DIGITAL MULTIPLEXER

1. 2. 3.

U. Sunil Kumar R. G. Pradeep Raj M.. K. Yousuf Niyass II.

4. 5.

R. Babu Thangaraj Sibin Vincent

LIST OF ICS WHICH PROVIDE MULTIPLEXING

I.

INTRODUCTION (MULTIPLEXER)
S.NO

TABLE 1
IC.NO FUNCTION OUTPUT STATE

The term multiplexermeansmany into one. Multiplexing is the process of information over a single line. A digital multiplexer(MUX) is a combinational circuits that selects one digital information from several sources and transmits the selected information on a single output line. A multiplexer is also called a data selector since it selects one of many inputs and steers the information to the output. The multiplexer has several data-input lines and a single output line.The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.The selection lines decide the number of input lines of a particular multiplexer.The multiplexer acts like a digitally controlled multiposition switch where binary code applied to the select inputs,controls the data input that will be switched on to the output.

74157

QUAD

2:1

OUTPUT AS GIVEN

SAME INPUT

MUX 2 74158 2:1

QUAD

OUTPUT INVERTED INPUT

IS

MUX 3 74153 4:1

DUAL

OUTPUT AS GIVEN

SAME INPUT

MUX 4 74352 4:1

DUAL

OUTPUT INVERTED INPUT

IS

MUX 5 6 74151A 74151 8:1 MUX 8:1 MUX

BOTH

OUPUTS

AVAILABLE

OUTPUT INVERTED INPUT

IS

7 III.

74150 TYPES OF MULTIPLEXER 2:1MUX 4:1MUX 8:1MUX 16:1MUX

16:1MUX

A. 2:1 MUX The logic symbol of a 2-to-1 multiplexer is shown in Fig It has two data input lines(A,B),a single output line(Z) and one select line(S) to select one of the two input lines. TABLE 2 TRUTH TABLE

S 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

A 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Z 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

From the truth table of Table a logical expression for the output in terms of the data input and the select inputs can be given as follows :

From the truth table of Table2 a logical expression for the output in terms of the data input and the select input can be given as follows:

Using the above expression, the 4-to-1 multiplexer can be implemented using two NOT gates,four 3-input AND gates and one 4-input OR gate as shown in Fig. Here, each of the data input lines is applied to any one input of an AND gate and the AND gate outputs are connected with the inputs of OR gate to generate the output Y. The AND gates and the inverters resemble a decoder circuit,and indeed they decode the input select lines.In general, a 2n to-1 multiplexer is constructed from an n-to-2n decoder by adding to it 2n input lines, one to each AND gate. The output of the AND gate are applied to a single OR gate to provide a single output. The size of the multiplexer is specified by the number 2n of input lines and the single output lines.Multiplexer ICs have an enable input to control the operation of the unit.The enable input(also called strobe) can be used to cascade two or more multiplexer ICs to construct a multiplexer with large nummber of inputs. C. IC 74151 - 8-to-1 Multiplexer IC74151 is an 8-to-1 multiplexer with eight data Inputs (D0-D1),three select lines(A,B,C) and a single output (Y).It also has an Enable input E and provides both normal and inverted outputs(i.e.Y and Y). Since 23=8,three bits are required to select any one of the eight data bits.When E=0, the select inputs A,B,C will select one of the data input to pass through the output Y.When E=1,the multiplexer is disabled.The logic symbol of IC 74151 is shown in Fig and its logic diagram is shown in Fig .The operation of this IC is summarised in truth table Table. Inputs Outputs E A B C Y Y 1 X X X 1 0 0 0 0 0 D0 D0 0 0 0 1 D1 D1 0 0 1 0 D2 D2 0 0 1 1 D3 D3 0 1 0 0 D4 D4 0 1 0 1 D5 D5

B. 4:1MUX The logic symbol of 4:1 multiplexer is shown in Fig. It has four data input lines(A,B,C,D),a single output line(Y) And two select lines(S0,S1) to select one of the four input lines.The truth table for 4-to-1 multiplexer is shown in Table Data select inputs Output S0 S1 Y 0 0 A 0 1 B 1 0 C 1 1 D

0 0

1 1

1 1

0 1

D6 D7

D6 D7

D. IC 74150- 16-to-1 Multiplexer IC 74150 is a 16-to-1 TTL,multiplexer.Its pinout diagram is shown in Fig .It has 16 inputs(D0-D15),a single output(Y) and four select inputs(S3-S0).Pins 1 to 8 and 16 to 23 are the input pins and the pins 11,13,14 and 15 are the select inputs S3,S2,S1,S0.Pin 10 is the output and it equals the complement of the selected data input. Pin 9 is for the strobe, an input signal that disables or enables the multiplexer.A low strobe enables the multiplexer,So that output Y equals the complement of the input data bit(i.e.Y=Dn).The truth table of IC 74150 is shown I Table.The logic diagram of a typical 16-to-1 multiplexer is shown in Fig. Strobe Select inputs Output S S3 S2 S1 So Y 0 0 0 0 0 D0 0 0 0 0 1 D1 0 0 0 1 0 D2 0 0 0 1 1 D3 0 0 1 0 0 D4 0 0 1 0 1 D5 0 0 1 1 0 D6 0 0 1 1 1 D7 0 1 0 0 0 D8 0 1 0 0 1 D9 0 1 0 1 0 D10 0 1 0 1 1 D11 0 1 1 0 0 D12 0 1 1 0 1 D13 0 1 1 1 0 D14 0 1 1 1 1 D15 0 X x x x 1

E. Implementation of Higher Order Multiplexers It is possible to implement higher order multiplexers, i.e. multiplexer with more number of inputs,using lower order multiplexers, i.e.multiplexers with lesser number of inputs. For example, a 16-to-1 can be implemented by either using two 8-to-1 multiplexer or four 4-to-1 multiplexers. Similarly,a 32-to-1 multiplexer can be implemented using eight 4to-1 multiplexers.This can be explained with the following Example.

D. Parallel-to-Serial Converter Digital Systems that process data in parallel form take very less time. In order to transmit the information over long distances, the parallel arrangement is undesirable as it requires a large number of transmission lines. Therefore, data in parallel form is converted to serial form using multiplexer. Cost savings The basic function of a multiplexer: combining multiple inputs into a single data stream. One use for multiplexers is cost savings by connecting a multiplexer and a demultiplexer (or demux) together over a single channel (by connecting the multiplexer's single output to the demultiplexer's single input). The image to the right demonstrates this. Often, a multiplexer and demultiplexer are combined together into a single piece of equipment, which is usually referred to simply as a "multiplexer". Both pieces of equipment are needed at both ends of a transmission link because most communications systems transmit in both directions. Digital multiplexers In digital circuit design, the selector wires are of digital value. In the case of a 2-to-1 multiplexer, a logic value of 0 would connect Chaining multiplexers Larger multiplexers can be constructed by using smaller multiplexers by chaining them together. For example, an 8-to-1 multiplexer can be made with two 4-to-1 and one 2-to-1 multiplexers. The two 4-to-1 multiplexer outputs are fed into the 2-to-1 with the selector pins on the 4-to-1's put in parallel giving a total number of selector inputs to 3, which is equivalent to an 8-to-1. In telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing (also known as muxing) is a process where multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium. Application areas B. Logic Function Generator It can also be used to implement logic functions in sumof-products form directly from a truth table without the need for simplification. The logic variables are used as the select inputs and each data input is connected permanently HIGH or LOW. C. Control Sequencer A multiplexer can also be used as apart of control sequencer. Application of multiplexer: 1.allows two to four scada polling systems to share a single multi-drop communications network. Used with smd devices at each remote site, as many as four completely independant scada systems may share the network without interference. Speed, parity and other parameters may be set individually for each port. 2.the new multi-port controller (mpc) connects to a host computer and provides multiplexing of messages from peripheral devices. Data is buffered until a terminating

IV.

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLEXER

Multiplexer circuits find numerous applications in digital systems. Some of the fields where multiplexing finds immense use are data selection, data routing, operation sequencing, parallel-to-serial conversion, waveform generation and logic function generation. A. Data Routing Multiplexers can be used to route data from one of several sources to one destination.

character is received. Operation is similar to the baytech 528 ac11p programmable controller. ( baytech is a trademark of bay technical associates. ) 3. firmware to use the sr and spl on multi-drop dds lines or radios Telephony In telephony, a customer's telephone line now typically ends at the remote concentrator box down the street, where it is multiplexed along with other telephone lines for that neighborhood or other similar area. The multiplexed signal is then carried to the central switching office on significantly fewer wires and for much further distances than a customer's line can practically go. This is likewise also true for digital subscriber lines (dsl). The concept is also now used in cable tv, which is increasingly offering the same services as telephone companies. Iptv also depends on multiplexing. Digital broadcasting In digital television and digital radio systems, several variable bit-rate data streams are multiplexed together to a fixed bitrate transport stream by means of statistical multiplexing. This makes it possible to transfer several video and audio channels simultaneously over the same frequency channel, together with various services. In the digital television systems, this may involve several standard definition television (sdtv) programmes (particularly on dvb-t, dvb-s2, isdb and atsc-c), or one hdtv, possibly with a single sdtv companion channel over one 6 to 8 mhz-wide tv channel. The device that accomplishes this is called a statistical multiplexer. In several of these systems, the multiplexing results in an mpeg transport stream Then the implementation of this Boolean expression above using individual logic gates would require the use of seven individual gates consisting of AND, OR and NOT gates as shown. 4 Channel Multiplexer using Logic Gates Multiplexers are not limited to just switching a number of different input lines or channels to one common single output. There are also types that can switch their inputs to multiple outputs and have arrangements or 4 to 2, 8 to 3 or even 16 to 4 etc configurations and an example of a simple Dual channel 4 input multiplexer (4 to 2) is given below: 4-to-2 Channel Multiplexer The symbol used in logic diagrams to identify a multiplexer is as follows. Multiplexer Symbolz

Here, the voltage gain of the inverting amplifier is dependent upon the ratio between the input resistor, Rin and its feedback resistor, Rf as determined in the Op-amp tutorials. A single 4-channel (Quad) SPST switch configured as a 4-to-1 channel multiplexer is connected in series with the resistors to select any feedback resistor to vary the value of Rf. The combination of these resistors will Here in this example the 4 input channels are switched to 2 individual output lines but larger arrangements are also possible. This simple 4 to 2 configuration could be used for example, to switch audio signals for stereo pre-amplifiers or mixers. Adjustable Amplifier Gain As well as sending parallel data in a serial format down a single transmission line or connection, another possible use of multi-channel multiplexers is in digital audio applications as mixers or where the gain of an analogue amplifier can be controlled digitally, for example. Digitally Adjustable Amplifier Gain determine the overall gain of the amplifier, (Av). Then the gain of the amplifier can be adjusted digitally by simply selecting the appropriate resistor combination. Digital multiplexers are sometimes also referred to as "Data Selectors" as they select the data to be sent to the output line and are commonly used in communications or high speed network switching circuits such as LANs and Ethernet applications. Some multiplexer ICs have a single inverting buffer (NOT Gate) connected to the output to give a positive logic output (logic "1", HIGH) on one terminal and a complimentary negative logic output (logic "0", LOW) on another different terminal. It is possible to make simple multiplexer circuits from standard AND and OR gates as we have seen above, but commonly multiplexers/data selectors are available as standard i.c. packages such as the common TTL 74LS151 8input to 1 line multiplexer or the TTL 74LS153 Dual 4input to 1 line multiplexer. Multiplexer circuits with much higher number of inputs can be obtained by cascading together two or more smaller devices.