 15V. The current measured was only 0.04% different from the theoretical values. Reasons for variations between experimental values and theoritical values could be due to human error, faulty equipment and also when the temperature of the conductor increases, the collisions between electrons and atoms increase. This means the resistor heats up because of electricity flowing through it and the resistance will increase. This would give a false reading on the multimeter if the circuit had been left on for to long. Circuit 2.2 the current was very different between the theoretical and experimental result this is due to in the pre lab questions perhaps my calculated theoretical result is wrong due to the large difference of 37.23%. The voltages on the other hand were only 0.02% apart. The graphs for load power verse normalised resistance in circuit 2.3 do follow the parabolic shape. This is the desired graph that should be seen. Although I did not graph the log of load power against the normalised resistance but the load resistance verse the log of load power instead it can be seen that max value is roughly at the RTh value of 130.15. This also is desired in the graphed results. The experimental results graph it can is seen that it does not have a dome at the top that is a characteristic of a parabola type graph. This could be due to human errors. Setting up the circuit 2.3 was quit difficult and possibly could be wrong giving higher readings for the values of current and voltage and therefore power as it can be seen on average the power was 15.41% different from the theoretical and experimental values. The voltage over resistor four was vastly different being nearly double the theoretical value. This can most likely be reduced to human error when measuring the voltage over resistor four since none of the other results in circuit 2.4 were this different between theoretical and experimental results.

Conclusion
The experiment was a success it showed a parabolic relationship between load power and normalised resistance. The graphed showed that the maximum value was roughly at the RTh value of 130.15 which is desired.

13952673 AJ Perks

Laboratory No 2

Electrical Systems 100

Appendices
Circuit 2.1 calculations: Example of total resistance (RT):

Example of current drawn from the supply (Is):

Example of current through a resistor (IR1):

Circuit 2.2 calculations:

Figure 5 Example to find the voltage drop across the load resistance (RL): Using Nodal analysis from VB

Example to find the current through RL:

Example to calculate the load power (PL): 13952673 AJ Perks

Laboratory No 2

Electrical Systems 100

Circuit 2.3 calculations:

Figure 6 Example of calculating RTh:

Example of calculating VTh:

13952673 AJ Perks

Laboratory No 2

Electrical Systems 100

Circuit 2.4 calculations: Example to find the current in circuit 2.4:

Figure 7 Using mesh analysis with 3 loops Loop 1 Eq1 Loop 2 Eq2 Loop 3 Eq3 Using Eq1,2 and 3 set up a matrix ,,
1120 -820 0 -820 1410 -470 0 -470 570 20 0 -12

Solving the above matrix: I1=0.0260928 I2=0.0112488 I3=-0.01177727968 Calculating the voltage drop across resistor 2 (VR2):

13952673 AJ Perks

Laboratory No 2

Electrical Systems 100

Calculating the current through resistor 2 (IR2):

Calculating the Voltage at point 2 (VPT2): Using nodal analysis

Calculating the current at point 2 (IPT2):

References
Boylestad Introductory circuit analysis 11th edition Prentice Hall

13952673 AJ Perks

Laboratory No 2

Electrical Systems 100

Pre-lab

13952673 AJ Perks

Laboratory No 2

Electrical Systems 100

Lab test result

13952673 AJ Perks