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UMTS Networks
Course Overview
Motivation Standardization issues UMTS architecture basics UMTS radio link
Physical layer Signaling
Modulation
QPSK Modulation used in UMTS
P(t) P0
0
-P0
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006
2ft
P(t)
1/4 00
3/4 10
5/4 11
7/4 01
7
Harmonics n
Fourier Analysis: Each signal can be described as an integral (sum) of sine waves
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1. Harm.
P(t ) =
n =1
Pn sin(2 nf t+ n)
The modulated wave is a superposition of many waves of different frequencies of a frequency band f It can be shown that
f r (bandwidth data rate)
Bandwidth f
Radio Communication Fundamentals IV - Wave Propagation The intensity of electromagnetic waves emitted by a point source (e.g. antenna) decreases with distance Electromagnetic waves add linearly
Interference of waves emitted by different sources
When waves of same frequency interfere, extraction of information difficult
Because a modulated wave occupies a frequency band of bandwidth f , interference may be a problem in mobile communications
it is necessary to efficiently use radio resources Possibilities for separating radio resources
Frequency division Time division Space division Code division Combinations thereof
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11
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Frequency Division
frequency Frequency band 3
Guard band
Radio Spectrum is divided into frequency bands Power emitted outside these bands must be strictly below a certain level To be on the safe side, unused guard bands limit interference between frequency bands Receivers use filtering to receive carrier frequency of interest Already introduced in 1900 to organize usage of radio transmitters, e.g. on ships Usually used in combination with other division techniques
Frequency band 2
Guard band
Frequency band 1
time
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Time Division
frequency Radio Spectrum usage is divided into time slots
Each sender is assigned a time slot Guard time
Time slot 2
Time slot 3
Time slot 1
Guard time
time
Guard times between slots prevent collisions due to imperfect synchronization Usually used in combination with other division techniques
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Space Division
Usage of radio resources restricted to certain geographic areas (cells) Transmission power is limited
due to decrease of power with distance to sender, interference is limited
Re-use of same radio resource only at appropriate distance In combination with e.g Frequency Division, very large areas can be covered
reuse frequency band only in distant cells
New antenna techniques (adaptive antenna arrays / MIMO) allow forming "beam" towards specific mobile
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Instead of each antenna illuminating an area as big as possible (1G Systems), each antenna covers only small area
lower transmission power more efficient use of the spectrum => better coverage higher infrastructure costs need technique for switching moving users from cell to cell: "Handover"
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Code Division I
Several signals are sent in the same (wide) frequency band and the same time slot Each signal is created by spreading a narrowband signal through the use of a unique user code to a multiple of the original bandwidth (spreading) [Spreizung] The receiver correlates the sum of the received signal with the (time-shifted) user code, and thereby re-obtains the original narrowband signal (de-spreading) power level of different signal needs to be aligned codes need to be uncorrelated, otherwise interference replanning cells becomes easier with this technique
code
frequency
time
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Si Ti+j
measures how "different" two codes S and T are uncorrelated codes result in little interference e.g. S = {-1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1} T = {-1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1} C(0) = 0, C(1) = 2, C(3) = 0,... but Autocorrelation A(j) e.g. of S: A(0) = 8, A(1) = 0, A(2) = 4,... Autocorrelation only high if synchronized!
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{-1,1}
Coding at sender
D(t) S(t)
Code T(t - )
-1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1
Data D(t)
TD
D(f) 1/TD
Bandwidth f
f0
f0+TD
D(t) S(t)
TDS
1/TDS
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B A
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 21
(D Duplex)
Frequency Division (FD) Time Division (TD) Code Division (CD) Space Division (SD)
The different techniques for dividing radio resources can be combined, e.g.
pick one technique for separating uplink / downlink pick one technique for separating different users
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GSM uses a both Frequency Division and Time Division Uplink and Downlink use different frequencies: FDD Uplink and Downlink frequency band is subdivided into frequency channels, each of these channels is divided into time slots:
each user sends on a particular frequency band, on a particular time slot
time
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time
Uses both Frequency Division and Time Division as GSM plus frequency hopping
Allows flexible assignement of bandwidth Simplifies frequency planning Results in spread spectrum, just as CDMA
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UMTS: WCDMA I
UMTS uses two different methods for separating radio resources
FDD + CDMA (UTRA FDD) (most popular method) TDD + TDMA + CDMA (UTRA TDD)
FDD + CDMA for UMTS is called WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), because compared to cdmaOne it uses a higher chip rate
chip rate is 3,84 Mega chips / s
chip rate is fixed in cdma2000, chip rate can vary
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Resistance against interference and noise: any undesired signal will be spread when decoding Interception by adversary more difficult
signal strength can be lower than thermal noise => hide signal
Because total power in signal spread out over more frequencies
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i.e. (quite logically) a high bandwidth session occupies more resources (codes) and thus reduces bandwidth available to other sessions Use between 1 to 256 chips per bit
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
SF - Spreading Factor
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Downlink Direction
Cell separation Users within a cell
User separation
Problem: Synchronization between cells and between UEs hard to achieve Each signal is spread with the spreading code, i.e. channelization code x scrambling code Channelization codes spread all user data to same bandwidth
Have different length
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Signals are collected and aggregated at receiver Improves reception quality This is called Diversity
Utilizing multipath propagation via more than one antenna is called Macrodiversity [Mehrfachverbindungen]
Usually the further away from the antenna, the stronger the signal a UE has to emit (near-far effect) This leads to interference with neighboring cells Macrodiversity allows reducing emission power
SF - Spreading Factor
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GSM 1800
IMT 2000
1885 MHz GSM 1800
DECT
IMT 2000
2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz MSS MSS
UMTS UMTS
PHS
1880 MHz China GSM 1800 1885 MHz Japan Korea (w/o PHS) North America 1850
IMT 2000
A D BE F
MSS
MSS
1900
1950
2150
2200
2250
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TDD Frequencies
Source: www.regtp.de Licences oblige operator to cover 25% of the population by end of 2003, and 50% by end of 2005 Licences expire end of 2020 Mannesmann became Vodafone, VIAG became O2, Group 3G became Quam MobilCom returned licence
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 33
Summary
UMTS uses QPSK (Quaternary Phase Shift Keying) as modulation technique UMTS employs WCDMA
Signal is spread using orthogonal codes The higher the bit rate of a signal, the less it is spread Because of near-far effect, power control is important Multiple propagation paths of signal can be combined to improve reception quality
Reception with different antennas: Macrodiversity
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157,76 pro UMTS-Kunde pro Monat Oder 394,40/45 = 8,76 pro Handy pro Monat
394,40/2,5 =
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 36
Wirtschaftspolitische Einschtzung
Kommentar des finnische Kommunikationsministers Kimmo Sasi 18.09.2002, Tageszeitung "Kauppalehti"
"Ich rate Deutschland zu berdenken, ob man zum Rckkauf der Lizenzen von den Unternehmen bereit ist, die sie wieder abgeben wollen. Und man sollte sie fr denselben Preis zurckkaufen, der von den Unternehmen bezahlt wurde." Der finnische Minister begrndete seinen Vorschlag damit, dass "die gesamte Telekommunikationsbranche nur auf diese Weise wieder auf die Fe kommen kann". "Deutschland und Grobritannien knnten damit die fhrende Position Europas gegenber den USA in der Telebranche zerstren grter industriepolitischen Fehler seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
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Kosten bezahlen nicht nur die UMTS-Kunden: DTAG und DAX Kurse seit dem 1.1.2000:
DAX
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Layer Model for the Radio Link (Uu Interface) Protocols on Uu Interface Channels
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
Usage Example
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RRC
L3
PDCP BMC
L2
RLC
Layer Model for the Radio Link (Uu Interface) Protocols on Uu Interface Channels
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
Usage Example
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Protocols on Uu Interface I
PHY Tasks that are directly related to the air interface
Modulation Error protection of type FEC (Forward Error Correction)
Data transmitted somewhat redundantly by means of Channel Coding
Channel Coding is not the same as Channelization Codes (Slide Set IV)!
Messaging on synchronization, macrodiversity, fast power control Control plane signaling Measurements of conditions on radio interface (handover necessary?) (de)Multiplexing of transport channels to physical channels Providing transport channels to the layer above
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Protocols on Uu Interface II
MAC Multiplexing of channels
Multiplex different flows of the same user onto the same dedicated transport channel Multiplex flows of several users onto a shared transport channel packet scheduling / priority control possibly encryption (unless done on RLC)
RLC - Radio Link Control Layer Tasks related to protected transmission of data
error protection and error free data transmission segmentation / reassembly flow control directly used by CS domain L3 functions
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header compression
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Protocols on Uu Interface IV
RRC - Radio Resource Control Control and configuration of protocol stack on Uu Interface
one RRC connection for each UE, which controls the radio link for all sessions of this UE
convenient in case of handover
has control interfaces to all other radio link protocols FDD frequency management mobility management outer loop power control collection of measurement from lower layers broadcast of system information tunneling of core network control information
Session management, mobility management,
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Layer Model for the Radio Link (Uu Interface) Protocols on Uu Interface Channels
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
Usage Example
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Channels
(sub)layers use Channels to transmit data
Each channel has specific properties
MAC
PHY
Logical Channel 3
CCTrCH:
Coded Composite Transport Channel (Connection between Transport Channel and Physical Channel)
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006
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RLC
Channels
Logical channels between RLC and MAC
specific to type of information
logical control channels for control plane signaling logical transport channels for user plane data
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Logical Channels I
Logical Control Channels for control plane signaling
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
distributes information that allows UEs to attach to network
information about radio environment: power levels, network identity..
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Logical Channels II
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Transport Channels I
Transport Channels
Specific to how information is transferred Provide specific service quality, e.g.
bit rate, error protection power level, access method, etc
Data packets that are transmitted over Transport Channels are called Transport Blocks
Several are transmitted simultaneously in Transport Block Sets
For each Transport Block Set transmission, a suitable Transport Format is chosen from the Transport Format Set
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Transport Channels II
e.g.
BCH Broadcast Channel
downlink, fixed bit rate, high power level (needs to be audible to all) used for BCCH
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Physical Channels
Transmission on physical layer e.g.
P-SCH Primary Synchronization Channel (for FDD)
P-SCH sends known, invariant signaling sequence of 256 chips allows UE to synchronize
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BCCH
PCCH
DCCH
CCCH
CTCH
DTCH
Logical Channels
BCH
PCH
RACH
FACH
DSCH DCH
Transport Channels
P-CCPCH S-CCPCH
PRACH
PDSCH DPDCH
Physical Channels
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Layer Model for the Radio Link (Uu Interface) Protocols on Uu Interface Channels
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
Usage Example
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All Transport Channels for this voice call are multiplexed onto same Physical Channel
* Example taken from UMTS by Pierre Lescuyer
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Logical Channel
DCH A
Transport Block
DCH B
DCH C
Transport Channels
DPDCH
Channel Coding
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Summary
Protocols used on Uu
MAC and RLC on L2 for both control and user plane PDCP and BMC on L2 additionally for user plane to PS Domain RRC on L3 for control plane
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Course Overview
Motivation Standardization issues UMTS architecture basics UMTS radio link
Physical layer Signaling
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UE Architecture
UICC (Universal Integrated Circuit Card)
User subscription dependent part of the UE Contains one or both of
USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module) ISIM (IMS Subscriber Identity Module)
MT (MobileTermination)
Terminates radio transmission Adapts TE capabilities to those of radio transmission Couples TE and UICC
TE (Terminal Equipment)
Provides end-user application functions Terminates upper layers Communicates with peer TE on the other end of the communication session May be non-UMTS entity coupled via TAF (Terminal Adaptation Function)
E.g. Laptop, printer,
UE
Uu
towards UTRAN
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UICC
Same concept as SIM card in GSM Little plastic card Identifies User
Identifies how to bill this user
Unaccessible to user
Creates trusted environment Key to many commercial applications
Without UICC only emergency calls are possible Terminal may hold slots for several UICCs
Allows several subscribers to use same terminal
Separate private / business use of one UE In the future may allow (ad-hoc) networks to access UMTS network
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preferred language
used for displaying information
With RNC
Signaling for connection set-up and release Signaling for handover Encryption / Decryption Measurements to detect necessity for handover
S/N ratio, error rate, signal strength,...
Power control
Sending data
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 64
UE features: user-related
Large display camera with MPEG codec long battery lifetime gaming-capable
fast processor, substantial memory
other user software (web browser,) small and light User API
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Summary
UE is composed of UICC with USIM/ISIM, TE, MT UICC contains all subscriber-related information Uu interface towards the UTRAN UE has to perform a high number of complex tasks communicating with Node B, RNC and Core Network
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Architecture Node B RNC cf. TS 25.401 "UTRAN overall description", TS 25.301 "Radio Interface Protocol Architecture"
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UTRAN Architecture
Node B
responsible for radio transmission / reception in one or more cells
Core Network (PS Domain and CS Domain) Iups / Iucs RNS RNS Iur RNC Iub Node B
cell
Iups / Iucs
UTRAN
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Node B Functionality
Spreading and Modulation
code generation supports FDD, TDD or both, and CDMA
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RNC Functionality I
Radio Resource Management guarantees stability and Quality of Service (QoS) of radio connection (radio bearer)
Power control ("outer loop") Handover control
should there be a handover? decide based on measurements by UE and Node B signals with UE about handover realization
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RNC Functionality II
UTRA Control set-up, maintainance and release of radio connection (radio bearer)
System information broadcasting
e.g. radio measurement criteria, ...
Database handling
stores cell information, and sends it to corresponding Node Bs and UEs
cell identity, power levels, connection qualities, neighboring cell information (needed for handover)
UE positioning
selects and controls UE positioning method
using cell ID, round-trip times, "angle-of-arrival", GPS,...
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If the UE moves to a cell controlled by a different RNC, this becomes the Drift RNC (DRNC)
control stays with SRNC
Also Macrodiversity may introduce DRNCs SRNC may relocate control to DRNC via Iur
now former DRNC becomes SRNC useful for optimizing routing (data always travels via SRNC)
Iur
SRNC
Illustration
Node Bs
RNC
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Summary
UTRAN is home to
Node B
radio transmission / reception in one or more cells terminates physical and transport channels
RNC
controls use and integrity of radio resources controls one or more Node Bs terminates logical channels UE controlled by SRNC, however data may also travel via DRNC
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Course Overview
Motivation Standardization issues UMTS architecture basics UMTS radio link
Physical layer Signaling
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Packet-switched Domain
Architecture SGSN Functions GGSN Functions Protocols cf. TS 23.002 "Network Architecture", TS 23.060 "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)"
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PS Domain Architecture I
Logical architecture
SGSN and GGSN perform
Mobility management Session management Location management Identity management Service negotiation User data transport
PS Domain
GGSN
PS Domain Architecture II
Possible physical architectures
SGSN
SGSN GGSN
SGSN
MGW GGSN
IP Network GGSN
IP Network GGSN
SGSN
MSC Sv.
SGSN
Duplicate nodes for reliability SGSN and GGSN may or may not be colocated, there doesnt need be a 1:1 relationship
SGSNs and GGSNs of one operator are connected by an IP-based network
When CS-Domain IP-based can attach MGWs and MSC Servers to same physical IP backbone as PS domain
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SGSN Functions
Authentication and Authorization
based on data in HLR
Admission control
does PS domain have enough resources for supporting a new session? Can negotiate lower QoS
Routing
finding the appropriate GGSN through which session leaves for external networks / the IMS establishes a tunnel (PDP context) to GGSN
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GGSN Functions
Gateway to other packet-based networks
protocol conversion may act as Policy Enforcement Point (PEP) for the IMS blocking undesired data flows
Routing
of data packets to corresponding SGSN / packet-based network
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End-to-end IP layer
Application
GTP-U UDP/IP L2 L1
GTP-U UDP/IP L2 L1
Gn
GTP-U UDP/IP L2 L1
Gi
UE
UTRAN
GGSN
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RANAP RAN Application Protocol (see CS Domain) SCCP / RANAP part of SS7 protocol stack (see CS Domain) Signaling Bearer either is rest of SS7 protocol stack or an adaptation to run SCCP on top of ATM or IP
GMM / SM / SMS
GMM / SM / SMS
RANAP SCCP
Signalling Bearer
RANAP SCCP
Signalling Bearer
RLC MAC L1
L2 L1
Iu-Ps
L2 L1 SGSN
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UTRAN
GT P-C UDP IP L2 L1 Gn or Gp
GT P-C UDP IP L2 L1
GSN
GSN
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SGSN
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006
HLR / EIR
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Summary
PS Domain is home to SGSN and GGSN
mobility management session management location management identity management service negotiation
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Course Overview
Motivation Standardization issues UMTS architecture basics UMTS radio link
Physical layer Signaling
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Circuit-switched Domain
Architecture R99 Architecture Post - Rel4 Protocols and SGW cf. TS 23.002 "Network Architecture", TS 23.205 "Bearer-independent circuit-switched core network"
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VLR stores
HLR/ AuC
CS Domain
C External networks
GMSC
EIR MSC / VLR Uu UE E, G Iu UTRAN F MSC Server Mc A Signalling Interface GSM Radio Access MGW Nb CS Domain Nc IP
or ATM
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ATM based
MGW
MGW / RNC
MGW
MGW / RNC
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Performs e.g. call set-up / mgmt / tear-down, resource reservation, mobile subscriber authentication, toll-free numbers, call forwarding, conference calls,
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SCP
SCP
SCP
STP STP
STP
SSP SSP
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006
SSP
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Offers service to User Parts and Application Parts Translates from user addresses (telephone numbers etc) into destination point address Non-circuit related signaling, e.g. SCP queries Analog call handling Set-up, manage and release calls
SCCP Signaling Connection Control Part TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part TUP - Telephone User Part ISUP ISDN User Part
L5-7 L4 L3 L2 L1
MSC (Server)
ATM based
AAL5 offers transport to variable-sized packets Signaling Beareris an adaptation to run SCCP on top of ATM ALCAP controls AAL2 of user plane
SCCP
Sign. Bearer
AAL5 ATM L1
MSC97 Sv.
Iucs UMTS RNC Networks and Internet Telephony MSC Sv. Sommersemester 2006
BICC M3UA ISUP MTP3 MTP2 MTP1 E ISUP MTP3 MTP2 MTP1 SCTP IP L2 L1 Nc
MSC
MSC
MSC Server
MSC Server
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Summary
CS Domain is home to MSC and GMSC in R99
SS7 Network
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