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Development with Android Gingerbread and Eclipse This tutorial describes how to create Android applications with Eclipse. It is based on Eclipse 3.7 (Indigo), Java 1.6 and Android 2.3.3 (Gingerbread). Table of Contents 1. Android Development 1.1. Android Operation System 1.2. Important Android components 1.3. Security and permissions 1.4. AndroidManifest.xml 1.5. R.java, Resources and Assets 1.6. Activities and Layouts 1.7. Activities and Lifecyle 1.8. Context 2. Installation 2.1. Android SDK 2.2. Eclipse 2.3. Configuration 2.4. Android Source Code 3. Create an Android Emulator Device 4. Error handling 5. Your first Android project 5.1. Create Project 5.2. Two faces of things
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5.3. Create attributes 5.4. Add UI Elements 5.5. Edit UI properties 5.6. Code your application 5.7. Start Project 5.8. Using the home menu 6. Menus 6.1. Menus 6.2. Project 6.3. Add a menu XML resource 7. Preferences and Intents 7.1. Overview 7.2. Using preferences 7.3. Run 8. Dialogs via the AlertDialog 9. TableLayout 9.1. Overview 9.2. Example 10. ContentProvider 10.1. Overview 10.2. Create contacts on your emulator 10.3. Using the Contact Content Provider 11. ScrollView 12. DDMS perspective and important views 12.1. DDMS - Dalvik Debug Monitor Server 12.2. LogCat View 12.3. File explorer 13. Shell 13.1. Android Debugging Bridge - Shell 13.2. Uninstall an application via adb 13.3. Emulator Console via telnet 14. Deploy your application on a real device 15. Thank you 16. Questions and Discussion 17. Links and Literature 17.1. Source Code 17.2. Android Resources 17.3. vogella Resources
1. Android Development
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1.4. AndroidManifest.xml
An Android application is described the file "AndroidManifest.xml". This file must declare all activities, services, broadcast receivers and content provider of the application. It must also contain the required permissions for the application. For example if the application requires network access it must be specified here. "AndroidManifest.xml" can be thought as the deployment descriptor for an Android application.
The "package" attribute defines the base package for the following Java elements. It also must be unique as the Android Marketplace only allows application for a specfic package once. Therefore a good habit is to use your reverse domain name as a package to avoid collisions with other developers. "android:versionName" and "android:versionCode" specify the version of your application. "versionName" is what the user sees and can be any string. "versionCode" must be an integer and the Android Market uses this to determine if you provided a newer version to trigger the update on devices which have your application installed. You typically start with "1" and increase this value by one if you roll-out a new version of your application. "activity" defines an activity in this example pointing to the class "de.vogella.android.temperature.Convert". For this class an intent filter is registered which defines that this activity is started once the application starts (action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"). The category definition (category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" ) defines that this application is added to the application directory on the Android device. The @ values refer to resource files which contain the actual values. This makes it easy to provide different resources, e.g. strings, colors, icons, for different devices and makes it easy to translate applications. The "uses-sdk" part of the "AndroidManifest.xml" defines the minimal SDK version your application is valid for. This will prevent your application being installed on devices with older SDK versions.
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access the corresponding resource. For example to access a String with the reference id "R.string.yourString" use the method getString(R.string.yourString)); Please do not try to modify "R.java" manually. While the directory"res" contains structured values which are known to the Android platform the directory "assets" can be used to store any kind of data. In Java you can access this data via the AssetsManager and the method getAssets().
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1.8. Context
The class android.content.Context provides the connections to the Android system. It is the interface to global information about the application environment. Context also provides the method getSystemService() which allows to receive Android services, e.g. the Location Service . As Activities and Services extend the class "Context" you can directly access the context via "this".
2. Installation
The following assume that you have already Eclipse installed. For details please see Eclipse Tutorial .
2.2. Eclipse
Use the Eclipse update manager to install all available plugins for the Android Development Tools (ADT) from the URL https://dl-ssl.google.com/android/eclipse/ .
2.3. Configuration
In Eclipse open the Preferences dialog via Windows -> Preferences. Select Android and enter the installation path of the Android SDK.
Select Window -> Android SDK and AVD Manager from the menu.
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Select available packages and select the Android 2.3.3 (API10) version of the SDK.
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Press "Install selected" and confirm the license for all package. After the installation restart Eclipse.
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During Android development it is very useful to have the Android source code available as Android uses a lot of defaults. Haris Peco maintains plugins which provides access to the Android Source code code. Use the Eclipse update manager to install two of his plugins. Update site: "http://adtaddons.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/source/com.android.ide.eclipse.source.update" and "http://adt-addons.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/binedit /com.android.ide.eclipse.binedit.update". More details can be found on the project website .
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We will select the box "Enabled" for Snapshots. This will make the second start of the virtual device much faster.
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At the end press the button "Create AVD".This will create the device and display it under the "Virtual devices". To test if your setup is correct, select your device and press "Start". After (a long time) your device should be started.
4. Error handling
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Things are not always working as they should be. Several users report that get the following errors: 1. Project ... is missing required source folder: 'gen' 2. The project could not be built until build path errors are resolved. 3. Unable to open class file R.java. To solve this error select from the menu Project -> Clean. If you having problems with your own code you can use the LogCat viewer as described in LogCat Viewer .
This app is also available on the Android Marketplace. Search for "vogella" for find this example. Select File -> New -> Other -> Android -> Android Project and create the Android project "de.vogella.android.temperature". Enter the following.
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While "res" contains structured values which are known to the Android platform the directory "assets" can be used to store any kind of data. In Java you can access this data via the AssetsManager and the method getAssets().
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The Android SDK allows to define certain artifacts, e.g. strings and UI's, in two ways, via a rich editor and directly via XML. The following description tries to use the rich UI but for validation lists also the XML. You can switch between both things by clicking on the tab on the lower part of the screen. For example in the Package Explorer select "res/layout/main.xml".
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Add also the following "String" attributes. String attributes allow to translate the application at a later point. Table 1. String Attributes Name celsius fahrenheit calc Value to Celsius to Fahrenheit Calculate
myClickHandler myClickHandler
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Right-click on the text object Hello World, Hello! in the layout. Select Delete on the popup menu to remove the text object. Then, from the Palette view, select Text Fields and locate Plain Text. Drag this onto the layout to create a text input field. All object types in the section "Text Fields derive from the class "EditText", they just specify via an additional attribute which text type can be used. Now select the Palette section Form Widgets and drag a RadioGroup object onto the layout. The number of radio buttons added to the radio button group depends on your version of Eclipse. Make sure there are two radio buttons by deleting or adding radio buttons to the group. From the Palette section Form Widgets, drag a Button object onto the layout. The result should look like the following and the corresponding XML is listed below. Make sure that your code is the same as listed below.
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Switch to "main.xml" and verify that your XML looks like the following.
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Assign the "celsius" string attribute to your "text" property of the first radio button and "fahrenheit" to the second.
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From now on I assume you are able to use the properties menu on the UI elements. Set the property "Checked" to true for the first RadioButton. Assign "calc" to the text property of your button and assign "myClickHandler" to the "onClick" property. Set the "Input type" property to "numberSigned" and "numberDecimal" on your EditText. Right-click on the view in Graphical Layout mode, then select Properties/Background... from the popup menu. Select Color and then myColor in the list.
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Switch to the "main.xml" tab and verify that the XML is correctly maintained.
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Type in a number, select your conversion and press the button. The result should be displayed and the other option should get selected.
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6. Menus
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6.1. Menus
To use menus Android provides two ways. First is the option menu which can be opened via the menu button. The option menu of your activity is filled in the method onCreateOptionsMenu() of your activity. You can register here a menu via your code or use a XML menu resources which you inflate via a "MenuInflator". You get a MenuInflator via your activity with the method getMenuInflator(). onCreateContextMenu() is only called once. If you want to influence the menu later you have to use the method onPrepareOptionsMenu(). The second option to display a menu is to use the context menu for a UI widget (view). A context menu is activated if the user "long presses" the view. A context menu for a view is registered via the method registerForContextMenu(view). The method onCreateContextMenu() is called every time a context menu is activated as the context menu is discarded after its usage. The Android platform may also add options to your view, e.g. "EditText" provides context options to select text, etc.
6.2. Project
This chapter will demonstrate how to create and evaluate a option menu, how to define preferences and how to navigate between activities via an intent . Create a project "de.vogella.android.preferences" with the activity "HelloPreferences". Change the UI in the file "/res/layout/main.xml" to the following:
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Press Add and select "Item". Maintain the following value. This defines the entries in your menu. We will have only one entry.
Change your class "HelloPreferences" to the following. The OnCreateOptionsMenu method is used to create the menu. The behavior in "onOptionsItemSelected" is currently hard-coded to show a Toast and will soon call the preference settings. In case you want to disable or hide menu items you can use the method "onPrepareOptionsMenu" which is called every time the menu is called.
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Run your application and press "Menu" on the emulator. Your menu should be displayed. If you select the menu entry you should see a small info message.
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The two "Preference" buttons are not yet active. We will use them in the next chapter.
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Preference values can also be stored as a XML resource. Create another Android XML File "preferences.xml" this time of type "Preference".
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Press Add, add a category and add two preferences "EditTextPreferences" to this category : "User" and "Password".
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To allow the user to enter the preference value you can define a Activity with extends PreferenceActivity. This activity can load a preference definition resources via the method addPreferencesFromResource(). Create the class "Preferences" which will load the "preference.xml".
To make this class available as an activity for Android you need to register it in your "AndroidManifest.xml" file. Select "AndroidManifest.xml" and the tab "Application". Add the activity "Preferences".
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The first button will show the current values of the preferences via a Toast and the second button will revert the maintained user name to demonstrate how you could change
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We will update the method onOptionsItemSelected() to open the activity "Preferences" once you select the option menu. Even though we currently have only one option in our menu we use a switch to be ready for several new menu entries. To see the current values of the preferences we define a button and use the class "PreferenceManager" to get the sharedPreferences.
7.3. Run
Run your application. Press the "menu" hardware button and then select your menu item "Preferences". You should be able to enter your user settings then press the back hardware button to return to your main activity. The saved values should be displayed in a small message windows (Toast) if you press your first button. If you press the second button the username should be reversed.
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If you run your application and click your button you should see your dialog.
9. TableLayout
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9.1. Overview
In earlier chapter we have used the LinearLayout which allows you to stack widgets vertical or horizontal. LinearLayout can be nested to achieve nice effects. This chapter will demonstrate the usage of "TableLayout". This layout allows you to organize a view into a table format. You specify via the view group "TableRow" rows for your table. Afterwards you put widgets into the individual rows. On the "TableLayout" you can define which column should take additional space via the "android:stretchColumns" attribute. If several columns should take the available space you can specify them as a comma-separated list. Similar you can use the attribute "android:shrinkColumn", which will try to word-wrap the content of the specified widgets and the attribute "android:collapseColums" to define initially hidden columns. Via Java you can display / hide these columns via the method setColumnVisible(). Columns will be automatically created based on the maximum number of widgets in one row. Per default each widgets creates a new column in the row. You can specific via "android:layout_column" the column a widget should go and via "android:layout_span" how many columns a widget should take. You can also put non TableRows in a table. This way you can for example add dividers between your columns.
9.2. Example
Create the project "de.vogella.android.layout.table" with the activity "DemoTableLayout". Change "main.xml" to the following.
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Change the activity "DemoTableLayout" to the following to use the button to hide the second column in the table.
10. ContentProvider
10.1. Overview
ContentProvider are used to provide data from an application to another. ContentProvider do not store the data but provide the interface for other applications to access the data. The following example will use an existing context provider from "Contacts".
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Access to the contact content provider require a certain permission as not all applications should have access to the contact information. Open the AndroidManifest.xml, and select the Permissions tab. On that tab click the "Add" button, and select "Uses Permission". From the drop-down list select the entry "android.permission.READ_CONTACTS". Change the coding of the activity.
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Typically you would display such data in a ListView . Please see the ListView Tutorial for details.
11. ScrollView
ScrollViews can be used to contain one view that might be to big to fit on one screen. If the view is to big the ScrollView will display a scroll bar to scroll the context. Of course this view can be a layout which can then contain other elements. Create an android project "de.vogella.android.scrollview" with the activity "ScrollView". Create the following layout and class.
The attribute "android:fillViewport="true"" ensures that the the scrollview is set to the full screen even if the elements are smaller then one screen and the "layout_weight" tell the android system that these elements should be extended.
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13. Shell
13.1. Android Debugging Bridge - Shell
You can access your Android emulator also via the console. Open a shell, switch to your "android-sdk" installation directory into the folder "tools". Start the shell via the following command "adb shell".
You can also copy file from and to your device via the following commands.
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This will connect you to your device and give you Linux command line access to the underlying file system, e.g. ls, rm, mkdir, etc. The application data is stored in the directory "/data/data/package_of_your_app". If you have several devices running you can issue commands to one individuel device.
For more information on the emulator console please see Emulator Console manual
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your mobile phone. For details please see Developing on a Device . Please note that the Android version you are developing for must be the installed version on your phone. To select your phone, select the "Run Configurations", select "Manual" selection and select your device.
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Before posting questions, please see the vogella FAQ . If you have questions or find an error in this article please use the www.vogella.de Google Group . I have created a short list how to create good questions which might also help you.
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Eclipse RCP Tutorial Create native applications in Java JUnit Tutorial Test your application Git Tutorial Put everything you have under distributed version control system
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