A Study of Inertial Effect in The Wellbore

A STUDY OF INERTIAL EFFECT IN THE WELLBORE IN PRESSURE TRANSIENT WELL TESTING
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
by
KIYOSHI SHINOHARA
A p r i l 1980
COPYRIGHT 1980
by
KIYOSHI SHINOHAM
ii
I c e r t i f y t h a t I have r e a d t h i s t h e s i s and t h a t i n m y o p i n i o n i t i s f u l l y a d e q u a t e , i n scope and q u a l i t y , a s a d i s s e r t a t i o n f o r t h e d e g r e e of Doctor of Philosophy.
( P r i n c i p a l Advisor)
I c e r t i f y t h a t I have r e a d t h i s t h e s i s and t h a t i n my o p i n i o n i t i s f u l l y a d e q u a t e , i n s c o p e and q u a l i t y , a s a d i s s e r t a t i o n f o r t h e d e g r e e of Doctor of Philosophy.
I c e r t i f y t h a t I have r e a d t h i s t h e s i s and t h a t i n my o p i n i o n i t i s f u l l y a d e q u a t e , i n scope and q u a l i t y , a s a d i s s e r t a t i o n f o r t h e d e g r e e of Doctor of Philosophy.
Approved f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y Committee on Graduate S t u d i e s :
Dean of Graduate S t u d i e s
iii
Dedicated t o my p a r e n t s , Kisaburo and Maki, t o m son, Daisuke, y and t o my w i f e , Kiyomi
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The a u t h o r w i s h e s t o e x p r e s s h i s s i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n t o P r o f e s s o r
H. J . Ramey, J r . , Department of Petroleum Engineering, f o r h i s guidance,
u n d e r s t a n d i n g , encouragement, and c r i t i c a l review of t h e manuscript as a research advisor. The a u t h o r i s g r a t e f u l t o P r o f e s s o r s W. E. Brigham,
S . K. Sanyal, and R. N . Horne, Department of Petroleum E n g i n e e r i n g , f o r
s e r v i n g on h i s r e a d i n g committee. The a u t h o r i s a l s o i n d e b t e d t o t h e Nippon S t e e l C o r p o r a t i o n , S t a n f o r d Geothermal Program a t S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y , and t h e H a l l i b u r t o n O i l Well S e r v i c e s Company f o r f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t .
I n a d d i t i o n , t h a n k s are due t o D r . M. Sengul, Marathon O i l Company, f o r a s s i s t a n c e w i t h numerical L a p l a c e i n v e r s i o n . The s c r u p u l o u s h e l p i n
e d i t i n g and t y p i n g of t h e manuscript by M s . E l i z a b e t h S . L u n t z e l and t h e d r a f t i n g of t h e f i g u r e s by M s . Terri Ramey are g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged. F i n a l l y , t h e a u t h o r wishes t o e x p r e s s h i s sincere a p p r e c i a t i o n t o h i s w i f e , Kiyomi, f o r h e r c o n s t a n t s u p p o r t , encouragement, and u n d e r s t a n d i n g d u r i n g t h i s work.
ABSTRACT
I n a " slug t e s t , " a f i n i t e amount of l i q u i d i s removed suddenly from a s t a t i c w e l l , c a u s i n g a p e r t u r b a t i o n which can b e used t o o b t a i n informat i o n on t h e r e s e r v o i r . I d e a l l y , t h e w e l l b o r e l i q u i d would s t a r t t o move
up t h e w e l l t o r e p l a c e t h e removed l i q u i d , r e a c h a maximum v e l o c i t y , t h e n b e g i n t o d e c e l e r a t e as t h e l i q u i d l e v e l approaches t h e i n i t i a l s t a t i c l i q u i d level. T h i s i s a u s e f u l method a s a s h o r t - t i m e w e l l t e s t . The
s o l u t i o n f o r t h i s problem i s o l d , and t h e problem h a s been i n v e s t i g a t e d by many people. However, t h e s o l u t i o n s a v a i l a b l e t h u s f a r do n o t r i g o r o u s l y of movement of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e , and
include the i n e r t i a l effect
do n o t e x p l a i n p r e s s u r e o s c i l l a t i o n s a n d l i q u i d l e v e l f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e w e l l b o r e completely. I n e r t i a d e l a y s t h e s t a r t of movement of t h e w e l l b o r e
l i q u i d , and momentum can c a u s e i t t o e j e c t above t h e f i n a l s t a t i c l e v e l . O s c i l l a t i o n s i n p r e s s u r e and l i q u i d l e v e l may r e s u l t . A c t u a l l y , t h i s k i n d of problem can b e involved i n t h e s t a r t of l i q u i d p r o d u c t i o n f o r a l l w e l l s , and i n t h e s h u t - i n of h i g h - r a t e water i n j e c tion wells. format i o n s . I n t h i s s t u d y , a new and complete s o l u t i o n f o r t h i s problem i s obt a i n e d and t h e e f f e c t s of important parameters a r e i n v e s t i g a t e d .
A finite It i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t t o d r i l l s t e m t e s t i n g of l i q u i d producing
d i f f e r e n c e s o l u t i o n w a s a l s o p r e p a r e d and used t o s t u d y t h i s c l a s s of problem. The a v a i l a b l e f i e l d d a t a were i n t e r p r e t e d and d i s c u s s e d . A new
s o l u t i o n f o r f l o w p e r i o d d a t a a n a l y s i s f o r a c l o s e d chamber t e s t w a s prepared as a n e x t e n s i o n of t h e g e n e r a l s l u g t e s t s o l u t i o n .
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
.......................... ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1.
v
Vi vii x xi
1
5 5 14 15
......................... 2 . SLUG TEST ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 1 Mathematical Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 2 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 2- 1 Solutions in Laplace Space . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2-2 Analytical Approach to Laplace Transform Inversion. 2- 2- 2.1 Trial for Analytical Inversion . . . . . . 2- 2- 2.2 Early Time Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 2- 2.3 Late Time Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2-3 Numerical Laplace Transform Inversion . . . . . . . 2- 2- 3.1 Stehfest Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 2- 3.2 Veillon Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 2- 3.3 Albrecht-Honig Method . . . . . . . . . . 2- 2- 3.4 Comparison of Results . . . . . . . . . . 2- 2- 4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 2- 4.1 Effect of a on Solutions . . . . . . . . . 2- 2- 4.2 Effect of CD on Solutions . . . . . . . . 2- 2- 4.3 Effect of s on Solutions . . . . . . . . .
INTRODUCTION vii
17
18
20 22 23 23 24 25 25 32 32 55 59
2-3 Field 2-3-1 2-3-2
... 2-2-4.5 Batch Injections . . . . . . 2-2-4.6 Application o f Solutions . . Data Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-2-4.4 Radius of Investigation
. . . . Example 1 (Typical DST Flow Period Data) . Example 2 (Understanding Field Data) . . .
. . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
69
79 79 107 107
112
2-3-3 Example 3 (Comparison of Results of Slug Test Analysis and Buildup Test Analysis) 2-3-4 3
ANALYSIS OF
...... Example 4 (Oscillation Case) . . . . . . . . . . . FLOW PERIOD DATA IN CLOSED CHAMBER TESTS . . . . .
116
123 129 129 133 138
................ 3-2 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . Investigation of the Analytical Laplace Transform Inversion of Eq . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B . Separation of Real and Imaginary Parts of Eq . 48 and Eq.49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 For Early Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2 For Late Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C . Field Data Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-1 Mathematical Formulation C-1 Well. Reservoir Data. and Measured Pressures C-2 Pressure Drop Caused by Friction
141
145
148
148
153 154
155
157
157
.... ..........
166
viii
D e r i v a t i o n of F i n i t e D i f f e r e n c e S o l u t i o n s
D-1
Closed Chamber T e s t SlugTest
. . . . . . . . . 169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 D-3 Buildup Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 E . Computer Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 E-1 S t e h f e s t Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 E-2 Albrecht- Honig Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
2 D-
E-3
E- 4
Computer Program t o C a l c u l a t e t h e P r e s s u r e D i s t r i b u t i o n s I n s i d e The R e s e r v o i r Computer Program t o S i m u l a t e Closed Chamber Test. Slug T e s t . and Buildup Test
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
. . . . . . . . . . . . 189
ix
LIST OF TABLES
1.
DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR cD = 103, s = 0, AND a2 = 103 BY VARIOUS METHODS
........ .
27
29
2.
DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR SMALL a VALUES WHEN cD = 103 AND s = o BY THE VEILLON METHOD 2
3. DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSUTE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR cD = 103, s = 0 , AND 0.2 = io BY VARIOUS METHODS
........
30
31
38
4. DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR cD = 103, s = 0, AND a2 = 108 BY VARIOUS METHODS . . . . .
..
5.
DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR cD = 103 AND s = o . . .
.... ...... . .........
6.
7.
8.
.................. THE VALUE OF d AT WHICH CRITICAL DAMPING OCCURS . . . . . . . . . 4 DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VERSUS tD/CD FOR CDeZs = 10 ..
= 10
DIMENSIONLESS LIQUID LEVEL IN THE WELLBORE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR c = 103 AND s = o D
40
54
82
84
9. DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VERSUS tD/CD FOR CDe2s
..
10. CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE SYMBOLS USED IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND THOSE IN GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY 126
..............
.. .. .. ..
11. ADJUSTED PROPERTIES OF WELL-AQUIFER SYSTEMS REPORTED BY
C-1 C-2 C-3
.................... WELL, RESERVOIR DATA AND MEASURED PRESSURE IN EXAMPLE 1 . WELL, RESERVOIR DATA AND MEASURED PRESSURE IN EXAMPLE 2 . WELL, RESERVOIR DATA AND MEASURED PRESSURE IN EXAMPLE 3 .
VAN DERKAMP16.
. .I27
. . 157
.
.159
C-4 MEASURED LIQUID LEVEL (TAKEN FROM GRAPHS IN VAN DER KAMPI6)
. . 160 . . . 165
LIST OF FIGURES
. 2. 3.
1
................. TYPICAL DRILL STEM TEST DATA 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A SLUG TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TYPICAL DRILL STEM TEST DATA 1
43
2 2
4 . DIMENSIONLESS LIQUID LEVEL IN THE WELLBORE VS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR cD = 1 0 3 AND s = o BY NUMERICAL INTEGRATION OF EQ
5
..............................
......................
.
19
34 35
. . .
DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR cD = 103 AND s = o
DIMENSIONLESS LIQUID LEVEL IN THE WELLBORE VS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR C = l o 3 AND s = 0 D DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR cD = 1 0 3 AND s = o IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES
.................
.........
7
8
36 37
43
.
.
DIMENSIONLESS L I Q U I D LEVEL IN THE WELLBORE VS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR CD = 103 AND s = 0 IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES LOG a AND LOG a VS LOGARITHM OF DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE S T O ~ E C O N S T ~ T - F O R TO G
.....
.................. 1 0 . . . .F O R s = 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. . . .F O R s = 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. . . .F O R s = 2 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 . . . .F O R s = 5 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . .FOR s = 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 . LOG al AND LOG a2 VS SKIN FACTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . LOG A AND LOG B VS SKIN FACTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. EXPONENT OF DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGE CONSTANT VS SKIN FACTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . LOG al AND LOG a2 VS SKIN FACTOR FOR CD 1 . . . . . . . . . .
=
44 45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
xi
19. EFFECT OF DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGE CONSTANT ON DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE FOR S = 0 20. 21. 22.
................
56 57 58
. ... .... LOG t VS LOGARITHM OF DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGE CONSTANT . Dl LOG t VS SKIN FACTOR FOR CD = 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D,
n
EFFECT OF DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGE CONSTANT ON DIMENSIONLESS LIQUID LEVEL IN THE WELLBORE FOR S = 0 . .
60
23. EFFECT OF SKIN FACTOR ON DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE FOR cD = i o 3 24.
............................
61
62 65
EFFECT OF SKIN FACTOR ON DIMENSIONLESS LIQUID LEVEL IN THE WELLBORE FOR CD = lo3
....................... ..................
.. .
=
25. DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR A LARGE SKIN FACTOR ( s = loo)
26. DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR A LARGE DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGE CONSTANT (CD = 27. DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR CD AND s = a = 0 AT EARLY TIMES 28. DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR = lo5 AND s = a = 0 AT EARLY TIMES cD 3 7 FOR CD = 10 , s = 0, AND a2 = 10 AT EAIU,Y TIMES 29.
66
67 68 70
71
.................. ............. .......

=
3 10
...
30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION INSIDE THE RESERVOIR FOR CD s = a = 0 WITH DIMENSIONLESS TIME
...............
3 10 AND
EFFECT OF a ON PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION INSIDE THE RESERVOIR AT t = 102, FOR cD = 103 AND s = o D 3 3 . .AT tD -= 3x10 , FOR CD = 10 A N D s = O . .
.. ...AT ...AT ...AT
D D D
= = =
t t
...... . 4 3 10 , FOR C = 10 AND s = 0 . . . . D 4 3 5x10 , FOR CD = 10 AND s = 0 . . . 5 3 10 FOR CD = 10 AND s = 0 . . . .
..........
... ... ... ... ... . .. .... .... .... .... ... ... ... ... ...
73 74 75 76 77
78
36. EFFECT OF SKIN FACTOR ON INVESTIGATION RADIUS 37.

38.
39.
........................... DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS tD/CD FOR CDe2s = 10 . . . . . 2s 2 DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS tD/CD FOR CDe = 10 . . . . .
xii
EFFECT OF DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGE CONSTANT ON INVESTIGATION 80 RADIUS.. 86 87
40.
DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS tD/CD FOR Cge2s
= =
103
41. DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS tD/CD FOR CDe2s

42.
43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.
104
DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS tD/CD FOR CDe2s DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE

DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE
= 105 = 18 0 = 110 0 = 115 0
vs PRESSURE vs
vs
tD/cD FOR cDe2s tD/cD FOR CDe2s tD/cD FOR CDe2s
. . . .
. .... ..... ...- . .....
88 89 90
91 92
93 94 95
DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE
DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS tD/CD FOR CDe2s
= 1020
DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS tD/CD FOR CDe2s = 1030 DIMEN3IONLESS LIQUID LEVEL IN THE WELLBORE VS tD/CD FOR S C e =10 D . . ..vs tD/cD FOR CDe2s = i o 2 2s 3 VS tD/CD FOR C e = 10 D vs tD/cD FOR CDe2s = io4 .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
.. .. .. ..
49. 50. 51.
52.
53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64.
............................ 96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 ...vs tD/cD FOR CDe2s = i o5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 0 ...VS tD/CD FOR CDe2s = 108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 1 ...VS tD/CD FOR CDe2s = 101 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 ...VS tD/CD FOR CDe2' = 1 01 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 3 ...VS tD/CD FOR CDe' = 1020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 4 2 ...VS tD/CD FOR CDe2s = 1030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 5 FIELD DATA IN EXAMPLE 1 - . . . . 109 RESULT OF MATCHING IN THE LOG-LOG SCALE IN EXAMPLE 1 . . . . . . . . 110 FIRST INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA IN EXAMPLE 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 3 SLUG TEST SOLUTION IN DIMENSIONLESS FORM IN EXAMPLE 2 . . . . . . . 1 1 4 COMPARISON OF ACTUAL DATA AND CALCULATED RESULTS IN EXAMPLE 2 . . . 1 1 5 COMPARISON OF ACTUAL DATA AND CALCULATED RESULTS IN EXAMPLE 3 . . . 1 1 7
*
t
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION INSIDE THE RESERVOIR BASED ON SLUG TEST ANALYSIS IN EXAMPLE 3
xiii
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
65.
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION INSIDE THE RESERVOIR BASED ON BUILDUP TEST ANALYSISINEXAMPLE3
.....................
120
66.
67.
COMPARISON OF ACTUAL DATA AND CALCULATED BUILDUP RESULTS FOR EXAMPLE3
68.
69.
70.
........................... LIQUID LEVEL I N THE WELLBORE FOR 2-C WELL . . . . . . . . . . . . LIQUID LEVEL I N THE WELLBORE FOR 9-A WELL . . . . . . . . . . . . SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A CLOSED CHAMBER TEST . . . . . . . . . . . .
DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE pGD VS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR CLOSED CHAMBER TESTS WHEN cD = 103 AND s = o
121
124
125 130
........
....
134
135
71.
DIMENSIONLESS LIQUID LEVEL I N THE WELLBORE VS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR CLOSED CHAMBER TESTS WHEN cD = 103, s = 0 , AND a = o INTEGRATION PATH
A-1
.........................
1 48
x iv
1.
INTRODUCTION
Often i n d r i l l stem t e s t s ( h e r e i n a f t e r a b b r e v i a t e d as "DST"),
flow
p e r i o d d a t a are c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a p r e s s u r e t r a c e which i n c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g t i m e , showing t h e accumulation of l i q u i d i n t h e d r i l l s t r i n g . I n some cases t h e pressure- time t r a c e i s l i n e a r a t t h e beginning of t h e flow p e r i o d , and t h e n becomes concave t o t h e t i m e a x i s , showing an i n i t i a l a p p a r e n t c o n s t a n t f l o w r a t e and t h e n a d e c r e a s i n g f l o w r a t e . I n o t h e r cases
t h e pressure- time t r a c e i s concave t o t h e t i m e a x i s from t h e beginning of t h e flow p e r i o d , showing a d e c r e a s i n g r a t e throughout t h e flow p e r i o d
(see F i g s . 1 and 2 ) .
I n cases where t h e formation p r e s s u r e i s t o o low t o l i f t a column of t h e r e s e r v o i r l i q u i d t o t h e s u r f a c e , t h e w e l l may a c t u a l l y s t o p flowing b e f o r e t h e DST tester v a l v e i s c l o s e d . This r e s u l t s because t h e head of
l i q u i d i n t h e d r i l l s t r i n g becomes e q u a l t o t h e i n i t i a l formation p r e s s u r e . I n rare cases with high productivity formations, t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n the w e l l b o r e may i n i t i a l l y o s c i l l a t e around t h e e v e n t u a l l y s t a b l e s t a t i c l e v e l . I n any e v e n t , t h e i n i t i a l p o r t i o n of a DST flow p e r i o d may b e viewed
as a t e s t i n which a column of l i q u i d whose head i s e q u a l t o t h e i n i t i a l

formation p r e s s u r e has been removed i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y . If there is a liquid
W e
cushion, t h e concept becomes more complicated, b u t i s s t i l l v a l i d .
c o n s i d e r t h a t a head of l i q u i d e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n p r e s s u r e between i n i t i a l formation p r e s s u r e and t h e p r e s s u r e above t h e tester v a l v e h a s been removed. T h i s kind of t e s t i s similar t o a w e l l response test c a l l e d a "slug
test" by F e r r i s and Knowlesl i n 1954.
The word " slug" r e f e r s t o an
-1-
-2 -
/,- ---
,/
; I
F I G . 1: TYPICAL DRILL STEM TEST DATA 1
F I G . 2: TYPICAL DRILL STEM TEST DATA 2
-3i n i t i a l volume o f l i q u i d removed from t h e w e l l b o r e t o i n i t i a t e flow. Cooper e t a 1 . , 3 i n 1967, r e p o r t e d t h e r e s u l t s of a f i e l d t e s t i n a s t a t i c

water w e l l from which a f l o a t w a s suddenly removed, g i v i n g t h e appearance
of t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s removal of a q u a n t i t y of water e q u a l t o t h a t d i s p l a c e d by t h e f l o a t . A c t u a l l y , t h e Cooper e t a l . d a t a i n t e r p r e t a t i o n method w a s

A f i e l d application involving t h e
based on s t u d i e s by J a e g e r 2 y 7 i n 1956.
c o o l i n g of a b a t c h of h o t water w a s r e p o r t e d by Beck, J a e g e r , and Newstead

2
i n 1956.
Maier
p r e s e n t e d a n approximate a n a l y s i s of t h e e q u i v a l e n t DST problem van P o o l l e n and Weber,5 i n 1970, and Kohlhaas, i n 1972, a p p l i e d Although
i n 1970.
t h e Cooper e t a l . 3 s o l u t i o n t o DST f l o w p e r i o d d a t a a n a l y s i s .
most c u r r e n t s t u d i e s r e f e r t o t h e s t u d y by J a e g e r i n 1956,7 which i n c l u d e d a surface resistance similar t o t h e s k i n effect, n o t i n c l u d e w e l l b o r e damage e f f e c t s . most r e c e n t works do
A solution including the skin effect
was p r e s e n t e d by Agarwal e t a l . OY1l

t h e s o l u t i o n s w a s n o t demonstrated.
i n 1970 and 1972, a l t h o u g h t h e u s e of Papadopulous e t a l . 12 p r e s e n t e d ex-
tended r e s u l t s f o r t h e z e r o s k i n e f f e c t case i n 1973. The most complete d i s c u s s i o n of DST a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e s l u g test s o l u t i o n s w a s p r e s e n t e d i n 1975 by Ramey e t a l . I 3 Three new s l u g t e s t typeThis study,
c u r v e s were developed f o r t h e a n a l y s i s of f l o w p e r i o d d a t a .
which w a s reviewed i n t h e Earlougher14 monograph i n 1977, d i d i n c l u d e t h e wellbore s k i n e f f e c t . The s o l u t i o n s mentioned t h u s f a r d i d n o t c o n s i d e r t h e i n e r t i a of l i q u i d moving i n t h e w e l l b o r e . I n deep, h i g h p r o d u c t i v i t y w e l l s , t h e i n e r t i a Sometimes t h i s e f f e c t
of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e cannot b e n e g l e c t e d .
c a u s e s o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e p r e s s u r e and t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e about s t a t i c p o s i t i o n s .
-4 The i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e was f i r s t i n v e s t i g a t e d by Bredehoeft e t a l . I 5 i n 1966, u s i n g a n analog computer. s o l u t i o n was n o t g i v e n . However, a g e n e r a l
An approximate method t o d e t e r m i n e t h e permea-
b i l i t y assuming a n e x p o n e n t i a l l y damped f l u c t u a t i o n w a s p r e s e n t e d by van d e r Karnpl' i n 1976; however, h e d i d n o t p r o v i d e a g e n e r a l s o l u t i o n and d i d Thus f a r , no g e n e r a l s o l u t i o n i n c l u d i n g t h e
not include a skin effect.
case when t h e w e l l b e h a v i o r i s a f f e c t e d by t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e
l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e w i t h no o s c i l l a t i o n knowledge. Another r e l a t e d w e l l t e s t i s t h e c l o s e d chamber t e s t , l7 which h a s h a s been p r e s e n t e d , t o o u r
become p o p u l a r f o r p o l l u t i o n p r o t e c t i o n e s p e c i a l l y f o r o f f s h o r e w e l l s .
It i s a d e v i a t i o n from c o n v e n t i o n a l d r i l l s t e m t e s t i n g .
A solution useful
f o r a n a l y s i s of f l o w p e r i o d d a t a from c l o s e d chamber t e s t s h a s never been o f f e r e d , t o o u r knowledge, and bottomhole p r e s s u r e d a t a f o r t h e f l o w p e r i o d have been d i s c a r d e d o r have n o t even been r e p o r t e d i n many cases. The purposes of t h i s s t u d y are t o d e r i v e a complete s o l u t i o n f o r t h e s l u g test, including t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e wellbore and t h e s k i n e f f e c t ; t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e e f f e c t s of p a r a m e t e r s on t h e gen-
eral s o l u t i o n ; t o advance t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g of s l u g t e s t d a t a ; and t o s t u d y

t h e a n a l y s i s of f l o w p e r i o d d a t a from c l o s e d chamber tests a s a n e x t e n s i o n of g e n e r a l s l u g t e s t s o l u t i o n s .
2.
SLUG TEST ANALYSIS
The s l u g t e s t problem w a s s t a t e d by Ramey e t a l . 1 3 as t h a t posed by a f o r m a t i o n whose i n i t i a l p r e s s u r e , pi,

i s a t most less t h a n t h e p r e s s u r e
t o l i f t a column of r e s e r v o i r l i q u i d j u s t t o t h e s u r f a c e of t h e e a r t h . When a d r i l l s t e m t e s t packer i s s e t j u s t above t h e f o r m a t i o n w i t h t h e d r i l l s t r i n g empty e x c e p t f o r t h e a p p r o p r i a t e cushion l i q u i d , a l l t h e elements f o r a s l u g t e s t would b e p r e s e n t .

A t zero t i m e , t h e tester
valve i s opened t o expose t h e f o r m a t i o n suddenly t o t h e c u s h i o n p r e s s u r e ,
f o r m a t i o n b e g i n s t o produce, t h e produced l i q u i d i s s t o r e d w i t h i n t h e d r i l l s t r i n g , and t h e l i q u i d l e v e l b e g i n s t o rise. The i n i t i a l p r o d u c t i o n
r a t e w i l l b e h i g h and w i l l g r a d u a l l y d e c l i n e a s accumulating l i q u i d i n t h e d r i l l s t r i n g c a u s e s a n i n c r e a s i n g back p r e s s u r e . U s u a l l y t h e l i q u i d pro-
d u c t i o n ceases by i t s e l f , and i n some cases t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l bore o s c i l l a t e s before it reaches equilibrium. The mathematical f o r m u l a t i o n of t h e s l u g t e s t problem i s e x p l a i n e d i n S e c t i o n 2-1. The s o l u t i o n f o r t h i s problem i s o b t a i n e d and i n v e s t i g a t e d F i e l d d a t a examples a r e d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 2-3.
i n S e c t i o n 2-2. 2-1
t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e , a momentum b a l a n c e i s r e q u i r e d .
momentum b a l a n c e i n t h e w e l l b o r e s t a t e s t h a t t h e r a t e of change of momentum i s e q u a l t o t h e n e t f o r c e on t h e l i q u i d :
(po
Patm
) , i n t h e d r i l l s t r i n g above t h e valve ( s e e F i g . 3 ) .
As the
Mathematical Formulation I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n a s o l u t i o n which i n c l u d e s t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of The l i n e a r
-5-
-6-
I
X
SURFACE
i t
I
I
- DRILL STRING - yP
hf_
,TESTER
~
VALVE
PAC K ER
- - -FORMATION
FIG. 3: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A SLUG TEST
-7-
"[t d
2 p f m p (L+X)
dx ] dt
2 = TI:
P
pw
rr 2 p
p
atm
- rr 2
P
pf(L+x) g
The term i n s i d e t h e p a r e n t h e s e s i n t h e l e f t - h a n d s i d e i s t h e product of t h e mass of l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e and t h e v e l o c i t y of t h e l i q u i d level i n t h e w e l l b o r e . The f i r s t term i n t h e right- hand s i d e i s t h e The second term i s t h e
f o r c e caused by t h e w e l l b o r e bottomhole p r e s s u r e . f o r c e caused by t h e atmospheric p r e s s u r e .
The t h i r d term i s t h e g r a v i t y
f o r c e , and t h e f o u r t h term i s t h e f r i c t i o n f o r c e .
i s t h e d e n s i t y of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e , r i s t h e i n s i d e f P r a d i u s of t h e d r i l l s t r i n g , t h e t u b i n g , o r t h e c a s i n g p i p e i n which t h e
p
produced l i q u i d e n t e r s , L i s t h e l i q u i d l e n g t h whose head i s e q u i v a l e n t
t o t h e i n i t i a l f o r m a t i o n p r e s s u r e , pi,
minus atmospheric p r e s s u r e , P a tm
x i s t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e measured from t h e s t a b l e p o i n t , pW
i s t h e w e l l b o r e bottomhole p r e s s u r e (we w i l l c a l l t h i s t h e " wellbore p r e s sure"), g i s t h e g r a v i t a t i o n a l a c c e l e r a t i o n , and f i s t h e Moody factor. Rearranging Eq. 1: Pf(L+X)
friction^
2+ dt
2 d x
Pf
(g)2
(LSX) dx dpf = dt d t pw
--
Patm
pf(L+x)g
For a c o n s t a n t c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y l i q u i d , t h e f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n h o l d s i n t h e wellbore approximately:
-8Then, Eq. 2 becomes as f o l l o w s :
f dt P
dx
S i n c e t h e head sf t h e l i q u i d l e n g t h , L, i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e i n i t i a l f o r mation p r e s s u r e , pi, minus t h e atmospheric p r e s s u r e
'
Patm:
w"a '
pf
So, Eq. 4 becomes:
tm -Lg=-
PW'Pi
(5)
pf
f dt
at
dx dt
- PW'Pi -pf For t h e formation, i f we adopt t h e f o l l o w i n g assumptions, t h e w e l l known d i f f u s i v i t y equation'' Darcy's l a w can b e used. 1 ) H o r i z o n t a l , i s o t r o p i c , homogeneous, i s o t h e r m a l , r a d i a l , i n f i n i t e porous medium of c o n s t a n t t h i c k n e s s , h , p o r o s i t y , d e r i v e d from t h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n and
4,
and p e r m e a b i l i t y , k ,
2 ) Constant l i q u i d v i s c o s i t y , 1-1, and s m a l l c o n s t a n t t o t a l system

compressibility, c
t'
3 ) No f l u i d flow a c r o s s t h e h o r i z o n t a l boundaries and n e g l i g i b l e

gravity effect.
4 ) The s q u a r e of t h e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t w i t h r e s p e c t t o r a d i a l d i s t a n c e
is negligible.
-9 These assumptions appear to be reasonable for slug tests. Then:
p is the pressure inside the reservoir, r is the radial distance, t is the

/
time, and c
is the total system compressibility defined as the sum of the
reservoir liquid compressibility and the formation compressibility.
In order to arrange the equations in dimensionless form, the following

dimensionless variables are introduced:
P,.' P
. .
Pfgx
= Pi4P0+Patm) ( =
-*)
' w D
Pi-Pw pi- (Po+Patm)
p is the dimensionless pressure, t is the dimensionless time, r is the D D W wellbore radius, r is the dimensionless radial distance, x is the diD D mensionless liquid level in the wellbore, x(t=O) is the initial liquid level is the dimensionless wellbore bottomhole pressure in the wellbore, and p WD (we will call this "dimensionless wellbore pressure").
-10-
Using these dimensionless variables, the following equations are derived : From Eq. 7:
n
aLPD + 1 2 rD
aPD aPD e -a, r at,
arD
From Eq. 6:
.I -
[($,+
f (Lfx) - dxD dxD
4r
dtD
dtD
- -Pfcfg
2
dPwD dxD (Lfx) -dtD dtD
I
I
In order to obtain an equation which we can handle analytically, the folci lowing assumptions are adopted:
5)
The pressure drop caused by friction in the wellbore is negligible. The compressibility of the liquid in the wellbore is negligible.
6)
7 The )
(ST
term is negligible.
8) L is much greater than x.

Assumption 5 can be checked using available field case data. It was found
that this assumption is reasonable, especially when there is cushion liquid in the wellbore. Examples of the pressure drop caused by friction in
the wellbore are shown in Appendix C, and will be explained in Section

2-3.
Assumption 6 is reasonable because we are considering liquid-filled
reservoirs. To satisfy assumptions 7 and 8, the cushion liquid should exist in the wellbore before the test starts.
It can be seen in Eq.14that
-11-
the order of the
(SJ term is the same as that of the pressure drop
term caused by friction. Applying these assumptions to Eq. 14, the following result is obtained:
The new group
$(
k 2) is a dimensionless number and represents

wctrw
the effect of inertia of the liquid in the wellbore.
In fact, this
dimensionless number , a, is equivalent to Froude's number ,20 which represents the ratio between inertia force and gravity force. This number is defined as:
or:
Then, Eq. 15 becomes:
a2
* -
2 XD
2 -k XD
- -
' w D
dtD In order to determine the initial conditions, we assume that the initial reservoir pressure, pi, is the same at any point in the reservoir. This condition is expressed as:
-12The i n i t i a l l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e i n dimensionless form i s a l w a y s - l , because:
Pfgx (t=O>
x ( t =O) = D D (Pa tm+P Lg
f
-[ P
g { L+x (t =0
'i+P a tm 1
- - x (t=O)
x (t=O)
- - 1
T h i s i s t h e second i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n . The i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y of t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e can be cons i d e r e d z e r o f o r t h e u s u a l s l u g tests; however, t o make t h e s o l u t i o n g e n e r a l , i t i s assumed t h a t t h e i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y of l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e i s g i v e n as some v a l u e . condition : This condition i s t h e t h i r d i n i t i a l
= x'(t
=O)
tD'O
Next w e w i l l c o n s i d e r t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s .
that the reservoir is infinite:
S i n c e w e assumed
Rim pD(rD,tD) = 0
r-fo3 D
T h i s i s t h e f i r s t boundary c o n d i t i o n .
-13From a material b a l a n c e on t h e wellbore:
Using t h e dimensionless v a r i a b l e s d e f i n e d i n Eqs. 8 t o 11, t h e f o l l o w i n g equation is obtained:
I
I
dxD - = - dtD
1
cD D r =1
C i s t h e dimensionless w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e c o n s t a n t Y 2 land C i s t h e w e l l D
b o r e s t o r a g e c o n s t a n t d e f i n e d as f o l l o w s :
C 2
c =
27rr
W
h@ct
c = P
pfg
7r r
A s t h e t h i r d boundary c o n d i t i o n , w e can u s e t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n
10
o b t a i n e d from a p r e s s u r e b a l a n c e a t t h e sandface based on t h e d e f i n i t i o n of t h e s t e a d y - s t a t e s k i n f a c t o r . 899

I
A s a summary of t h i s s e c t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n s are o b t a i n e d
as t h e r e s u l t of mathematical f o r m u l a t i o n of t h e s l u g t e s t problem.
I
-14-
Initial Conditions:
x (t -0) = D D-
Boundary Conditions:
-=A(%) dx D
dtD
r =1 D
PWD ='-() [D'%]
rD=l
2-2.
Solutions Since Eq. 13 and E q s . 18 through 27 are linear equations, solutions
may be obtained using the Laplace transformation. The solutions in La-
place space are given in Section 2-2-1.
The analytical Laplace transform
inversions of these solutions are considered in Section 2- 2- 2; however,
-15-
the complete real space solutions could not be obtained.
Numerical Laplace The
transform inversion methods considered in Section 2-2-3 were applied. characteristics of the solutions are investigated in Section 2- 2- 4.
2- 2- 1.
Solutions in Laplace Space Applying the Laplace transformation with respect to time to Eq.
13:
p is the Laplace transform of p
with respect to time, and R is the
Laplace transform variable. Substituting the initial condition Eq. 19, Eq. 2 8 becomes:
This is a modified Bessel equation of order zero, and the solution is: PD
=
44
Aor& I(D)
+ BKO(rDfi)
I is the modified Bessel function of the first kind of order zero, K is 0 0

the modified Bessel function of the second kind of order zero, and A and
B are arbitrary constants.

To satisfy the boundary condition Eq. 2 2 :
A = O
-16so :
PD
~ ~ ~ ( r ~ f i )
Then :
K is the modified Bessel function of the second kind of order unity. 1 Applying the Laplace transformation with respect to time to Eq. 27:
Substituting E q s . 3 2 and 3 3 into Eq. 3 4 : ' w D

= B { Ko(fi)
s f i
K1(a)
Applying the Laplace transformation with respect to time t o E q . 18:

2 2-
a { R
XD
- RxD (tD- -0)
x)t=) ;(DO
1+
XD =
*wD
csb
xD is the Laplace transform of xD' From E q s . 35 and 36:
Applying the Laplace transformation with respect to time to Eq. 2 4 :
Rx,
- xD (tD=O)
r =1
-17-
From E q s . 33 and 38:
C D { G D-xD (tD= O ) l
B =
f i e
K1
(a)
(39)
Substituti
Eq. 39 into Eq. 37:
(40)
From E q s . 35, 3 9 , and 40:
CD{sfiK1(fi)
e -
+ KO(fi)}{-XD(tD=O)
+ a2!Lx'(t =o))
D D
(41)
'D w
(a2!L2+CDs!L+l)K &1
(a) CDRKO (,a) +
From E q s . 32, 39, and 4 0 :
Equations 4 0 , 41, and 42 are the solutions for xDY PwD$ and PD in the Laplace space, respectively. We seek the corresponding real space solutions. The procedure will be discussed in the following sections.
2-2-2
Analytical Approach to Laplace Transform Inversion The complete analytical inversions of Eq. 40 through 42 could not
be obtained. The reason is explained in this section and in Appendix A. As an approximation, the analytical solutions for early times and late times are obtained.
-182-2-2.1
Trial f o r Analytical Inversion
Appendix A shows t h e mathematical t r e a t m e n t of t h i s t r i a l .
As
shown i n Appendix A, i t wzs n o t p o s s i b l e t o f i n d t h e p o l e s of t h e funct i o n a n a l y t i c a l l y except a t t h e o r i g i n . I n o r d e r t o check whether t h e
p o l e s (except a t t h e o r i g i n ) e x i s t o r n o t ( i . e . , whether t h e v a l u e s of B which s a t i s f y E q s . A-19 and A-20 e x i s t o r n o t ) , w e assumed t h a t t h e sum of r e s i d u e s
-ike i s zero. -
Then, from Eq. A-21:
where: 2 A,(u) = (a2u4-C s u +1) J1(u) D
C UJ (u) D O
2 A2(u) = (a2u4-c D su +I) Y 1(u)
C~UY~(U)
A,(u)
= { a u xD(tD=O)
C sx ( t -0) D D D-
aL$(tD=O)} uJl(u)
CDxD ( t D=0) J o ( u )
2 2 A4(u) = { a u xD(tD=O) - C sx ( t =O) D D D

J unity. unity.
Y
- a2~D '
( -0)) t D-
UY,(U)
C x ( t =o) y0(u) D D D
and J and Y
are t h e Bessel f u n c t i o n s of t h e f i r s t k i n d , o r d e r z e r o and
are t h e Bessel f u n c t i o n s of t h e second k i n d , o r d e r z e r o and
I n o r d e r t o check whether t h e assumption t h a t t h e r e i s no p o l e be-
s i d e s t h e o r i g i p i s c o r r e c t , Eq. 43 w a s i n t e g r a t e d numerically u s i n g t h e Romberg method.23 F i g u r e 4 shows an example of t h e r e s u l t s . The s o l u t i o n be-
haves r e a s o c a b l y f o r a 2 v a l u e s less t h a n 105 ; however, t h e s o l u t i o n f o r a 2 6 v a l u e s g r e a t e r t h a n 10 does n o t make s e n s e f o r t h e example c a s e when
-19-
-20-
3 CD = 10 and s = 0.
This means that t h e sum of t h e r e s i d u e s , >Re, i n
Eq. A- 21, p l a y s a n important r o l e f o r a2 v a l u e s g r e a t e r t h a n lo6 f o r t h i s example c a s e . Then, t h e assumption t h a t o t h e r r e s i d u e s are n e g l i g i b l e
w a s wrong.
T h i s a l s o can b e guessed from t h e f a c t t h a t t h e l i q u i d level The p o l e must e x i s t on
i n t h e w e l l b o r e o s c i l l a t e s f o r some c o n d i t i o n s .
t h e left- hand s i d e of t h e Laplace p l a n e t o a l l o w converging o s c i l l a t i o n t o happen. I n c o n c l u s i o n , i t w a s n o t p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n a complete real s p a c e solution.

A n a l t e r n a t i v e s t e p i s t o u s e numerical Laplace transform i n v e r s i o n
methods t o o b t a i n t h e e n t i r e s o l u t i o n . t h e following sections.
T h i s procedure w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n
The e a r l y t i m e and l a t e t i m e approximate s o l u t i o p s
can be o b t a i n e d a n a l y t i c a l l y , and w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e remaining p a r t of t h i s s e c t i o n . The same d i s c u s s i o n i s a p p l i c a b l e t o Eqs. 4 1 and 42, be+
cause t h e i r denominators are t h e same as t h a t of Eq. 40, and i t seems t h a t t h e r e i s no p o l e c a n c e l l a t i o n between denominator and numerator.
2-2-2.2
Early Time Solutions Rearranging Eq. 4 0 :
= XD(tD=o)
cr2x;(tD=0)
c1
2 2
C*SR
+ 1 + c,a
KO qm
(48)
S i m i l a r l y , from Eq. 41:
-21For early times, we can say that modified Bessel functions:24

R+m.
Then, from the characteristics of
Substituting Eq. 50 into E q s . 48 and 49: xD =
CI)SR + 1
ca ,
(51)
x (t =O) D D R
xD(tD=O)
a2 3 R
x( 't
=O)
asR+a
!2 L
pwD
CD
a2xDt D=O) ' (
sR
a
+ 1+ cDa
a2R2 + CD&
(53)
Applying the inverse Laplace transf~rmation~~ directly:
Pw(tD>
These early time solutions will be used to check the solutions obtained by the numerical Laplace transform inversion methods in the next section.
-222-2-2.3 Late Time Solutions Similarly

as
for early times, we can say that R
0 for late ti4 s.

I
From the characteristics of modified Bessel functions,26 for small arguments:
(a) - 1 2 a
(58)
where y is Euler's number. Substituting Eqs. 57 and 58 into E q s . 4 8 a n d 49:
x (t =O)
a2xpD=0)
x (t =O) D R D
-1
a xA(tD=O)
as
+ 0
+ O
asR+O
Then :
XD(tD)
=
a xDt D=O) ' (

= 0
6(tD)
PWDCtD)
-236 ( t D ) i s t h e Dirac d e l t a f ~ n c t i o n . ~ ~ S i n c eare now looking a t t h e l a t e we t i m e zone, 6 ( t D ) = 0 .

so :
x ( t ) = O D D These r e s u l t s f o r l a t e times a g r e e w i t h an understanding of t h e p h y s i c a l phenomena.
2-2-3
Numerical Laplace Transform I n v e r s i o n
A s shown i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n , w e cannot obt:ain t h e r e a l space

s o l u t i o n a n a l y t i c a l l y except f o r t h e approximate so1ut:ions a t e a r l y times and l a t e t i m e s . T h e r e f o r e , t h r e e numerical Laplace t r a n s f o r m i n v e r s i o n The r e s u l t s obtained by t h e s e methods
methods were used i n t h i s study.
were compared m u t u a l l y , as w e l l as t o t h e r e s u l t o b t a i n e d from a f i n i t e

difference solution. The f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s o l u t i o n was developed mainly
f o r c l o s e d chamber t e s t a n a l y s i s and i s explained i n S e c t i o n 3 and i n App$pd i x D. The f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e computer program i s p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix E ,
2- 2- 3.1
S t e h f e s t Method
A simple and a c c u r a t e numerical Laplace transform i n v e r s i o n method
w a s p r e s e n t e d by S t e h f e ~ t n 1970. i~ ~
This method i s based on t h e f o l l o w i n g
a l g o r i t h m d e r i v e d assuming a s p e c i a l p r o b a b i l i t y d e n s i t y 2 8 w i t h which t h e e x p e c t a t i o n of a f u n c t i o n becomes similar t o t h e Laplace t r a n s f o r m of t h e function.
-24N
min (i ,T)
f is the Laplace transform of the function ft. ()
A large value of N will
cause a more accurate result theoretically; on the other hand, large N also causes a larger roundoff error.
In this study, 16 was used for N.
This
value was selected from a comparison of the results obtained by this meth4
~
with those from other methods.
The function should not have discontinuitiis,
salient points, or rapid oscillations (this depends on the ratio between the wavelength of the function and the peak of the probability density). computer program for this method is presented in Appendix E. 2-2-3.2 Veillon Method Another method was presented by Veillon2 in 1972. This method is based on the following algorithm which is an approximation of the Fouridr cosine transform inversion of the function assuming f t () ?a} () T is a real function. The
+ c N
k=l
Re{
(a+y)}cos
I)?(
a is positive and greater than the real part of the singularities of f(t>. The function should be reasonably smooth. The program for this method was developed by Dr. M. Sengul of the Marathon Oil Company. In order to use
this program, it was necessary to obtain the real part and the imaginary part of the function separately. The procedure used is explained in Appendix B.
N was taken as 16.
-252-2-3.3 Albrecht- Honig Method The t h i r d method w a s p r e s e n t e d by Albrecht and Honig3' i n 1977.
T h i s method i s a v a r i a t i o n of t h e V e i l l o n method, and i s based on t h e following algorithm.
+ 1
k- 1
-at
Re{
i (
y)}
(-l)k
+ eR(N) T
f a r 0 < t < T/2
(69)
The d e f i n i t i o n of v a r i a b l e s and c o n s t a n t s are t h e same as t h o s e used i n t h e p r e v i o u s two methods, and R(N) i s t h e c o r r e c t i o n term. b e reasonably smooth. The f u n c t i o n shou3ld
M w a s t a k e n as 16.
The computer program f o r t h i s
method i s p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix E. 2-2-3.4 Comparison of R e s u l t s S i n c e t h e s e t h r e e numerical Laplace transform i n v e r s i o n methods have l i m i t a t i o n s on t h e f u n c t i o n t o which t h e y can b e a p p l i e d ( t h e f u n c t i o n should b e smooth, o r should n o t have d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s o r r a p i d o s c i l l a t i o d ) ,
i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o test t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by t h e s e numerical Laplace t z a n s -
form i n v e r s i o n methods t o a s s u r e r e l i a b i l i t y . r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e s o l u t i o n s , t h e case of C
In order t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e
= 10
3 and s = 0 w a s s e l e c t e d as
a t y p i c a l case.
S o l u t i o n s f o r t h i s case f o r v a r i o u s a v a l u e s were o b t a i n e d
by numerical Laplace t r a n s f o r m i n v e r s i o n methods and t h e f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e solution. The dimensionless w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e s f o r t h i s example c a s e are One of t h e main d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e p r e v i o u s s l u g
shown i n F i g . 5.
test s o l u t i o n s which n e g l e c t i n e r t i a l e f f e c t (a = 0) and t h e p r e s e n t problem

can b e s e e n on Fig. 5. The w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e s drop i n s t a n t l y (p
= 1)
-26f o r t h e i n e r t i a - l e s s cases, b u t p a s s through a minimum (maximum i n p ) on D 2 Fig. 5. Furthermore, t h e r e i s an " overshooting" f o r each v a l u e of a shown on Fig. 5. F i n a l l y , t h e a2 = 10
case shows a d i s t i n c t o s c i l l a t i o n .
T h i s b e h a v i o r c a u s e s computation d i f f i c u l t i e s . To i n v e s t i g a t e t h e o v e r s h o o t i n g p o r t i o n of t h e s o l u t i o n a t e a r l y
times, s o l u t i o n s f o r t h e a = 10 case were c a l c u l a t e d by t h e f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e and S t e h f e s t and Albrecht- Honig methods.

It w a s n e c e s s a r y t o a p p l y
e a r l y t i m e o r l a t e t i m e approximations f o r t h e modified Bessel f u n c t i o n s in o r d e r t o u s e t h e computer program developed by t h e Marathon O i l Company f o r t h e V e i l l o n a l g o r i t h m , and t h e s e approximations were n o t r e a s o n a b l e f o r t h i s
t i m e range.
Thus t h e V e i l l o n method was n o t used f o r t h i s t e s t .
Table 1
shows t h e r e s u l t s .
The r e s u l t by t h e S t e h f e s t method and by t h e Albrecht-
Honig method a g r e e u n t i l t
= 0.9;
however, a f t e r t h i s t i m e , t h e r e s u l t from
t h e Albrecht- Honig method s t a r t s o s c i l l a t i n g , and a f t e r t again. The r e s u l t by S t e h f e s t f o r t
D = 0.9
- 20 a g r e e s w i t h
= 20, t h e y a g r e e
t h e r e s u l t from
t h e f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e method.
From t h e s e r e s u l t s w e i n f e r t h a t t h e Albrecht-
Honig method i s t o o s e n s i t i v e t o t h e o s c i l l a t i o n of t h e f u n c t i o n t o a p p l y t o t h e s u b j e c t problem, and t h e r e s u l t by t h e S t e h f e s t method i s more rel i a b l e t h a n t h a t from t h e Albrecht- Honig method. The s t r a n g e p o i n t a t t
= 2
f o r t h e S t e h f e s t method w i t h N = 16 happens f o r o t h e r combinations of CD, s , and
a v a l u e s , b u t o n l y a t t h e s p e c i a l t i m e of t D
= 2.
T h i s phenomena does
n o t happen f o r t h e S t e h f e s t method w i t h N = 10.
The r e a s o n f o r t h i s odd
r e s u l t i s n o t known; however, when N i n c r e a s e s , t h e number of odd r e s u l t s i n -
creases.
W s u s p e c t t h a t t h i s might b e caused by roundoff e r r o r i n c r e a s e d e

This phenomenon i s t h e s u b j e c t of c o n t i n u i n g s t u d y .
by t h e l a r g e N v a l u e .
The r e s u l t b y t h e S t e h f e s t m e t h o d w i t h N = 1 6 i s c l o s e r t o t h e r e s u l t from t h e
-27TABLE 1: DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR 3 3 CD = 10 , s = 0, and a 2 = 10 BY VARIOUS METHODS
t
D
00 00
STEHFEST METHOD N = 10 N = 16 0.0214529976 0.0214507363 0.0578522690 0.0578439567 0.1019990041 0.1019870617 0.1510830739 0.1510840462 0.2033681582 0.2033970438 0.2575993243 0.2577032417 0.3126960014 0.3131997766 0.3682835860 0.3681005270 0.4239998059 0.4211825268 0.4782305760 0.4866216143 0.9210326406 ( -1.6019925079) 1.1209044423 1.1239439997 1.1501383129 1.1592637356 1.1153425412 1.1193314975 1.0730757852 1.0679626756 1.0409903521 1.0308154293 1.0204467957 1.0106315690 1.0084321135 1.0021360619 1.0018058894 0.9996989531 0.9925003643 0.9933859569 0.9868769238 0.9863506528 0.9817682235 0.9815167752 0.9773025744 0.9772050251 0.9732328125 0.9731945947 0.9694145433 0.9694000645 0.9657707501 0.9657663945 0.9622576376 0.9622578679 0.9588482118 0.9588506142 0.9281217579 0.9281251965 0.9009117264 0.9009144810 0.8758621810 0.8758645594 0.8524251531 0.8524275719 0.8302951976 0.8302974954 0.8092746401 0.8092769553 0.7892235773 0.7892259629 0.7700368590 0.7700393313 0.7516319677 0.7516344375 0.5998270822 0.5998351744 0.4882504455 0.4882674117 0.4029095646 0.4029255755 0.3361799338 0.3361788777 0.2832016559 0.2831698941 0.2406405455 0.2405712959 0.2061099426 0.2060032650 0.1778534067 0.1777147562
ALBRECHT-HONIG METHOD 0.0214505620 0.0578434726 0.1019861843 0.1510828088 0.2033259769 0.2576497229 0.3130012126 0.3686016063 0.4238777015 0.4753216573 1.4896993142 1.0351876301 1.2738960311 1.2260014287 0.9760606407 1.1037051060 1.0754371487 0.9435804441 1.0521378927 0.9926207621 0.9862765264 0.9818258892 0.9777967584 0.9736910945 0.9696838148 0.9659079126 0.9623413326 0.9589228953 0.9282446282 0.8999731574 0.8753262051 0.8525508066 0.8304213432 0.8094012954 0.7893507636 0.7701646121 0.7517603409 0.5999662337 0.4884032500 0.4030656960 0.3363229901 0.2833177809 0.2407225771 0.2061577871 0.1778724918
FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION 0.0296930354 0.0700351029 0.1168018516 0.1677057573 0.2212252448 0.2762451511 0.3319048262 0.3875206592 0.4425412130 ' 0.4965186962 0.9267022871 1.1258199853 1.1618849632 1.1259700598 1.0774909751 1.0415048465 1.0218452864 , 1.0138078186 1.0116362626
0.10000D 0.20000D 0.30000D 0.40000D 0.50000D 0.60000D 0.70000D 0.80000D 0.90000D 0.10000D 0.20000D 0.30000D 0.40000D 0.50000D 0.60000D 0.70000D 0.80000D 0.90000D 0.10000D 0.20000D 0.30000D 0.40000D 0.50000D 0.60000D 0.70000D 0.80000D 0.90000D 0.10000D 0.20000D 0.30000D 0.40000D 0.50000D 0.60000D 0.70000D 0.80000D 0.90000D 0.10000D 0.20000D 0.30000D 0.40000D 0.50000D 0.60000D 0.70000D 0.80000D 0.90000D
00 00 00 00 00 00
00
01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
01
02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04
-28-
f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s o l u t i o n i n t h e overshooting p o r t i o n of t h e s o l u t i o n than i s t h e r e s u l t by t h e S t e h f e s t method w i t h N

=
10.
The e x i s t e n c e
of t h e overshooting p o r t i o n of t h e s o l u t i o n a t e a r l y t i m e s w a s a s s u r e d by t h e V e i l l o n method f o r smaller a v a l u e s . sults. Table 2 p r e s e n t s t h e re-
Although n o t shown, t h e s e r e s u l t s a g r e e w i t h t h e e a r l y t i m e
a n a l y t i c a l s o l u t i o n expressed by Eq. 56. Table 3 shows a comparison of t h e r e s u l t s by t h e s e f o u r methods f o r t h e a2 = 10

7
case (see a l s o Fig. 5 ) .
The r e s u l t s from t h e s e f o u r
methods a g r e e q u i t e w e l l .
The r e s u l t by t h e S t e h f e s t method w i t h N = 1 6
and N = 10 are q u i t e c l o s e , b u t t h e N = 16 v a l u e a g r e e s b e s t w i t h o t h e r results. Table 4 shows t h e comparison of t h e r e s u l t s by a l l f o u r methods

8 f o r a2 = 10 , f o r which t h e s o l u t i o n h a s an o s c i l l a t i o n .
The r e s u l t s by
t h e Albrecht- Honig method and by t h e V e i l l o n method a g r e e very w e l l . This i s probably because t h e a l g o r i t h m s f o r t h e s e two methods are s i m i l a r . However, t h e r e s u l t s show a h i g h e r amplitude of t h e o s c i l l a t i o n than do t h e r e s u l t s by t h e S t e h f e s t method and by t h e f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s o l u t i o n . This might be caused by t h e h i g h e r s e n s i t i v i t y t o t h e o s c i l l a t i o n of t h e f u n c t i o n of t h e s e methods, which appeared a t t h e o v e r s h o o t i n g p o r t i o n of the solution for the
a2 = 103 case i n t h e Albrecht- Honig method.
The
r e s u l t by t h e S t e h f e s t method w i t h N = 1 6 i s c l o s e r t o t h e r e s u l t by t h e f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s o l u t i o n t h a n t h e r e s u l t by t h e S t e h f e s t method w i t h
N = 10.
From t h e s e comparisons of t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by v a r i o u s methods f o r t h e example c a s e , w e conclude t h a t s o l u t i o n by t h e S t e h f e s t method w i t h N = 16 g i v e s t h e most r e l i a b l e s o l u t i o n f o r p r e s e n t problems.

4
The
-29TABLE 2: DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR SMALL a2 VALUES WHEN CD = 103 AND s = 0 BY THE VEILLON METHOD
10-4
a2 tD
tD 8.20475719D-02 1.07018134D-01 1.33722237D-01 1.61899765D-01 1.91326994D-01 2.218070051)-01 5.52322567D-01 8.61512986D-01 1.09554509M-00 1.23809928M-00 1.29629459D+00 1.28982849IHOO 1.24256281Dt-00 1.17674162IHOO 1.10970029IHOO 1.01220135IHOO 1.00412114IHOO 1.00377037IHOO l.O0246443D+OO 1.00186191D+00 1.00148557IHOO 1.00121204IHOO 1.00100964IHOO 1.00085534IHOO 1.00026381IHOO 1.00010884IHOO l.O0003922D+OO 9-99999204D-01 9.99972619D-01 9.99953199D-01 9.99938042D-01 9.99925627D-01 5 00000000D-08 6 00000000D-08 7*00000000D-08 8 00000000D-08 9~00000000D-08 1~00000000D-07 200000000D-07 300000000D-07 4*00000000D-07 5*00000000D-07 6* 00000000D-07 7~00000000D-07 8*00000000D-07 9~00000000D-07 1~00000000D-06 2*00000000D-06 3~OOOOOOOOD-06 4~00000000D-06 5 00000000D-06 6~00000000D-06 7* 00000000D-06 8*00000000D-06 9~00000000D-06 1~00000000D-05 2 00000000D-05 3~00000000D-05 4~00000000D-05 5 00000000D-05 6~00000000D-05 7~00000000D-05 8*00000000D-05 9*00000000D-05
PWD 8.20475740D-02 1.07018138D-01 1.33722244D-01 1.61899776D-01 1.91327010D-01 2.21807028D-01 5.52322800D-01 8061513818D-01 1*095547OlDtOO 1*23810272D+00 1.29629985IHOO 1-28983565D+00 1-242571751~00 1*17675205IHOO 1~10971184IHOO 1*01221536~+00 1*00413878IHOO 1*00379068IHOO 1.00248714IHOO 1~00188678IHOO 1*00151244D+OO 1.00124077D+00 1*0010401OIHOO 1.00088745IHOO 1 00030922IHOO 1*00016446D+OO 1~00010345D+00 1*00007101D+OO 1-00005128IHOO 100003816IHOO 1.00002887Dt-00 1*00002196D+OO
5.00000000D-06 6.00000000D-06 7.00000000D-06 8.00000000D-06 9.00000000D-06 1.00000000D-05 2.00000000D-05 3~00000000D-05 4~00000000D-05 5.00000000D-05 6.00000000D-05 7~00000000D-05 8.00000000D-05 9~00000000D-05 1~00000000D-04 2~00000000D-04 3~00000000D-04 4~00000000D-04 5~00000000D-04 6~00000000D-04 7~00000000D-04 8~00000000D-04 9~00000000D-04 1~00000000D-03 2*00000000D-03 3~00000000D-03 4*00000000D-03 5*00000000D-03 6*00000000D-03 7 00000000D-03 8*00000000D-03 9*00000000D-03
-30-
G I G l
ti
E !
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9 i3
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- 32-
S t e h f e s t method w i t h N = 16 w a s used t o o b t a i n t h e s o l u t i o n s c i t e d i n t h e following s e c t i o n s , although t h e s o l u t i o n s were checked by o t h e r methods consistently. The r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e s o l u t i o n should d e c r e a s e as t h e
Bessel f u n c t i o n s are c a l c u l a t e d using the
s o l u t i o n h a s more o s c i l l a t i o n s .
polynomial approximations, 32 as shown i n t h e computer programs i n Appendix

E.
The numerical Laplace t r a n s f o r m i n v e r s i o n program should b e run i n Sometimes r e s u l t s show a s l i g h t o s c i l l a t i o n around t h e This e n t i r e
double p r e c i s i o n .
c o r r e c t answers i f t h e program i s r u n i n s i n g l e p r e c i s i o n . discussion is applicable not only t o the function p a l t o t o the function
WD
( s e e Eq. 41), b u t
( s e e Eq. 3 9 ) and pD ( s e e Eq. 4 2 ) .
2-2-4
R e s u l t s and D i s c u s s i o n The s o l u t i o n s were o b t a i n e d by t h e S t e h f e s t method w i t h N = 1 6 f o r
a range of parameters.
These s o l u t i o n s w e r e checked by t h e r e s u l t s ob-
t a i n e d by o t h e r numerical Laplace t r a n s f o r m i n v e r s i o n methods, and by t h e f i n i t e difference solution. Based on t h e s e s o l u t i o n s , t h e e f f e c t of parameter v a l u e s on t h e s o l u t i o n and t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s o l u t i o n are i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h i s section.
2- 2- 4.1
E f f e c t of a on S o l u t i o n s The dimensionless number
a w a s d e f i n e d i n Eqs. 1 6 and 1 7 :
or:
-33The d i m e n s i o n l e s s number
a r e p r e s e n t s t h e e f f e c t of i n e r t i a of
In order t o investigate the
t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e on t h e s o l u t i o n .
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the s o l u t i o n i n c l u d i n g t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e , t h e case when C
3 10 and s = 0 w i l l b e used
as a t y p i c a l example, and t h e s o l u t i o n s f o r v a r i o u s a v a l u e s w i l l b e o b t a i n e d f o r t h i s case. F i g u r e 5 shows t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s w e l l b o r e p r e s -
s u r e , pwD, v e r s u s t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s t i m e , t mensionless l i q u i d level i n t h e wellbore, coordinates. nates.
and F i g u r e 6 shows t h e d i versus t
%,
b o t h i n semilog
F i g u r e s 7 and 8 show t h e same r e s u l t s on Cartesian coordi-
The t a b u l a t e d r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by t h e S t e h f e s t method are g i v e n
i n Tables 5 and 6 .
The s o l u t i o n f o r
= 0 agrees with t h e previous s l u g test solution,
13
which n e g l e c t s t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e .
Consid-
e r i n g t h e range of d i m e n s i o n l e s s times i n which f i e l d d a t a u s u a l l y l i e ,

i t can b e s a i d t h a t t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e i s
n e g l i g i b l e when a2 i s less t h a n about 10 hand, when a2 i s g r e a t e r t h a n about a v a i l a b l e s l u g test s o l u t i o n .
f o r t h i s example.
On t h e o t h e r
lo4,
f i e l d d a t a should n o t f o l l o w t h e
T h i s can b e s e e n by comparing t h e a = 0 and I n these s i t u a t i o n s , t h e s o l u t i o n s in-
a2 - 10 >
cases on F i g s . 5 and 6.
eluding t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n
s h o u l d b e used t o a n a l y z e f i e l d d a t a .
This is t r u e even though no o s c i l l a I n f a c t , i t i s n o t rare f o r
t i o n i n pressure o r l i q u i d level i s evident.
a2 t o t a k e v a l u e s g r e a t e r t h a n 104 f o r h i g h i n i t i a l f o r m a t i o n p r e s s u r e
w e l l s o r high permeability reservoirs.
When
a2 i s g r e a t e r t h a n about 108
f o r t h i s example case, t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e shows a n o s c i l l a t i o n .
-34-
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-42The a v a l u e s f o r which t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e o s c i l l a t e s depend on t h e v a l u e of t h e dimensionless w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e c o n s t a n t , CD, and the s k i n factor, s . I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n g e n e r a l l i m i t s on t h e e f f e c t of a on t h e res u l t s , s o l u t i o n s f o r v a r i o u s C and s v a l u e s were o b t a i n e d . D through 1 5 show t h e r e s u l t s .
c1
Figures 9
i s d e f i n e d as t h e v a l u e of a below which
pwD i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same a s t h e pwD i s smaller than 0 . 9 .
0 ( i n e r t i a - l e s s ) c a s e s o l u t i o n when
This means t h a t t h e e f f e c t of
2
a can b e n e g l e c t e d
f o r p r a c t i c a l purposes if a < al. a
i s d e f i n e d as t h e v a l u e beyond
which o s c i l l a t i o n of t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e o c c u r s . ber a Kamp

2
This num-
corresponds t o t h e c r i t i c a l damping c o n d i t i o n d i s c u s s e d by van d e r

" C r i t i c a l damping" w a s used h e r e t o refer t o a c o n d i t i o n under
which o s c i l l a t i o n s i n l i q u i d level could n o t happen and j u s t beyond which o s c i l l a t i o n s i n l i q u i d l e v e l could happen. log a 1 and l o g a 2 versus log C
D
A l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p between
D
w a s found f o r t h e e n t i r e range of C
in-
v e s t i g a t e d when s i s g r e a t e r t h a n 5, and f o r C v a l u e s g r e a t e r than 10 D when s i s smaller than 5 . F i g u r e s 1 6 and 1 7 show t h e c o e f f i c i e n t of thes'e F i g u r e 18
s t r a i g h t l i n e s i n t h e log- log s c a l e f o r d i f f e r e n t s v a l u e s .
shows how t h e a c t u a l curves d e v i a t e from s t r a i g h t l i n e s f o r CD = 1 when s i s smaller than 5 . Then, w e conclude t h a t t h e e f f e c t of
a on t h e s o l u t i o n
can b e e s t i m a t e d from t h e following:
1.99x10
0.85
-2
1.25
cD
1.077
0.0385 l o g s
a2
= s
1.077
cD
0.0385 l o g s
-43~ , 12 -----I------ -
'
-i-----f--
IO
F I G . 9: LOGalAND LOG a2 VS LOGARITHM OF DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGE CONSTANT FOR s = 0
-44-
-2
FIG. 10: LOG al AND LOG a2 VS TOGARITHM OF DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STOIUGE CONSTANT FOR s
=
1:
I(
f
tJ
J
t!
sl a
-0.1412 CD 1.05
. -d
-4
FIG. 11: LOG al AND LOG a2 V S LOGARITHM OF DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGE CONSTANT FOR s
=
FIG. 1 2 : LOG
al AND LOG a2 VS LOGARITHM OF DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGE
CONSTANT FOR s = 20
LOG
c*
F I G . 13: LOG al AND LOG
a2 VS LOGARITHM OF DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGd
CONSTANT FOR s = 50
12
IC
E
ti
: : 4
I
,C
.-
-4
F I G . 1 4 : LOG
a AND LOG a2
1
VS LOGARITHM O F DIMENSIONL,ESS WELLBORE STORAG'Lt
CONSTANT F O R s = 100
-49-
-50-
cu
L3
n m I1
u 0
I4
cu
U
u
n
G i
I -
I
0
nl
I
I
_.
8 901 ONW V 301
-51-
1 .OE
I .Q5
I .04
= 1.03
1 0
FIG. 17: EXPONENT OF DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGE CONSTANT VS SKIN FACTOR
-52-
C
U
(3
-I
-2
-3
2
S
FIG. 18: LOG al AND LOG a2 VS SKIN FACTOR FOR CD
11
-53-
When s < 5,
cD - lo3: >
CL
= 0.141 CD
1.05
2 = 3.98 CD When s < 5, CD <
1.05
lo3:
u s e F i g s . 9 , 10, and 11.
I n van d e r Kamp's paper,16 t h e parameter which c o n t r o l l e d t h e c r i t i -
cal damping c o n d i t i o n w a s p r e s e n t e d as d.
-r '(E)'
C
&n
[ 0.79
8T
2 s
8.5 1
rf
(,I
d =
(74)
This parameter d i s expressed as follows i n t h e nomenclature of t h i s s t u d y
( s e e t h e correspondence between t h e symbols used i n petroleum e n g i n e e r i n g and those used i n ground water hydrology i n Table 1 0 , S e c t i o n 2-3-4).
Dn d = 'R
4a
s]
(75)
However, t h e v a l u e of d a t which c r i t i c a l damping occurs could n o t b e obt a i n e d i n van d e r Kamp's a n a l y s i s and w a s hypothesized as 0.7. d a t a presented showed d to be between about 0.4 and 1 . 2 . The a c t u a l
This u n c e r t a i n t y Since
i s mainly due t o the u n c e r t a i n t y i n t h e v a l u e of t r a n s m i s s i v i t y .
t h e a v a l u e which corresponds t o t h e c r i t i c a l damping c o n d i t i o n w a s ob2 t a i n e d i n t h i s s t u d y , d can b e c a l c u l a t e d . g i b l e f o r water w e l l s . Often t h e s k i n f a c t o r i s n e g l i -
Then, d may be o b t a i n e d u s i n g Eq. 73 and Fig. 9 .
Table 7 shows t h e r e s u l t s .
A s a c o n c l u s i o n , c r i t i c a l damping should occur

for practical C
when d i s between 0.45 and 0.52
values.
- 54-
TABLE 7 : THE VALUE OF d AT WHICH CRITICAL DAMPING OCCURS
5
10
d
0.47
10
0.47
0.46 0.45 0.48 0.51
lo3
lo4
1 0
10
1 0
0.52
-55For small a v a l u e s , t h e r e i s a t i m e range wherein p is greater WD t h a n 1, as can b e s e e n i n Fig. 5. early times. This happens f o r small a v a l u e s a t
T h i s means t h a t t h e w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e becomes less t h a n t h e This i s caused by t h e i n c r e a s e i n
i n i t i a l cushion head i n t h e w e l l b o r e .
k i n e t i c energy of t h e l i q u i d by r a p i d movement of t h e l i q u i d up t h e w e l l bore. This overshooting remains about 30% f o r a l l small a v a l u e s s t u d i e d .
However, t h i s phenomenon probably h a s no u s e f u l meaning f o r f i e l d d a t a i n t e r p r e t a t i o n because t h e dimensionless t i m e i s u s u a l l y l a r g e even f o r a minute of real t i m e , and might n o t be s e e n i n f i e l d d a t a because of f r i c tion.
2- 2- 4.2
E f f e c t of C ,
Y
on S o l u t i o n s
F i g u r e 1 9 shows t h e dimensionless w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e , wD
versus
dimensionless t i m e , tD, and Fig. 20 shows t h e dimensionless l i q u i d l e v e l ,
xD, v e r s u s t
f o r t h r e e d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s of dimensionless w e l l b o r e s t o r When C i n c r e a s e s , D f o r t h e same a v a l u e , ,
age c o n s t a n t , CD, when t h e s k i n f a c t o r , s , i s z e r o . t h e corresponding s o l u t i o n s h i f t s toward smaller t The i n c r e a s e i n C d e c r e a s e s t h e e f f e c t of D Eqs. 70 and 72. increasing t
D
I a. This phenomenon a g r e e s w i t h
On t h e o t h e r hand, t h e s o l u t i o n f o r a = 0 s h i f t s toward
T h i s i s because t h e l i q u i d t a k e s a Then, i t can be s a i d t h a t t h e
when C i n c r e a s e s . D
l o n g e r t i m e t o occupy t h e l a r g e r w e l l b o r e . g r e a t e r C i s , f o r a wide range of D
a, t h e less important w i l l b e t h e i n A t a g l a n c e , t h i s statement
e r t i a l e f f e c t f o r t h e l i q u i d i n the wellbore.
appears s t r a n g e . However, i t i s t r u e .
I n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e t h e s h i f t toward i n c r e a s i n g t
for a = 0 FigW e
s o l u t i o n s , t h e s o l u t i o n s f o r v a r i o u s C and s v a l u e s were o b t a i n e d . D u r e 2 1 shows t h e dimensionless t i m e
tD1
a t which pwD becomes 0 . 9 .
-56-
1-
2 0 V
W
2 m
(!
\
P
.
/'
L. .
-57-
---
_.
_- -.__
-I-----
--.-
I - ~- __
_-..
r ----
' -
I / /
\
I I I
4 -
z s
VI
u
W
I
OJ
el
.."
0 .H VI
VI
VI
J
3
VI
N i i
..
-58-
I
VS LOGARITHM OF DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGE CONSTANT
FIG. 21: LOG t Dl
-59-
can say t h e s e l i n e s are approximately p a r a l l e l f o r s - 5. > s e n t s t h e l o g a r i t h m of t
F i g u r e 22 p r e -
3 v e r s u s s when C = 10 W o b t a i n an e x a c t e D Dl > s t r a i g h t l i n e f o r s - 5 . As a r e s u l t , t h e following r e l a t i o n w a s obtained : When s - 5: > 0.83

cD
= 0.17 s
1.04
When s < 5 , i t is n e c e s s a r y t o o b t a i n a s o l u t i o n f o r each case. The a v a l u e , which i s n e c e s s a r y f o r o s c i l l a t i o n s i n l i q u i d l e v e l , increases with increasing C with Eqs. 7 1 and 73.
as s e e n i n Fig. 20.
T h i s phenomenon a g r e e s value i s large, oscil-
T h i s means t h a t when t h e CD
l a t i o n of t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e w i l l n o t happen e a s i l y .
2- 2- 4.3
E f f e c t of s on S o l u t i o n s F i g u r e 23 shows t h e dimensionless w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e 9 P D verwY
s u s t h e dimensionless t i m e , level,
tD
, and
F i g . 24 shows t h e dimensionless l i q u i d When
%,
versus t
f o r t h r e e d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s of s k i n f a c t o r , s .
t h e s k i n f a c t o r i n c r e a s e s , t h e s o l u t i o n f o r a given v a l u e of a s h i f t s toward smaller t i m e s .

An i n c r e a s e d s k i n f a c t o r d e c r e a s e s t h e e f f e c t of
a.
T h i s phenomenon a g r e e s w i t h Eqs. 70 and 73.
On t h e o t h e r hand, t h e solu-
t i o n f o r a = 0 s h i f t s toward i n c r e a s e d t i m e when t h e s k i n f a c t o r i n c r e a s e s . T h i s a g r e e s w i t h Eq. 73. T h i s i s because i t i s more d i f f i c u l t f o r t h e Then, s i m i -
l i q u i d t o flow i n t o t h e w e l l b o r e because of t h e s k i n e f f e c t .
l a r l y t o t h e e f f e c t of CD, i t can b e s a i d t h a t t h e g r e a t e r t h e s k i n f a c t o r , f o r a wide range of a v a l u e s , t h e less t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e l i q u i d moving i n t h e w e l l b o r e .
-60-
7-
-..------
--- . I - --
F I G . 22: LOG t
VS S K I N FACTOR FOR CD = 1 0
Dl
-61-
0
I +
II
-62-
. I _ -
-*-
_ -
T-
-63Equation 7 6 , r e p o r t e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n , shows how f a r t h e s o l u t i o n s s h i f t , depending on t h e s v a l u e s g e n e r a l l y . The o v e r s h o o t i n g of p a t e a r l y t i m e s f o r small a v a l u e s d e c r e a s e s WD w i t h i n c r e a s i n g s k i n f a c t o r , s. T h i s i s because t h e l i q u i d cannot f l o w
i n t o t h e w e l l b o r e f r e e l y because of t h e f l o w r e s i s t a n c e caused by t h e s k i n f a c t o r , and cannot p e r m i t t h e l i q u i d column i n t h e w e l l b o r e t o accelerate s u f f i c i e n t l y t o induce t h e overshooting. For a n e g a t i v e s k i n f a c t o r o r a f r a c t u r e d w e l l , t h e o p p o s i t e effeelt would b e e x p e c t e d . But f o r n e g a t i v e v a l u e s of t h e s k i n f a c t o r , t h e s o l u T h i s may b e caused by t h e d e f i n i t i o n of t h e a sudden i n c r e a s e of p r e s s u r e a t t h e sandI n o r d e r t o a v o i d t h i s problem, w e can
W
t i o n d i v e r g e s i n some cases.
steady- state skin factor (i.e.,
face f o r a negative skin factor).
use t h e e f f e c t i v e wellbore radius, r bore radius, r

W'
'
= r e
W
-S
i n s t e a d of t h e a c t u a l w e l ~ l -
as a n approximation.
Using t h i s e f f e c t i v e w e l l b o r e respectively. Then,
r a d i u s , CD and a w i l l b e r e p l a c e d by C e2' and D t h e v a l u e s of a 1 and a 2
i n Eqs. 72 and 73 w i l l b e m u l t i p l i e d by eO * l s when
C e2' i s g r e a t e r t h a n 1 0 D
A n e g a t i v e s k i n f a c t o r g i v e s smaller v a l u e s olf
and
a2 because of t h i s m u l t i p l i c a t i o n .
T h i s means t h a t a n e g a t i v e
s k i n f a c t o r i n c r e a s e s t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e on s l u g t e s t s o l u t i o n s .
3 I f C e2' i s l e s s t h a n 10 , t h i s tendency i s more D
obvious from t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e c u r v e s i n F i g . 18. Another i n t e r e s t i n g r e s u l t concerns a n a p p a r e n t c o n s t a n t f l o w r a t e phenomenon a t e a r l y t i m e s i n many d r i l l s t e m t e s t s . T h i s phenomenon i n
DST f l o w p e r i o d d a t a h a s been d i s c u s s e d by several i n v e s t i g a t o r s .
13,33
I t w a s s u g g e s t e d t h a t c r i t i c a l f l o w choking might b e t h e c a u s e of t h i s
phenomenon.
T h i s e x p l a n a t i o n w a s a l s o g i v e n i n t h e Earlougher monograph.
14
C r i t i c a l f l o w choking can happen f o r m u l t i p h a s e g a s - l i q u i d flow.
Critical
choking i s n o t l i k e l y i f o n l y l i q u i d f l o w s , o r i f t h e r e i s no o r i f i c e i n t h e
-6 4
system.
However, t h e same a p p a r e n t c o n s t a n t f l o w r a t e phenomenon a t e a r l y Judging from t h e s o l u t i o n s ob-
times i s o f t e n observed f o r l i q u i d flow.
t a i n e d i n t h i s s t u d y , a l a r g e s k i n f a c t o r may b e one e x p l a n a t i o n of t h i s phenomenon. F i g u r e 25 shows a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n between t h e dimensionless P D, W and t h e dimensionless t i m e , tD, a t e a r l y t i m e s f o r Since p
W
wellbore pressure,
a l a r g e s k i n f a c t o r case ( s = 100).
= pi
PwD
Pi
(Po + Patm)',
t h i s s o l u t i o n means a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e , PW* and t h e t i m e , t , f o r t

D
4 from 0 t o 1 0
This l i n e a r i t y would appear
t o be a constant flowrate period.
The r e a s o n why t h e l a r g e s k i n f a c t o r
might b e a c a u s e of t h i s phenomenon i s t h a t t h e r e s e r v o i r l i q u i d cannot flow i n t o t h e w e l l b o r e r a p i d l y because of t h e l a r g e s k i n f a c t o r ( i . e . , t h e p r e s s u r e drop o c c u r s mainly a t t h e s a n d f a c e ) , t h e n t h e back p r e s s u r e caused by t h e accumulated l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e i s r e l a t i v e l y n e g l i g i b l e compared t o t h e p r e s s u r e i n s i d e t h e formation, and t h e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t i n s i d e t h e formation remains almost c o n s t a n t f o r a t i m e . For t h e same r e a s o n , w e can e x p e c t t h a t t h i s phenomenon happens f o r a l a r g e w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e case because t h e f l u i d head i n t h e w e l l b o r e does n o t i n c r e a s e as r a p i d l y i f t h e w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e i s l a r g e . cally, t h i s is true. Theoreti-
F i g u r e 26 shows t h e dimensionless w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e ,
pwD, v e r s u s t h e dimensionless t i m e , tD, f o r t h e case when C = D
lo3'.
For
d e f i n i t e l y s t r a i g h t p o r t i o n of t h e s o l u t i o n can b e s e e n a t e a r l y t i m e s . However, such a l a r g e w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e c o n s t a n t i s i m p r a c t i c a l .
2 f e a s i b l e dimensionless w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e c o n s t a n t s , CD of 10
phenomenon cannot b e seen. bore pressure,
'wD
10
6, t h i s
F i g u r e s 27 and 28 show t h e dimensionless w e l l tD
'
v e r s u s dimensionless t i m e ,
, for
t h e cases when C = D
3 10 and CD =
lo5,
respectively.
There is no e v i d e n t l i n e a r p o r t i o n of
the solutions f o r t h e s e cases.
-65-
0 -
-66-
c T m
-4
0 Fr
c4
m m
W d
3 4
m o
..
cl \
aA !
c3
Fr
cn
D
w
z
+-
x Q
0 0 0
w
I J
03 C Y
E E n ..
2 k
- 69-
One more cause of a p p a r e n t c o n s t a n t f l o w r a t e s i s t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e . wellbore pressure,

CD = 10
F i g u r e 29 shows t h e dimensionless
wD '
'
v e r s u s dimensionless t i m e ,
tD
, for
t h e case when
,s
D
= 0 , and a2 =
lo7.
3
A s t r a i g h t p o r t i o n of t h e s o l u t i o n can b e
to 8.4~10
seen f o r t
v a l u e s from 6x10
However, t h e s t r a i g h t p o r t i o n
does n o t s t a r t from t h e z e r o t i m e , and i t does n o t c o n t i n u e f o r a long Therefore, although t h i s may happen, w e i n f e r t h a t t h i s i s n o t the , main e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e a p p a r e n t c o n s t a n t f l o w r a t e phenomenon a t e a r l y
time.
times
.
Radius of I n v e s t i g a t i o n The p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s i d e t h e r e s e r v o i r f o r s l u g tests
2-2-4.4
can b e c a l c u l a t e d by o b t a i n i n g t h e real s p a c e s o l u t i o n of Eq. 42 f o r v a r i o u s parameter v a l u e s . F i g u r e 30 shows t h e p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n in+l
s i d e t h e r e s e r v o i r f o r a simple example c a s e when C
D = 1 0 and s = a = 0
at various t i m e s .
The p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t w i t h r e s p e c t t o r a d i a l d i s t a n c e
reaches a maximum v a l u e s h o r t l y a f t e r s t a r t of p r o d u c t i o n and t h e n t h e pressure gradient decreases gradually with t i m e (i.e., t h e f l o w r a t e deA graph of
creases) and t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n r a d i u s i n c r e a s e s w i t h time.
p r e s s u r e v e r s u s r a d i u s i s l i n e a r i n t h e r e s e r v o i r c l o s e t o t h e w e l l ; howe v e r , f a r from t h e w e l l p r e s s u r e versus r a d i u s i s convex t o t h e c o a r d i n a t e of r a d i a l d i s t a n c e f o r e a r l y times. The graph of p r e s s u r e v e r s u s
r a d i u s becomes concave t o t h e r a d i a l c o o r d i n a t e a f t e r t h e f l o w r a t e starts decreasing. I n o r d e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e e f f e c t of a on t h e p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s i d e t h e r e s e r v o i r , t h e case of C

I )
= 10
and s = 0 w a s s e l e c t e d
as a t y p i c a l example, and t h e p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s i d e t h e r e s e r v o i r
-70-
0. I
0.2
0.3
a 3 a- 0.4
8.E
/
0.7
/
f
0E .
t,
XI0
-3
FIG. 29: DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR 3 7 C = 10 , s = 0, AND a2 = 10 AT EARLY TIMES D
-71-
II
b
II
0 Fr
V ffi
E 0
c 4
m W
ffi
E
w
H
..
was obtained f o r various

show t h e r e s u l t s .
-72values a t c e r t a i n t i m e s .
F i g u r e s 31 through 35
A t e a r l y t i m e s , tD= lo2, a s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t s
between t h e p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r
= 0 and a2 =
lo5, and t h e pres-
s u r e remains t h e same as t h e i n i t i a l formation p r e s s u r e f o r The p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r t h e p r e s s u r e f o r a2 = 10

ci =
= 10
0 and
ci2
= 10
remain t h e same, and
starts showing some response a t t
= 3x10
The p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t f o r
= 0 and
a2
= 10
are d e c r e a s i n g ( i . e . ,
the
f l o w r a t e i s d e c r e a s i n g and t h e w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e i s r e c o v e r i n g ) ; however, t h e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t f o r a2 = 108 i s s t i l l i n c r e a s i n g a t tD= 104 wellbore pressure f o r p r e s s u r e , pi;
.
On
The
a2
= 10
becomes g r e a t e r t h a n t h e i n i t i a l formation
i.e.,
t h e l i q u i d level i n t h e w e l l b o r e o s c i l l a t e s .
t h e o t h e r hand, t h e w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e f o r
= 0 and
a2
D
= 10
5 4
become almost
t h e s a m e as t h e i n i t i a l formation p r e s s u r e , pi, bore pressure f o r a l l three
at t
= 5x10
The w e l t -
a v a l u e s a r e n e a r l y t h e same as t h e i n i t i a l
5 formation p r e s s u r e , pi a t tD= 10
W conclude t h a t t h e g r e a t e r t h e e
a v a l u e , t h e l a t e r t h e p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s t a r t s changing and t h e l o n g e r
i t c o n t i n u e s changing, and t h e smaller t h e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t w i l l b e .
Bow-
ever, t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n r a d i u s i t s e l f i s almost t h e same f o r a l l a valwps.

A s i g n i f i c a n t p r e s s u r e drop was found a t v a l u e s of r
D
of 100 and less.
F i g u r e 36 shows t h e e f f e c t of t h e s k i n f a c t o r , s , on t h e i n v e s t i gation radius. When t h e s k i n f a c t o r i s l a r g e , t h e p r e s s u r e drop o c c u r s
mainly a t t h e s a n d f a c e , and t h e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t i n s i d e t h e r e s e r v o i r i s
small ( i . e . ,
the flowrate is s m a l l ) .
However, t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n r a d i i are Then, w e can s a y approximately t h a t
almost t h e same f o r a l l v a l u e s of s .
t h e s k i n f a c t o r does n o t a f f e c t t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n r a d i u s g r e a t l y .
-73-
M-
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-79Figure 37 shows how the dimensionless wellbore storage constant,

cD
affects the investigation radius for the a = s = 0 case. We can prepare similar figures for different a and s values. these figures are the same. The! characteristics of
The greater the dimensionless wellbore storIf we define the in-
age constant, the deeper the investigation radius.
vestigation radius as the deepest point where p is 0.05, from Fig. 37 D the magnitude of the investigation radii for the dimensionless wellbore storage constant C
= 103 ,
10 , and 4
lo5,
among which actual field data are
likely to fall, are about 100, 300, and 800, respectively.
As a summary of this section, the investigation radius depends on the

dimensionless wellbore storage constant,
(+,,
and is not affected by the The main pressure
dimensionless number, a, or the skin factor, s, as much.
drops often lie in the region less than 100 rW distant from the well pro* duced
.
Batch Injections The solution presented in this study is not only for drawdown cases,
2-2-4.5
but also applies for sudden batch injection cases. the dimensionless liquid level in the wellbore,
From the definition of fact that the is always -1, However, the
5, the
initial dimensionless liquid level in the wellbore, %(O), as shown in Section 2-1, is also true for injection tests.
actual initial liquid level in the wellbore, x(O), is negative for the drawdown case and is positive for the injection case.
2-2-4.6
Application of Solutions Using the effective wellbore radius, rW = rWe

-S
, and
a new
CO-
ordinate t /C we can shift all of the solutions to the same domain on a D D
-80-
I1
c l
f3 0
I I
H
D x
0
1;
t3
..
-81graph. T h i s h a s been done by Earlougher and Kersch31i f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l
w e l l t e s t d a t a a n a l y s i s i n 1973, and by Ramey e t al.IL3 f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l

s l u g t e s t s o l u t i o n s , which do n o t i n c l u d e t h e inertia:L e f f e c t , as an apprcximation i n 1975.
C e2', D
I n our s o l u t i o n s w e have one more parameter
besides
and t h e c o o r d i n a t e i s t h e same,
tD/C,,.
Tables 8 and 9 show t h e
accuracy of t h i s approximation f o r t h e example cases when t h e p r o d u c t ,

4 5 CDe2s = 10 and %e2s = 1 0 f o r d i f f e r e n t a v a l u e s .
Since the d e t a i l e d
d i s c u s s i o n of t h i s approximation w a s g i v e n i n Ramey e t a l . , l3 i t i s n o t repeated here. range of This approximation appears good enough f o r a p r a c t i c a l and ae2'. F i g u r e s 38 through 47 show t h e r e s u l t i n g solui n c l u d i n g t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e l i q u i d
t i o n curves f o r t h e s l u g test
i n t h e w e l l b o r e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e , and F i g s . 48 through
57 show t h e same r e s u l t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e l i q u i d :level i n t h e w e l l b o r e .
Although t h e s e f i g u r e s are i n reduced s i z e s , f u l l - s i z e f i g u r e s are available.

CDe2s and W might b e a b l e t o o b t a i n t h e matched p o i n t s f o r t / C e D D'
ae2'
t h e o r e t i c a l l y from t h e s e s o l u t i o n c u r v e s .
However, as can b e s e e n ,
i t i s p r a c t i c a l l y i m p o s s i b l e t o select a unique curve matched t o t h e a c t u a l
f i e l d d a t a , because t h e r e are s o many similar c u r v e s caused by t h e new parameter a e2s
There a r e two ways t o u t i l i z e t h e s o l u t i o n s piroposed i n t h i s s t u d y t o o b t a i n some i n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e s e r v o i r s ( t h e main purpose i s t o determine t h e v a l u e of p e r m e a b i l i t y ) . One way i s t o check t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e
i n e r t i a of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e w i l l a f f e c t f i e l d performance.
This
procedure should b e adopted when t h e e f f e c t of t h e i n e r t i a of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e on t h e f i e l d d a t a i s n o t clear; o t h e r w i s e we should go d i r e c t l y t o t h e second usage of t h e s o l u t i o n s which w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d l a t e r .
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m co m 0 0 co m h co 0 m m m m m m m co rl m 0 co m W co m N rl 0 rl h rl b 0 h m m W W N m h m rl W I W m rl N rl W m m m U m m h b m m m m U co N N b m m h m 0 rl co m h rl W m 0 b m m rl rl m 0 W U m m 0 W N b m m m m co rl co 0 0 rl N N m m U U m 4 W N W
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1.;
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FIG. 38: DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE
vs
tD/cD f o r dDe
2s
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1.:
1.1
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Q
, 5
0.L
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9 0
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to
2 FIG. 39: DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS t D / C D FOR CDe2s = 10
-88-
1.4
0.1
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FIG. 4 0 : DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS t D / C D FOR C D e
2s
10
FIG. 41: DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS tD/CD FOR CDe2s = 104 ,
-90-
0.7,-
tI
0.8
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i-
02 .
FIG. 4 2 : DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS t D / C D FOR C e2 = 1 05

D
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8 FIG. 4 3 : DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE V S tD/CD FOR CDe2s = 10
-92-
Q.C
0.4
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0.2
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FIG. 4 4 : DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS tD/CD FOR CDe 25
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FIG. 4 5 : DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE V S tD/CD FOR CDe2s
15 10
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FIG. 4 6 : DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE V S tD/CD FOR CDe2s
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20
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FIG. 4 7 : DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PR E SSUR E
vs
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-106F i r s t , w e apply c o n v e n t i o n a l s l u g test type-curves13 t o t h e f i e l d data. When t h e r e i s a curve which matches t h e f i e l d d a t a very w e l l f o r
t h e e n t i r e t i m e range, w e should c a l c u l a t e t h e s k i n f a c t o r and p e r m e a b i l i t y from t h e matched p o i n t s of CDe ' and t D / C D .

c1
Using t h e s e v a l u e s of s k i n I f the
f a c t o r and p e r m e a b i l i t y , t h e ct v a l u e and
c1
1 v a l u e can b e o b t a i n e d .
v a l u e i s smaller t h a n t h e ct1 v a l u e , t h e o b t a i n e d p e r m e a b i l i t y and s k i n
f a c t o r are r e l i a b l e , and t h i s i s t h e end of t h e s l u g t e s t d a t a a n a l y s i s f o r t h i s case. I f t h e ct v a l u e i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e

ctl
v a l u e , w e should
proceed t o t h e second usage of t h e s o l u t i o n s .
, When w cannot f i n d a w e l l e a t t h e beginning,
matched curve i n t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l s l u g t e s t type-curves
w e have t o go t o t h e second usage of t h e s o l u t i o n s a l s o .

One more way t o u t i l i z e t h e s o l u t i o n s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s t u d y i s t o u s e t h e s o l u t i o n curves i n Fig. 38 through 57 as typecurves. This
procedure may b e adopted when t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e on t h e s l u g t e s t d a t a i s n o t n e g l i g i b l e , and t h e r e f o r e t h e conv e n t i o n a l s l u g test d a t a a n a l y s i s cannot b e a p p l i e d . method t o a n a l y z e t h e s e d a t a . Thus f a r t h e r e i s no
As mentioned b e f o r e , i t i s p r a c t i c a l l y impossible t o s e l e c t t h e
s u i t a b l e parameter v a l u e s as C e2' by matching w i t h o u t knowing t h e s k i n D factor, s, unfortunately. Therefore, we have t o assume t h a t t h e s k i n
f a c t o r may b e o b t a i n e d by o t h e r methods, such as b u i l d u p t e s t a n a l y s i s .
Then, w e can choose t h e p r o p e r s e t of s o l u t i o n curves f o r a c e r t a i n CDe
2s
v a l u e from F i g s . 38 through 57, o r w e can p r e p a r e t h e s o l u t i o n curves f o r t h i s C e''
v a l u e u s i n g t h e computer program i n Appendix E.

2s
Applying t h e s e and t D / C D can
s o l u t i o n curves t o f i e l d d a t a , t h e matched p o i n t s of c e C
-107b e o b t a i n e d and t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y can b e c a l c u l a t e d from e i t h e r t h e matched
a v a l u e o r t h e matched t
D D
/C
value.
The methods p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n can b e
a p p l i e d t o t h e a n a l y s i s of b o t h t h e w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e and t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e wellbore.
2-3
F i e l d Data Examples I n o r d e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e s l u g test and check t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e
s o l u t i o n o b t a i n e d i n t h i s s t u d y , a v a i l a b l e f i e l d d a t a were i n v e s t i g a t e d using the solution. t h i s section.
A few t y p i c a l examples are shown and d i s c u s s e d i n
The example 1 i n S e c t i o n 2-3-1 and t h e example 2 i n S e c t i o n The example 3
2-3-2 were p u b l i s h e d b e f o r e as examples of s l u g t e s t d a t a .
h a s d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s f o r t h e s l u g test a n a l y s i s and t h e b u i l d u p t e s t analysis. The r e a s o n f o r t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s i n v e s t i g a t e d i n S e c t i o n
2-3-3.
The example 4 i n S e c t i o n 2-3-4 shows o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e l i q u i d
level i n t h e w e l l b o r e .
2-3-1
Example 1 (Typical DST Flow P e r i o d Data)
To u s e t h e s l u g t e s t s o l u t i o n s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g s . 38 through 4 7 ,
i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o know t h e c o r r e c t v a l u e of t h e cushion l i q u i d head; i n
o t h e r words, t h e p r e s s u r e e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e cushion l i q u i d head, p should measure p

0
One
b e f o r e opening t h e tester valve.
This p r e s s u r e should
n o t b e r e p l a c e d by t h e minimum w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e measured because i t i s shown i n t h i s s t u d y t h a t t h e minimum measured w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e i s n o t always e q u a l t o (p

0
+ pa t m ).
When t h e cushion l i q u i d head i s n o t known,
a logarithmic coordinate f o r p
WD
should b e used i n s l u g test type- curve
matching t o avoid t h e e r r o r caused by t h e i n c o r r e c t cushion l i q u i d head. T h i s example shows how f i e l d d a t a can b e m i s i n t e r p r e t e d because of a n i n c o r r e c t v a l u e of p
0 '
The d a t a f o r t h i s example were published by
-108Ramey e t a1.,I3 and reviewed i n a p r e v i o u s paper.33 The a c t u a l r e s e r v o i r F i g u r e 58
d a t a and measured p r e s s u r e s are i n Table C-1 i n Appendix C. shows w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e v e r s u s t i m e . e a r l y times.
There i s a bend i n t h e c u r v e a t
I n t h e Ramey e t a l . 1 3 paper, t h e p r e s s u r e measured a t t = 0,
6 643 p s i g ( 4 . 5 3 ~ 1 0 p ) was used a s po. I n a p r e v i o u s paper,33 t h e extrapoa l a t e d s t r a i g h t l i n e a t t = 0 i n F i g . 58, 560 p s i g ( 3 . 9 6 ~ 1 0 p ) , w a s used 6 a
as po.
The former o b t a i n e d kh = 698 md-ft
m2-m)
and s = 6.55,
-3 and t h e l a t t e r o b t a i n e d kh = 763 md-ft ( 2 . 3 0 ~ 1 0 m 2 -m) and s = 6.55.

t h e o t h e r hand, v a l u e s of kh = 377 md-ft (1.13~10-'~ m2-m) and s = 0.80
On
were o b t a i n e d from t h e b u i l d u p t e s t a n a l y s i s . 13
Assuming t h a t t h e i n i t i a l cushion l i q u i d head i s n o t known, t h e log- log scale typecurves p r e s e n t e d by Ramey e t a1.I3 were used i n t h i s study. best. 5 It w a s found t h a t t h e C e2' = 10 curve matches t h e f i e l d d a t a
However, i t w a s almost i m p o s s i b l e t o s e l e c t t h e b e s t matched log-
l o g type- curve w i t h o u t i n f o r m a t i o n from t h e buildup t e s t a n a l y s i s , bec a u s e of t h e l a c k of d a t a a t l a t e flow t i m e s . should measure p

0
It i s recommended t h a t one
b e f o r e t h e t e s t s t a r t s and o b t a i n flow d a t a a t l a t e
5
times ( f o r i n s t a n c e , u n t i l pwD = 0.01) i n a s l u g test.

t h e matching r e s u l t .
2
F i g u r e 59 shows
From t h e matched p o i n t s , kh = 420 md-ft ( 1 . 2 8 ~ 1 0
-13
m -m) and s = 0.79 were o b t a i n e d .
These r e s u l t s are c l o s e r t o r e s u l t s of
t h e b u i l d u p t e s t a n a l y s i s t h a n t h e p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d r e s u l t s of s l u g t e s t analysis. The f i r s t two d a t a p o i n t s a t e a r l y times i n Fig. 59 appear t o res u l t from i n e r t i a l e f f e c t . e a r l y t i m e d a t a i n Fig. 58. The same c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s can be s e e n i n t h e However, t h i s i s n o t t r u e . I f t h e two e a r l y
p o i n t s i n Fig. 59 show t h e e f f e c t of i n e r t i a , t h i s means t h a t a i s about 4 1 . 4 ~ 1 0 and t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y of t h e r e s e r v o i r i s about s i x t y times g r e a t e r
-109-
FIG. 58: FIELD DATA I N EXAMPLE 1
-110-
-111t h a n t h a t o b t a i n e d from t h e b u i l d u p test a n a l y s i s .
This i s n o t l i k e l y ,
because w e b e l i e v e a t l e a s t t h e o r d e r of magnitude of t h e r e s u l t of t h e buildup test a n a l y s i s . T h e r e f o r e , w e conclude t h a t t h e f i r s t t h r e e
p o i n t s of t h e f i e l d d a t a w e r e n o t caused by t h e i n e r t i a of t h e l i q u i d
i n t h e wellbore.
I n o r d e r t o make c e r t a i n t h a t w e can n e g l e c t t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e on t h e f i e l d d a t a , t h e dinoensionless number
a1 w a s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g Eq. 72:
c1
= 5.81~10
Using t h e r e s u l t of s l u g t e s t d a t a a n a l y s i s i n t h i s study:
2 = 2.73~10
c1
S i n c e t h e f i e l d example
1 i n e r t i a l e f f e c t is n e g l i g i b l e f o r t h i s s l u g test analysis.
a v a l u e i s less than
01
i t can b e s a i d t h a t t h e
The a p p a r e n t c o n s t a n t f l o w r a t e p e r i o d a t early times which appeared i n t h i s example cannot be e x p l a i n e d by t h e l a r g e s k i n e f f e c t proposed i n t h i s study. T h i s might b e caused by c r i t i c a l flow somewhere i n t h e w e l l and reviewed by Earlougher. 1 4
b o r e , as suggested by Ramey e t
F i n a l l y , i n o r d e r t o check whether t h e assumption t h a t t h e f r i c t i o n
l o s s i n t h e wellbore i s n e g l i g i b l e is reasonable o r n o t , t h e a c t u a l press u r e drop by f r i c t i o n i n t h e w e l l b o r e w a s c a l c u l a t e d i n Appendix C. The
magnitude of t h e p r e s s u r e drop by f r i c t i o n i s v e r y s m a l l even though t h e flow i s t u r b u l e n t . t h i s example. The n e g l e c t of f r i c t i o n a p p e a r s t o b e r e a s o n a b l e f o r
- 1122-3-2 Example 2 (Understanding F i e l d Data) T h i s f i e l d example w a s f i r s t p r e s e n t e d by Kohlhaas an example of t h e flow p e r i o d d a t a i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . 6 and w a s used as
Later t h i s example was

The
i n v e s t i g a t e d f u r t h e r by Ramey e t a1.,13 and by a p r e v i o u s paper. 33 a c t u a l d a t a are shown i n Table C- i n Appendix C. 2
F i g u r e 60 shows t h e The i n i t i a l p o r t i o n The bend i n t h e d a t a
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e s e d a t a i n t h e p r e v i o u s study.33 of t h e pressure- time c u r v e i s l i n e a r (dashed l i n e ) .
i s caused by a change i n diameter from t h e d r i l l c o l l a r (2.5 i n . [ 6 . 3 5 ~ 1 0 - ~ m]

I D ) t o t h e d r i l l p i p e (3.8 i n . [ 9 . 6 5 ~ 1 0 - m] I D ) . ~ t h e pressure- time c u r v e i s l i n e a r a g a i n . t h e d a t a might n o t b e c o r r e c t . The second p o r t i o n of
However, t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of
F i g u r e 6 1 shows t h e s l u g t e s t s o l u t i o n
in
dimensionless form f o r t h i s example based on t h e r e s u l t s of t h e b u i l d u p
test d a t a a n a l y s i s ,
and
c1
cD
= 1.77x104,
k = 56.7 md (5.60x1014
m2), s = 44.6,
= 5.99~10
The s t r a i g h t p o r t i o n of t h e l i n e a t e a r l y times can b e F i g u r e 62 shows a comparison beThe c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s
seen because of t h e l a r g e s k i n f a c t o r .
tween t h e f i e l d d a t a and t h e c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s . based on t h e a c t u a l p 6

0
= 1 6 1 p s i g ( 1 . 2 1 ~ 1 0 pa) a g r e e w i t h t h e f i e l d d a t a
(except f o r some e a r l y t i m e p o i n t s ) b e t t e r t h a n t h e c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s based on an a d j u s t e d p

0
= 205 p s i g (1.5lx10
p ) do. a
This means t h a t t h e
f i r s t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e d a t a i s wrong i f we b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e s u l t s of t h e b u i l d u p test d a t a a n a l y s i s are r e l i a b l e . The r e a s o n f o r t h e over-
s h o o t i n g a t e a r l y t i m e s i s n o t clear, even though t h i s phenomenon l o o k s
similar t o t h e r e s u l t of w e l l b o r e phase r e d i s t r i b u t i o n on b u i l d u p tests

r e p o r t e d by F a i r .
35
-113-
FIG. 60: FIRST INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA I N EXAMPLE 2
-114-
w
l-a
s
E E n
H
z z 0
0 Cn
E-r
..
c3
Fr
-115-
FIG. 62: COMPARISON OF ACTUAL DATA AND CALCULATED RESULTS IN EXAMPLE 2
-1162-3-3 Example 3 (Comparison of R e s u l t s of Slug T e s t A n a l y s i s and Buildup
T e s t Analysis)
The d a t a i n t h i s example were p r e s e n t e d i n
i l
p r e v i o u s study. 33
The
r e s e r v o i r d a t a and t h e measured p r e s s u r e are shown i n Table C- 3 i n Append i x C. able. Not o n l y t h e flow p e r i o d d a t a , b u t a l s o t h e b u i l d u p d a t a are a v a i l It i s r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between t h e
r e s u l t from t h e s l u g t e s t a n a l y s i s and t h a t from t h e b u i l d u p t e s t a n a l y s i s , and t h t such a d i f f e r e n c e i s o f t e n observed.
Also, i t i s suggested t h a t
t h e r e s u l t from t h e b u i l d u p t e s t a n a l y s i s i s more r e l i a b l e than t h a t from t h e s l u g t e s t a n a l y s i s by s e v e r a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s , 6y13y33 because i t i s d i f -
f i c u l t t o match t h e d a t a f o r l a r g e v a l u e s of C eZs uniquely i n t h e s l u g
test analysis.
According t o t h e s l u g t e s t a n a l y s i s , k = 2,452 m d These r e s u l t s a g r e e ?well w i t h t h o s e from T h i s means t h a t t h e
(2.42~10-l~ m2) and s = 24.3.
log- log type- curve matching i n s l u g t e s t a n a l y s i s . measured p

0
is reliable.
On t h e o t h e r hand, f o l l o w i n g t h e b u i l d u p t e s t
The dimensionless
-2 2 a n a l y s i s , k = 4,321 m ( 4 . 2 6 ~ 1 0 m ) and s = 33.4. d wellbore storage constant,
cD ,
is 8 . 6 4 ~ 1 3 0
Simila-r t o Example 1, i f t h e
2 4 r e s u l t s from t h e s l u g t e s t a n a l y s i s are used, ci = 3 . 4 6 ~ 1 0 and a1 = 1.14~10

Since
a <a
t h e r e s u l t o b t a i n e d by u s i n g t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l s l u g t e s t I f t h e r e s u l t s from t h e b u i l d u p t e s t are used,
soh-
tion is reliable.
2 a = 6.12~10
Using t h e s o l u t i o n s i n t h i s s t u d y based on t h e s e d a t a , t h e F i g u r e 63 shows t h e r e s u l t . The calcu-
flow p e r i o d d a t a were c a l c u l a t e d .
l a t e d p o i n t s based on t h e s l u g test a n a l y s i s a g r e e w i t h t h e f i e l d f l o w p e r i o d d a t a v e r y w e l l ; however, t h e c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s based on t h e buildup
t e s t a n a l y s i s do n o t a g r e e w i t h t h e f i e l d flow p e r i o d d a t a .
In order t o
i n v e s t i g a t e t h e reason f o r t h i s d i f f e r e n c e , t h e buil.dup w a s s i m u l a t e d by the f i n i t e difference solution which is explained i n Appendix D , and
-117------r',-
;.
3
0
---- 1
I ---'-0
* e
7 G
3
'
) ' i
cu
="
. ( I *
'y"
( 1
-118whose computer program i s i n Appendix E. F i g u r e s 64 and 65 show t h e
s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s based on t h e s l u g t e s t a n a l y s i s and t h e b u i l d u p t e s t analysis, respectively.
It a p p e a r s t h a t t h e d e p t h of i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s
F i g u r e 66
almost t h e same f o r b o t h t h e s l u g t e s t and t h e b u i l d u p t e s t .
shows t h e f i e l d d a t a and t h e c a l c u l a t e d p o i n t s on a Horner b u i l d u p graph. S i n c e w e do n o t know t h e e x t e r n a l r a d i u s of t h e r e s e r v o i r , we assumed t h a t t h e r e s e r v o i r i s almost i n f i n i t e l y l a r g e by s e t t i n g r simulation. i n the De T h i s i s one of t h e r e a s o n s why t h e r e i s some d i f f e r e n c e beHowever, s i n c e pW = pi
= 10
tween f i e l d d a t a and t h e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s .
'wD
{ pi
(po
+ patm) 1 , w e
can s h i f t t h e c a l c u l a t e d p o i n t s up and down Then t h i s
i n p a r a l l e l by changing t h e i n i t i a l formation p r e s s u r e , pi. d i f f e r e n c e h a s no s i g n i f i c a n c e .
O r i n t e r e s t i s i n t h e s l o p e of t h e l i n e . u
The s l o p e of t h e l i n e of c a l c u l a t e d p o i n t s based on t h e s l u g test a n a l y s i s
i s about 12.5 p s i / c y c l e ( 8 . 6 2 ~ 1 0 P a / c y c l e ) , as shown as s l o p e

66.
1 i n Fig.
T h i s s l o p e corresponds e x a c t l y t o t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y which i s o b t a i n e d
from t h e s l u g test a n a l y s i s and used t o c a l c u l a t e t h e dimensionless numbers. The s l o p e of t h e l i n e of c a l c u l a t e d p o i n t s based on t h e buildup t e s t analy-
4 sis i s about 7 p s i / c y c l e ( 4 . 8 3 ~ 1 0 P a / c y c l e ) , as shown a s s l o p e

66.
i n Fig.
Again, t h i s s l o p e corresponds t o t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y o b t a i n e d from t h e
b u i l d u p test a n a l y s i s based on t h e f i n a l f l o w r a t e . which h a s a s l o p e t h e same as t h e s l o p e
W can f i n d a l i n e e
1 and p a s s e s through some f i e l d
d a t a p o i n t s a t e a r l y t i m e s , and a l i n e whose s l o p e i s t h e same as t h e slope 2 and connects f i e l d d a t a p o i n t s mainly a t l a t e times, as shown i n T h i s means t h a t t h e r e s u l t of s l u g test a n a l y s i s corresponds
Fig. 66.
t o t h e b u i l d u p t e s t d a t a a t e a r l y times, and t h e r e s u l t of t h e b u i l d u p
t e s t a n a l y s i s corresponds t o t h e buildup d a t a a t l a t e t i m e s .
On t h e o t h e r
hand, j u d g i n g from t h e r e s u l t of t h e buildup s i m u l a t i o n , o n l y one semilog
p:
w w
H
H H
m 2
el
-120-
-121-
-122-
s t r a i g h t p o r t i o n should b e a p p a r e n t on t h e Horner graph as long as t h e assumption t h a t t h e r e s e r v o i r i s homogeneous h o l d s . T h e r e f o r e , i t appears
l i k e l y t h a t t h i s r e s e r v o i r i s n o t homogeneous, and t h i s h a s been r e c e n t l y reported i n another study,
36
i n which t h e dashed l i n e w i t h t h e s l o p e
in
Fig. 66 was used f o r t h e b u i l d u p a n a l y s i s .
This heterogeneity explains
why t h e r e i s a bending of t h e l i n e a t l a t e t i m e s , as shown i n F i g . 66, which looks l i k e t h e e f f e c t of a boundary, a l t h o u g h t h e r e i s l i t t l e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e boundary i s a p p a r e n t i n s h o r t - t i m e w e l l tests. This
h e t e r o g e n e i t y a p p e a r s t o b e t h e main r e a s o n why t h e d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d by t h e s l u g test a n a l y s i s and by t h e b u i l d u p test a n a l y s i s . summary, t h e s l u g t e s t a n a l y s i s g i v e s some r e a s o n a b l e r e s u l t s , a s does t h e b u i l d u p test a n a l y s i s , and i f t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between t h e r e s u l t s of t h e two, w e should s e a r c h f o r t h e reason. This should i n -
In
crease u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e r e s e r v o i r .
The s l o p e s of t h e l i n e s of c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s based on b o t h test a n a l y s e s seem t o become l a r g e r a t long b u i l d u p times.
The r e a s o n f o r t h i s
i s n o t clear, a l t h o u g h i t i s probably caused by t h e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t i n s i d e t h e r e s e r v o i r a t t h e shut- in t i m e .
This gradient, r e f l e c t s t h e de-
c l i n i n g f l o w r a t e s d u r i n g p r o d u c t i o n , and h a s a convex p o r t i o n i n t h e reservoir. How long t h e semilog s t r a 2 g h t p o r t i o n i n t h e Horner graph a p p e a r s i n
t h e b u i l d u p d a t a a f t e r a s h o r t - t i m e p r o d u c t i o n i s beyond t h e range of t h i s study. Buildup behavior i n DST a n a l y s i s d e s e r v e s f u r t h e r a t t e n t i o n .

It
i s noteworthy t h a t F e n ~ k e e~ o r t e d r e c e n t l y t h a t p r e s s u r e b u i l d u p d a t a r p~ f o r a w e l l produced f o r a s h o r t t i m e should f o l l o w t h e s l u g test typecurves. Thio observat&on means t h a t t h e s l u g test s o l u t i o n should
b e proper f o r a t l e a s t t h e i n i t i a l cleanup b u i l d u p dat.a, as w e l l as f o r t h e
-123flow p e r i o d d a t a . Buildup a n a l y s i s a f t e r s h o r t - t i m e p r o d u c t i o n should be
studied i n t h e near future. S i m i l a r t o Example 1, t h e p r e s s u r e drop caused by f r i c t i o n i n t h e w e l l b o r e was c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h i s example i n Appendix C.
The o r d e r of
magnitude of t h e f r i c t i o n l o s s w a s s t i l l small, even though n o t as small
as t h a t f o r Example 1. The assumption of n e g l i g i b l e f r i c t i o n seems t o

hold f o r t h i s example case a l s o .
2-3-4
Example 4 ( O s c i l l a t i o n Case) The d a t a f o r t h i s example are from a water w e l l t e s t , and were pre-
s e n t e d by van d e r Kamp.I6
The s o l i d l i n e s i n F i g s . 67 and 68 show t h e
measured l i q u i d level i n t h e w e l l b o r e f o r a w e l l c a l l e d 2-C and a n o t h e r
w e l l c a l l e d 9- A, a t New Brunswick, Canada, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

4 r e a d from t h e s e graphs are i n Table C- i n Appendix C.
The l i q u i d l e v e l The l i q u i d l e v e l
C i n t h e w e l l b o r e of t h e w e l l 2- shows a n o s c i l l a t i o n , and t h e l i q u i d level i n t h e w e l l b o r e of t h e w e l l 9-A shows no o s c i l l a t i o n . The p r o p e r t i e s of
t h e w e l l - a q u i f e r system were g i v e n i n ground water hydrology symbols. correspondence between t h e symbols used i n ground water hydrology and t h o s e used i n petroleum e n g i n e e r i n g were r e p o r t e d by Ramey et a l .
The
Table
10 shows t h i s correspondence, i n c l u d i n g t h e new dimensionless number, a ,

proposed i n t h i s s t u d y . I n van d e r Kamp,16 d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s were r e p o r t e d
as t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e w e l l - a q u i f e r system as t h e r e s u l t s of t h e pump
t e s t and t h e r e s p o n s e t e s t .
s u l t s i n the simulation.
W s e l e c t e d v a l u e s which y i e l d b e t t e r ree
Table 1 summarizes t h e v a l u e s used. 1
F i g u r e 67
shows a comparison between t h e f i e l d d a t a and t h e c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s f o r C t h e w e l l 2- u s i n g t h e s l u g t e s t s o l u t i o n p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s t u d y . The
2 c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s based on t h e t r a n s m i s s i v i t y , T = 0.0061 m / s , shows

b e t t e r agreement w i t h t h e f i e l d d a t a t h a n does t h e c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s based
I,
-124-
m-
n
W
v)
Q,
oo
t-
w o
3
%-0z
4
0
II
J O 0
llJ3
'X
-125-
w
p?
I l n
-126TABLE 10: CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE SYMBOLS USED I N PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

AND THOSE I N GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY
Petroleum E n g i n e e r i n g
Ground Water Hydrology

r
2
cD
L
T-t S-r. 2
S
-127TABLE 11: ADJUSTED PROPERTIES OF WELLAQUIFER SYSTEMS REPORTED BY

VAN DER KAMP"
SYMBOLS OF GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY E f f e c t i v e l e n g t h of f l u i d column, L(m)
WELL 2c
WELL 9A
16
0.0068
1 1
0.0017
2 T r a n s m i s s i v i t y , T (m / s )
C o e f f i c i e n t of e l a s t i c s t o r a g e , S Radius of w e l l f i l t e r , r Radius of w e l l c a s i n g , r f
C
1.~ x I O - ~
1.1 x 1 ~ - 4
(m)
0.051
0.051
0 051
0.051
(m)
SYMBOLS OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
Dimensionless w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e c o n s t a n t , Dimensionless t i m e ,
tD
cD
3 3.57~10
4.55~10~
3 5.94~10
t (-see)
4 1.68~10 t (-sec)
0
Skin f a c t o r , s (assumption) Dimensionless number, a
2.39~10
6.29~10
-128on t h e t r a n s m i s s i v i t y , T = 0.0068 m /s, which w a s r e p o r t e d by van d e r Kamp.
The t r a n s m i s s i v i t y of 0.0061 m 2 / s
is believed t o be c l o s e r t o t h e t r u e
F i g u r e 68 p r e s e n t s t h e
2 v a l u e t h a n i s t h e t r a n s m i s s i v i t y of 0.0068 m /s.
same comparison f o r the w e l l 9- A.
The c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s based on t h e
w e l l - a q u i f e r p r o p e r t i e s r e p o r t e d by van d e r Kamp a g r e e v e r y w e l l w i t h t h e actual data. aquifer. I n t h e case of s h a l l o w water w e l l s producing from h i g h p e r m e a b i l i t y f o r m a t i o n s , t h e s k i n f a c t o r , s, i s o f t e n n e a r l y zero. dimensionless w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e c o n s t a n t , C
2 The t r a n s m i s s i v i t y of 0.0017 m / s is r e l i a b l e f o r t h i s
Then, knowing t h e
(or t h e c o e f f i c i e n t of e l a s t i c
s t o r a g e , S ) , w e can p r e p a r e typecurves f o r v a r i o u s v a l u e s of t h e dimens i o n l e s s number, a , u s i n g t h e s l u g t e s t s o l u t i o n p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s t u d y , and can o b t a i n t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y , k ( o r t h e t r a n s m i s s i v i t y , T ) , from t h e matched a v a l u e . T h i s example i n which w e could determine a b e t t e r t r a n s -
m i s s i v i t y shows how t h i s type- curve matching method works. F i n a l l y , t h e s p i k e , which a p p e a r s b e f o r e t h e z e r o time (as s e e n i n F i g s . 67 and 6 8 ) , can b e seen i n a l l test r e s u l t s r e p o r t e d by van d e r Kamp. T h i s phenomenon might b e caused by t h e way t h e t e s t w a s performed, bec a u s e a f l o a t w a s suddenly removed from t h e w e l l b o r e t o g i v e t h e i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n of t h e test. T h i s procedure c a u s e s a s t r a n g e i n i t i a l water s u r -
face.
The f i r s t drop probably p r o j e c t s toward t h e l i q u i d level a t t h e However, t h e water i n t h e annulus between t h e f l o a t
bottom of t h e f l o a t .
and t h e c a s i n g suddenly d r o p s i n t o the f l o a t c a v i t y causing t h e s p i k e and a new l i q u i d l e v e l above t h e f l o a t bottom a t t h e i n s t a n t of withdrawal.
3.
ANALYSIS O F O PERIOD DATA I N CLOSED CHAMBER TESTS F LW A c l o s e d chamber t e s t i s a v a r i a t i o n of a conventional d r i l l stem t e s t
(DST) and i s used f o r s a f e t y o r f o r p o l l u t i o n p r o t e c t i o n .
I n c l o s e d cham-
b e r t e s t s , l7'I8 t h e w e l l i s s h u t i n a t t h e s u r f a c e o r a t t h e t o p of t h e c l o s e d chamber when t h e f l u i d i s being produced. The w e l l may b e open a t
t h e s u r f a c e o r a t t h e t o p of t h e c l o s e d chamber, although i n some cases k e p t c l o s e d i n t o m a i n t a i n t h e p r e s s u r e i n t h e w e l l b o r e when t h e tester valve i s closed. These o p e r a t i o n s are done t o prevent t h e r e s e r v o i r f l u i d
from flowing o u t a t t h e s u r f a c e , which may cause p o l l u t i o n problems and perhaps danger, e s p e c i a l l y f o r o f f s h o r e w e l l s . diagram of a c l o s e d chamber t e s t . Usually t h e w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e d a t a f o r t h e flow p e r i o d have been d i s carded, and a method t o a n a l y z e t h e s e d a t a h a s n o t been p r e s e n t e d t h u s f a r ( t o our knowledge). S e c t i o n 3-1 p r e s e n t s t h e mathematical f o r m u l a t i o n of F i g u r e 69 shows a schematic
t h i s problem, and t h e s o l u t i o n i s i n v e s t i g a t e d i n S e c t i o n 3- 2.
3-1
Mathematical Formulation S i n c e t h e p r e s s u r e of t h e trapped g a s i n t h e c l o s e d chamber, p ch'
resists t h e movement of t h e r e s e r v o i r l i q u i d , p
t h e atmospheric p r e s s u r e , wellbore (see Eq.
ch
should be used i n s t e a d of
'atmy
i n t h e momentum b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n i n t h e
1). The momentum b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n i n t h e w e l l b o r e f o r
t h e c l o s e d chamber t e s t becomes:
L
d x - + gx = 2 dt
-- 'ch-'atm Pf Pf
(77)
-129-
-130-
SURFACE VALVE
/ SURFACE
X
/
L
DRILL STRING
/
,TESTER VALVE
--hf
XJ
PACKER
FORMATION -
FIG. 69: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A CLOSED CHAMBER TEST
-131The d e f i n i t i o n of t h e v a r i a b l e s and c o n s t a n t s are t h e same as i n Eq. 1.

From t h e g a s equation:
Li i s t h e l e n g t h of c l o s e d chamber, x i s t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e ,
x ( 0 ) i s t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e a t z e r o t i m e , z i s t h e compress i b i l i t y f a c t o r of t h e gas i n t h e c l o s e d chamber, z
i s t h e i n i t i a l compres-
s i b i l i t y f a c t o r of t h e g a s i n t h e c l o s e d chamber, and p p r e s s u r e of t h e closed chamber. Then : d2 A + & - -pi-pw _ __ 2 L x PfL pfL dt
ch,i
is the i n i t i a l
[Li-x(o)
12
pch,i 'atm
(Li-x)z i
(79)
I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n a dimensionless form of t h i s e q u a t i o n , w e w i l l u s e t h e
dimensionless v a r i a b l e s xD, tD, and pWD d e f i n e d i n Eqs. 11, 9 , and 1 2 , and t h e dimensionless number a d e f i n e d i n Eq. 1 6 . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e dimensibnless v a r i a b l e s and number groups, t h e following dimensionless groups a r e introduced:
pD atm
Patm Pi-(P 0+Patm)
B =
phi ,,
P i - (P,+Patm)
-132The dimensionless v a l u e , pressure.
, r e p r e s e n t s t h e dimensionless atmospheric atm The dimensionless groups 6 and L r e p r e s e n t t h e e f f e c t of t h e

PD
Di
i n i t i a l p r e s s u r e of t h e c l o s e d chamber and t h e volume of t h e closed chamber on t h e closed chamber t e s t s o l u t i o n , r e s p e c t i v e l y . 2 Then, Eq. 79 becomes:
XD 2 -I- XD dtD
_-
'wD
[LD -x,(O>lz
i
atm
' D -XD)Zi L
i
I f t h e i n i t i a l c l o s e d chamber p r e s s u r e , o f t e n t r u e , Eq. 83 becomes:
'ch,i'
i s atmospheric, which i s
' D
S i n c e Eqs. 83 and 84 are n o n l i n e a r because of t h e l a s t term, t h e s o l u t i o n w a s o b t a i n e d u s i n g a f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s o l u t i o n which i s explained i n Appendix D. Appendix E shows t h e computer program f o r t h i s f i n i t e d i f f e r -
ence s o l u t i o n .
I I n o r d e r t o see t h e dimensionless w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e w i t h i n
~
is introt h e same r a n g e , t h e f o l l o w i n g new dimensionless v a r i a b l e , p* WD '
duced :
The v a r i a b l e p* r e p r e s e n t s t h e dimensionless w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e based on WD t h e sum o f t h e l i q u i d cushionfiead, po, and t h e i n i t i a l c l o s e d chamber press u r e, 'ch,i' as an e q u i v a l e n t cushion head, which h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g r e l a -
tion with p defined previously: WD
-133-
D' :
'wD l-@+pD atm
The r e s u l t s , t o b e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n , are p r e s e n t e d i n terms of t h e dimensionless w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e ,

PED
3-2
R e s u l t s and Discussion I n o r d e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e c l o s e d chamber t e s t s o l u t i o n and t h e
parameters which a f f e c t t h e s o l u t i o n , t h e case f o r C a g a i n s e l e c t e d as a t y p i c a l example.
= 10
and s = 0 was
The s o l u t i o n s f o r some parameter
v a l u e s were o b t a i n e d f o r t h i s problem u s i n g t h e f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s o l u t i o n explained i n Appendix D. To determine t y p i c a l o r d e r of magnitudes of Suppose t h e
parameter v a l u e s , l e t u s c o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g example c a s e . i n i t i a l formation p r e s s u r e , pi,
7 i s 3,000 p s i a ( 2 . 0 7 ~ 1 0 P a ) ; t h e l i q u i d
7 cushion head, po, i s 2,000 p s i a ( 1 . 3 8 ~ 1 0 P a ) ; t h e atmospheric p r e s s u r e ,
a tm9 '
is 14.7 psia 'ch, i'
(l.O1x1O5 P a ) ; t h e i n i t i a l p r e s s u r e of t h e c l o s e d which i s l i k e l y ; t h e l e n g t h
chamber,
5 i s 1 4 . 7 p s i a ( 1 . 0 1 ~ 1 0 Pa)
of t h e c l o s e d chamber, Li, Of'
i s 2,000 f t (610 m); and t h e l i q u i d d e n s i t y , Then t h e dimensionless number
2 3 i s 0.8 ( 8 . 0 ~ 1 0 kg/m ) ( t o w a t e r ) .
i s 0.015, f3 i s 0.015, and LD i s 0.70. Therefore, as a t y p i c a l I atm example, w e s e l e c t 0.01 a s p In addition t o t h i s and f3, and 1 a s LD Datm i combination of dimensionless numbers, w e w i l l c o n s i d e r t h e c a s e when
P,
= 0 . 1 and L
= 1, as t h e h i g h i n i t i a l c l o s e d chamber p r e s s u r e case,
= 0.01 a s t h e h i g h i n i t i a l closed chamber p r e s s u r e D, and small c l o s e d chamber volume c a s e .
and ( = 0 . 1 and L 3
F i g u r e 70 p r e s e n t s t h e dimensionless w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e , p i D , v e r s u s d i m e n s i o n l e s s t i m e , tD, and F i g . 7 1 shows t h e dimensionless l i q u i d l e v e l
t-
..
H
I J
m m
; I
i 5
I /
1 ;
I r
II I
H VI
E n
rl
..
r-
u H
Fr
-136i n t h e wellbore, x
versus t
f o r t h e s e parameter v a l u e s .
It was assumed
t h a t t h e g a s c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y f a c t o r i s 1. A s we can see, t h e r e are l a r g e r d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e x t h e s e example c a s e s .

D
s o l u t i o n s than between t h e p* s o l u t i o n s f o r WD
This i s because t h e dimensionless w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e ,

0
pGD, i s based on t h e sum of t h e l i q u i d cushion head, p
and t h e i n i t i a l
c l o s e d chamber p r e s s u r e ,
I f w e u s e t h e dimensionless w e l l b o r e
pressure, p w e w i l l see t h e same o r d e r of d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e s o l u t i o n s wD as that i n the x p, D :

D
solutions.
Then, t h e dimensionless w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e ,
i s a u s e f u l dimensionless v a r i a b l e t o handle t h e closed chamber t e s t
s o l u t i o n ; from now on, w e w i l l d i s c u s s t h e p* s o l u t i o n s . WD For t h e t y p i c a l c a s e (B = 0.01, L

= 1) and f o r p r a c t i c a l purposes,
Di
t h e r e i s no d i f f e r e n c e between t h e s l u g t e s t s o l u t i o n and t h e c l o s e d chamb e r t e s t s o l u t i o n i n terms of t h e p* s o l u t i o n s , a s seen i n F i g . 70. WD

W e
can s a y t h a t t h e s l u g t e s t s o l u t i o n can b e a p p l i e d t o a n a l y z e t h e flow p e r i o d d a t a of t h e c l o s e d chamber t e s t f o r t h i s t y p i c a l case u s i n g t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e , pED. The o t h e r two c a s e s are u n l i k e l y
i n f i e l d t e s t i n g ; however, t h e s e two c a s e s were s t u d i e d i n o r d e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e e f f e c t of t h e dimensionless numbers B and L
on t h e s o l u -
Di
tions.
= 1, r e p r e s e n t s t h e c a s e when t h e Di p r e s s u r e of t h e c l o s e d chamber i s i n c r e a s e d b e f o r e t h e test s t a r t s . The
The f i r s t example, B = 0 . 1 and L
second example, P = 0 . 1 and L
= 0.01, r e p r e s e n t s t h e case when t h e Di
c l o s e d chamber i s p r e s s u r i z e d b e f o r e t h e test s t a r t s and t h e volume of t h e c l o s e d chamber i s v e r y small. The s o l u t i o n s f o r t h e s e cases are d i f Then,
f e r e n t from t h e s l u g t e s t s o l u t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y a t l a t e t i m e s .
s t r i c t l y speaking, t h e s l u g t e s t s o l u t i o n cannot b e used t o a n a l y z e t h e flow p e r i o d d a t a from a c l o s e d chamber t e s t f o r t h e s e cases. I f the slug
- 137t e s t s o l u t i o n were used, t h e r e would b e some e r r o r i n t h e r e s u l t s .
How-
e v e r , i t should be remembered t h a t t h e s e two examples are n o t l i k e l y i n actual testing. I f pi
(po
patm ) i s smaller t h a n t h i s example, t h e
become l a r g e r . Then, t h e e f f e c t of t h e dimensionless numbers B and L Di dimensionless number B on t h e s o l u t i o n i n c r e a s e s . On t h e o t h e r hand, t h e e f f e c t of t h e dimensionless number L decreases. However, as long a s t h e
Di
i n i t i a l p r e s s u r e of t h e c l o s e d chamber i s atmospheric, i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e dimensionless number B w i l l become g r e a t e r than 0 . 1 i n a c l o s e d chamber t e s t . I f t h e dimensionless number B i s less than 0.1, t h e d i f f e r -
ence between t h e s l u g test s o l u t i o n and t h e c l o s e d chamber t e s t s o l u t i o n
i s n o t l a r g e f o r p r a c t i c a l purposes, a s long a s t h e volume of t h e c l o s e d

chamber i s n o t t o o s m a l l , as shown i n F i g . 70. Therefore, our d i s c u s s i o n on t h e s o l u t i o n h o l d s Di
on t h e e f f e c t of t h e dimensionless numbers f3 and L generally.
A s a summary of t h i s s e c t i o n , t h e s l u g t e s t s o l u t i o n can b e a p p l i e d t o a n a l y z e t h e flow p e r i o d d a t a from a c l o s e d chamber t e s t except f o r t h e case when t h e i n i t i a l p r e s s u r e of t h e c l o s e d chamber i s v e r y h i g h compared t o t h e atmospheric p r e s s u r e , o r t h e volume of t h e c l o s e d chamber i s v e r y small For t h e s e s p e c i a l cases, s o l u t i o n s should b e o b t a i n e d u s i n g t h e f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s o l u t i o n i n Appendix D t o a n a l y z e t h e flow p e r i o d d a t a c l o s e d chamber t e s t . from t h e
Phase change i s n o t considered i n t h i s a n a l y s i s .
4.
CONCLUSIONS
The e f f e c t of t h e i n e r t i a of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e on t h e s l u g
t e s t s o l u t i o n was i n v e s t i g a t e d .
A new d i m e n s i o n l e s s number,
a, which cor-
r e s p o n d s t o Froude's number, w a s d e f i n e d t o d e t e r m i n e how t h e i n e r t i a of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e wellbore a f f e c t s a slug test solution. The e f f e c t s of
w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e and t h e s k i n f a c t o r on t h e s l u g t e s t s o l u t i o n were d i s c u s s e d , and t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n r a d i u s of a s l u g t e s t w a s s t u d i e d . f i e l d d a t a from s l u g tests were a n a l y z e d . Some
The s o l u t i o n f o r t h e f l o w p e r i o d
d a t a a n a l y s i s i n c l o s e d chamber tests was s t u d i e d as a n e x t e n s i o n of t h e general s l u g test s o l u t i o n . A s a r e s u l t of t h i s s t u d y , t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s a p p e a r warrantedi.
1.
S o l u t i o n s f o r t h e s l u g t e s t f n e l u d i n g t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e
l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e depend on a d i m e n s i o n l e s s number, t h i s study. 2.
a, d e f i n e d i n
Approximately, t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e i s
n e g l i g i b l e f o r p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s i f a i s less t h a n a
1,
d e f i n e d by E q s .
70 and 7 2 . 3.
Approximately, t h e o s c i l l a t i o n of t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e
2'
may happen when a i s g r e a t e r t h a n a
d e f i n e d by Eqs. 7 1 and 73.
The
van d e r Kamp parameter d i s approximately 0.5 f o r c r i t i c a l damping.

4.
I n c r e a s e d w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e i n c r e a s e s t h e r a n g e of a wherein t h e
i n e r t i a l e f f e c t o f t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e i s n e g l i g i b l e , and d e c r e a s e s t h e tendency f o r t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e t o o s c i l l a t e .
5.
I n c r e a s e d s k i n f a c t o r ( w e l l b o r e damage) i n c r e a s e s t h e r a n g e of a
wherein t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e i s n e g l i g i b l e , -138-
-139and d e c r e a s e s t h e tendency f o r t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e t o o s c i l -
late.
Negative s k i n f a c t o r makes t h e i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e
w e l l b o r e more s i g n i f i c a n t , and i n c r e a s e s t h e tendency of t h e l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e wellbore t o o s c i l l a t e . P o s i t i v e s k i n f a c t o r d e c r e a s e s t h e over-
s h o o t i n g of p a t e a r l y times f o r small a v a l u e s . WD
6. How t h e w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e and s k i n f a c t o r f o r c e t h e s l u g test s o l u t i o n

t o s h i f t on t h e t i m e axis can b e e s t i m a t e d by Eq. 7 6 .
7.
G e n e r a l l y speaking, t h e h i g h e r t h e i n i t i a l formation p r e s s u r e and
p e r m e a b i l i t y , and t h e lower t h e l i q u i d v i s c o s i t y , t h e d r i l l s t r i n g r a d i u s and t h e s k i n f a c t o r are, t h e more t h e i n e r t i a of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e a f f e c t s t h e s l u g test s o l u t i o n .
8. A l a r g e s k i n f a c t o r may b e one r e a s o n f o r a p p a r e n t l i n e a r i t y between t h e w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e and t i m e o f t e n observed i n DST flow p e r i o d d a t a a t t h e beginning of a flow p e r i o d .
9.
The i n v e s t i g a t i o n r a d i u s f o r a s l u g t e s t depends on t h e dimensionThe l a r g e r t h e dimensionless w e l l b o r e The s k i n
less w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e c o n s t a n t , CD.
s t o r a g e c o n s t a n t i s , t h e deeper t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n r a d i u s i s . f a c t o r , s , and t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s number r a d i u s a s much.
a do n o t a f f e c t t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n
The d e p t h of i n v e s t i g a t i o n f o r t h e b u i l d u p t e s t and t h e
s l u g t e s t are almost t h e same i f t h e shutdown i s done a t l a t e t i m e .
The
d e p t h of i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s on t h e o r d e r of hundreds of w e l l b o r e r a d i i , i n many cases.
10.
The s o l u t i o n p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s t u d y i s a p p l i c a b l e n o t o n l y t o pro-
duction, but a l s o t o batch i n j e c t i o n .
11.
There are two ways t o u t i l i z e t h e s o l u t i o n obtained i n t h i s s t u d y

One way i s t o u s e t h e s o l u t i o n as a type-
In i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of f i e l d d a t a .
-140c u r v e when t h e s k i n f a c t o r , s, i s known by o t h e r means, such as buildup
test analysis.
t h e matched t /C
P e r m e a b i l i t y can b e o b t a i n e d from t h e matched
a value o r a value
value.
This type- curve can be used f o r l a r g e
cases f o r which t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l i n e r t i a - l e s s s l u g test typecurves cannot be applied. The o t h e r way t o u s e t h e s o l u t i o n i s t o check whether t h e
r e s u l t o b t a i n e d by t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l s l u g test a n a l y s i s i s r e l i a b l e o r n o t . After t h e conventional s l u g test a n a l y s i s ,
a should b e c a l c u l a t e d . 1
If
a i s less t h a n a
reasonable.
12.
the r e s u l t of c o n v e n t i o n a l s l u g t e s t a n a l y s i s should b e
It i s important t o measure t h e cushion l i q u i d head a c c u r a t e l y be-
f o r e opening t h e tester v a l v e and t o o b t a i n enough d a t a a t l a t e times i n t h e s l u g test. When t h e cushion l i q u i d head i s n o t known, t h e s o l u t i o n
i n log- log scale should b e used t o match t h e s l u g t e s t d a t a .
13.
S e v e r a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s have concluded that s l u g test r e s u l t s are T h i s o b s e r v a t i o n a p p e a r s based
n o t as r e l i a b l e as b u i l d u p t e s t r e s u l t s . on d i f f i c u l t y i n type- curve matching.
The r e s u l t s of t h i s s t u d y i n d i c a t e
s l u g t e s t r e s u l t s should be r e l i a b l e and a g r e e w i t h b u i l d u p test r e s u l t s .
14.
F u r t h e r work i s n e c e s s a r y t o understand t h e buildup d a t a a f t e r a The Fenske3 observation t h a t buildup following a
s h o r t - t i m e production.
s h o r t p r o d u c t i o n test may b e analyzed as a s l u g test seems t o b e a v e r y important i d e a . 15.
The d e v i a t i o n of c l o s e d chamber s o l u t i o n f r o m t h e s l u g test s o l u t k o n
depends upon t h e i n i t i a l p r e s s u r e of t h e c l o s e d chamber and t h e volume of t h e c l o s e d chamber.
A s long as t h e i n i t i a l p r e s s u r e of t h e c l o s e d chamber
i s n e a r l y atmospheric, and t h e volume of t h e c l o s e d chamber i s n o t t o o

small, t h e s l u g test s o l u t i o n can b e a p p l i e d t o a n a l y z e t h e flow p e r i o d
d a t a of t h e c l o s e d chamber test.
5.
NOMENCLATURE
=
positive number greater than the real part of the singularities of function; a constant defined in Eq. D- 3, in Appendix D
Cg and
A
B
C
cD
C
= arbitrary constant; coefficient of the equation which relate
a
=
1
D
arbitrary constant; coefficient of the equation which relates C and
a2
= = = =
wellbore storage, L T /M dimensionless wellbore storage constant compressibility of theliquid in the wellbore, LT /M total system compressibility, LT /M
2 2
4 2
d
D
= parameter which controls the critical damping condition = diameter of the pipe, L = exponent of C
=
D
2
f g h IO
Moody friction factor
= gravitational acceleration, L/T = thickness of the formation, L
= modified Bessel function of the first kind, order zero

= Bessel function of the first kind, order zero = Bessel function of the first kind, order unity
JO
k
KO
K 1
permeability, L
= modified Bessel function of the second(kind, order zero

=
modified Bessel function of the second kind, order unity variable of Laplace transform liquid length whose head is equivalent to the initial formation pressure minus atmospheric pressure, L; liquid length in the wellbore in Appendix C y L -141-
R
L
= =
-142-
Li
l e n g t h of c l o s e d chamber, L dimensionless l e n g t h of c l o s e d chamber
LD
M
number of nodes number of terms Reynold's number p r e s s u r e a t t h e p o i n t i n t h e r e s e r v o i r , M/LT atmospheric p r e s s u r e , M/LT

2 2
L
NRe P
Patm
'ch
p r e s s u r e of c l o s e d chamber, M/LT
i n i t i a l p r e s s u r e of c l o s e d chamber, M/LT dimensionless p r e s s u r e Laplace transform of p

D
dimensionless atmospheric p r e s s u r e d i m e n s i o n l e s s p r e s s u r e a t t h e node i a t t h e t i m e s t e p n

Pi
i n i t i a l formation p r e s s u r e , M/LT
2 2
P O
PW
p r e s s u r e e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e cushion l i q u i d head, M/LT w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e , M/LT
'wD
-
dimensionless w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e Laplace t r a n s f o r m of p WD dimensionless w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e based on t h e i n i t i a l c l o s e d chamber pressure flowing w e l l b o r e p r e s s u r e , M/LT production flowrate, L /T r a d i a l d i s t a n c e from t h e a x i s of t h e w e l l , L
2
'WD
D P :
Pwf
q
r
r r r
C
r a d i u s of c a s i n g , L dimensionless r a d i a l d i s t a n c e from t h e a x i s of t h e w e l l dimensionless e x t e r n a l r a d i u s e
-143-
r
Di
dimensionless r a d i a l d i s t a n c e a t node i increment of dimensionless r a d i a l d i s t a n c e a t node i
ArD i
r r
r r
e
P
S
external radius, L r a d i u s of p i p e , L r a d i u s o f sandface, L wellbore radius, L e f f e c t i v e wellbore radius, L residue
W W
r'
Re
Re
S
real p a r t of
skin factor
S
t
c o e f f i c i e n t of e l a s t i c s t o r a g e
time, T
shut- in t i m e , T dimensionless t i m e increment of dimensionless t i m e
At
tD
Dl
t
T
dimensionless t i m e a t which p becomes 0 . 9 f o r a = 0 WD p r o d u c t i o n time, T upper t i m e l i m i t f o r numerical Laplace transform i n v e r s i o n methods ; t r a n s m i s s i v i t y , L2 / T v a r i a b l e i n Appendix A; v e l o c i t y of l i q u i d column i n t h e w e l l b o r e i n Appendix C, L / T l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e wellbore, L
x ( t =O) = i n i t i a l l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e , L dimensionless l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e
= i n i t i a l dimensionless l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e w e l l b o r e = i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y of t h e dimensionless l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e
wellbore Laplace transform of x

D
- 144Y Y
z
=
Bessel f u n c t i o n of t h e second k i n d , o r d e r z e r o
= Bessel f u n c t i o n of t h e second kind, o r d e r u n i t y = c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y f a c t o r of t h e g a s i n t h e c l o s e d chamber; complex
v a r i a b l e i n Appendix A
z
= i n i t i a l c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y f a c t o r of t h e g a s i n t h e c l o s e d chamber
GREEK NOMENCLATURE
dimensionless number d e f i n e d i n Eq. 1 6

of
a1 = v a l u e
a2
f3
y
a below which pWD becomes t h e same a s t h e a
0 c a s e solu-
t i o n when p becomes 0 . 9 . WD
= v a l u e of
a beyond which t h e l i q u i d level i n t h e w e l l b o r e o s c i l l a t e s
= dimensionless number d e f i n e d i n Eq. 80; complex v a r i a b l e i n Appendix
A
= Euler's constant
=
X
Pf
@
v a r i a b l e i n Appendix A
= d e n s i t y of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e ,
M/L
= porosity
6.
REFERENCES
1 "
1.
2.
F e r r i s , J . G . , and Knowels, D.B.: "The Slug Test f o r Estimating Transm i s s i b i l i t y , " U.S. Geol. Survey Ground Water Note 26 (1954), 1- 7. Beck, A . , J a e g e r , J . C . , and Newstead, G.: "The Measurement of t h e Thermal C o n d u c t i v i t i e s of Rocks by Observations i n Boreholes," Aust. J . Phys. (1956), 9, 286. Cooper, H.H., J r . , Bredehoeft, J . D . , and Papadopulos, 1,s.: "Response of a Finite- Diameter Well t o an I n s t a n t a n e o u s Charge of Water," Water; Resources Research (1967) , 3, No. 1, 263- 269.
3.
4.
5.
Maier, L.F.: "DST I n t e r p r e t a t i o n C a l c u l a t i o n s for. Water R e s e r v o i r s , " H a l l i b u r t o n S e r v i c e s Limited Report, Calgary, A l b e r t a , J a n . 2, 1970.
van P o o l l e n , H.K., and Weber, J . D . : "Data Analysis f o r High I n f l u x Wells," Paper SPE 3017, p r e s e n t e d a t t h e 45th Annual F a l l Meeting, SPE of AIME, Houston, Oct. 4-7, 1970. Kohlhaas, C.A.: "A Method f o r Analyzing Pressures; Measured During D r i l l s t e m - T e s t Flow P e r i o d s , " J. P e t . Tech. (Oct. 1972), 1278. J a e g e r , J . C . : "Conduction of Heat i n an I n f i n i t e Region Bounded Inte$b' a l l y by a C i r c u l a r Cylinder of a P e r f e c t Conductor," Aust. J . Phys. (1956), - No. 2, 167. 9, van Everdingen, A.F.: "The Skin E f f e c t and Its I n f l u e n c e on t h e Prodwct i v e Capacity of a Well," Trans., AIME (1953), -- 171- 176. 198, H u r s t , W.: " Establishment of t h e Skin E f f e c t and I t s Impediment t o Fluid- Flow I n t o a Well Bore," P e t . Eng. (Oct. 1953), 25, B-6. Al- Hussainy, R., and Ramey, H . J . , J r . : "An I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Wellbore S t o r a g e and Skin E f f e c t i n Unsteady Liquid Flow: I. A n a l y t i c a l Treatment," SOC. P e t . Eng. J . (Sept. :L970), 279. Ramey, H . J . , J r . , and Agarwal, R.G.: "Annulus Unztoading Rates as Influenced by Wellbore S t o r a g e and Skin E f f e c t , ' ' Soc. P e t . Eng. J . (Oct. 1972), 453. Papadopulos, I . S . , Bredehoeft, J . D . , and Cooper, H.H., J r . : "On t h e Analysis of 'Slug Test' Data," Water Resources Research (Aug. 1973), - No. 4 , 1087. 9, Ramey, H . J . , J r . , Agarwal, R.G. and M a r t i n , I. : " Analysis of 'Slug T e s t ' o r DST Flow Period Data," J. Can. P e t . Tech. (July- Sept. 19751, 1-11.
-145-
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Agarwal, R.G.,
11.
12.
13.
- 14614.
Earlougher, R.C., Jr.: "Advances in Well Test Analysis," Monograph 5 , SPE, Dallas, Texas ( 1 9 7 7 ) , 96- 101. Bredehoeft, J.D., Cooper, H.H., Jr., and Papadopulos, I . S . : "Inertial and Storage Effects in Well-Aquifer Systems: An Analog Investigation," Water Resources Research ( 1 9 6 6 ) , 2, No. 4 , 697-7017. van der Kamp, G.: "Determining Aquifer Transmissivity by Means of Well Response Tests: The Underdamped Case," Water Resolurces Research (Feb. 1 9 7 6 ) , -, NO. 1, 71- 77. 12 Alexander, L.G.: "Theory and Practice of the Closed-Chamber Drillstem Test Method," J. Pet. Tech. (Dec. 1 9 7 7 ) , 1 5 3 9 - 1 5 4 4 . Marshal, G.R.: "Practical Aspect of Closed-Chamber Testing," 3 . Can. Pet. Tech. (July-Sept. 1 9 7 8 ) , 82- 85. Matthews, C.S., and Russell, D.G.: "Pressure Buildup and Flow Tests in Wells," Monograph 1, SPE, Dallas, Texas ( 1 9 6 7 ) , 4- 7. Binder, R.C.: Fluid Mechanics, Prentice-Hall ( 1 9 4 9 1 , 8 2 - 8 3 . van Everdingen, A.F., and Hurst, W.: "The Application of the Laplace Transformation to Flow Problems," Trans., AIME ( 1 9 4 9 ) . 1 8 6 , 305- 324. Karman, V.T., and Biot, M.A.: Mathematical Methods in Engineering, McGraw-Hill ( 1 9 4 0 ) , 61- 63, David, P.J., and Rabinowitz, P.: Numerical Integration, Blaisdell Publishing Co. , Waltham, Mass. ( 1 9 6 7 ) , 1 6 6 . Watson, G.W.: A Treatise on the Theory of Bessel Functions, Cambridge Univ. Press ( 1 9 4 4 ) , 2 0 2 . Churchill, R.V. : Operational Mathematics, McGraw-Hill ( 1 9 7 2 1 , 4 5 9 . Carslaw, H.S., and Jaeger, J.C.: Operational Methods in Applied Mathematics, Oxford Univ. Press ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 248- 249. Stehfest, H.: "Numerical Inversion of Laplace Transforms," Communica13 tion of the ACM (Jan. 1 9 7 0 ) , -, No. 1, 47- 49. Gaver, D.P.: "Observing Stochastic Process and Approximate Transform 14 Inversion," Oper. Res. ( 1 9 6 6 ) , -, No. 3 , 445-459. Veillon, F.: "Numerical Inversion of Laplace Transform," Communication 17 of the ACM (Oct. 1 9 7 4 ) , -, No, 10, 587- 589. Dubner, H., and Abate, J . : "Numerical Inversion of Laplace Transform and the Finite Fourier Transform," J. ACM (Jan, 1 9 6 8 ) , -, No. 1, 11515
123.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. 21.
22.
23,
24.
25. 26.
27.
28.
29,
30.
-147-
31.
32.
Albrecht, P., and Honig, G.: "Numerical Inversion der Laplace Transformierten," Angewandte Informstik (1977), 8,336-345. Abramowitz, M., and Stegun, I.A.: Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, 1J.S. Dept. of Commerce, A.M.S. 55 (1964), 378-379.
33. Shinohara, K., and Ramey, H.J., Jr.: "Analysis of 'Slug Test' DST F l d h Period Data with Critical Flow," Paper SPE 7981, presented at the 4 9 t h Annual California Regional Meeting, SPE of AIME, Yentura, Apr. 18-20,
1979. 34.
Earlougher, R.C., Jr., and Kersh, K.M.: "Analysis of Short-Time Transient Test Data by Type-Curve Matching," J. Pet. Tech. (July 1974), 793-800.
35.
Fair, W.B., Jr.: "Pressure Buildup Analysis with Wellbore Phase Redistribution," Paper SPE 8206, presented at the 5 4 t h Annual Fall Meeting;, SPE of AIME, Las Vegas, Sept. 23-26, 1979. Stright, D.H., Jr.: "DST Analysis with Pressure Dependent Rock and :e Fluid Properties," Paper SPE 8352, presented at t h 54th Annual Fall Meeting, SPE of AIME, Las Vegas, Sept. 23-26, 1979. Fenske, P.R.: "Type Curves for Recovery of a Discharging Well with 33, Storage," J. Hydrol. (1977), - 341-348. Carslaw, H.S., and Jaeger, J.C.: 2. . , g 71. Churchill, R.V.: 9. G., 177-178. Churchill, R.V.: 2. - 170. cit., Carslaw, H.S., and Jaeger, J.C.: 2 &., .
76.
36.
37.
38.
39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.
Carslaw, H.S., and Jaeger, J.C.: 2. - 173. cit., Frick, T.C.: Petroleum Production Handbook, Vol. 11, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1962), 31-34.
~
Wylie, C.R.: Advanced Engineering Mathematics, McGraw-Hill (1975),

402-403.
45.
Wylie, C.R.: op.
&.,
315.
7.
APPENDICES A. INVESTIGATION-OF THE ANALYTICAL LAPLACE TRANSFORM INVERSION OF EO. 40
Applying the Mellin Inversion Formula38 to Eq. 40:
Since the integrand has a branch because of
we have t o choose an
integration path which does not contain the origin in evaluating Eq. A-1, as shown in Fig. A-1.
FIG. A-1: INTEGRATION PATH
-148-
-149From t h e Chauchy i n t e g r a l theorem: 40
Re are t h e r e s i d u e s of t h i s f u n c t i o n .
From Carslaw and Jaeger,41 i f R
00:
(A-3
Then :
W can e v a l u a t e t h e i n t e g r a t i o n e
by r e p l a c i n g
by u 2 e ia
Substitutiag
= u2eiT
i n t o Eq. A- 1:
Since:
26
(A-6
-150-
(A-7)
Substituting Eqs. 44 through 47 into Eq. A-8: 2 -A3 (u)+iA4 (u) u ' tD du A1 (u) -id2 (u) e
OD
du
(< -9)
Similarly, we can obtain the integration
by setting
u2 e-iT*
.
2 e-u tD du
(A-10)
OD
~A3(~)A2(~)-A4(~)A1(~)}+iIA3(u)A1(u)+A4(u)A2(u)
A1(uI2 + A ( ) 2 2u
From Eqs. A-4, A- 9, and A-10:
-151Next w e w i l l e v a l u a t e t h e r e s i d u e s of t h e f u n c t i o n . r e s i d u e a t t h e branch p o i n t . For small z : F i r s t , consider t h e
26
(A- 12)
K1(z)
- 1 = Z
(A- 13)
Then t h e r e s i d u e a t h = 0 becomes:
2 x [ { (a A+CDS)
cD - 2 Rn
h+C,(Rn
LD - -A 2
Rim X+O
2-Y) lxD(tD=O)+ax t =o) 1 ( D D

Rn
(a X +CDSA+l)
2 2
x +C,X
htD
(Rn 2 - y )
(A- 14)
S i n c e R i m h Rn X = 0 , t h e r e s i d u e a t A+O
= 0 = 0.
I n o r d e r t o f i n d t h e o t h e r p o l e s , set h =
-B2,
a s done by Carslaw and J a e g e r .
42
The dennminator of t h e i n t e g r a n d i n Eq. A-1 becomes:
(A- 15) 26 Since:
0 K (+iz) = -
Jo(z)
iYo(z)
(A- 16)
1-
12
(2)
iY1(z)
(A- 17)
Equation A- 15 becomes:
- i.rrB 2 4 2 + - [{(a B -CDsB +l)J1(B) 2
CDBJo(B)}
i{(a
2 4
B -CDsB 23-1) Y1(B)
C,BYO(B)ll
(A- 18)
-152Then t h e p o l e s have t o s a t i s f y t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n s :
(a B --CDSB +1) Y p )
2 4
- CDBY0(B)
= 1 0
(A-20)
However, i t was n o t p o s s i b l e t o f i n d t h e v a l u e s of (3 >which s a t i s f y t h e s e two equations a n a l y t i c a l l y .
As a result:
(A-21)
The sum of t h e r e s i d u e s of t h e f u n c t i o n remains unknown.
APPENDIX B: SEPARATION OF REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF EQ. 48 AND EQ. 49
S i n c e w e cannot o b t a i n
K10'
KO (4)
as a n e x p l i c i t f u n c t i o n of R i n a
simple form, t h e e a r l y t i m e and t h e l a t e t i m e approximations f o r t h e modif i e d Bessel f u n c t i o n are adopted. Then, f o r t h e e a r l y t i m e s w e should
handle Eqs. 5 1 and 53, and f o r t h e l a t e times w e should handle Eqs. 59 and
61.
I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n t h e r e a l p a r t and t h e imaginary p a r t of t h e f u n c t i o n s separately, set:
Since we consider R = a
kr - for k T
1, 2 ,
...,-,
and a i s p o s i t i v e and
g r e a t e r t h a n t h e r e a l p a r t s of t h e s i n g u l a r i t i e s of t h e f u n c t i o n ,
o < e < - Tr- 2 - Then :
03-21
= ( a -b
i(2ab)
03-31
-153-
-154B-1:
FOR E A K Y TIMES S u b s t i t u t i n g Eqs. from B-1 t o B-5 i n t o Eq. 51:
x D = xD ( t D= O ) {
a -2
+ }+ [ r
+
a 2x ' ( t =o>
D D
- -a2
r
x ( t =0) D D
b - xD ( tDs=O) 2
.
a 2 { ( a2 -b 2 ) + i ( 2 a b ) )
Define t h e f o l l o w i n g v a r i a b l e s :
1 CDs(a+ib)
CD
{ 4r+a 7
E} +
A Z a 2 ( a2- b2) + C s a + C D D
2 B r 2 a a b + C s b + C D D
E :a2 x D( t D=o) '
- - xD ( t D--0) a 2
r
x ( t =0) D D
(B-11)
F E
r
Then:
x
D
=
El-iF { - E + a2xA(tD=O) - i F } + -Ai-iB
(B-12)
-155-
Similarly, from Eqs. 53, and B-1 through B-11:
' W D
=
s(a+ib) CD(E+iF) x
+
A
+i +
iB
e
(AF-BE)
CD
[ (AE+BF) [
sa
E }D2
[ sb +,/y }]
sa
cD + i
[ (AE+BF) (
sb
} + (AF-BE) [
2 D
e} ]
cb-13)
B-2: FOR LATE TIMES Substituting Eqs. B-1 through B-11 into Eq. 59:
2 ( a x ' ( t =0) - E D D
iF
+ a2 {a 2-b2) i 2 b ) C ( +(a)+
E + iF s(a+ib)+l-CD(a+ib){~ 1 Rn r+y- Rn 2 D
+i
8 2
(B-14)
Define the following variables:
G E a2 (a2-b 2)
C sa D
+1-
1 C a (-Rn r + y D 2
Rn 2)
+ CDb*2
8 2
(B-15)
H E 2a2ab
C sb D
C b ( 1 Rn r D
+y -
R 2) n
C a D
(B-17)
(B-17)
-156-
Then, Eq. B-14 becomes: x D
={
=(
a2x ' ( t
D D
=O)-
E - iF
E+iF +G+iH
2 a x ' ( t =O)D D
'E E ' +- + i -I- ' 2 I
[ - F + C;F-HE
I2
(B-18)
Similarly, from Eqs. 61, B-1 through B-11, and B-15 to B-17:
' W D
sai)(+b{ (+b-ai)=
CD(E+iF)
1 2 Rn r+i G + iH
+y-
Rn 2)
r+y
C (E+iF) (G-iH) s-( 1 Rn r+y- Rn 2) + b a,, D I2
2 +i{sb-b(- 1 Rn e
2
Rn 2)-a, y }
I;
(B-19)
Define the following variables:
(B-20)
(B-21)
Then :
cD{ (GE+HF) J-(GF-HE)K)

I
2
cD{ (GE+HF)K+(GF-HE)
+ i
J)
(B-22) I2
APPENDIX C: FIELD DATA EXAMPLE
C-1:
WELL. RESERVOIR DATA. AND MEASURED PRESSURES Four f i e l d examples a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n S e c t i o n 2. The f o l l o w i n g sum-
marized t h e f i e l d d a t a n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e s e examples.
TABLE C-1: WELL, RESERVOIR DATA AND MEASURED PRESSURE I N EXAMPLE 1

Well and R e s e r v o i r Data
Formation t h i c k n e s s , h Porosity, @ V i s c o s i t y , 1-1 Compressibility, ct Fluid density,

pf Formation t e m p e r a t u r e
1 7 feet: (5.2 m)
16 p e r c e n t
1.0 cp ( M O - ~
Pa's)
8 ~ 1 0 -l / p s i ( 1 . 1 6 ~ 1 0 1/P@) ~ -9 0.8458 ( 8 . 4 5 8 ~ 1 0 kg/m3) ~ 168F (349K) 4 2.48~10 7782-7796 f e e t (2372-2376 m) 180 f t mud (55 m) 4060 f t . gassy o i l (1237 m) 880 f t s a l t water (268 m) I P 2.25 i n c h e s ( 5 . 7 2 ~ 1 0 - m) ~ 3.94 i n c h e s ( 1 . 0 0 ~ 1 0 - m) ~ 7 3475 p s i g ( 2 . 3 9 6 ~ 1 0 Pa g)
Dimensionless w e l l b o r e s t o r a g e c o n s t a n t , cD Test interval T e s t recovery
Drill-pipe radius , r Hole- size r a d i u s , r I n i t i a l pressure, p
CONTINUED
-157-
-158-
-159TABLE C-2: WELL, RESERVOIR DATA AND MEASURED PRESSURE IN EXAMPLE 2
Well and Reservoir Data

Formation thickness, h Porosity, $ Viscosity, 1-1 Compressibility, c Fluid density, p f Drill pipe radius, r Hole-size radius, r
W
9 ft (2.74 m)
0.15
Pa 0.39 CP (3.9~10-~ s) 1 4 ~ 1 0 ~ ~ (2.03x10- 1/Pa) l/psi 0.65 ( 6 . 5 ~ 1 0 ~ 3 ) kg/m
1.9 in (4.83~10-~ m)
4 3/8 in (1.11~10-~ m) 7 2240 psig (1.555~10 Pa)
Initial pressure, pi Slug Test Data

t
(min)(60 s)
pw 3 (psig)(6.89~10 Pa g )
PWD
0.0 3.29 7.26 11.52 15.83 19.70 23.52 27.38 33.20 37.99 41.04 45.79 50.77 54.74 59.68 64.03 68.49 73.42 78.07 81.94 85.14 87.65 90.80 93.07 96.80 100.33 103.96 107.40 110.98 114.90 117.37
161 181 215 251 272 298 315 322 345 370 388 407 423 443 471 486 500 525 551 569 580 585 593 605 624 632 645 655 677 694 701
1.0000 0.9904 0.9740 0.9567 0.9466 0.9341 0.9259 0.9226 0.9115 0.8995 0.8937 0.8817 0.8740 0.8644 0.8509 0.8437 0.8369 0.8249 0.8124 0.8038 0.7985 0.7961 0.7922 0.7864 0.7773 0.7734 0.7720 0.7624 0.7518 0.7436 0.7403
-160-
TABLE C-3: WELL, RESERVOIR DATA AND MEASURED PRESSURE IN EXAMPLE 3 Well and Reservoir Data Formation thickness, h Porosity, @ Viscosity,
uO
70 ft (2.13~10 m)
* 4% BV
Compressibility, c t Wellbore oil density, pf Formation temperature Test interval Drill pipe ID Hold radius, r Recovery Drill collar Oil formation volume factor First flow period Initial formation pressure, p
i
W
156.3 cp (1.56x10-' Pa s ) 6 ~ 1 0 -psi-1 (8. O X ~ Pa-4)~ ~ ~ ~ O 2 3 0.925 gm/cc (9.25~10 kg/m )
87F (304'K) 4,374 ft to 4,444 ft (1333 m to 1355 m)
3.34 in (8.48xlO-* m) 4.375 in (1.11x10-~ m> 3 41.8 bbl (6.65 m ) (3,853 ft oil) (1174 m) 630 ft (192 m) 2.25 in ID ( 5 . 7 2 ~ 1 0 ~ ~ m)
0.999 15 min (900s) 7 1865 psig (1.286~10 Pa g)
1
~
Slug Test Data

t
(min)(60
s)
pwf (PSW 3 (6.89~10 Pa g)
0 2 4
6
8
10
12 14
16
18 20 22 24
26
28 30
371.4 384.0 404.6 422.4 441.3 459.1 478.0 496.3 514.6 534.1 552.5 571.9 590.8 607.5 625 2 641.8
0 992 0.978 0.966 0.953 0.941 0.929 0.916 0.904 3.891 0.879 0.866 0.853 0.842 0.830 0.819
CONTINUED
-161TABLE C-3, CONTINUED
pw
t
(min)(60 s ) 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82
(PSii3) 3 ( 6 . 8 9 ~ 1 0 Pa g ) 659.0 675.1 691.1 707.7 721.5 737.5 753.0 767.9 782.2 795.4 810.9 825.2 838.0 852.7 865.9 880.2 892.8 906.0 918.6 930.6 943.2 955.3 967.3 979.3 992.5 1002.3 1014.3 1025.8 1036.6 1049.2 1058.4 1069.9 1079.6 1089.9 1101.4 1110.0 1120.3 1129.5 1139.2 1150.7 1158.7 1167.9 1177.0 1186.8 1197.1 1204.5 1213.1 1222.3
PWD
84
86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126
0.807 0.797 0.786 0.775 0.766 0.755 0.745 0.735 0.725 0.716 0.706 0.696 0.688 0.678 0.669 0.659 0.651 0.642 0.634 0.626 0.617 0.609 0.601 0.593 0.584 0.578 0.570 0.562 0.555 0.546 0,540 0.532 0.526 0.519 0.511 0.505 0.499 0.492 0.486 0.478 0.473 0.467 0.461 0.454 0.447 0.442 0.436 0.430 CONTINUED
-162TABLE C- 3, CONTINUED
t
(min)(60 s ) 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 1 42 144 1 46 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 2 00 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 21 6 2 18 220
3 ( 6 . 8 9 ~ 1 0 Pa g)
1230.3 1240.1 1247.5 1256.1 1263.5 1272.1 1280.7 1287.6 1295.6 1303.1 1310.5 1319.1 1325.4 1332.9 1339.8 1347.2 1355.2 1360.4 1367.8 1374.1 1380.4 1387.9 1393.6 1399.3 1405.7 1411.4 1418.8 1423.4 1429.7 1435.4 1441.2 1448.1 1452.1 1457.2 1463.0 1468.1 1474.4 1478.4 1484.2 1488.7 1493.9 1499.6 1503.6 1508.8 1513.4 1518.5 1522.5
'WD
0.425 0.418 0.413 0.408 1 0.403 0.397 0.391 0.387 0.381 0.376 0.371 0.365 0.361 0.356 0.352 0.347 0.341 0.338 0.333 0.329 0.324 0.319 ' 0.316 0.312 0.308 0.304 0.299 0.296 0.291 0.288 0.284 0.279 0.276 0.273 0.269 0.266 0.262 0.259 0.255 0.252 0.248 0.245 0.242 0.238 0.235 0.232 0.229 CONTINU
'
t (min) (60 s )
( 6 . 8 9 ~ 1 0 ' Pa g) 1527.1 1531.7 1536.3 1540.9 1545.5 1548.9 1552.9 1556.9 1560.9 1566.7 1569.5 1573.5 1577.6 1581.6 1586.1 1589.6 1592.4 1596.5 1600.5 1603.9 1607.3
'D W
0.226 0.223 0.220 0.217 0.214 0.212 0.209 0.206 0.204 0.200 0.198 0.195 0.192 0.190 0.187 0.184 0.183 0.180 0.177 0.175 0.173
222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 242 2 44 246 248 250 252 254 256 2 58 260 262
Buildup Test D a t a
t
= 569.4 min ( 3 . 4 1 6 ~ 1 0 s)
At
(min) (60 s)
0 1 2 3
P
At
570.4 285.7 190.8 143.4 114.9 95.90 82.34 72.18 64.27 57.94 48.45 41.67 36.59 32.63 29.47
t +At
PWS
(Psi31 ( 6 . 8 9 ~ 1 0 Pa g ) 1607.3 1816.5 1849.7 1852.6 1854.9 1856.0 1856.6 1857.2 1857.7 1858 3 1858.9 1859.5 1859.5 1859.5 1860.0 1860.0
At
(min) (60 s)
22
%s
P -A -
t +At:
(PSW 3 ( 6 . 8 9 ~ 1 0 Pa g)
4
5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20
24 26 28 30 35
40 45 50
55
60 65 70 75 80 85
26.88 24.73 22.90 21.31 19.98 17.27 15.24 13.65 12.39 11.351 10.49 9.76 9.13; 8.59 8.19 7.70
1860.6 1861.2 1861.2 1861.2 1861 2 1861.2 1862 3 1862.3 1862.3 1863.5 1863.5 1864.1 1864.1 1864.1 1864.1 1864.1
CONTINUED

A t
LIL
(min)
(60
SI
P
At
7.33 6.99 6.69 6.42 6.18 5.95 5.75 5.56 5.38 5.22 5.07 4.93 4.80
t +At
pws (PSW 3 ( 6 . 8 9 ~ 1 0 Pa g )
P At 155 160 180 2 00 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 355 4.6'7 4.56 4.16 3.8.5 3.59 3.3'1 3.19 3.0:3 2.90 2.78 2.6(3 2.60
t +At
( 6 . 8 9 ~ 1 0 ' Pa g ) 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2
90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 1 45 150
1864.1 1864.6 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2 1865.2
-165TABLE c-4: MEASURED LIQUID LEVEL (TAKEN FROM GRAPHS IN VAN DER KAEIP'~)
L i q u i d L e v e l , x (cm)
Time, t
(SI
2-C Well -3.87 -2.65 -0.76 0.18 0.60
9-A W e l K -4.60
1
- 3.61 -2.72 -2.10
2
3 4 5 6
1
I
0.50
0.17 -0.13 - 0.23 -0.24 -0.20
-1.66 -1.32 -1.08

-0.85 -0.79 -0.66 -0.57 -0.39 -0b49 -0.30 -0.23 -0.20
8
9
I
~
10 1 1
12 13 14 15 16
-0.11
-0.02
~
-0.13 -0.11
17
'
18
19 20 21
-0.09
-0.06
-0.02
0
-166C-2: PRESSURE DROP CAUSED BY FRICTION
C-2.1
Example 1
W w i l l c o n s i d e r t h e p r e s s u r e drop by f r i c t i o n a t t h e end of t h e e
apparent constant flowrate period a t e a r l y t i m e s ( i . e . , example), which i s c l o s e t o t h e maximum v a l u e .
t = 40 min, i n t h i s
From F i g . 58 we can o b t a i n
t h e a c t u a l f l o w r a t e , q, f o r t h e a p p a r e n t c o n s t a n t f l o w r a t e p e r i o d . 2
q = _ _ E . - dPwf Pf*g dt
wr
(0.8458)(62.4)(32.2)
1732-712 70
( f t 2 ) ( f t 3 /lbm) ( s e c 2 / f t ) ( p s i / m i n )
= 1126.1 b b l / d a y ( 2 . 0 7 2 ~ 1 0
-3
3 m /s)
Then t h e v e l o c i t y of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e , u , becomes:
u =
L
nr
2 P
2 (l/ft )
1126'1
= 10,196 (bbl/day)
= 0.663 f t / s (0.202 m/s)
-167Thus :
Reynolds Number =
u
(0.8458) (62.4) (0.663)
PEuD
[ 2 . 2.,5 ~ 2
(1)( 2 . 0 9 ~ 1 0 - ~ ) (32.2)
= 19,500
Therefore t h e flow i s t u r b u l e n t . From t h e Moody diagram43 (assuming E / D = 0.01), f , i s about 0.04. the friction factor,
The l i q u i d l e n g t h i n t h e w e l l b o r e , L a t t = 40 min
3 ( 2 . 4 ~ 1 0 s ) becomes ( c o n s i d e r i n g t h e cushion l i q u i d ) :
L = (0.663)
(40x60)
(560) (144) (0.8458) (62.4:)
= 3120 f t (951 m)
Then t h e p r e s s u r e drop caused by f r i c t i o n i n t h e well-bore becomes:
Ap=f
.-2 2 D
PU
= (0.04)
(3120) zx2.25
(0.8458) (62.4) (0.663)L 2
12
2 2 ( f t ) ( l / f t ) (Rbm/ft3:, ( f t /sec )
= 0.83 p s i ( 5 . 7 2 ~ 1 0 P a )
-168-
C-2.2: Example 3
S i m i l a r t o Example 1, w e w i l l c o n s i d e r t h e p r e s s u r e drop caused by f r i c t i o n a t t h e end of t h e a p p a r e n t c o n s t a n t f l o w r a t e p e r i o d ( i . e . , min, i n t h i s example). Then :
t = 30
q = 363.4 b b l j d a y ( 6 . 6 8 7 ~ 1 0 - ~ m3/s:i
u = 0.388 ft/s (0.118 m / s )
Reynolds Number = 59.3 Thus t..e flow i s laminar and t h e f r i c t i o n f a c t o r , f , becomes:
f = - 64
1.08
NRe S i m i l a r t o Example 1:
L = 1625 f t (495 m)
Then: 4 Ap = 5.9 p s i ( 4 . 0 7 ~ 1 0 Pa)
APPENDIX D: DERIVATION OF FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTIONS D-1:
Closed Chamber Test From Eq. 14:
where :
r Di
(rD e
> M-1
i-1 -
a = -i n r M-1 De
'
(D-3
>
r is the dimensionless radial distance at node i, r is the dimensionless Di De external radius of the reservoir, and M is the number of nodes. From Eq. 83: n+l n n-1 -2xD+x D XD
(AtD>
a .
1 +2
n+l n (xD +XD)
-169-
0-4>
-170From Eq. 27:

n+l pWD
--(P - P 1 pD1 a D2 Dl
n+l
From Eq. 2 4 :
n+l n pn+l- n + l
-x
D --
-1
cD
D2
a
pD1
(D-'6)
AtD
Then t h e system of e q u a t i o n s becomes a s f o l l o w s : When s # 0:

/
c (1)
n+l
D n+l
5
A"
Kn
-1
0
S a
'WD P"+l Dl
At,
1
0
E(2)
n+l pD2
.. .
.
1
P
1
0
E (M-1)
n+l
'M-1
Em)+
n+l
DM
-171Where :
E(i) =
for a b(1) =
I 1 for
2
+0
0
01 =
c(1) =
[
2
(AtD)
for a # 0
for
= 0
(D-TO) I
(2
A
2a2
n n-1 x - x
D D
(t) A,
2 2
2a
"wD
(t) A,
-B
n
=
-%
a2
PD atm
LD -xD(o) i LD -xn D i
--
for
= 0
-172-
When s = 0:
\
n+l
D
n+l
Dl
An
--
CDa
CDa
E(2)
n+l pD,L
.
0
(D- 12)
.
1
E (M-1)
1
E (M)+1
n+l
' I.. M 1
Pn+l DM
E ( i ) , b ( l ) , c ( l ) , and An a r e t h e same as d e f i n e d i n E q s . D-8 through D - 1 1 .
D-2: Slug Test
From E q . 18:
n+l-2xnhn-l D D a2 . XD (At,)
(XD
n+l
n +xD) =
1 - - ('wDn.+l 2
(D-13)
This e q u a t i o n should b e used i n s t e a d of Eq. D - 4 . changed as f o l l o w s :
Then, E q , D-11 should be
x
An = [ 0
- x
n-1
(At,)
2a
'wD
for a
# 0
(D- 14)
for
= 0
The o t h e r e q u a t i o n s a r e t h e same a s t h o s e i n t h e c l o s e d chamber t e s t .
-173D-3: Buildup T e s t After t h e shut- in, we w i l l consider t h pressur'e change o n l y i n s i d e Assuming t h e follow-
t h e r e s e r v o i r , Then w e can u s e Eq. D-1 f o r t h i s c a s e . i n g e q u a t i o n s t o be t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s :
D1 '
- 'D2
(D- 15)
= P
'M-1
DM
t h e system of e q u a t i o n s becomes as follows:

I
E (1)+1
1
' pn+l
[ E (1)+2] Pn
Dl
0
Dl
pn+l D2
. . . . 1
E (M-1
pn+l
D3
. .
.I
n+l
DM-l
[ E (M-1)+2] pn DM-
n+l
DM
(D-16)
APPENDIX E: COMPUTER P O R M RGA The f o u r computer programs are shown h e r e . The f i r s t one i s t h e pro-
gram of t h e S t e h f e s t method t o o b t a i n t h e Laplace t r a n s f o r m i n v e r s i o n f o r t h e subject function. The second i s t h e program of t h e Albrecht- Honig The t h i r d i s t h e program t o o b t a i n t h e p r e s The l a s t i s t h e program t o simuThe program of
method f o r t h e same purpose.
sure distribution inside the reservoir.

YTi
l a t e a c l o s e d chanber t e s t , s l u g t e s t , and b u i l d u p t e s t .
t h e V e i l l o n method i s n o t shown h e r e . g i n a l paper.

28
One can f i n d t h e l o g i c i n t h e o r i -
-174-
-175E-1 STEHFEST METHOD
-176DPW( I ) = O . A( I ) = O , CONTINUE DO 150 K=NI,NTIME 1FCK.EQ.MIl GO TO 101 ALF=lO.**(K-l) GO TO 102 ALF=O. CONTINUE WRITE(6.151) ALF FORHAT(lH1,D30.10) T T = 0 . DO D T = 1. D-2 r DO 200 I=l,M TT=TT+DT IF(TT.GE.9.99D-5) DTZ1.D-4 IF(TT.GE.9.99D-4) DT=l.D-3 IF(TT.GE.9.99D-3) DTz1.D-2 IF(TT.GE.9.99D-2) DT=l.D-l IF(TT.GE.9.99D-1) DT=l.DO IF(TT.GE.9.99DO) DT=l.Dl IF(TT.GE.9.99Dl) DT=l.D2 IF(TT.GE.9.99D2) DT=l.D3 IF(TT.GE.9.99D3) DT=l.D4 IF(TT.GE.9.99D4) DT=l.D5 IF(TT.GE.9.99DS) DT=l.D6 IF(TT.GE.9.99DG) DT=l.D7 IF(TT.GE.9.99D7) DT=l.D8 IF(TT.GE.9.99D8) DT=l.D9 IF(TT.GE.9.99D9) DT=l.DlO IF(TT.GE.9.99D10) DT=l.Dll IF(TT.GE.9.99Dll) DT=l.D12 IF(TT.GE.9.99D12) DT=l.D13 IF(TT.GE.9.99D13) DT=l.D14 IF(TT.GE.9.99D14) DT=l.DlS T D ( I )=TT DO 300 J = l , N cc=2. CO=DLOG(CC)/TD(I) SS=CO*DFLOAT(J) RSS=DSQRT(SS) FA=ALF*SS+SKIN*CD Al=BKO(RSS)/BKl(RSS)
$
100
101 102
151
Fl=DXO/SS+(ALF*DXDO-DXO~SS)/(ALF~SS*SS+CD~SKIN~~SS+l. +CD*RSS*A 1 ) F2=CD~(ALF"DXDO-DXO/SS)*(SKIN*SS+RSS*Al)/(ALF*:jS~SS $ +CD*SKIN*SS+l.+CD*RSS*Al) DFl=V(J)*Fl DF2=V(J)*F2 SF=SF+DF 1 SF2=SF2+DF2 3 0 0 CONTINUE DX( I )=SF*CO SP= 0. DPW(I)=SFZ*CO SF2=0. 2 0 0 CONTINUE
..
1 5 0 CONTINUE
-177STOP END FUNCTION BKOCX) I M P L I C I T R E A L * 8 (A-H.0-Z) IF(X.GT.2.) G O T O 7 0 0 T=X/2. Al=-DLOG(T)*BIO(X)-.577215G6+.4227842*T**2+.23tl6975G*T**4 A2=.0348859*T**6+.00262698*T**8+.0001075*T**10i~.0000074*T**12 B K O = A 1+A2 GO TO 701 7 0 0 IF(X.GT.1.74D2) GO TO 702 T=2./X A3=1.25331414-.07832358*T+.021895G8*T**2-.010G~!446*T**3 A4=.00587872*T**4-.0025154*T**5+.00053208*T**6 BKO=(A3+A4)/(DSQRT(X)*DEXF(X)) G O T O 701 7 0 2 B K O = 1. D-70 701 RETURN END F U N C T I O N BKl(X) I M P L I C I T R E A L * 8 (A-H,O-Z) IF(X.GT.2.) GO TO 710 T=X/2.
Al=X*DLOG(T)*BIl(X~+l.+.l5443144*T**2-.G7278579*T**~ A2~-.~8156897*T**6-.01919402~T**8-.00110404*T**10-.00004686*T**12 BK 1 = ( A 1 + A 2 )/X G O T O 711 7 1 0 IF(X.GT.1.74D2) G O T O 712
T=2./X A3=1.25331414+.23498619*T-.0365562*T**2+.01504268*T**3 A4=-.00780353*T*~4+.00325G14*T**5-.00068245*T**6 BKl=(A3+A4)/(DSQRT(X)*DEXP(X)) G O T O 711 712 BKl=l.D-70 711 R E T U R N END F U N C T I O N BIO(X) IIIPLICIT R E A L * 8 (A-HP0-Z) IF(X.GT.3.75) G O T O 7 2 0 T=X/3.75 A1=1.+3.5156229*T**2+3.0899424*T**4+1.2067492*T~*6
A2=.2659732*T**8+.0360768*T**10+.0045813*T**12
BIO=AI+A2 G O TO 721 7 2 0 IF(X.GT.1.74D2) GO TO 722 T=3.75/X A3~.39894228+.01328592*T+.00225319*T**2-.00.1575G5*T**3+.00916281*T*~4

A4=-.02057706~T**5+.02G35537*T**G-.OlG~7633*T**7+.00392377*T**8 BIO=(A3+A4)/(DSQRT(X)*DEXP(-X)) GO T O 721
7 2 2 B I O = l .D70 721 RETURN END F U N C T I O N BIl(X) I M P L I C I T R E A L * 8 (A-Hp0-Z) IF(X.GT.3.75) G O T O 730 T-Xl3.75 A1=.5+.87890594*T**2+.514988G9*T**~+.1508493*T*~6+.02658733*T**8 A2=.00301532*T**10+.00032411*T**12 BI l=(Al+AZ)*X
-178GO T O 7 3 1 730 IF(X.GT.1.74DZ) G O TO 732 T=3.7 5 / X
A3~.39894228-.03988024*T-.00362018*T**2+.00163801*T**3-.01031555*T**~
A~~.02282967*T**5-.0289531~*T**~~.01787654*T**7-.00420059*T**8
BIl=(A3+A4)/(DSQRT(X)+DEXPo)
G O T O 731
7 3 2 BIl=l.D70 731 R E T U R N END CDATA $STOP

/f
-179E-2
C C C
C
ALBRECHT-HONIG METHOD
LAPLACE INVERSION BY ALBRECHT-HONIG ALf S Q U A R E O F DIMENSIONLESS NUMBER ARI=I DETERMINE EXTREME VALUE ZOTHERW ISE 0P T I ON A L CON VARIABLE T O DETERMINE MAXIMUM DE:SCRETIZATION ERROR CD DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGE CONSTANT DX 0 INITIAL VALUE OF DIMENSIONLESS LIQUID LEVEL DXDO INITIAL VALUE O F VELOCITY OF DIMENSIONLESS LIQUID LEVEL F EXTERNAL FUNCTION MlNl NUMBER OF FUNCTION VALUE T O BE COPIPUTED IN (T\,TN) NN NUMBER O F EXTREME VALUE NS 1 NUMBER O F FUNCTION VALUE REQUIRED FOR CALCULATING INVERSION NS 2 NUMBE.R O F FUNCTION VALUE REQUIRED FOR CALCULATING CORRECTION TEl SKIN SKIN FACTOR Tl LOWER INTERVAL BOUNDARY OF TIME TN UPPER INTERNAL BOUNDARY OF TIME IMPLICIT REAL18 (A-H,O-Z) REAL*8 H(2,1000),TT(l000),E(lOOO) COPlllON M M ( 2, 1 0 0 0 1 INTEGERI4 MM,ART,RICHT COPlPLEX*16 F , S EXTERNAL F
T\=O.
C C C
C
C C C C C C
C
TN=lOO. NlM1=9 NS1=20 NS2=20 CON=5 NN=8 ART= 1 CALL L A P I N ( F ~ T l , T N ~ N l M l ~ H I T T 1 N S l r N S l , N S 2 ~ C O N ~ N N ~ M M ~ A R T ~ E ~ I E R ~ WRITE(6,lOOO) IER 1000 FORHAT(Il0)
WRITE(6,2000)(TT(J),H(2rJ),J~~J=l~NlMl) 2 0 0 0 FORMAT(D20.5,F15.10)
STOP END SUBROUTINE L A P I N ( F ~ T l ~ T N ~ N l M l , H ~ T T I N S l r N S l ~ N S 2 ~ C O N ~ N N ~ M M ~ A R T ~ E ~ I E R ~

C C C C
MINIMUM MAXIMUM ORRECTIVE TERM PASSES (NUMERICAL INVERSION EINEP LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION FCS) IMPLICIT REAL*8(A-H,O-Z) REAL*8 E ( N S 1 ) , H ( 2 , N l M l ) , K O R . T T o , F A K T INTEGERIQ NH(Z,NlMl),ART,RICHT COMPLEX*l6 F,S EXTERNAL F IER=O IF(TH. LE.Tl) IER= 1 IF(NlMl.LT.1) IER=IER+lO IF(NSl.LT.1. OR. NS2.LT.l) IER=IER+100 IFCNN. LT. 1 ) IER= I ER+ 10 0 0 IF(IER.GT.0) G O TO 250 IF( NN.GT .NS 1 ) NN=NSl IF(NN.GT.NS2) N N = N S 2 PI=4.DO*DATAN(I.D0) N l=N lMl+ 1 DELTA=(TN-Tl)/DFLOAT(Nl)
I= 1 K2= 1
-180NSUM= NS 1
C C
CALCULATION OF T H E VALUE OF T IN (Tl-TN)

2 0 DO 100 Kl=l,NlMl
C
N=NN K=I*K 1 + 1 T=DFLOAT(Kl*I)*DELTA+Tl*I V = C0 N / T RAL=-O.SDO*DRERL(F(DCMPLX(V,O.DO))) SURE=O.DO PITE=PI/T INS= 1. DO r
C C
C C
CALCULATION OF THE APPROXIMATE VALUE ECL) T O BE USED AS AN INVERSE L=1,2,.....NSUM T O BE CALCULATED B Y T H E METHOD OF DURBAN
DO 3 0 L=l,NSUM W=DFLOAT(L-l)kPITE SURE=SURE+DREAL(F(DCMPLX(V,W)))*EINS EINS=-EINS 3 0 E(L)=DEXP(V*T)/T*(RAL+SURE)

C
IFCART.NE.1) GO T O 5 0
C C C
NN SEEKING FOR T H E EXTREME VALUES
RIGHT=- 1
IF(E(NSUM).GT.E(NSUM-l)) NSUMPl=NSUH+l Jl=NSUMPl J2=NSlIM 42 RIGHT=-RICHT J 1=J 1 - 1 E( J1 )=E( 52) 44 IF(J2.GT.2) GO TO 46 Jl=Jl-l E(J1 )=E( 1) NZNSUHP 1-J 1
G O TO 5 0
RICHT=l
46 IFCNSUHPI-J1.EQ.N) G O T O 5 0 52~52-1 IF(E(J2)-E(J2-1)) 48,44,47 47 IF(RICHT.EQ.-l) GO TO 44 GO T O 4 2 4 8 IF(RICHT.EQ.1) GO T O 44 GO T O 42 C C C

INTERPOLATION AND MID POINT DETERMINATIOM
5 0 1F(N-3) 52.54,56 5 2 H(K2sKI)=E(NSUH) GO T O 5 9 5 4 H(K2,Kl)=(E(NSUM-2)+E(NSUM))/4.DO+E(NSUM-l)/2.DO
GO
T O 59
5 6 SUM=(E(NSUM)+E(NSUM-N+1))+0.25DO+(E(NSUM-l)+E(~tSUH-N+2))*0.75DO If(N.EQ.4) GO T O 5 8
J l=NSUM-N+3 J 2ZNSUM-2
-181DO 5 7 J = J 1 , J 2
57 S U M = S U M + E ( J )
58 H(K2,Kl)=SUM/DFLOAT(N-2)
59 M M ( K Z t K l ) = N
100 CONTINUE
IF(I.EQ.3) 1=3 K2=2 N S U M =N S 2 G O T O 20
G O T O 150
C C C C
CALCULATION OF THE CORRECTED TERM AND CORRECTION TERM OF O F T H E 'MINIMAX'-WEPTE 150 FAKT=-DEXP(-2.DO*CON) DO 2 0 0 K = l r N l M l
H(Z,K)=H(l,K)+FAKT*H(2,K) TT(K)=DFLOAT(K)*DELTA+Tl
200 CONTINUE 250 R E T U R N END F U N C T I O N F(S) C O M P L E X * l 6 FsS,BKO.BKl,QpRS C D = 10. * * 3 ALF=lO.**3 SKIN=O. D X O = - 1. DXDO=O. RS=CDSQRT(S) Q=(ALF*S*S+I.)*RS/(SKIN*RS+BKO(RS)/BKI(RS)) F=CD*(-DXO+ALF*S*DXDO)/O RETURN END FUNCTION BKOCX) I M P L I C I T R E A L * 8 (A-H,O-Z) C O M P L E X * l 6 BKO,X,T,BIO,Al.A2,A3,A4 IF(CDABS(X).GT.Z.) G O TO 7 0 0 T=X/2. Al=-CDLOG(T)*BIO(X)-.577215G6+.4227842*T**2+.23OG975G*T*~4 A2=.0348859*T**6+.OU262698*T**8+.0001075*T**10+.000007~*T**12 BKO=Al+A2 GO TO 701 7 0 0 IF(X.GT.1.74D2) G O T O 7 0 2 T=2./X A3~1.25331414-.07832358*T+.021895G8*T**~-.01062446*T**3 A9=.00587872*T**4-.0025154*T**5+.000!53208*T**6 BKO=(A3+A4)/(CDSQRT(X)*CDEXP(X)) G O TO 701 7 0 2 BKO=l.D-70 701 RETURN END F U N C T I O N BKl(X) I M P L I C I T R E A L * 8 (A-H,O-Z) C O M P L E X * l 6 BKl,X,T,BIl,Al,A,A3,A4 IF(CDABS(XI.GT.2.) GO TO 710 T = X / 2. A1=X*CDLOG(T)*BIl(X)+l.+.l~443144*T**2-.~7278579*T**4 A2~-.18156897*T**6-.01919402*T**8-.00110404*T**10-.00004686*T~*12 BKl=(Al+A2)/X G O T O 711
-182-
7 1 0 IF(X.GT.1.74D2) GO T O 7 1 2 T=2./X A3~1.25331414+.23498619*T-.03G~562*T**2+.01504268*T**3 A4=-.00780353*T**4+.00325614*T**5-.00068245*T**6

Bt:l=(A3+A4)/(CDSQRT(X)xCDEXP(X))
712
711
720
722 721
730
G O TO 711 BKlZ1.D-70 RETURN END F U N C T I O N BIO(X) I M P L I C I T REAL*8 (A-He0-Z) C O M P L E X * 1 6 B I O , X ,T, A 1 o A2, A3, A 4 IF(CDABS(X).GT.3.75*) GO TO 7 2 0 T=X/3.75 A1=1.+3.5156229*T**2+3.0899424*T**4+1.2067492*T**6 A2=.2659732*T**8+.03G0768*T**10+.0045813*T**12 B 1 0 = A 1+A2 GO TO 721 IF(X.GT.1.74D2) G O T O 7 2 2 T=3.75/X A3~.39894228+.01328592*T+.00225319*T**2-.00157565*T**3+.00916281*T**4 A4~-.02057706*T**5+.02635537*T**6-.01647633*T**7+.00392377*T**8 BIO=(A3+A4)/(CDSQRT(X)*CDEXP(-X)) G O T O 721 BIO=l.D70 RETURN END F U N C T I O N BIl(X) I M P L I C I T R E A L * 8 (A-H.0-Z) COMPLEX*lG B I l , X ~ T , A l , A 2 ~ A 3 , A 4 IF(CDABS(XI.GT.3.75) GO T O 7 3 0 T=X/3.75 A1=.5+.87890594*T**2+.51~98869*T**4+.1508493*T**6+.02658733*T**S A2=.00301532*T**lO+.0003241l*T**12 BI l=(Al+A2)*X G O T O 731 IF(X.GT.1.74DZ) G O T O 7 3 2 T = 3.75/X A3~.39894228-.03988024*T-.00362018*T**2+.00163801*T**3-.01031555*T**~ A4=.02282967*T**5-.02895312*T**6+.01787654*T**7-.00420059*T**8
BIl=(A3+A4)/(CDSQRT(X)xCDEXPO)
GO TO 731 7 3 2 BIl=l.D70 731 RETURN END $DATA $STOP

//
-183E-3
COMPUTER PROGRAM TO CALCULATE THE PRESSURE DISTR1:BUTIONS INSIDE THE RES ERVO IR
c
C C C C
c
C
c
C
c
C
c
C
-184RAD16=7.D3 R A D 17= 1. D 4 RAD18=3.D4 H=30 N = 16 NI= 1 N T I M E = 10 D L O G T W = .69311+71 8 0 5 5 9 9 4 5 3 D O G(l)=l.DO NH=N/2 DO 5 1 = 2 ~ N G(I)=G(I-l)*I H(1)=2./G(NH-l) DO I O I = Z D N H FI=I IF(I.EQ.NH) GO TO 8 H(I)=FI**NH*G(2~I)/(G(NH-I)*G(I)*G(I-1)) G O T O 10 H(I)=FI**NH*G(2*1)/(G(I)*G(I-l)) CONTINUE SN=2*(NH-NH/2*21-1 DO 50 I = l , N V(I)=O. K1=(1+1)/2 K2=I IF(K2.GT.NH) K 2 = N H D O 40 K=Kl,K2 IF(Z*K-I.EQ.O) GO TO 37 IF(1.EQ.K) G O T O 38 V(I)=V(I)+H(K)/(G(I-K)*G(2*K-I)) G O T O 40 V(I)=V(I)+H(K)/(G(I-K)) G O T O 40 V(I)=V(I)+H(K)/G(2*K-I) CONTINUE V ( I 1 =SN*V ( I ) SN=-SN CONTINUE DO 100 I = 1 ~ 2 0 0 TD(I)=O.DO DX(I)=O.DO DPW(I)=O.DO A(I)=O. DO DPl(I)=O.DO DPZ(I)=O.DO DP3(1)=O.DO DP4(I)=O.DO DP5(I)=O.DO DPG(I)=O.DO DP7(I)=O.DO DP8(I)=O.DO DP9(I)=O.DO DPlO(I)=O.DO DPll(Il=O.DO DP12(1)=O.DO DPl3(I)=O,DO DPlQ(I)=O.DO DP15(I)=O.DO DP16(I)=O.DO D P 17 ( I 1 = 0. D 0
10
37
38
90
50
-185DP18(I)=O.DO 100 CONTINUE DO 150 K=NI,NTIME IF(K.EP.NI) GO TO 101 ALF= 10. **(K- 1) G O TO 102 101 ALF=O. 102 CONTINUE WRITE(6,151) ALF 151 FORMAT(1H1,D30.10) TT=O.DO DT=l.D3 DO 200 I=l,M TT=TT+DT IF(TT.GE.9.99D-2) DTz1.D-1 IF(TT.GE.9.99D-1) DT=l.DO IF(TT.GE.9.99DO) DT=l.Dl IF(TT.GE.9.99Dl) DT=l.D2 IF(TT.GE.9.99D2) DT=l.D3 IF(TT.GE.9.99D3) DT=l.D4 IF(TT.GE.9.99D4) DT=l.D5 IP(TT.GE.9.99D5) DT=l.D6 IF(TT.GE.9.99D6) DT=l.D7 IF(TT.GE.9.99D7) DT=l.D8 TD(I)=TT DO 300 J = l , N cc=2. CO=DLOG(CC)/TD(I) SS=CO*DFLOAT(J) RSS=DSQRT(SS) RSS 1 = R A D 1 "RSS RSS2=RAD2*RSS RSS3=RAD3*RSS RSSQ=RAD4*RSS RSS5=RAD5*RSS RSS6=RADG*RSS RSS7=RAD7*RSS RSS8=RAD8*RSS RSS9=RAD9*RSS RSSlO=RADlO*RSS RSS11=RADIl*RSS RSS12=RAD12*RSS RSS13=RAD13+RSS RSSlQ=RAD14*RSS RSSIS=RADlS*RSS RSS16=RADlG*RSS RSS17=RAD17*RSS RSS 1 8 = R A D 18*RSS
FA=ALF*SS*SS+CD*SKIN*SS+l.
'
AI=BKO(RSS)/BKl(RSS) A21=BKl(RSS)/BKO(RSSl) R22=BKl(RSS)/BKO(RSS2) A23=BKl(RSS)/BRO(RSS3) A24=BKl(RSS)/BKO(RSS4) A25=BKI(RSS)/BKO(RSS5) A2G=BKl(RSS)/BKO(RSSG) A27=BK 1 ( RSS ) / B K O ( RSS7 1 A28=EKl(RSS)/BKO(RSS8) A29=BKl(RSS)/BKO(RSS9) A E l O = B K I (RSS)/BKO(RSS 10)
-186A211=BKl(RSS)/BKO(RSSll) A212=BK\(RSS)/BKOtRSSl~) A213=BKl(RSS)/BKO(RSSl3) A31=Al*A21 A32=Al*A22 A33=Al*A23 A34=Al*A24 A35=Al*A25 A36=Al*A2G 'A37=A1*A27 A38=Al*A28 A39=AlXA29 A310=A\*A210 A311=Al*A211 A312=Al*A212 A313=Al*A213 Fl=DXO/SS+(ALF*DXDO-DXO/SS)/(FA+CD~RSS.*Al) F2=CD*(ALF*DXDO-DXO/SS)*(SKIN*SS+P.SS*Al)/(FA+(~D*RSS*Al) F3=(ALF*DXDO-DXO/SS)*CD/(FA*A21/RSS+CD*A31) F4=(ALF*DXDO-DXO/SS)*CD/(FA*A22/RSS+CD*A32) F5=(ALF*DXDO-DXO/SS)*CD/(FA*A23/RSS+CD*A33) F6=(ALF*DXDO-DXO/SS)*CD/(FA*A24/RSS+CD*A34) F7=(ALF*DXDO-DXO/SS)*CD/(FA*A25/RSS+CD*A35) F8=(ALF*DXDO-DXO/SS)*CD/(FA*A2G/RSS+CD*A3G) F9=(ALF*DXDO-DXO/SS)*CD/(FA*A27/RSS+CD*A37) FlO=(ALF*DXDO-DXO/SS)*CD/(FA*A28/RSS+CD*A38) F11=(ALFxDXDO-DXO/SS)*CD/(FA*A29/RSS+CD*A39) F12=(ALF*DXDO-DXO/SS)*CD/(FA*A210/RSS+CD*A3101 F13=(ALF*DXDO-DXO/SS~*CD/(FA*A211/RSS+CD*A3111 F14=(ALFsDXDO-DXO/SS)*CD/(FA*A212/RSS+CD*A3121 F15=(RLF*DXDO-DXO/SS)*CD/CFA*A213/RSS+CD*A3131 DFl=V(J)*Fl DF2=V(J)*F2 DF3=V( J 1 *F3 DFQ=V(J)*F& DFS=V(J)*F5 DFG=V(J)*FG DF7=V(J)*F7 DF8=V(J)*F8 DF9=V(J)*F9 DFlO=V(J)*FlO DFll=V(J)*Fll DF12=V(J)*F12 DF13=V(J)*F13 DF14=V(J)*Fl4 DF15=V(J)*F15 SFI=SFl+DFl SF2=SF2+DF2 SF3=SF3+DF3 SFQ=SF4+DF4 SF5=SF5+DF5 SFG=SFG+DFG SF7=SF7+DF7 SF8=SF8+DF8 SP9=SF9+DF9 SF 1 O=SF 1 O+DF 10 S F I 1=SF1 I+DFll S F 12=SF 12+DF 12 SF13=SF13+DF13 SF14=SF14+DF14
-187SF15=SF15+DF15 300 C O N T I N U E DX(I)=SFI*CO S F 1 = 0 . DO DPW(I)=SFZ*CO S F 2 = 0 . DO DPl(I)=SF3*CO SF3=O.DO DP2(1)=SF4*CO S F 4 = 0 . DO DPJ(I)=SFS*CO SF5=0.D O DPQ(I)=SF6*CO S F 6 = 0 . DO DP5(I)=SF7*CO S F 7 = 0 . DO DP6(I)=SF8*CO SF8=O.DO DP7(I)=SF9*CO SF9=0. D O DP8(I)=SFlO*CO S F l O = O . DO DP9(I)=SFll*CO S F 1 1=0. DO DPlO(I)=SF12*CO S F 12= 0. D 0 DPll(I)=SF13*CO SF 1 3 = 0 . DO DP12(I)=SF14*CO SFttl=O.DO DP13(1)=SF15*CO S F 15=0. DO 200 CONTINUE DO 1000 I = l , M WRITE(6s1001) TDCI) 1001 F O R M A T ( D Z O . 5 ) W R I T E ( 6 , 1 0 0 2 ) DX(I),DPW(I),DPl(I),DP2(1),DP3(1) 1002 F O R M A T ( 5 F 2 0 . 1 0 ) W R I T E ( 6 , 1 0 0 3 ) DP4(I),DPS(I),DP6(I),DP7(I),DP8(1) 1003 F O R M A T ( 5 F 2 0 . 1 0 ) WRITE(6,1004) D P 9 ~ I ~ , D P l O ~ i ~ , D P 1 1 ~ I ~ , D P I 2 O , D P 1 3 ( I ~ , D P l 3 ~ 1 ~ 1 0 0 4 FOR11AT(5F20.10) WRITE(6,1005) D P I 4 ( I ) ~ D P 1 5 ( I ) , D P 1 6 ( I ) , D P 1 7 ~ I ) , D P l 8 ~ 1 ~ 1005 FORHAT(5F20.10) 1000 C O N T I N U E 150 C O N T I N U E STOP END FUNCTION BKO(X) I M P L I C I T R E A L a 8 (A-H,O-Z) JF(X.GT.2.) G O T O 7 0 0 T=X/2.
Al=-DLOG(T)*BIO(X)-.57721566+.4227842"T+*2+.23069756*T**4 A2=.0348859*T**6+.00262698*T**8+.0001075*T**10+.0000074*T**12
B K O = A 1+A2 GO TO 7 0 1 7 0 0 IF(X.GT.1.74D2) G O T O 7 0 2 T=2./X A3~1.25331414-.07832358*T+.02189568*T**2-.01062446*T**3 A4=.00587872*T**4-.002515~*T**5+.00053208*T**6
-188BKO=(A3+A4)/(DSQRT(X)*DEXP(X)) GO TO 701 7 0 2 BKOz1.D-70 701 RETURN END FUNCTION BKl(X) I M P L I C I T R E A L * 8 (A-H,O-Z) IF(X.GT.2.) G O T O 7 1 0 T=X/2. Al=X*DLOG(T)*BIl(X)+l.+.l5443144*T**2-.67278579*T**4 A2~-.18156897*T**6-.01919402*T**8-.00110404*T**10-.00004686*T**12 BKl=(Al+AZ)/X G O T O 711 7 1 0 IF(X.GT.l.74D2) G O T O 7 1 2 T=2./X A3~1.25331414+.23498619*T-.0365562*T**2+.01504268*T*~3 A4=-.00780353*T**4+.00325614*T**5-.00068245*T**6 BKl=(A3+A4)/(DSQRT(X)*DEXP(X)) G O T O 711 7 1 2 BK1=1.D-70 711 R E T U R N END FUNCTION B I O ( X ) I M P L I C I T R E A L * 8 (A-H,O-2) IF(X.GT.3.75) G O T O 7 2 0 T=X/3.75 Al=1.+3.5156229+T**2+3.0899424*T**4+1.2067492*T**6 A2=.2659732*T**8+.036076S*T**10+.0045813*T**12 BIO=A 1+A2 GO TO 721 7 2 0 IF(X.GT.1.74D2) G O T O 7 2 2 T=3.75/X A3~.39894228+.01328592*T+.00225319*T**2-.00157565*T**3+.00916281*T*~~ A4=-.02057706*T**5+.02635537*T**6-.01647633*T**7+.00392377*T*~8 BIO=(A3+A4)/(DSQRT(X)*DEXP(-X)) GO TO 721 7 2 2 BIO=l.D70 721 RETURN END F U N C T I O N B I 1(X) I M P L I C I T R E A L * 8 (A-H,O-Z) IF(X.GT.3.75) G O T O 7 3 0 T=X/3.75 A1=.5+.87890594*T**2+.514988G9*T**4~.1508493*T**6+.02658733*T**8 A2=.00301532*T**10+.00032411*T**12 B I I=(Al+A2)*X G O TO 731 7 3 0 IF(X.GT.1.74D2) G O T O 7 3 2 T=3.75/X C O L L E C T 372.1 GO TO 731 7 3 2 B11=1.D70 A3~.39894228-.03988024*T-.00362018*T**2+.00163801*T**3-.01031555*T**4 A4=.02282967*T**5-.02895312+T*+6+.01787654*T**7-.0042~059*T**8 BIl=(A3+A4)/(DSQRT(X)xDEXP(-XI) 731 RETURN 1 END $DATA $STOP
//
-189E-4 COMPUTER PROGRAM TO SIMULATE CLOSED CHAMBER TEST, SLUG TEST, AND BUILDUP TEST
CALCULATION OF PRESSURE OF CLOSED CHAMBER TEST NOMENCLATURE P 1) ( LIQUID LEVEL P(2) WELLBORE PRESSURE P(1) PRESSURE AT NODE I R RADIAL DISTANCE RE RADIUS OF OIJETR BOUNDARY DRL INCREMENT OF RADIAL DISTANCE I N LOG SCALE SAC11 ELEMENT OF TRIDIAGONAL MATRIX SB(1) ELEMENT OF TRIDIAGONAL MATRIX SC( 1) ELEMENT OF TRIDIAGONAL MATRIX DK( 1) ELEMENT OF RIGHT SIDE OF EQUATION A(1) COEFFICIE-NT OF THOMAS BCI) COEFFICIENT OF THOMAS CD DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGE SKIN SKIN FACTOR M NUMBER OF NODE N NUMBER OF TIME INCREMENT CL DIMENSIONLESS LENGTH OF CLOSED CHAMBER DRO INCREMENT OF RADIUS AT FIRST NODE IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H,O-Z) DIMENSION P ~ 5 1 0 ~ , S A ~ 5 1 0 ~ , S B ~ 5 1 0 ~ , S C ~ 5 1 0 ~ , A ~ 5 1 0 ~ , B ~ 5 1 0 ~ ~ D K ~ 5 INITIAL S E T DO 100 I=1,510 P I )=O. ( SA(I)=O. SB( I ) = G . SC( I) = 0 . A(I ) = O . B(I)=O. DK( I 1 = 0 . 1 0 0 CONTINUE C D = 1. D 3 SKIN=O.DO N=100 n=202 TT=O,DO DXO=-I. ALF= 1. D6 BETAz1.D-2 D L = 1. DATM-1.D-2 RE= 1. D 5 DTO= 1 . D 2 DT=l.D2 M l=M- 1 M2=M-2 M3=M-3 n 4= 11- 4 DRL=DLOG(RE)/M3 DD=RE**(l./DFLOAT(M3))
C
C
C C C C
C
C
C
C C C
C C C C C C C C
C C C
C C C
CALCULATION OF P DO 1000 I=l,N IF (I.GT.11 GO TO 2 0 0 TT=TT+DTO
-190C C
INITIAL VALUES IF(ALF.EQ.0.) G O T O 2 0 8 DK(l)=(l.-DT**2/(2.*ALF))*DXO-(DT**2)*(BETA-DATM)/ALF G O TO 209 CONTINUE DK(I)=-BETA+DATR CONTINUE IF(SKIN.EQ.0.) G O T O 206 DK( 2 ) = S K I N * C D * D X O / D T G O T O 207 . DK(Z)=DXO CONTINUE D O 201 J = 3 , M DK(J)=O. CONTINUE GO T O 300 C A L C U L A T I O N O F DK 200 CONTINUE DT=1000. IF(TT.EQ.10000.) TT=TT+DT IF(ALF.EQ.0.) G O T O 210 DK(1)=(2.-DT**2/(2.*ALF))*P(l)-PPl-(DT**2)*P(2)/(2.*ALF)
,$
208 209
206 207 201
C
C
-(DT**2)*((DL-DXO)*BETA/o)-DATM)/ALF G O T O 211
210 CONTINUE DK(l)=-BETA*(DL-DXO)/(DL-P(l))+DATM 211 C O N T I N U E IF(SKIN.EQ.0.) G O T O 2 0 3 DK(2)=SKIN*CD*P(l)/DT DK(3)=0. DO 2 0 2 J = 2 , M 2 AJ=DFLOAT( J ) DK(J+2)=-DRLx((DD**(AJ-l.+O.5))**2-(DD**(AJ-~.-O.5))**2) 8 *P(J+2)/(2.*DT) 202 CONTINUE GO TO 204 203 CONTINUE DK( 2)=P( 1 ) DO 205 J = 2 , M 2 AJ=DFLOAT(J) DK(J+l)=-DRL*((DD**(AJ-l.+O.5))**2-(DD**(AJ-l.-O.5))**2) t *P(J+1)/(2.*DT) 205 CONTINUE 204 CONTINUE
C C C
C A L C U L A T I O N OF S A , S B , S C 300 CONTINUE IF(ALF.EQ.0.) G O T O 3 0 6 SB(l)=l.+DT**2/(2.*ALF) SC(l)=DT**2/(2.*ALF) GO TO 307 306 CONTINUE SB(1)=1 SC( 1 1 = 1. 307 CONTINUE IF(SKIN.EQ.0.) GO TO 302
-191SA(2)=SKIN*CD/DT SB( 2)=- 1. SC( 2) = 1. SA(3)=1. DR 1 = D R L SB(3)=-(SKIN/DRl+l.) SC(B)=SKIN/DRl D O 301 J = 2 , M 3 AJ=DFLOAT(J) SA(J+Z)=l. SB(J+2)=-(2.+DRL*((DD**(AJ-l.+O.5))**2 $ -(DD**(AJ-1.-0.5))**2)/(2.*DTl) SC(J+2)=1. ? 301 C O N T I N U E SA(M) = 2. AM=DFLOAT(M2) SB(M)=-(Z.+DRL*((DD**(Atl-1.+0.5))**2 $ -(DD**(AH-1.-0.5))**2)/(2.*DT)) GO TO 303 302 C O N T I N U E DRl=DRL SA( 2)= 1. SB(2)=-DT/(CDsDR1) SC(2)=DT/(CD*DRl) DO 304 J = 2 , M 3 AJ=DFLOAT( J 1 SA(J+l)=l. SB(J+l)=-(2.+DRL*(CDD**(AJ-l.+O.5))**2 $ -(DD**(AJ-l.-0.5))**2)/(2.*DT)) SC(J+lI=l. 304 C O N T I N U E , SA(M-l)=2. AM=DFLOAT(M2) SB(M-l)=-(2.+DRL*((DD**(AM-l.+O.5))**2 $ -(DD**(AM-l.-0.5))**2)/(2.*DT)) 303 C O N T I N U E
C C C
C A L C U L A T I O N O F A.B A(P)=-SC(l)/SB(l) B(Z)=DK(I)/SB(l) IF(SKIN.EQ.0.) G O T O 4 0 1 DO 4 0 0 J = 2 , M 1 A(J+l)=-SC(J)/(SA(J)*A(J)+SBJ)) B(J+l)=(DK(J)-SA(J)*B(J))/(SA(J)*A(J)+SB(J)) JJ=J+l IF(DABS(B(JJ)).LT.lO.D-70 .AND. J.GT.4) C O tj T I N U E GO TO 4 0 2 CONTINUE DO 405 K=JJ,Ml A(K+l)=-SC(K)/(SA(K)*A(K)+SBK) B(K+l ) = O . CONTINUE GO TO 402 DO 4 0 3 J = 2 , M 2 A(J+l)=-SC(J)/(SA(J)*A(J)+SBJ)) B(J+l)=(DK(J)-SA(J)*B(J))/(SA(J)*A(J)+SB(J)) JJ=J+l IF(DABS(B(JJ)).LT.lO.D-70 .AND. J.GT.3)
G O - T O 404
400 404
405 40 1
G O T O 406
-192403 CONTINUE GO TO 402 406 CONTINUE D O 407 K = J J , M 2 A(K+l)=-SC(K)/(SA(K)*A(K)+SB(K)) B(K+I)=O. 407 CONTINUE 4 0 2 CONTINUE
C
C C
CALCULATION OF P IF(I.EQ.1) G O T O 501 PPl=P( 1 ) GO TO 502 f 501 PPl=DXO 502 CONTINUE IF(SKIN.EQ.0.) G O T O 5 0 3
J 1=11-J P(J1)=A(Jl+l)*P(Jl+l)+B(Jl+l) 500 C O N T I N U E G O T O 50q 503 C O N T I N U E

J l=M-J P(J1)=A(Jl+I)*P(Jl+l~+B(Jl+l) 505 CONTINUE 504 CONTINUE C C C OUTPUT
P(2)=P(Z)/(l.-BETA+DATM) W R I T E ( 6 t 6 0 0 ) TT,P(l),P(2),P(M-l) 6 0 0 FORMAT(D20.5,3F20.10) P(2)=(1.-BETA+DATM)*P(2)

C
1000 C O N T I N U E STOP END $DATA $STOP
//

A Study of Inertial Effect in The Wellbore

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A STUDY OF INERTIAL EFFECT IN THE WELLBORE IN PRESSURE TRANSIENT WELL TESTING

I c e r t i f y t h a t I have r e a d t h i s t h e s i s and t h a t i n m y o p i n i o n i t i s f u l l y a d e q u a t e , i n scope and q u a l i t y , a s a d i s s e r t a t i o n f o r t h e d e g r e e of Doctor of Philosophy.

I c e r t i f y t h a t I have r e a d t h i s t h e s i s and t h a t i n my o p i n i o n i t i s f u l l y a d e q u a t e , i n s c o p e and q u a l i t y , a s a d i s s e r t a t i o n f o r t h e d e g r e e of Doctor of Philosophy.

I c e r t i f y t h a t I have r e a d t h i s t h e s i s and t h a t i n my o p i n i o n i t i s f u l l y a d e q u a t e , i n scope and q u a l i t y , a s a d i s s e r t a t i o n f o r t h e d e g r e e of Doctor of Philosophy.

Approved f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y Committee on Graduate S t u d i e s :

Dedicated t o my p a r e n t s , Kisaburo and Maki, t o m son, Daisuke, y and t o my w i f e , Kiyomi

u n d e r s t a n d i n g , encouragement, and c r i t i c a l review of t h e manuscript as a research advisor. The a u t h o r i s g r a t e f u l t o P r o f e s s o r s W. E. Brigham,

S . K. Sanyal, and R. N . Horne, Department of Petroleum E n g i n e e r i n g , f o r

I n a d d i t i o n , t h a n k s are due t o D r . M. Sengul, Marathon O i l Company, f o r a s s i s t a n c e w i t h numerical L a p l a c e i n v e r s i o n . The s c r u p u l o u s h e l p i n

s o l u t i o n f o r t h i s problem i s o l d , and t h e problem h a s been i n v e s t i g a t e d by many people. However, t h e s o l u t i o n s a v a i l a b l e t h u s f a r do n o t r i g o r o u s l y of movement of t h e l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e , and

include the i n e r t i a l effect

d i f f e r e n c e s o l u t i o n w a s a l s o p r e p a r e d and used t o s t u d y t h i s c l a s s of problem. The a v a i l a b l e f i e l d d a t a were i n t e r p r e t e d and d i s c u s s e d . A new

.......................... ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-3 Field 2-3-1 2-3-2

... 2-2-4.5 Batch Injections . . . . . . 2-2-4.6 Application o f Solutions . . Data Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Closed Chamber T e s t SlugTest

DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR cD = 103 AND s = o . . .

.... ...... . .........

9. DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VERSUS tD/CD FOR CDe2s

11. ADJUSTED PROPERTIES OF WELL-AQUIFER SYSTEMS REPORTED BY

C-1 C-2 C-3

DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS DIMENSIONLESS TIME FOR cD = 103 AND s = o

23. EFFECT OF SKIN FACTOR ON DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE FOR cD = i o 3 24.

.................. ............. .......

30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION INSIDE THE RESERVOIR FOR CD s = a = 0 WITH DIMENSIONLESS TIME

.. ...AT ...AT ...AT

...... . 4 3 10 , FOR C = 10 AND s = 0 . . . . D 4 3 5x10 , FOR CD = 10 AND s = 0 . . . 5 3 10 FOR CD = 10 AND s = 0 . . . .

36. EFFECT OF SKIN FACTOR ON INVESTIGATION RADIUS 37.

EFFECT OF DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE STORAGE CONSTANT ON INVESTIGATION 80 RADIUS.. 86 87

DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS tD/CD FOR Cge2s

41. DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS tD/CD FOR CDe2s

DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS tD/CD FOR CDe2s DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE

= 105 = 18 0 = 110 0 = 115 0

tD/cD FOR cDe2s tD/cD FOR CDe2s tD/cD FOR CDe2s

. .... ..... ...- . .....

DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE

DIMENSIONLESS WELLBORE PRESSURE VS tD/CD FOR CDe2s

49. 50. 51.

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION INSIDE THE RESERVOIR BASED ON BUILDUP TEST ANALYSISINEXAMPLE3

COMPARISON OF ACTUAL DATA AND CALCULATED BUILDUP RESULTS FOR EXAMPLE3

Often i n d r i l l stem t e s t s ( h e r e i n a f t e r a b b r e v i a t e d as "DST"),

t h e pressure- time t r a c e i s concave t o t h e t i m e a x i s from t h e beginning of t h e flow p e r i o d , showing a d e c r e a s i n g r a t e throughout t h e flow p e r i o d

as a t e s t i n which a column of l i q u i d whose head i s e q u a l t o t h e i n i t i a l

cushion, t h e concept becomes more complicated, b u t i s s t i l l v a l i d .

The word " slug" r e f e r s t o an

F I G . 1: TYPICAL DRILL STEM TEST DATA 1

F I G . 2: TYPICAL DRILL STEM TEST DATA 2

-3i n i t i a l volume o f l i q u i d removed from t h e w e l l b o r e t o i n i t i a t e flow. Cooper e t a 1 . , 3 i n 1967, r e p o r t e d t h e r e s u l t s of a f i e l d t e s t i n a s t a t i c

of t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s removal of a q u a n t i t y of water e q u a l t o t h a t d i s p l a c e d by t h e f l o a t . A c t u a l l y , t h e Cooper e t a l . d a t a i n t e r p r e t a t i o n method w a s

c o o l i n g of a b a t c h of h o t water w a s r e p o r t e d by Beck, J a e g e r , and Newstead

A solution including the skin effect

was p r e s e n t e d by Agarwal e t a l . OY1l

i n 1970 and 1972, a l t h o u g h t h e u s e of Papadopulous e t a l . 12 p r e s e n t e d ex-

-4 The i n e r t i a l e f f e c t of l i q u i d i n t h e w e l l b o r e was f i r s t i n v e s t i g a t e d by Bredehoeft e t a l . I 5 i n 1966, u s i n g a n analog computer. s o l u t i o n was n o t g i v e n . However, a g e n e r a l

An approximate method t o d e t e r m i n e t h e permea-

b i l i t y assuming a n e x p o n e n t i a l l y damped f l u c t u a t i o n w a s p r e s e n t e d by van d e r Karnpl' i n 1976; however, h e d i d n o t p r o v i d e a g e n e r a l s o l u t i o n and d i d Thus f a r , no g e n e r a l s o l u t i o n i n c l u d i n g t h e

not include a skin effect.

eral s o l u t i o n ; t o advance t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g of s l u g t e s t d a t a ; and t o s t u d y

SLUG TEST ANALYSIS

The s l u g t e s t problem w a s s t a t e d by Ramey e t a l . 1 3 as t h a t posed by a f o r m a t i o n whose i n i t i a l p r e s s u r e , pi,

valve i s opened t o expose t h e f o r m a t i o n suddenly t o t h e c u s h i o n p r e s s u r e ,