Robinson Crusoe

Robinson Crusoe
Robinson Crusoe

Title page from the first edition Author(s) Illustrator Country Language Genre(s) Publisher Daniel Defoe unknown England English Novel W. Taylor

Publication date 25 April 1719 Media type ISBN Followed by Print N/A The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe

Robinson Crusoe (English pronunciation: /rbnsn krus/) is a novel by Daniel Defoe that was first published in 1719. Epistolary, confessional, and didactic in form, the book is a fictional autobiography of the title charactera castaway who spends 28 years on a remote tropical island near Trinidad, encountering cannibals, captives, and mutineers before being rescued. The story was perhaps influenced by Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish castaway who lived for four years on the Pacific island called "Ms a Tierra" (in 1966 its name was changed to Robinson Crusoe Island), Chile. The details of Crusoe's island were probably based on the Caribbean island of Tobago, since that island lies a short distance north of the Venezuelan coast near the mouth of the Orinoco river, in sight of Trinidad.[1] It is also likely that Defoe was inspired by the Latin or English translations of Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, an earlier novel also set on a desert island.[2] [3] [4] [5] Another source for Defoe's novel may have been Robert Knox's account of his abduction by the King of Ceylon in 1659 in "An Historical Account of the Island Ceylon," Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons (Publishers to the University), 1911.[6] Although inspired by a real life event, it was the first notable work of literature where the story was independent of mythology, history, legends, or previous literature.[7]

Full title
Although commonly referred to as simply Robinson Crusoe the books complete, original title as it appears on the title page of the first edition is The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an uninhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliverd by Pyrates.

Robinson Crusoe

Plot summary
Crusoe (the family name corrupted from the German name "Kreutznaer") sets sail from the Queen's Dock in Hull on a sea voyage in August 1651, against the wishes of his parents, who want him to stay at home and pursue a career, possibly in law. After a tumultuous journey that sees his ship wrecked in a storm, his lust for the sea remains so strong that he sets out to sea again. This journey too ends in disaster as the ship is taken over by Sal pirates (the Sal Rovers) and Crusoe becomes the slave of a Moor. After two years of slavery, he manages to escape in a boat with a boy named Xury; later, Crusoe is rescued and befriended by the Captain of a Portuguese ship off the west coast of Africa. The ship is en route to Brazil. There, with the help of the captain, Crusoe becomes owner of a plantation.

Pictorial map of Crusoe's island, aka "Island of Despair," showing incidents from the book

Years later, he joins an expedition to bring slaves from Africa but he is shipwrecked in a storm about forty miles out to sea on an island (which he calls the Island of Despair) near the mouth of the Orinoco river on September 30, 1659. His companions all die, save himself, and three animals who survived the shipwreck, the captain's dog and two cats. Having overcome his despair, he fetches arms, tools and other supplies from the ship before it breaks apart and sinks. He proceeds to build a fenced-in habitation near a cave which he excavates himself. He keeps a calendar by making marks in a wooden cross which he has built. He hunts, grows corn and rice, dries grapes to make raisins for the winter months, learns to make pottery and raises goats, all using tools salvaged from his ship, as well as created from stone and wood which he harvests on the island. He also adopts a small parrot. He reads the Bible and becomes religious, thanking God for his fate in which nothing is missing but human society. Years later, he discovers native cannibals who occasionally visit the island to kill and eat prisoners. At first he plans to kill them for committing an abomination but later realises that he has no right to do so as the cannibals do not knowingly commit a crime. He dreams of obtaining one or two servants by freeing some prisoners; when a prisoner manages to escape, Crusoe helps him, naming his new companion "Friday" after the day of the week he appeared. Crusoe then teaches him English and converts him to Christianity. After another party of natives arrives to partake in a cannibal feast, Crusoe and Friday manage to kill most of the natives and save two of the prisoners. One is Friday's father and the other is a Spaniard, who informs Crusoe that there are other Spaniards shipwrecked on the mainland. A plan is devised wherein the Spaniard would return with Friday's father to the mainland and bring back the others, build a ship and sail to a Spanish port. Before the Spaniards return, an English ship appears; mutineers have taken control of the ship and intend to maroon their former captain on the island. Crusoe and the ship's captain strike a deal in which he helps the captain and the loyal sailors retake the ship from the mutineers, whereupon they intend to leave the worst of the mutineers on the island. Before they leave for England, Crusoe shows the former mutineers how he lived on the island and states that there will be more men coming. Crusoe leaves the island 19 December 1686 and arrives in England on 11 June 1687. He learns that his family believed him dead and there was nothing in his father's will for him. Crusoe departs for Lisbon to reclaim the profits of his estate in Brazil, which has granted him a large amount of wealth. In conclusion, he takes his wealth overland to England to avoid travelling at sea. Friday comes with him and along the way they endure one last adventure together as they fight off hundreds of famished wolves while crossing the Pyrenees.

Robinson Crusoe

Reception and sequels

The book was published on 25 April 1719. Before the end of the year, this first volume had run through four editions. By the end of the 19th century, no book in the history of Western literature had more editions, spin-offs and translations (even into languages such as Inuit, Coptic and Maltese) than Robinson Crusoe, with more than 700 such alternative versions, including children's versions with mainly pictures and no text.[8] The term "Robinsonade" was coined to describe the genre of stories similar to Robinson Crusoe. Defoe went on to write a lesser-known sequel, The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. It was intended to be the last part of his stories, according to the original title-page of its first edition but a third part, Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe was written; it is a mostly forgotten series of moral essays with Crusoe's name attached to give interest.
Plaque in Queen's Gardens, Hull the former Queen's Dock from which Crusoe sailed showing him on his island

Real-life castaways
There were many stories of real-life castaways in Defoe's time. Defoe's initial inspiration for Crusoe is usually thought to be a Scottish sailor named Alexander Selkirk, who was rescued in 1709 by Woodes Rogers' expedition after four years on the uninhabited island of Ms a Tierra in the Juan Fernndez Islands off the Chilean coast. Rogers' "Cruising Voyage" was published in 1712, with an account of Alexander Selkirk's ordeal. However, Robinson Crusoe is far from a copy of Woodes Rogers' account: Selkirk was marooned at his own request, while Crusoe was shipwrecked; the islands are different; Selkirk lived alone for the whole time, while Crusoe found Book on Alexander Selkirk companions; while Selkirk stayed on his island for four years, not twenty-eight. Furthermore, much of the appeal of Defoe's novel is the detailed and captivating account of Crusoe's thoughts, occupations and activities which goes far beyond that of Rogers' basic descriptions of Selkirk, which account for only a few pages. Tim Severin's book Seeking Robinson Crusoe (2002) unravels a much wider and more plausible range of potential sources of inspiration, and concludes by identifying castaway surgeon Henry Pitman as the most likely. An employee of the Duke of Monmouth, Pitman played a part in the Monmouth Rebellion. His short book about his desperate escape from a Caribbean penal colony, followed by his shipwrecking and subsequent desert island misadventures, was published by J. Taylor of Paternoster Row, London, whose son William Taylor later published Defoe's novel. Severin argues that since Pitman appears to have lived in the lodgings above the father's publishing house and that Defoe himself was a mercer in the area at the time, Defoe may have met Pitman in person and learned of his experiences first-hand, or possibly through submission of a draft.

Robinson Crusoe Severin also discusses another publicised case of a marooned man named only as Will, of the Miskito people of Central America, who may have led to the depiction of Man Friday.[9]

Interpretations
Despite its simple narrative style, it was received well in the literary world. The book is one of the most widely published books in history. It has been popular since the day it was published.

Colonial
Novelist James Joyce noted that the true symbol of the British conquest is Robinson Crusoe: "He is the true prototype of the British colonist. The whole Anglo-Saxon spirit is in Crusoe: the manly independence, the unconscious cruelty, the persistence, the slow yet efficient intelligence, the sexual apathy, the calculating taciturnity."[10] In a sense Crusoe attempts to replicate his society on the island. This is achieved through the use of European technology, agriculture and even a rudimentary political hierarchy. Several times in the novel Crusoe refers to himself as the 'king' of the island, whilst the captain describes him as the 'governor' to the mutineers. At the very end of the novel the island is explicitly referred to as a 'colony'. The idealised master-servant relationship Defoe depicts between Crusoe and Friday can also be seen in terms of cultural imperialism. Crusoe represents the 'enlightened' European whilst Friday is the 'savage' who can only be redeemed from his barbarous way of life through assimilation into Crusoe's culture. Nonetheless Defoe also takes the opportunity to criticise the historic Spanish conquest of South America.
Crusoe standing over Friday after he frees him from the cannibals.

Religious
According to J.P. Hunter, Robinson is not a hero but an everyman. He begins as a wanderer, aimless on a sea he does not understand and ends as a pilgrim, crossing a final mountain to enter the promised land. The book tells the story of how Robinson becomes closer to God, not through listening to sermons in a church but through spending time alone amongst nature with only a Bible to read. Robinson Crusoe is filled with religious aspects. Defoe was a Puritan moralist and normally worked in the guide tradition, writing books on how to be a good Puritan Christian, such as The New Family Instructor (1727) and Religious Courtship (1722). While Robinson Crusoe is far more than a guide, it shares many of the themes and theological and moral points of view. "Crusoe" may have been taken from Timothy Cruso, a classmate of Defoe's who had written guide books, including God the Guide of Youth (1695), before dying at an early age just eight years before Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe. Cruso would have been remembered by contemporaries and the association with guide books is clear. It has even been speculated that God the Guide of Youth inspired Robinson Crusoe because of a number of passages in that work that are closely tied to the novel.[11] The Biblical story of Jonah is alluded to in the first part of the novel. Like Jonah, Crusoe neglects his 'duty' and is punished at sea.

Robinson Crusoe A leitmotif of the novel is the Christian notion of Providence. Crusoe often feels guided by a divinely ordained fate, thus explaining his robust optimism in the face of apparent hopelessness. His various fortunate intuitions are taken as evidence of a benign spirit world. Defoe also foregrounds this theme by arranging highly significant events in the novel to occur on Crusoe's birthday.

Moral
When confronted with the cannibals, Crusoe wrestles with the problem of cultural relativism. Despite his disgust, he feels unjustified in holding the natives morally responsible for a practice so deeply ingrained in their culture. Nevertheless he retains his belief in an absolute standard of morality; he regards cannibalism as a 'national crime' and forbids Friday from practising it. Modern readers may also note that despite Crusoe's self-proclaimed superior morality, he uncritically accepts the institution of slavery.

Economic
In classical, neoclassical and Austrian economics, Crusoe is regularly used to illustrate the theory of production and choice in the absence of trade, money and prices.[12] Crusoe must allocate effort between production and leisure and must choose between alternative production possibilities to meet his needs. The arrival of Friday is then used to illustrate the possibility of and gains from trade. The classical treatment of the Crusoe economy has been discussed and criticised from a variety of perspectives. Karl Marx analysed Crusoe in his classic work Capital, mocking the heavy use in classical economics of the fictional story. In Marxist terms, Crusoe's experiences on the island represents the inherent economic value of labour over capital. Crusoe frequently observes that the money he salvaged from the ship is worthless on the island, especially when compared to his tools. For the literary critic Angus Ross, Defoe's point is that money has no intrinsic value and is only valuable insofar as it can be used in trade. There is also a notable correlation between Crusoe's spiritual and financial development, possibly signifying Defoe's belief in the Protestant work ethic. The Crusoe model has also been assessed from the perspectives of feminism[13] and Austrian economics.[14]

Legacy
The book proved so popular that the names of the two main protagonists have entered the language. During the World War II, people who decided to stay and hide in the ruins of the German-occupied city of Warsaw for a period of three winter months, from October to January 1945, when they were rescued by the Red Army, were later called Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw. [15] Robinson Crusoe usually referred to his servant as "my man Friday", from which the term "Man Friday" (or "Girl Friday") originated. The term was used in Gregory La Cava's film "My Man Godfrey", in which a rich socialite falls in love with her butler who had been a castaway because of the Great Depression. This has also been used in a Popeye cartoon called 'Island Fling' and a movie called 'His Girl Friday'. The city of Harrisburg, Illinois was named in colonial days "Crusoe's Island" well before its settling in 1847 due to its location on a hill surrounded by swamp.

Robinson Crusoe

Literature
Robinson Crusoe marked the beginning of realistic fiction as a literary genre .[16] Its success led to many imitators and castaway novels became quite popular in Europe in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Most of these have fallen into obscurity but some became established including The Swiss Family Robinson. Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, published seven years after Robinson Crusoe, may be read as a systematic rebuttal of Defoe's optimistic account of human capability. In The Unthinkable Swift: The Spontaneous Philosophy of a Church of England Man Warren Montag argues that Swift was concerned to refute the notion that the individual precedes society, as Defoe's novel seems to suggest. Swift regarded such thought as a dangerous endorsement of Thomas Hobbes' radical political philosophy and for this reason Gulliver repeatedly encounters established societies rather than desolate islands. The captain who invites Gulliver to serve as a surgeon aboard his ship on the disastrous third voyage is named Robinson. In Jean-Jacques Rousseau's treatise on education, Emile: Or, On Education, the one book Emile the protagonist is allowed to read before the age of twelve is Robinson Crusoe. Rousseau wants Emile to identify himself as Crusoe so he could rely upon himself for all of his needs. In Rousseau's view, Emile needs to imitate Crusoe's experience, allowing necessity to determine what is to be learned and accomplished. This is one of the main themes of Rousseau's educational model. In The Tale of Little Pig Robinson, Beatrix Potter directs the reader to Robinson Crusoe for a detailed description of the island (the land of the Bong tree) to which her eponymous hero moves. She describes the land of the Bong tree as being similar to Robinson Crusoe's, "only without its drawbacks." In Wilkie Collins's most popular novel, The Moonstone, one of the chief characters and narrators, Gabriel Betteredge has faith in all that Robinson Crusoe says and uses the book for a sort of divination. He considers The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe the finest book ever written and considers a man but poorly read if he had happened not to read the book.

Robinson Crusoe Bookstore on stiklal Avenue, Istanbul.

In Kenneth Gardner's award winning 2002 novel Rich Man's Coffin, he portrays the true story of a black American slave who escapes on a whaling ship to New Zealand to become chief of one of the cannibal Maori tribes. This is a reversal of racial roles, with the black man taking the lead role of the Robinson Crusoe figure. French novelist Michel Tournier wrote Friday (French Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique) published in 1967. His novel explores themes including civilisation versus nature, the psychology of solitude as well as death and sexuality in a retelling of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe story. Tournier's Robinson chooses to remain on the island, rejecting civilisation when offered the chance to escape 28 years after being shipwrecked. "Crusoe in England" is a 183-line poem by Elizabeth Bishop. J. M. Coetzee's 1986 novel Foe recounts the tale of Robinson Crusoe from the aspect of Susan Barton who went on to star in another of DeFoe's novels. In this novel Crusoe is depicted as a much less motivated man and Friday as a mute.

Robinson Crusoe

Stage and Film

Jacques Offenbach wrote an opra and the queen called billionare which was first performed at the Opra-Comique, Salle Favart on 23 November 1867. This was based on the British pantomime version rather than the novel itself. The libretto was by Eugne Cormon and Hector-Jonathan Crmieux. The opera includes a duet by Robinson Crusoe and Friday. A 1927 silent film Robinson Crusoe. Luis Buuel directed the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe starring Dan O'Herlihy, released in 1954. The 1964 film Robinson Crusoe on Mars starred Paul Mantee in a science fiction retelling of the story, with "Crusoe" (actually named Colonel Dan McReady) as an astronaut stranded on Mars. Walt Disney later modernised the novel into a movie called Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N. starring Dick Van Dyke. In 1988, Aidan Quinn portrayed Robinson Crusoe in the film Crusoe. A 1997 movie entitled Robinson Crusoe starred Pierce Brosnan and received limited commercial success

Television
In 1964 a French film production crew made a 13 part serial of "The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe". It starred Robert Hoffman. The black and white series was dubbed into English and German. In the UK, the BBC aired it on numerous occasions between 1965 and 1977. In the mid-1990s there was a humorous French cartoon called Robinson Sucroe. In the cartoon, Robinson was a failed journalist for the New York Herald. Seeking a life of adventure, he desired to settle on an island and wished to write his weekly journal. After getting an okay from his boss, he sets sail and he is left on an uninhabited island (or so he thought). Robinson discovers that the island is inhabited by French and British pirates as well as the survivor of a shipwreck, who called themselves "Touljours" (the Everydays). Robinson befriend a fellow named Mercredi (Wednesday). Robinson tries to write a colourful journal but he is incapable of doing so, instead Mercredi writes fictitious stories for him. These stories achieve much success and few suspect their authenticity.[17] [18] In 2008, a television series titled Crusoe aired for 12 episodes. It was based loosely on the novel and was not renewed for a second season.

Editions
Robinson Crusoe, Oneworld Classics 2008. ISBN 978-1-94749-012-4 Robinson Crusoe, Penguin Classics 2003. ISBN 978-0-14-143982-2 Robinson Crusoe, Oxford World's Classics 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-283342-6

Notes
[1] Robinson Crusoe, Chapter 23. [2] Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al-Rashid House for Publication. [3] Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0-7591-0190-6. [4] Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357377 [369]. [5] Martin Wainwright, Desert island scripts (http:/ / books. guardian. co. uk/ review/ story/ 0,12084,918454,00. html), The Guardian, 22 March 2003. [6] see Alan Filreis [7] The Novel (http:/ / academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/ english/ melani/ cs6/ novel. html) [8] Ian Watt. "Robinson Crusoe as a Myth", from Essays in Criticism (April 1951). Reprinted in the Norton Critical Edition (second edition, 1994) of Robinson Crusoe. [9] William Dampier, A New Voyage round the World, 1697 (http:/ / www. canadiana. org/ ECO/ PageView?id=8cdc43bc3b53489c& display=34672+ 0025).

Robinson Crusoe
[10] James Joyce, Daniel Defoe, translated from Italian manuscript and edited by Joseph Prescott, Buffalo Studies 1 (1964): 2425 [11] Hunter, J. Paul (1966) The Reluctant Pilgrim. As found in Norton Critical Edition (see References). [12] Varian, Hal R. (1990). Intermediate microeconomics: a modern approach. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN0-393-95924-4. [13] "Robinson Crusoe: The quintessential economic man? Feminist Economics" (http:/ / www. informaworld. com/ smpp/ 880176995-23780287/ content~content=a714042213~db=all~order=page). . [14] Murray Rothbard, The Ethics of Liberty, 1982, Chapter 6 (http:/ / www. mises. org/ rothbard/ ethics/ six. asp) [15] Engelking, Barbara; Libionka, Dariusz (2009). ydzi w Powstaczej Warszawie. Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Bada nad Zagad ydw. pp. 260-293. ISBN (http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ wiki/ International_Standard_Book_Number) 9788392682117 (http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ wiki/ Special:BookSources/ 9788392682117). [16] Reading and Writing Literary Genres (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=4grfkpvjHjcC& pg=PA7& lpg=PA7& dq=realistic+ fiction+ Robinson+ Crusoe& source=bl& ots=m2KdA2ULgD& sig=MaUXOQNqFKLLRhgrz3GoCxYdvwY& hl=en& ei=iC2YTLPZI5WTOIO6jIEN& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=5& ved=0CCEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage& q=realistic fiction Robinson Crusoe& f=false) [17] "Robinson Sucro" (http:/ / www. krinein. com/ medias/ robinson-sucroe-oc3561. html) (in French). Krinein, le magazine critique de la pop culture. . Retrieved 16 June 2010. [18] weirdkorn (4 January 2006). "Robinson Sucro T'es en sucre ?" (http:/ / www. krinein. com/ medias/ robinson-sucroe-3572. html). Krinein, le magazine critique de la pop culture. . Retrieved 16 June 2010.

References
Shinagel, Michael, ed. (1994). Robinson Crusoe. Norton Critical Edition. ISBN 0-393-96452-3. Includes textual annotations, contemporary and modern criticisms, bibliography. Ross, Angus, ed. (1965) Robinson Crusoe. Penguin.

External links
Robinson Crusoe (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/521) at Project Gutenberg Robinson Crusoe (London: W. Taylor, 1719). (http://www.pierre-marteau.com/editions/ 1719-robinson-crusoe.html), commented text of the first edition, free at Editions Marteau (http://www. pierre-marteau.com/html/editions.html). Free eBook of Robinson Crusoe (http://wyeth.artpassions.net/) with illustrations by N. C. Wyeth Free audiobook of Robinson Crusoe (http://librivox.org/robinson-crusoe-by-daniel-defoe-2/) from Librivox (http://www.librivox.org) Robinson Crusoe (http://manybooks.net/titles/godolphietext04rbcos10.html), told in words of one syllable, by Lucy Aikin (aka "Mary Godolphin") (17231764). http://www.digbib.org/Daniel_Defoe_1661/The_Further_Adventures_Of_Robinson_Crusoe The text of volume II. Chasing Crusoe (http://www.rcrusoe.org), multimedia documentary explores the novel and real life history of Selkirk. Robinson Crusoe (http://literapedia.wikispaces.com/Robinson+Crusoe) on Literapedia "Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe & the Robinsonades Digital Collection" (http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/ufdc/ ?s=defoe) with over 200 versions of Robinson Crusoe openly and freely online with full text and zoomable page images from the Baldwin Library of Historical Children's Literature M.A. Wetherell's "Robinson Crusoe" (1927); silent film, openly and freely available in three parts on www.archive.org. Part 1 (http://www.archive.org/details/RobinsonCrus); Part 2 (http://www.archive.org/ details/RobinsonCrus_2); Part 3 (http://www.archive.org/details/RobinsonCrus_3) The BBC TV series from 1965 with music, info, videos and pictures. (http://www.robinsoncrusoe.org.uk) Robinson Crusoe's trip through Russia: Decoding the route (http://www.geopoesia.ru/ru/main/stat-main/ 01-crusoe-en.html)

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Robinson Crusoe Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=442652135 Contributors: 1297, 1exec1, AgadaUrbanit, Agoodperson, Aimsworthy, Aka042, Alansohn, Ale jrb, Alexf, Alhutch, All Scars, Andreas Kaganov, Andres, Andycjp, Angusmclellan, AnimeDreamer, Anonymous Dissident, Anthonyhcole, Aron1, Ashertz, Asnac, Atlan, Awadewit, Ax colleen, AxelBoldt, Badagnani, Bahahs, Barek, Bbik, Beavisnumber1, Bejnar, Bellagio99, Benanna, Bensin, Bernard Beanpole, Bifgis, BillyPreset, Bobblewik, Bobnorwal, Bongwarrior, Brandmeister (old), Brian0918, Brockert, Bungeholio, CambridgeBayWeather, Canking, Cantiorix, Caper13, Cardibling, Cariboumi, Carolineoco, Ccaspar, Cgingold, Chairboy, Chill doubt, ChongDae, Chorelpuerto, Choster, Chris the speller, Cie'th, Clarityfiend, Clemmy, Cobra libre, Coin-operated-boy, Col1000, Cuchullain, CyberSkull, Cybercobra, Dabbler, Daniel Seton, Danny-w, Davcol, Dawn Bard, Deb, Deipnosopher, DerHexer, Devatipan, Dhartung, Discospinster, Dmoon1, DocWatson42, Donarreiskoffer, DoubleBlue, DragonflySixtyseven, Dumelow, Dycedarg, Dylan620, Dzhim, Ecakuta, Eclecticology, Edirisin, Ekabhishek, Ellmist, Elockid, Elwikipedista, Enchanter, Environmentalist and Historian, Epbr123, Eptin, Ericoides, Erik9, Error, Ev, Excirial, Fastily, Filippowiki, Flewis, Floydgeo, Foros2000, Fortunaa, Freddiecaveman, Fumitol, Funchords, Furrykef, Gaius Cornelius, Galactic war, Gbrading, Gdr, Gettingtoit, Ghughesarch, Gilliam, Gimpywill, GlassCobra, Gnowor, Gogo Dodo, Goincoastal, Googuse, Goustien, GrafZahl, Grayshi, Greatgreekgod, GregorB, Grutness, Gspinoza, Gunnar Hendrich, Gwernol, HJ Mitchell, Happyme22, Helscot, Henry Merrivale, Homonihilis, Iridescent, Islandman, Itai, J-01101, J.delanoy, JKBrooks85, JackofOz, Jagged 85, Jahsonic, JamesBWatson, Jan1nad, JasonAQuest, JayJasper, Jbmurray, Jimmy Hammers, Jkominki, Jock Boy, JoeBlogsDord, Joeytje50, John Quiggin, JohnnyB256, Johntcullen, Jojo2011, Jonbhanson, Jsamuels18, Kaare, Kansas Sam, Katieh5584, Keith D, Keith-264, Kemet, Kevinalewis, Keysanger, King of Hearts, Kleinzach, Kmorrow, Korath, Kross, Kusma, LGagnon, LWG, Lainagier, Lairor, Lasix, Lawlore, Leandrod, Lemonade100, LemonadeCharade, Lightmouse, LinDrug, Lord Cornwallis, LordFoppington, LrdSlvrhnd, MER-C, METALGaLzoR, MSGJ, Mais oui!, Marcus22, Marcushan, Mardb10, Marek69, Mark Chung, MarnetteD, Materialscientist, Mav, Max Duchess, Maximo rivi, Mcarling, Meisam, Mel Etitis, MeltBanana, Mentifisto, Mercurivs, Michael Jones jnr, Miguel Escopeta, Mike Rosoft, Miller17CU94, Minghong, Mochi, Modernist, Modster, Mogsy7, Molly Ruhl, Mr. Billion, Mr. Stradivarius, Mrtoes, Mythifier, N5iln, NCurse, Naddy, Nareek, NeoJustin, Neutrality, Nick Cooper, Nilmerg, Nirvana2013, Notopia, OGoncho, Ocatecir, Ohconfucius, Olaf Simons, Olivier, Omar77, Oscarthecat, Oskar71, Oxymoron83, Ozzyboy1976, PBAJ, POTA, Passive, Patxi lurra, Paulmcdonald, Pepso2, Peyre, PhilKnight, PhilipC, Pierre Robert, Pigman, Piledhigheranddeeper, Pmmenneg, Prari, Prashanthns, Pthompsen, Quintote, R'n'B, RJHall, Raphaelaarchon, RashersTierney, Raso mk, RayBirks, Razorflame, RedCoat10, Reedy, Reubengan, Reyk, Rflynn1000, Rg71944n, RickK, Rigadoun, Rmhermen, Rojomoke, Rolfedh, Roux, Rtkat3, Ryanmcdaniel, SGGH, Sadads, Sam Korn, Sannse, SaturnineMind, Scholasticus, SchuminWeb, Seattle Skier, Senappp, Shoessss, Sietse Snel, SilentC, Simonwickes, Sjakkalle, Skizzik, Slawojarek, Sloman, Smalljim, Smurrayinchester, Snowynight, SoSaysChappy, SoWhy, Sparafucil, Spinozianum, SpookyMulder, Sportyboard, Squiddy, Station1, Stbalbach, Steeev, Ta bu shi da yu, Tcassedy, Tdizzy, TenPoundHammer, Tenaciousd, The Man in Question, The MoUsY spell-checker, TheLetterM, TheMile, Thedjatclubrock, Thenoflyzone, Theseus Athens, Theymos, Thiefinni, Thingg, Thisisalba, Thomas Antonius, Tkynerd, Toby Bartels, Tombomp, Tony1, Twinofvoss, Tyl1924, Tylerweston, Ume, Uncle Milty, UncleDouggie, V4R, Vapour, Vashti, Velho, Venske, Versus22, Vmrgrsergr, Voltigeur, Vriullop, Vyom, WCCasey, Wandering canadian, Wapcaplet, Warreed, WaynaQhapaq, Wetman, Wichitalineman, Wikipe-tan, Will.M.Thompson, Worldtraveller, Xaliqen, Xompanthy, Yamaguchi, Ycdkwm, Yopienso, Yunfeng, Zanter, Zidonuke, , 750 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:Robinson Cruose 1719 1st edition.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robinson_Cruose_1719_1st_edition.jpg License: unknown Contributors: User:Maksim Image:Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: photoscan by J. Kenneth Van Dover; original artist unknown Image:SFEC HULL CRUSOE1.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SFEC_HULL_CRUSOE1.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Steve F-E-Cameron (Merlin-UK) Image:Alexander Selkirk Title Page.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alexander_Selkirk_Title_Page.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: anon. Image:Robinson Crusoe and Man Friday Offterdinger.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robinson_Crusoe_and_Man_Friday_Offterdinger.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Diligent, Harke, Lotsofissues Image:Robinson crusoe bookstore.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robinson_crusoe_bookstore.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Homonihilis

License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/