Drugs and Medicine Packet Part 1: Pharmaceutical Products 1.

Drugs and medicines generally are taken to improve human health. What are three different ways in which they affect the person who takes them? a. Alters the physiological state b. Alters incoming sensory sensations c. Alters mood or emotions

2. Describe and explain the term: Placebo effect When an improvement in a patients health occurs when a treatment that is not known to produce any effect is given.

3. Describe and explain the term: Lethal Dose as it pertains to drugs and medicines. How is this concept useful and what are some of its limitations? Lethal dose is the quantity of an agent that may be sufficient to cause death. This concept is useful in a way that drug abusers will notice that as the dose increases so do the risks of dependence and the possibility of reaching the lethal dose. The limitation of lethal dose is that kills 50% of the animal population.

4. What are four main methods by which drugs are introduced into the body? Oral Inhalation Rectal Injection

5. What are three different methods for injections? Intravenous Intramuscular Subcutaneous

6. Describe and explain the term: Contraindication

Contraindication is a condition that provides as a reason to refuse a certain medical treatment. In other words, it is a condition which makes a particular treatment inadvisable. For example, aspirin is absolutely contraindicated because of the danger that aspirin will cause Reye syndrome.

7. Describe and explain the principle of risk to benefit ratio as it pertains to drug administration. Determine whether a medical process is risky for the patient in comparison with possible benefits if the procedure is successful. When it is about drugs, the investigator has to be sure that the amount of benefit exceed the amount of risk.

8. Describe and explain the principle of tolerance as it pertains to drug administration. Drug tolerance occurs as the body becomes able to absorb a drug without any effect. The user needs to consume a large quantity of drug in order to achieve the original effects of it. The danger with tolerance is that as the dose increases so do the risks of dependence and the possibility of reaching the lethal dose.

9. Outline the steps that a drug must go through from the time it is discovered before it can be approved for human consumption. Procedure: 1. Isolate the new product from existing species or synthesized chemically. 2. Subject the product to laboratory and clinical pharmacological studies to demonstrate its effectiveness. 3. Test and determine its lethal dose known as the LD50 and its effective dose known as the ED50 4. Establish its therapeutic index and therapeutic window 5. Test it on humans in an initial clinical trial, as well on volunteers and patients, half of whom are given a placebo. 6. If the drug passes the initial clinical, the product will be use through other tests elaborated on clinical situations. 7. If it passes through all these trials it will be approved by the drug administration for use either as an OTC (over the counter) drug or only prescription by a doctor.

Drugs and Medicine Packet Part 2: Antacids 1. Describe the digestive process that occurs in the stomach. What is the role of pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid in the stomach? Food is digested mainly in the stomach. The food that is digested contains gastric juices, which is mainly of hydrochloric acid with a pH value of 2. Their roles are to chemically neutralize or adsorb the acid antacids to prevent inflammation, relieving pain and discomfort.

2. What are some causes of acid indigestion? Acid indigestion causes due to the excessiveness of acid that is known as Dyspepsia.

3. What are four different categories of compounds that are used as

antacid? Give an example of each and write a chemical equation to show how it neutralizes excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
1. Aluminium Hydroxide (Al(OH)3))

Examples: Sodium Oxide, Vaccines.

2. Sodium Hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3)

Examples: Baking Soda.

3. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Examples: Snails, Pearls, Eggshells.

4. Magnesium Hydroxide (Mg(OH))

Examples: Laxatives.

Chemical Equations: NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) Al(OH)3(s) + 3HCl(aq) AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)

4. What are side effects that can result for each of the four categories of antacids that you listed in question 3 above? The side effects that can result for each of the four categories of antacids are dyspepsia, weaken bones and alter the physiological state (including consciousness, activity level or coordination)

5. Explain the role of (a) alginates and (b) antifoaming agents that are often added to antacids.
A. Alginates: A neutralizing preservative surface over the walls of the

stomach and esophagus. This prevents heartburn, which is caused when the acid from the stomach rises up the esophagus. B. Antifoaming Agents: Prevents flatulence.

6. Tums is a common antacid product sold over the counter in grocery stores and pharmacies. Tums contains 500 mg (0.500 g) of Calcium Carbonate as its active ingredient. Gaviscon contains 105 mg Magnesium hydroxide and 160 mg of aluminum hydroxide. Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that each tablet would neutralize.

500mg (0.500 g) = (CaCO3)

A. Ca(40.1 g/mol) + CO3(12.01 g/mol +3(16) g/mol)

= 100.02 g/mol
B. 0.500 g CaCO3 x (mol / 100.02 g)

= 50.01 moles CaCO3

105mg (0.105 g)= (Mg(OH))

A. Mg(24.3 g/mol) + OH(16 g/mol + 1.01 g/mol)

= 41.31 g/mol
B. 0.105 g Mg(OH) x (mol / 41.31 g)

= 4.34 moles Mg(OH)

160mg (0.160 g)= (Al(OH)3))

A. Al(26.982 g/mol) +(OH)3(3(16) g/mol + 3(1.01) g/mol)

= 78.01 g/mol
B. 0.160 g Al(OH)3 x (mol / 78.01 g)

= 12.48 moles Al(OH)3

Drugs and Medicine Packet Part 3: Analgesics 1. Define of explain each of the following terms as they relate to analgesics a. Pain receptor: Perception of pain caused to potentially damaging stimuli by sending nerve signals to the spinal cord and brain. b. Prostaglandin: A strong substance produced in response to trauma that affects blood pressure and physicological state and muscle activity c. Leukotriene : Fatty molecules that causes asthma and bronchitis. d. Endorphin: A neurochemical ocurring in the brain and having analgesis properties. e. Encephalin: Is an endorphin that has opiate qualities that takes place in the brain and spinal cord. f. Prodrug: Is a drug that is maintained in an inactive from.

2. Distinguish between the ways mild analgesics and strong analgesics react in the body to relieve pain. Mild analgesics relieve pain by intercepting the pain stimulus at the part of the injury and Strong analgesics relieve pain by interacting temporarily with receptor parts in the brain so that pain signals within the brain and spinal cord are blocked.

3. Distinguish between an analgesic and an antipyretic Analgesics relieve pain and an antipyretic prevents or alleviates fever.

4. Describe and explain four uses for aspirin 2-hydroxybenzoic (Salicylic acid) Painkillers Antipyretic (Fever Depressant) Paracetamol (Pain Stimulus)

5. List four disadvantages of using aspirin Undesirable side effect of irritating and damaging the mouth. Causes bleeding in the lining of the stomach. People that are allergic to aspirin can lead to bronchial asthma. Brain disorder with the symptoms of vomiting.

6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using acetaminophen rather than Aspirin? The advantages of using acetaminophen is that it can be consume by any person including children and its side effects are harmful than those of aspirin. The disadvantages are that it can cause kidney damage and blood disorders causing even death. 7. What are the characteristics of an opiate? Are the most important naturally occurring strong analgesics are morphine and codeine found in the opium poppy. 8. Compare and describe the structures of morphine, codeine, and heroin. They are all esters and all have the same structure. Morphine has the same basic structure. In codeine one of the hydroxyl groups has been substituted for an ether group, and heroin is the diester formed from the condensation of morphine with ethanoic anhydride.

9. What are the primary medical uses of opiates?

The primary medical use of opiates is to relief the pain of cancer from ill patient in hospitals.

10.

What are the primary psychological effects of opiates?

The primary psychological effect of opiates is that tolerance develops, and drug abusers may die of an overdose or by consuming drugs that are illegal.

11. Explain the concepts of tolerance and dependence with respect to the use of narcotics a. Tolerance: The narcotics like heroin and morphine are to relieve severe pain. Since they are drugs that alleviate your pain, people will take it until they achieve the same effect. However, serious problems can arise if an overdose is taken. b. Dependence: Occurs when the drug becomes a central activity for a person.

12. Discuss the typical short term and long term effects of the use of narcotics a. Short Term: Drug abuser will suffer of heavy extremities such as being in a drowsy state. Especially your mental functioning turns dark. b. Long Term: Drug abuser will suffer of pneumonia which may result from poor health conditions.

1. Analgesics can be classified as mild or strong A. State and explain how each type of analgesic prevents pain I. Mild analgesic: Mild analgesics relieve pain by intercepting the pain stimulus at the part of the injury II. Strong analgesic: Strong analgesics relieve pain by interacting temporarily with receptor parts in the brain so that pain signals within the brain and spinal cord are blocked. B. Aspirin is a common mild analgesic I. Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of using aspirin

Advantage: Prevents heart attacks. Disadvantage: Undesirable side effect of irritating and damaging the mouth.

II. State one synergistic effect of using aspirin and ethanol together The effect is that increases the risk of stomach bleeding and will damage the central nervous system. III. Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) is often used as a substitute for aspirin. State one major disadvantage of using acetaminophen. The disadvantages are that it can cause kidney damage and blood disorders causing even death. 2. A. Compare broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics A. Broad Spectrum Antibiotic: Antibiotic that fights against different types of diseases that cause bacteria. B. Narrow Spectrum Antibiotic: Antibiotic that fights only against specific groups of bacteria. B. State how penicillins prevent the growth of bacteria and explain why scientists continue to develop new penicillin. Penicillins prevent the growth of bacteria by impeding the chemicals that bacteria need to form normal cell walls. C. Explain the specific effects of modifying the side chain in penicillin Changing the side chain will result in penicillins that are more resistant to the penicillin enzyme. D.I. Discuss the possible effects of over prescribing penicillins in humans There will be no effect because humans do not have cell walls like bacteria. D.II Suggest another practice that may lead to these results The use of penicillins in animal feedstock will prevent the growth and multiplication of bacteria in their bodies. Drugs and Medicine Packet Part 3: Depressants

1. Describe the effects of a depressant at a low dose, at a high dose, and

at an extremely high dose. In the case of low dose, relieve anxiety, but in high dose they can cause a loss of consciousness, coma and even death. 2. Why are depressants often described as antidepressants? Because they cure mental depression. 3. What are some social and physiological effects of the use and abuse of ethanol? (include family, cost to society and short- and long-term health effects) Some social effects are that people that drink alcohol ended up losing their jobs and start committing criminal offences. Some physiological effects are cancer, heart disease and nutrition deficiencies. 4. Describe and explain the techniques used for detection of ethanol
A. In the breath: Intoximeters are the tools that are used to

measure the amount of alcohol in the breath.

B. Blood: Breathalyzer is the tool that is used to determine the

amount of alcohol in the body. Blood is analyzed with gas liquid chromatography and absorption of infrared radiation in the intoximeter.
C. Urine: Urine samples are sent to a laboratory for analysis

using gas liquid chromatography.

5. Describe the synergistic effect of ethanol with other drugs (be specific as to with which drug) The synergistic effect of ethanol when is taken with aspirin can be fatal because it increases the risk of stomach bleeding; because the alcohol helps to move aspirin through the protective mucus lining the stomach wall. 6. With the following depressants, describe their structure and how they are used
a. Diazepam (Valium): Amide group, the only difference in the

structure is the substitution of the chloro-group.

b. Nitrazepam (Mogadon): Amide group, the only difference in the

structure is the substitution of the nitro-group.

c. Fluoxetien hydrochloride (Prozac): Contains an asymmetric

carbon atom.

Paper 3 Questions on Depressants

1. Suggest why it is advisable not to drink alcohol when taking other

drugs. Because the risk of bleeding in the stomach and intestines is very high. Also heart attack and chest pain occurs.
2. One method for detecting alcohol in breath involves blowing through a

tube containing crystals of acidified potassium dichromate (VI). The alcohol turns the crystals from orange to green. Explain what happens to both the dichromate (VI) ion and the alcohol in this reaction. They get reduced by the ethanol to chromium (III) ions, Cr3+.
3. A modern method for accurately determining the amount of alcohol in

breath uses an intoximeter. Explain how an intoximeter works. Intoximeters are the tools that are used to measure the amount of alcohol in the breath.
4. Depressants such as tranquilizers and sedatives are capable of

affecting the central nervous system. A. State two effects, in each case, on the body of taking
I. II.

A low dose of a tranquilizer: Feel of comfort and relieve anxiety. A high dose of a sedative: Coma and death.

B. Explain why depressants are sometimes described as antidepressants. Because they cure mental depression. The most widely-used depressant is ethanol. Discuss the harmful effects of regularly taking large amounts of ethanol by referring to four specific problems.
C.

D.

Damages the central nervous system. Increases the risk of stomach bleeding. Loss of consciousness. Coma

List two depressants whose structures are shown in Table 21 of the Data Booklet. 1. 2. Fluoxetine (Prozac) Nitrazepam (Mogadon)

One problem with many drugs is that users develop tolerance. Explain what is meant by the term tolerance and state why it could increase the risk to the user.
E.

Drug tolerance occurs as the body becomes able to absorb a drug without any effect. The danger with tolerance is that as the dose increases so do the risks of dependence and the possibility of reaching the lethal dose. A. Many drugs are taken orally. State three other ways in which drugs may be taken by a patient. - Inhalation - Rectal - Injection
5.

B. State what is meant by the term side effect. Undesired effects of a drug or medicine. 6. Morphine is a naturally occurring analgesic that can be converted into codeine. A. Calculate the difference in relative formula mass between morphine and codeine. 14
B. Explain what is meant by developing tolerance towards codeine

and state why this is dangerous? Consuming large amounts of the product to achieve its original effect. This is dangerous because consuming in large amounts cause damages in the body and death. Drugs and Medicine Packet Part 4: Stimulants
1. Define and explain the term: Sympathomimetic Drug?

Simulates the effect of simulation on the sympathetic nervous system. 2. List the physiological effects of stimulants. Heart rate speeds up. Increasing sweat production.

3. For what purposes were amphetamines originally developed? Amphetamines were originally developed to treat narcolepsy for the

airmen in World War II to combat fatigue. Also they were used as antidepressants and slimming pills. 4. Describe and explain the short term and long term effects of amphetamine use. Short Terms: Increase in heart rate and blood pressure. No appetite Fatigue

Long Terms: Increase risk of heart disease Weight loss Constipation

5. Compare the chemical structures of adrenaline, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. The structures of adrenaline, amphetamine and methamphetamine derived from the phenylethylamine structure. Amphetamine is a primary amine whereas methamphetamine is a secondary amine. 6. What are the structural differences between caffeine and theobromine? The only difference between caffeine and theobromine is that the NH group of theobromine is an N-CH3 group.)
7. What is an alkaloid? Give three examples.

Alkaloid is a group of chemical compounds of plant that contains heterocyclic rings and a tertiary amine group. Some examples of alkaloid are caffeine, nicotine and cocaine. 8. Nicotine is found in tobacco smoke Describe the short term and the long term affects of continued tobacco use. Short Terms: Increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Reduces urine output

Long Terms: Increase risk of heart disease. Increase risk of peptic ulcers.

Lung diseases.

9. Compare the structure of caffeine and nicotine. What are the similarities and differences? The structures are similar and both contain a tertiary amine group. The difference is that caffeine, unlike nicotine, also contains amide groups.