hydrogen for transportation: Current position in technology: Currently Oil provides most of the energy needed for transportation

so the use of Hydrogen for transportation is not really emphasized on currently as much, but oil will soon be in short supply. That is the reason why we are currently trying to strengthen its technology. Productionof hydrogen: There are several ways hydrogen is produced currently: Currently, the cheapest source of hydrogen is natural gas, but the problem is that the resulting hydrogen has only 50% of the chemical energy of the original natural gas, which is not that efficient Hydrogen can also be produced from oil, but we are trying to find an alternate to oil and also,if hydrogen is derived from oil, a greenhouse gases may be released which can cause pollution to the environment. Hydrogen can is also being produced from coal, especially in America, as they have large supplies of coal.This method has been used for two centuries but the efficiency is unfortunately still quite low. Due to the problems that occur with the coal remain.These problems include acid rain producing sulfur dioxide, smoke containing heavy metals, ground water polluting ashes, and greenhouse effect. Storage of hydrogen: Hydrogen is difficult to store because has very low volumetric energy density. IN order to be used for transportation it must be light weight and compact. Established production:

Currently Compressed hydrogen in hydrogen tanks isused for hydrogen vehicles, Hydrogen is kept at about 350 bar (5,000 psi) and 700 bar (10,000 psi) . Car manufacturers have been developing this solution, likeHonda or Nissan. Liquid hydrogen: Some manufactures have been able to store the hydrogen as Liquid hydrogen in liquid tanks, like the BMW hydrogen 7

Transportation of the hydrogen which is used for transportation: A 40 ton truck can deliver 26 tons of gasoline to a conventional gasoline filling station. One daily delivery is sufficient for busy station. A 40 ton truck carrying compressed hydrogen can deliver only 400 kilograms. That is because of the weight of the tank capable of holding 200 atmospheres of pressure. An empty truck will weigh almost as much as a full one. The compressed hydrogen tank must be robust. The energy used to compress the hydrogen to 200 atmospheres would be released instantly if a tank ruptured. The fireball would cover a football field. Hydrogen is more energy dense than gasoline (by weight) and hydrogen powered transportation is more energy efficient. Yet the hydrogen filling station will require 15 deliveries every day, everything else being equal. The energy cost of truck transport becomes unacceptable unless the source of hydrogen is very close to the point of use. A cryogenic truck could carry more hydrogen but recall that the energy cost to liquefy hydrogen makes this infeasible in most cases. Hydrogen can be transported by pipeline. According to B&E, it take about 4 times more energy to move hydrogen through a pipeline compared to natural gas.

IN Europe:
Current demonstration projects and acitivities (H2 for transport)

HEET platform (Hydrogen, Energy Environment and Transport), Althytude project, Ultim Car project (finished) planned: no specific activities planned at the moment (tbc.)
Vehicles

Ongoing: 2 buses (from Irisbus) in Dunkerque within the Althytude project

Filling stations

Ongoing: 1 refuelling station at NGV bus depot in DunkirkwithinAlthytude, hydrogen production by electrolysis using green energy (from wind).

http://www.cleantechinvestor.com/portal/transport/3023-hydroge-in-transport.html http://www.h2moves.eu/regions/nord-pas.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_storage#Established_technologies

http://planetforlife.com/h2/h2swiss.html

Hydrogen is a versatile chemical element which reacts with most other elements and is part of countless chemical compounds. It can be produced from a number of primary energy sources, from the electrolysis of water or as a by-product of some chemical processes. While it is the most abundant element in the universe, hydrogen is difficult to produce in large quantities by itself. When combined with oxygen, it can be used to produce useful energy with virtually no atmospheric pollutants at the point of use. The production, transportation and storage of hydrogen involve technologies relevant to a number of high-priority areas that we have identified, such as gasification, CO2 capture and storage, and electricity storage. Currently, the major uses of hydrogen are in the oil and chemical industries. Existing hydrogen production methods for these purposes result in significant CO2 emissions. Significant advances in a number of areas relating to hydrogen production are needed to make hydrogen fuel cells viable options for on-road vehicle applications. However, just as fuel cells can use fuels other

than hydrogen, hydrogen may find future uses in areas other than fuel cell vehicles, including internal combustion engines, freight transport and aviation. We emphasize, however, that the large-scale use of hydrogen as the energy source for transportation would represent a profound shift in our energy infrastructure. Basic research into transformative hydrogen technologies related to production and storage are important to realizing hydrogens promise of enabling the storage and use of energy without harmful life cycle emissions. Economic, environmentally friendly hydrogen production could potentially be accomplished through: the production of hydrogen from fossil fuels by such methods as gasification, coupled with the geological storage of the resulting carbon dioxide, or the gasification of waste biomass; technologies that significantly improve the economics and efficiency of producing hydrogen from water using electricity sources that do not emit CO2; and the development of novel technologies for hydrogen production, such as direct hydrogen production from water using sunlight, and biological processes that decompose organic materials into hydrogen and other by-products. The first option above is one element of the need for a Canadian focus on fossil fuel gasification and CO2 capture and storage in western Canada, as described in Chapter 5 Carbon-Based Fuels. The latter two options for hydrogen production are less geographically specific and are worthy of targeted funds for early-stage research, as discussed in Chapter 3. Canada has a world-leading position in current-generation mobile and hand-held hydrogen storage technologies. That being said, there are still many challenges to storing hydrogen for onboard, mobile applications. For on-road hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to compete with other advanced vehicle technologies and provide substantial environmental benefits, a breakthrough in high-density, low-weight, low-cost hydrogen storage is required. This is also an area worthy of targeted basic research. Not to be ignored is the importance of large-scale hydrogen production and management to the oil sector. This sector will experience large growth and require more hydrogen, using both mature production technologies and newer technologies as they emerge. Canada has wellestablished hydrogen distribution expertise and thus has an opportunity to gain more experience with hydrogen infrastructure for advanced applications, including the development of codes and standards for hydrogen distribution and refuelling. Finally, there is roughly 200 kt per year of unused hydrogen produced in industrial processes in Canada; in energy terms this is equivalent to approximately 800 million litres of gasoline. Identifying increased opportunities to use this hydrogen on site in advanced applications such as fuel cell and hydrogen internal combustion engines would provide opportunities to test such applications in real-world settings. If the hydrogen were used to substitute for carbon-based fuels in these regions, it would also reduce environmental impacts.