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Concrete gravity dam constructed in 1926 in California collapsed 1928 Failed primary due to existence of weak rocks below Rock was Schists and soft argillaceous conglomerate separated by a distinct fault
Engineering Geology
Intelligent and useful application of geological knowledge to different branches of engineering constitutes the subject matter of ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Includes- Geological studies in the field and laboratory, Safety and economic planning and execution. This is an l i d ti Thi i extensive field where the science of the earth and the art of engineering merge into each other
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Viaduct span
Steel arch
Lat 31o0445 Long 74o5452 Viaduct towards katra = 80 m Steel arch span = 265 m Viaduct towards Reasi = 312 m
Katra Side
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Viaduct spans
River
Reasi Side
Katra side
Reasi side
Figure showing left abutment at Katra side with foundation locations of P1b and P1.
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Figure showing right abutment on Reasi side with foundation locations of P10 to P21
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Tunneling in rocks
Safety and stability of a tunnel mostly depends upon the nature of rock. Hard crystalline rocks are very good but very difficult to excavate Moreover they may also contain planes of weakness. Proper profiling is difficult. Consolidated massive sandstones are good but softer ones need some linings
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Nature of rock, orientation and spacing of discontinuity, orientation of bedding planes with respect to the alignment
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Overbreak
Massive and soft rock cause less overbreak than hard rock with well defined and closely spaced discontinuity planes In sedimentary rock more over break occurs along the strike than the dip Too much overbreak increases the cost of tunnelling
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Different kinds of U/g water- a) soil water b) pellicular water in fractured rock, c) pellicular water in sedimentary rocks d) Vadose water p) perched water WT-Water table E) Ground water e) Free water f) confined water
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Building stones
Strength and durability mineral composition, texture and structure Colour and beauty Cost Granite composed of quartz, feldspar and quartz mica are st carbonate rocks marble, limestone are relatively weak and worn out easily rong and durable where as
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