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Mathematics
Written by: ALVIN SOO CHUN KIT : School :

Alvin Soo Chun Kit Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2011

TABLE CONTENTS
Num. Question Page 1 Part I Part II ~ Question 1 ~ Question (a) ~ Question (b) ~ Question (c) ~ Question (a) ~ Question (b) ~ Question (c) Part 2 2 2 3 3 3

OF

3 III 4 Exploration

Further

Alvin Soo Chun Kit Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2011

PART I History of cake baking and decorating Although clear examples of the difference between cake and bread ar e easy to find, the precise classification has always been elusive. For example, banana bread may be properly either a quick bread or a cake.The Greeks invented beer as a leavener, considered frying in olive oil, and cheesecakes using goat's milk. In ancient Rome, basic bread fritters dough was sometimes enriched with butter, eggs, and honey, which produced a sweet and cakelike baked good. Latin poet Ovid ref ers to the birthday of him and his brother with party and cake in his first book of Tristi .Early cakes in England wer e also essentially bread: the exile, differences between a "cake" and "bread" wer e the round, flat shape of the cakes, a most obvious and cooking method, which turned cakes over once while cooking, while bread was the left upright throughout the baking process. Sponge cakes, leavened with beaten eggs, originated Renaissance, possibly during the in Spain. Cake decorating is one of the sugar arts requiring mathematics that uses icing or frosting and edible decorative elements to make otherwise plain cakes more visually other interesting. Alternatively, cakes can be moulded and sculpted to resemble three-dimensional persons,and things. In many areas of the world, decorated cakes are often a focal point places of a special celebration such as a birthday, graduation, bridal shower, wedding, or anniversary. Mathematics are often used to bake and decorate cakes, especially in the following actions: y Measurement of Ingredients y Calculation of Price and Estimated Cost y Estimation of Dimensions y Calculation of Baking Times y Modification of Recipe according to scale

Alvin Soo Chun Kit Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2011

PART II 1)
3 1 kg = 3800 cm h = 7 cm

5 kg = 3800 x 5 = 19000 cm

2h V = r 2 19000 = 3.142 x r x7 2 = r 19000 3.142 x 7 . 2 = 863.872 r r = 29.392 cm

d = 2r d = 58.783 cm 2) Maximum cake: cm d = 60.0 h = 45.0 cm a) dimensions of

h/cm d/cm155.5262519 1 2 109.9736674 3 89.79312339 4 77.76312594 5 69.5534543 6 63.49332645 7 58.78339783 8 54.98683368 9 51.84208396 10 49.18171919 11 46.89292932 12 44.89656169 13 43.13522122 14 41.56613923 15 40.15670556

h/cm d/cm 38.88156297 16 17 37.72065671 18 36.65788912 19 35.68016921 20 34.77672715 21 33.93861056 22 33.15830831 23 32.42946528 24 31.74666323 25 31.10525037 26 30.50120743 27 29.93104113 28 29.39169891 29 28.88049994 30 28.39507881

h/cm d/cm27.93333944 31 32 27.49341684 33 27.07364537 34 26.67253215 35 26.2887347 36 25.92104198 37 25.56835831 38 25.2296896 39 24.90413158 40 24.59085959 41 24.28911983 42 23.99822167 43 23.71753106 44 23.44646466 45 23.18448477

b) i) h < 7 cm , h > 45 cm This is because any heights lower than 7 cm will result in the diameter of the being too big to fit into the baking oven while any heights higher than 45 cm cake will the cake being too tall to fit into the baking cause oven b) ii) I would suggest the dimensions of the cake to be 29 cm in height and approximately 29 cm in diameter. This is because a cake with these dimensions is more symmetrical and easier to decorate.

Alvin Soo Chun Kit Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2011

c) i)

V = r

h
3

V = 19000 cm r =
d

/2
d

19000 = 3.142 x ( d 4 = 3.142 x (d

2 2

/2 )2 x h
2

19000 /4) . 76000

.
-1/2

d 3.142 x h

d = 155.53 x h log10 d = -1 /2 log

10

h + log 10 155.53

log10 h

log10 d

1 1.691814 2 1.191814 3 0.691814 4 0.191814

c) ii) a) When h = 10.5 cm,10 h = 1.0212 log According to the graph, 10 d = 1.7 when log 10 h = 1.0212 log Therefore, d = 50.12 cm b) When d = 42 cm, log According to the graph, log Therefore, h = 15.85 cm
10

d = 1.6232 10 h = 1.2 when log 10 d = 1.6232

Alvin Soo Chun Kit Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2011

Alvin Soo Chun Kit Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2011

3) a) h = 29 cm r = 14.44 cm
14.44 cm

29 cm

Diagram 1: Cake without Cream 1 cm 15.44 cm 1 cm 30 cm

Diagram 2: Cake with Cream

To calculate volume of cream used, the cream is symbolised as the larger cylinder and cake is symbolised as the smaller the cylinder. V = 3.142 x 15.44 2 x 30 19000 cream = 22471 19000 3 = 3471 cm

Alvin Soo Chun Kit Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2011

3) b) i) Square shaped cake

Estimated volume of cream used x 27.6 x 27.6 - 19000 = 30 = 22852.8 19000 3 = 3852.8 cm b) ii) Triangle shaped cake

Estimated volume of cream used 39.7 x 39.7 x 30 19000 = x = 23641.4 19000 3 = 4641.4 cm b) iii) Trapezium shaped cake

Estimated volume of cream used (28+42.5) x 22 x 30 - 19000 = x = 23265 19000 3 = 4265 cm * All estimations in the values are based on the assumption that the layer of cream is uniformly thick at 1 cm c) Based on the values I have obtained, the round shaped cake requires the least 3) of fresh amount cream (3471 cm

Alvin Soo Chun Kit Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2011

PART III Method 1: By comparing values of height against volume of cream used
volume of cream h/cm used/cm 3 h/cm 1 19983.61 18 3303.66 35 3629.54 2 10546.04 19 3304.98 36 3657.46 3 7474.42 20 3310.62 37 3685.67 4 5987.37 21 3319.86 38 3714.13 5 5130.07 22 3332.12 39 3742.81 6 4585.13 23 3346.94 40 3771.67 7 4217.00 24 3363.92 41 3800.67 8 3958.20 25 3382.74 42 3829.79 9 3771.41 26 3403.14 43 3859.01 10 3634.38 27 3424.89 44 3888.30 11 3533.03 28 3447.80 45 3917.65 12 3458.02 29 3471.71 46 3947.04 13 3402.96 30 3496.47 47 3976.46 14 3363.28 31 3521.98 48 4005.88 15 3335.70 32 3548.12 49 4035.31 16 3317.73 33 3574.81 50 4064.72 17 3307.53 34 3601.97 volume of cream used/cm 3 h/cm volume of cream used/cm 3

According to the table above, the minimum volume of cream used is 3303.66 cm 18cm. When h = 18cm, r = 18.3 cm

when h =

Alvin Soo Chun Kit Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2011

Method 2: Using differ entiation Assuming that the surface area of the cake is proportionate to the amount of fresh cream to decorate the cake. needed * Formula for surface 2 area + 2 rh = r h = 19000 / 3.142r 2 Surface area in contact with cream+ 2 r(19000 / 3.142r 2 ) = r 2 = r 2 + (38000/r) The values, when plotted into a graph will from a minimum value that can be obtained through differentiation. dy = 0 dx dy = 2 r (38000/r 2 ) dx 2) 0 = 2 r (38000/r 3 38000 0 = 6.284r 38000 = 6.284r 3 6047.104 = r3 18.22 = r When r = 18.22 cm, h = 18.22 cm The dimensions of the cake that requires the minimum amount of fr esh cream to decorate is approximately 18.2 cm in height and 18.2 cm in radius. I would bake a cake of such dimensions because the cake would not be too large for the cutting or eating of said cake, and it would not be too big to bake in a conventional oven. * The above conjecture is proven by the following When r = 10, ~ the total surface area of the cake is 4114.2 2 cm amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake is 4381.2 3 ~ the cm ratio of total surface area of cake to amount of fresh cream needed is ~ the 0.94 When r = 20, ~ the total surface area of the cake is 3156.8 2 cm amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake is 3308.5 3 ~ the cm ratio of total surface area of cake to amount of fresh cream needed is ~ the 0.94 Therefore, the above conjectur e is proven to be tr ue.

Alvin Soo Chun Kit Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2011 FURTHER EXPLORATION

a) Volume of cake 1 2 2 r = h = r = 3.142 x 31 x 31 x 6 = 18116.772 cm 3

Volume of cake
2

= 3.142 x (0.9 x 31)

h
2 2

x6

= 3.142 x (27.9) x 6 = 14676.585 cm 3

Volume of cake 3 Volume of cake 2h 2h 4 r = = r = 3.142 x (0.9 x 0. 9 x 31) 2 x 6 = 3.142 x (0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 31) 2x 6 = 3.142 x (25.11) = 3.142 x (22.599) 3 = 11886.414 cm = 9627.995 cm 3

2 2

x6

x6

The values 118116.772, 14676.585, 11886.414, 9627.995 form a number pattern. The pattern formed is a geometr ical progression. by the fact that there is a common ratio between subsequent numbers, r = This is proven 0.81. 14676.585 = 0.81 11886.414 = 0.81 18116.772 14676.585 9627.995 = 0.81 . 11886.414

b) S 1-r

= a(1- n ) = 18116.772 ( 1-0.8 n ) r 1-0.8

3

15 kg = 57000 cm

57000 > 18116.772(1-0.8 0.2 11400 > 18116.772(1 -0.8 0.629 > 1-0. 8
n

) )

-0.371 > - 0.8n 0.371 < 0.8 log 0.371 log 0.371 < n log 0. 8 4.444 < n n =4
n

< n log 0.8

Alvin Soo Chun Kit Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2011

Verification answer If n = 4

of

Total volume of 4 cakes = 18116.772 cm 3 + 14676.585 cm 3 + 11886.414 cm = 54307.766 cm 3 Total mass cakes kg = 14.29 If n = 5 Total volume of 5 cakes = 18116.772 cm 3 + 14676.585 cm 3 + 11886.414 cm = 62106.442 cm 3 Total mass cakes kg = 16.34 of of

+ 9627.995 cm 3

+ 9627.995 cm 3 + 7798.676 cm3

Total mass of cakes must not exceed 15 kg. efore, maximum number of cakes needed to be made = Ther 4

Alvin Soo Chun Kit Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2011

Reflectio n In the process of conducting this project, I have learnt that perseverance pays off, especially obtain a just r eward for all your hard work. For me, succeeding in completing when you this project work has been reward enough. I have also learnt that mathematics is used everywhere from the most simple things like baking and decorating a cake, to designing in daily life, and building monuments. Besides that, I have learned many moral values that I practice. This work had taught me to be more confident when doing something especially project the homework given by the teacher. I also learned to be a more disciplined student who is punctual and independent.