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Why do we need to use Common-Mode Feedback Circuits ? In the past, circuits have mainly one input and one output and both referred to ground. Low voltage power supply make single ended circuits very difficult to perform optimally. An alternative to single-ended circuits is to use fully differential circuits. To double the output swing a fully differential circuit are used. The output terminals of fully differential circuits are equal and opposite polarity. it l it Additional properties of fully differential circuits are: improved output swing, linearity and common-mode rejection ratio. p g y j How are the differential outputs referred to ? How are the common-mode signals eliminated in a Fully differential circuit ?
A CMFB circuit, in a fully differential circuit, is generally needed for two reasons: (1) To control the common mode voltage at different nodes that cannot be stabilized by the negative differential feedback. This is usually chosen as a reference voltage yielding maximum diff i ldi i differential voltage gain and/or ti l lt i d/ maximum output voltage swing (2) To suppress the common mode components, that tends to saturate different stages, through applying common mode negative feedback.
Background and motivation . VDD ID Vin R M1 Vo1 1 Vo1 = VDD - IDR Vb Vin VDD M2 M1 Vo2
VSS=0
VSS=0
Can we determine the DC operating points for Vo1 and Vo2? Let us f rst cons der the case of one trans stor and one res stor. first consider transistor resistor.
ID1 VDD R
omhic
saturation
Vo1
VDD
Vo2 Second case: Two transistors one n-type and one p-type M1 triode M1 saturation ID1 VDD I VGS1 = VIB P2 VDD - (VSG |Vtp|) P1 V =V
GS1 IA
II
III P1
IV
VDD - VSG
VDD
VDS
Vo1B
)[
KCL
I D1 = I D2
Small variations due to process (or to the input) could force the operations in III to move to regions II or IV. V02 is difficult to fix and the regions of operation of M1 and M2 are very sensitive to process variations and input variations.
Analog and Mixed-Signal Center (AMSC)
What is the effect of mismatch between the p-type current source and the n-type current source?
Ip
I p - In
In
rop Vo ron
ro = rop // ron
Vo due to the transistor mismatches, in ID1 and ID2 , is given by Vo=(Ip - In) ro = IRo For instance for =15 and ro = 266 k, this results in Vo = 4V. Since this error can not be produced, M2 is forced into triode region region. We will study techniques to force I close to zero.
Analog and Mixed-Signal Center (AMSC)
Vin
Vin+
- Vo +
VB
Fully-Differential y
Vb3 Vin
+
Vin- Vo +
Vo+ - Vo +
Vin-
Vin
Vb2 VinVb4 - Vo +
Vb
Vb Vo
In a number of applications the inputs and output are short circuited, i.e.,
Vo,cm = VDD I SS R D / 2
M1 ISS
Vb2 M3
Reference.-J.F. Duque-Carrillo, Control of the Common-Mode Component in CMOS Continuous-Time Fully Differential Signal Processing, Analog Integrated and Signal Processing,Vol. 4, No.2, pp131-140, Sept. 1993
Effects of drain current mismatches on the DC output voltage: An example of a FD resistor equivalent:
VDD W L P+ M1 M1
W L
M M2 MB2 PM1
M2
+ -
P-
Vo
P+
Vo
Rb
MB3
W L
W 2 L
M3
ISS
Suppose that the drain currents of M2 and M2 (in the saturation region) are slightly smaller than ISS/2, to satisfy KVL at nodes P- and P+, then Vp- and Vp+ must drop forcing M3 to enter in triode region, producing only 2IDM2, DM2. Also if drain currents of M2 and M2 are slightly greater than M2 ISS/2 then both M2 and M2 must enter into the triode region, so that their drain currents remain ISS/2.
Analog and Mixed-Signal Center (AMSC)
Closed loop negative feedback effects on the DC output voltage The high impedance nodes are difficult to fix their DC operating points. This is the case of Single-Ended Differential Amplifiers (Op Amps and OTAs). p p Op Amps in open loop yield VDD Vo = or -VSS Fortunately, Linear Applications of single ended circuits are based on negative feedback and this feedback circuitry also fixes the DC feedback, operating point, i.e.,
R2 R1 V+ A Vo Vo = A (0 - V-)
o 1 but V = R1 + R 2 and Vo dc = 0 o,dc for symmetric power supplies.
VR
Vo,cm is usually fixed by an additional negative (common-mode) feedback circuit such that the differential voltage gain is maximized. Basic Operations Vin+ Vo+ Fully Sensing the output CM level, Differential i.e., Amplifier
Vin ( (H1) Vo VCMC CM (H ) 2 Level + Sense Circuit CM Detector Reference Voltage g
H3 Vcorrection
+ Vo + Vo = Vo,cm 2
Vo,cm Vref
Injecting the error correcting level to the amplifier bias circuitry. y Avoid injection of CM signals to nodes of the amplifier which do not correct the hi h d h Vo,cm.
Analog and Mixed-Signal Center (AMSC)
If the output signals are current signals, the CMF architecture could be represented as follows:
Viin+ VinFully ll Differential Amplifier ICMC CM Sense + Current Amp + Iref + Transconductance Level Sense Circuit CM Sense Current Amp S C A io+ Icmc MY MX Iref MY MX ioVoicm Vo+ Vo+ Vo-
A conceptual current mode implementation of Level Sense Circuit, CM Sense Current Amplifier (Comparator)
Vo2
Simple Si l approach h Core Op Amp can be a two-stage, folded cascode or other Needs higher power supply Sacrifices output voltage swing. swing
M10
Vcm M3
VBP
-
M11
M4
M7
M6
Vo1
CZ
RZ M1 M2
RZ CZ
2 Vo
v i+
v i
M9
VBN
-
M5
M8
p Output Branch
Reference. CMOS Analog Circuit Design, P. E. Allen and D. R. Holberg 2nd Edition , Oxford
p Output Branch
R I B + + R 1 2R 4I B 4 2 = + 4R 8 I B 2 2R + I B
1 8 I B VT + I B 2I B 2I B
1 = 1
o , dm
VS
IB2
2 I B 2R + I B 1 1 1 3 = 2 I B 8 I B 2R + 2 I B
CM Detector 3
VoVo+
1 = 1
2 = VT + 4 4 IB
1 8 IB
VS
3 =
J.F. Duque-Carrillo, Control of the Common-Mode Component in CMOS Continuous-Time Fully Differential Signal Processing, Analog Integrated and Signal Processing,Vol. 4, No.2, pp131-140, Sept. 1993
THD 1V p p @ 100KHz
Vbias1
M1B
Vo+
VDD
+ Vo CM detector Vo 2
1.1
0.05 %
Vi+
MA M4C
MB
Vi-
M3A
Vbias5
+ Vo CM detector Vo 3
1.2 .
0.22 %
Vo
Vo Vbias
1.3
0.06 %
To gates of M1AM1B
+ Vo
Vref
Vo Vbias
To gates of M1AM1B + Vo
Vref
Vo Vbias
1.2
0.015 %
+ +
VCMC
VDD M5 VB1 M7 M25 ICMS VCM
M10 Vo2
Vi1 C M9
M1
M2 VB2
Vi2 C
Vo1 M21
M22
M23
M24
M3
M4
M6
M26
VB3
M27
VB3
+ Vin Vin
gmd
+ IC,d
I C,d
IC
gmc
(a)
gmd = gmc Note that the output of gmc has two identical current copies
I C = g mc Vcm
+ Vin = Vcm + Vin / 2 I0 VC Vin = Vcm Vin / 2 + I C , d = g md Vcm + Vin / 2 + I C , d = g md Vcm Vin / 2 Vin + + I 0 = I C , d I C = g md Vin / 2 I 0 = I C , d I C = g md Vin / 2
+ I0
Vbias
( (
) )
M1
W L
M2 W L
Vin
M1
W 2L
M2
(b) Pseudodifferential BiCMOS transconductor with feed-forward common-mode cancellation. (a) Conceptual idea (b) BiCMOS implementation cancellation idea. implementation.
[*] F. Rezzi, A. Baschiroto, and R. Castello, A 3V 12-55 MHz BiCMOS Pseudo Differential Continuous-Time Filter, IEEE Trans. Circuits Systems I, vol. 42, pp 896-903, November 1995.
Let us explore how a common-mode feedforward can be sensed and then applied. Consider a fully differential OTA with two current-mirrors
aIo+ aIo-
Vcm
Io Vo-
Ibias
Itaill
Ibias
Iref
Correcting signal can be voltage or current. Note that Io+, and Io- are equal to gmDRIVER (Vin+- Vin-) and gmDRIVER( Vin- -Vin+) , respectively. That is, we are sensing the input voltage. We are not sensing the output voltage. voltage voltage aIo+ and aIo- are copies of Io+ and Io-, respectively. In practice the value of aIo is a = 1 or a = 1/2.
FD OTA
Vcm MX
M4
M3
M2
M2
M3
M4
ioVoVinM1 M1 Vin+
io+ Vo+
MY
MX
MX
MY
Common feedback of more than one amplifier and their interconnections Observe that only one CMFB circuit is needed per output. If the Amp 1 is connected with a CMFB, any other amplifier connected to this amplifier does not need the extra CMFB. p Furthermore, in some architectures the CM detector is a feedforward and forms part of the amplifier. An example of this type has been discussed before i.e., the Fully Balanced 4 current-mirror OTA
p p Complete Amplifier 1 Complete Amplifier 2 p p
Vin1+ Vin1-
Vo+ Vo-
Vcm
g m5
Vin
g m1 g m2
V1
g m3
I1 1 2 g m4
Vx=Vcm
+
g m6
Io1
+ Ving m1 g m2
V2
g m3
I2
g m5
g m6
Io2
Vref
Vo+
M7 Io1
I1 I 2 2
M5
V1 I1 vin+
M2 I1 M1
M2 I2 M1
V2
M3 I2 I2
M5
I 2 I1 2
M7
Vref
Vo -
vin
Io2 M4 M6
I1 + I 2 2
VCMFB
M8
M6
M4
Vx
M8
VCMFB
(from next stage)
NEXT OTA IS DETECTING THE COMMON MODE FROM THIS OTA AND FEEDING BACK TO THIS OTA
Transient Response
Ideal Response
Vi Vi
+ + -
H1
' H1
v s = 1vo , cm
VREF VS
Vo+
Vo
1 1 = 2
H2
+ CM Detector +
Let assume the linearized ideal case 1 0, 3 = 0 and 2 0. Note here that the notation is changed to 1 = ACS , 2 = ADS
Vi,dm ADC Vi,cm ACD ACC ADD ASD vs Vo,dm
.
ASC
ADD (1 LGCM ) + ADC LGCM ADD D A (1 LG DM ) + ACD LG DM ACC ,effective = CC D ADS ADC , effective ADD ACS ADD , effective =
To investigate the non-linear effects, assume 1 0, 3 0 and 2 = 0. The following expressions can be approximated.
Thus
vo ,dm = ADD g m vi ,dm ADD f vo ,dm + ASD vs vo ,cm = ADC g mv i ,dm ADC f vo ,dm + ASC vs where vs ACS vo ,cm + 3vo ,dm ; 1 = ACS
It can be shown that:
vi , dm
gm
FD with CMFB f
vo, dm
vo ,cm
vi , dm = vi cos t
1 3 ASD ACL HD2 Vi 2 LGCM LG DM ,ex ACL = gm f ;
LG DM ,ex = f ADD
Analog and Mixed-Signal Center TAMU (ESS)
Vin
+ Vo
Vo
+ CommonMode Detector +
vocm
vCM,control = vCMC
H2
(vOCM VCM )
Negative Feedback, H1H 2 H 3 < 1
H CM
+ H3 VREF = VCM
In Common - Mode In Differential - Mode
H DM = H1 ' Stability determined by open loop H1H x H 3 H3 is the CM-sense (or comparator) Amplifier. Goal to force vOCM = VREF
' H1 is defined as the gain between input vCMC and the output Vo+ Vo i.e. two examples
VDD
Vbias
+ vin vin
Vo+ Vo
vCMC
VFIX
Inherent CM detector
vOCM
vi
Vbias2 Vo
Vbias3
vOCM VGS ?
vCMCV
STABILITY REMARKS
The poles of the common-mode feedback are given by the open loop gain ' H1 ( s ) H 2 ( s ) H 3 ( s ) The bandwidth of the common-mode gain and the differential-mode gain. common mode differential mode gain For differential inputs in an ideal amplifier
vind 2 vind 2 Vo+
Vo
+ + - -
CM Detector + -
Common-Mode
H CM = H1CM
' 1 + H1H 2 H 3
H1
vicm
+ + - -
H i Vo cm
CM Detector + -
H2
i.e. H 2 =
1 2
H3
Vref f
+ -
+ -
+ Vocm
. V
ocm
CM Detector
+ -
v i , cm
+ -
Vref
VDD VB2
Typical OTA connection in i l i i fully differential OTA-C based circuits. The common-mode voltage is b i d f i obtained from the input of h i f the following stage. Poor PSRR
Vin+
Vin- + VC
IB
IB
VREF
IB
IB VSS
VDD
IB
IB
IB
IB
Vo VinMC IB IB IB
IB
Vin+
GND R1 M1 IB R1 M1 IB VSS
Pseudo-differential OTAs including the CMFB for the first one with good PSRR
Final Remarks
DC operating points for high impedances are difficult to fix Fully differential amplifiers with high output impedance nodes must use common-mode feedback circuits . common mode Common mode circuits can fix the DC operating points as well as eliminate th common m d output component. ll s limi t the mm mode tp t mp t Low voltage constraints impose optimal bias conditions at p p both the input and output ports of an amplifier. Common mode circuits for LV should be used both at the input and output