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Engineering Geology

St. Francis Dam, Ca. 1926.

Concrete gravity dam constructed in 1926 in California collapsed 1928 Failed primary due to existence of weak rocks below Rock was Schists and soft argillaceous conglomerate separated by a distinct fault

Other dam failures

Engineering Geology
Intelligent and useful application of geological knowledge to different branches of engineering constitutes the subject matter of ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Includes- Geological studies in the field and laboratory, Safety and economic planning and execution. This is an l i d ti Thi i extensive field where the science of the earth and the art of engineering merge into each other

Condition required to success of dam.


Water tight reservoir basin Low rate of accumulation of silt A narrow river channel Safe foundation Provision for disposal of surplus water through suitable gateway Availability of the required material for construction nearby

Geology of dam sites and reservoir


Reservoir may fail due to excessive leakage or as a result of rapid accumulation of silt. Some rocks are porous and pervious and impervious. some others are totally impervious Unconsolidated or partially consolidated course sandstones are highly porous and permeable.

Geology of dam sites and reservoir contd


Massive igneous or metamorphic rocks are almost impervious. But they may impervious contain well developed joints and other weakness planes, shear zones, faults Geological study should use to find out the nature and position of water table and also the nature and structure of the rocks forming the region

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Geology of Bridge structure


A railway bridge is being constructed at a height of 186m from bed level, between chainages 38.430 Km on left abutment to Katra side and chainage 39.087 Km on right abutment to Reasi side.
River is flowing SW
Chainage :38.430 Chainage :38.510 P1

Viaduct span
Steel arch

O = Center point of bridge i E N


Chainage :38.775 (P10)

Lat 31o0445 Long 74o5452 Viaduct towards katra = 80 m Steel arch span = 265 m Viaduct towards Reasi = 312 m

Katra Side
O

Viaduct spans

Total length of bridge 80 + 265 +312 = 657 m


Chainage :39.087

River

Reasi Side

Katra side

Reasi side

Figure showing left abutment at Katra side with foundation locations of P1b and P1.
800 780 760 740 720 700 680 660 -50

0 38.48 38.5 38.52 38.54

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38.46

View of left and right abuttment

Figure showing right abutment on Reasi side with foundation locations of P10 to P21

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Geology of Bridge structure


Sound rock profile underneath the floor and walls of natural depression Foundation and abutment should be strong Geological structure of the country rock shouldnt create any stability problem Erosional action of the fast running water should be significant

Geology of Bridge structure

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Geology of tunnel site

Governing Geological factors


The nature of the country rock along the alignment of the tunnel The geological structure of the region Position of the water table and prevailing ground water table condition along the length of the tunnel

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Tunneling in rocks
Safety and stability of a tunnel mostly depends upon the nature of rock. Hard crystalline rocks are very good but very difficult to excavate Moreover they may also contain planes of weakness. Proper profiling is difficult. Consolidated massive sandstones are good but softer ones need some linings

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Lining should vary point to point

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Nature of rock, orientation and spacing of discontinuity, orientation of bedding planes with respect to the alignment

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Overbreak
Massive and soft rock cause less overbreak than hard rock with well defined and closely spaced discontinuity planes In sedimentary rock more over break occurs along the strike than the dip Too much overbreak increases the cost of tunnelling

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Stability of Hill slopes


Safety and stability governs by The nature of the rocks occurring along the slope or cutting wall The geological structure of the country rock The prevailing ground water conditions along the slope or cutting wall

Stability of Hill slopes

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Different kinds of U/g water- a) soil water b) pellicular water in fractured rock, c) pellicular water in sedimentary rocks d) Vadose water p) perched water WT-Water table E) Ground water e) Free water f) confined water

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Building stones
Strength and durability mineral composition, texture and structure Colour and beauty Cost Granite composed of quartz, feldspar and quartz mica are st carbonate rocks marble, limestone are relatively weak and worn out easily rong and durable where as

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Building material(aggregates) road metals


Aggregates should be strong and durable and there shouldnt be tendency to react with cement g ) ) g For good road metals a) hard b) tough c) resistant to abrasion d) high cementing value

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