Obento Senior Grammar Booklet

Senior
Grammar Booklet
Ken Hutchinson Toshio Ikeda
Obento
contains
model sentences with English translations Verb, adjective and noun tables included
Senior
Grammar Booklet
Ken Hutchinson Toshio Ikeda
Level 7, 80 Dorcas Street South Melbourne Victoria 3025 Email nelson@thomsonlearning.com.au Website http://www.thomsonlearning.com.au First published in 2005 10 9 8 7 6 5 14 13 12 11 10 09
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Copyright 2005 Nelson Australia Pty Ltd COPYRIGHT Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review, or as permitted under Part VB of the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be reproduced by any process without permission. Copyright owners may take legal action against a person who infringes on their copyright through unauthorised copying. Enquiries should be directed to the publisher. ISBN-10 0 170127 93 1 ISBN-13 978 0 170127 93 6 Editor: Tina Hutchings Publishing editor: Olive McRae Designer: Yuri Tanabe Cover designer: Yuri Tanabe Production controller: Catherine Ferrari Printed in China by CTPS Cover photograph by Aaron Pocock The author would like to thank Kay Sivyer for some valuable suggestions and encouragement. This title is published under the imprint of Nelson School. Nelson Australia Pty Limited ACN 058 280 149 (incorporated in Victoria) trading as Nelson Thomson Learning Australia
ABOUT THIS BOOKLET

Use of the word grammar in Grammar Booklet.
Many entries in this booklet could not strictly be classied as grammar points. Various language functions, idiomatic expressions and some vocabulary are also included. The choice to include such things was made after a thorough scan of relevant syllabuses to ascertain what would be useful for both students and teachers in terms of mandatory grammar, expressions and language functions. This booklet, when used in conjunction with Obento Senior Student Book and Obento Senior Workbook, has been purpose-written to meet those requirements and needs.
How to use this booklet

1 Have the Grammar Booklet next to your Student Book or Workbook when you are working from those resources.
The main function of the booklet is for students to have a lightweight, handy and relevant reference book (with an easy look-up presentation) to use when working through a text piece. This dovetails with the use of furigana and a running glossary in order to allow optimum accessibility to the high quality resources in the Student Book, Workbook and Teacher Resource Book handouts.
2 Have the booklet handy when your teacher introduces a new piece of grammar.
When your teacher explains a point of grammar or language function, the booklet can be used to consolidate what has been taught.
What do the levels A, B, C and Ext mean on the example sentences?

A: Basic B: Intermediate (sometimes this will be a complex sentence) C: Complex sentence or long sentence. Ext: Higher level of complexity in meaning (extension level).
Note: In some cases, an example sentence may be labeled at B or C for one point of grammar but differently for another. The intention is to provide a level of complexity commensurate with the difculty of the concept being introduced.
What does the Go To symbol mean?

This means to nd the grammar point indicated; it will give further information or associated grammatical explanations. Verb tables P 88 Adjective tables P 94 Noun tables P 100
) while, during
is used when the second part of the sentence happens/ happened during the rst part of the sentence. It does not have to be the same subject (e.g. the person who does the actions) in both parts of the sentence. NOUN + VERB-PLAIN + ... ...
Extra notes on this point: a.The verb is often used before . b VERB-TE + is also very often used before c The particles & can be used with . A
During the bargain sale clothes are cheap.
B
While you are in Osaka, by all means try (eating) octopus dumplings.
B
While dad was in Osaka, Mum hardly cooked at all.
C
While I am riding on the train, I read books and so on.
) give
is used when the person speaking gives something to someone else. It is also used to say that another person gives something to someone else. GIVER ( A
I gave Akio a baseball.
or
) RECEIVER
ITEM
B
Mr Nomura gave Hideki a computer.
2 | Obento Senior Grammar Booklet
Kimmy, who lives in Tokyo, will give her friend from Sydney a souvenir that she bought at Asakusa.
for implicit comparisons in usage.
(contracted form is ) over there; that way; that side; that direction; that person; those people
A
It is in that direction. It is over that way.
A
It is summer over there now, isnt it?
B
I think they are very busy with their work.
Because it is snowing over there, which is different from here, there are lots of people wearing overcoats.
) after; later; afterwards
( ) can be used to link two parts of a sentence. It shows that one thing will happen/did happen after another thing. NOUN + VERB-TA + A
Lets go shopping after club training.
Obento Senior Grammar Booklet | 3
B
After we ate lunch we went to Kiyomizudera by catching a bus.
C
Later, Ill send you a photo of when we were dressed up at the party.
that over there

The word cannot be used to replace a noun. It must come before a noun to mean that such and such. The reason for using over is usually that the item being described is away from both the speakers and the listeners (psychological) territory. A
Is that person over there Rumi?
A
Please give me those clothes over there.
B
We will go to Miyajima by that boat over there.
oh; ah
is used in feminine speech to express surprise or wonder when encountering something or someone unexpectedly. A
Oh, Mayumi, good evening.
B
Ah, the person who is appearing on TV now is my friend!
) a certain; certain
is an adjective that is only put before the noun it describes. + NOUN IT DESCRIBES...
A
One person bought 20 comic books.
B
One student came late to class.
C
Ms Ueda entered a certain company.
such; that way; sort of; so; like that; in that way
is used when the speaker is demonstrating/showing the manner or way something is done. A
I have not ridden a train that fast.
B
I think that person over there doesnt have to get that angry.
C
Until now I have never seen so many marine products like that over there.
[MASU]
[TE]
is used to tell or admonish someone that they must not do such & such. It also has the meanings of that is... bad/wrong/not good/ broken. A
You must not drink here.
[MASU]
[TE]
receive; partake
of food and/or drink; to accept; to take

is used when the speaker receives something from someone else. RECEIVER (speaker) ( ITEM
*Expression:
or
) GIVER (a superior)
(or
The expression is also customarily said at the start of a meal in Japan.
A
Well, lets start eating.
Well then, dont be reserved and lets partake! (Well lets eat!)
B
When we were on camp, we received some delicious soup from the teachers.
C
I received a Christmas present from Gemmas mum.
C
I was shown the method of making sukiyaki by Mrs Naoko Hasegawa.
, for implicit comparisons in usage.
( etc.
) number one; the most; the best; the ~est; rst
is used to make the superlative. Put it before the word that is to be made into the superlative* (*e.g. the superlative for big is biggest; interesting most interesting etc). A
Mt Fuji is Japans tallest mountain.
A
Shibuya is (where) I like most.
B
I think the most beautiful country in the world is Ireland.
during; while (of an imprecise or unpredictable duration)

VERB-PLAIN(POSITIVE) + TRUE ADJ + QUASI ADJ (QUASI) + NOUN + before (something occurs) VERB-PLAIN NEGATIVE + A
Chiaki, here is your coffee. Please drink (your coffee) while it is hot.
B
Mako returned home before it got dark.
C
Grandad, who likes mountain climbing, descended the mountain before it rained. for implicit comparison.
(
NOUN + A
) lots of; many; numerous

...
There are lots of big events and concerts and so on.
B
There are many people who do bad things.
) many; lots of
is a special type of adjective that can be used in the later part of the sentence as a true adjective, but it must be changed to the form to go before a noun. + NOUN IT DESCRIBES A
Many people died in the tsunami.
B
Mt Fuji is a dormant volcano but many people think it is an extinct volcano.
) day before yesterday
is used as any other time word. In the same way as and so on, it does not require the use of the particle . A
Many homes were damaged in the earthquake of the day before yesterday.
) year before last
is used as any other time word. In the same way as and so on, it does not require the use of the particle . A
Yukari went to Australia the year before last.
B
My older sister graduated high school in March the year before last.
C
The engine of the car I bought the year before last broke down.
) the same (as)...; same; similar

+ NOUN IT DESCRIBES
A
Hikaru is also in the same (club activity) baseball team as I am.
B
I bought the same hat as Kaori.
C
Hideki has the same hairstyle as a sports player who is popular in Japan now.
(
NOUN A NOUN
) about the same

...
Hideki has become about the same height as his dad.
B
After Reikos Mum dieted she slimmed to about the same gure as she was 20 years ago.
The bottom school team of last year practised with all their might and so became about the same strength as last years premiership team.
[MASU]
[TE]
( end; nish
[MASU]
[TE]
can be used after a verb base to mean that an action is nished/will nish. VERB -BASE + B
Koichi has been writing a magazine article since last Friday but, at last, he nished writing it today.
B Person A:
Person B:
Have you nished eating already? Hey? Lunch? Yeah, I nished eating it before... Why?
C
At last I have nished drawing the picture to enter in the Adelaide exhibition.
or
can be used between words or ideas to state alternatives. It is the same as saying or. NOUN + SENTENCE A + NOUN SENTENCE
I think James or Amy will do the speech at Narita Airport.
some~ (E.g. something; sometime; somewhere; someone etc.)

can be used to change interrogative words (e.g. who, when, where, what) into indenites (like someone, sometime, somewhere, something). Particles, if required, must go after the INTERROGATIVE+ somewhere A
Lets drink coffee somewhere.
...
someone A
Mayumi is talking to someone on the telephone.
sometime B
She says she also wants to learn Japanese sometime.
something C
If there is something you dont understand please ask the teacher.
The easiest way to think of this is as a spoken and written question mark. A
Do you like pets?
This particle marks the grammatical subject as an operator of the verb in the subordinate clause. B
Places where the bilby lives have decreased.
B
Olivia, the thing you are eating now is octopus!
C
The thing you said just now is incorrect.
This particle is used to mean but or however (between 2 parts of a sentence). All of the following constructions are possible. A selection of examples are given below. VERB-POLITE*+ QUASI -POLITE* + NOUN-POLITE* + ... ... ... ... VERB-PLAIN + QUASI-PLAIN + NOUN-PLAIN + ... ... ... ... TRUE ADJ- POLITE* + TRUE ADJ- PLAIN +
*If the part of the sentence before is in POLITE form, the nal part of the sentence must also be in POLITE form. A
I am going but my younger brother is not going.
A
My friend swam but I did not swim.
A
My older sister is tall but my younger sister is short.
A
Towns are noisy but the countryside is quiet.
B
Kimonos are very beautiful but one only wears them on special occasions.
Even though she was born in Hamilton, she moved with her family to New Zealands capital, Wellington, two years ago.
C
Although eating sashimi was a rst-time experience, it was very delicious.
It is usual to use the particle good at or poor at.
after something someone is
A
James is good at Japanese.
A
Nanami is good at computers.
is a subject marker. B
Last week, Kazuyukis baseball team won.
This particle is often used when describing attributes. SUBJECT/TOPIC A

Nanami has long hair.
BODY PART ETC.
ADJECTIVE
[MASU]
[TE]
follows an item that someone needs. This is a case where you cannot use the particle NOUN + A
I need a car.
B
Because Im going on camp I need a tent.
C
In order to go on an overseas holiday one needs a passport.
( ) method; way of doing something (e.g. way of walking; way of talking; way of eating)
VERB-BASE + ...
A
For omochi, there are various ways of eating it.
B
There are various ways for using the latest cell phones.
Besides hiragana, students who are on exchange to Ibukiyama High must learn the way to write katakana and kanji too.
) person
is used as a polite alternative to , the word for person.
A
This person is your new homeroom teacher.
B
This person is the president of the Oceania Friendship Society.
C
The picture drawn by this person is now adorning the tokonoma.
whether or not; if... or not

is used to express uncertainty. VERB-PLAIN + NOUN + QUASI ADJ + A
I dont know if that person is Japanese or not.
... ... ... ...
TRUE ADJ-PLAIN+
A
I dont know if that sh is big or not.
A
I dont know if Yoko is at home now or not.
B
I dont know if these young people believe in Buddhist teachings or not.
When it is the party next week, I have not yet decided whether or not I will go with my friends by limousine.
fairly; quite a bit

is used to make implied comparisons. A
It was quite a big bushre.
B
Quite a lot of people will probably come to this evenings reworks at Nagara River.
They said on the TV news that apparently quite a lot of people were killed in the tsunami that occurred in the Indian Ocean.
) might; perhaps; maybe
is used by the speaker to indicate he/she is not certain about something. It is used, in particular, when the uncertainty relates to what the SPEAKER will/will not do. QUASI ADJ+
That person may be famous.
VERB-PLAIN + A
My younger sister might eat my cake.
C
It may have similarities to an outback painting.
NOUN + B
This painting may be authentic.
TRUE ADJ + A
That movie is probably interesting. ( ) That may be so.
from (a particular time)

NOUN (TIME) + A
Midori studied from 5 oclock until 10 oclock.
...
B
From March this year they started to build a new bridge.
C
The Ishida family have been living here since the beginning of 1800s.
from (a particular place)

NOUN (PLACE) + A
Is the Gold Coast far from Melbourne?
B
On a clear day I like to go up Tokyos tallest building to the very top and look at Mt Fuji.
C
Well everyone, lets board a train and go from Narita to Shitamachi Gakuen.
so; therefore; since; because

is used after the cause or reason. It is usually followed by the outcome or consequence. VERB-POLITE + ...
Because I will go to Japan next year, I am studying Japanese everyday.
VERB-PLAIN + A
...
I am studying Japanese because Im going to Japan.
TRUE ADJ- POLITE + A
...
Because I had a headache today I did not go to practice.
TRUE ADJ- PLAIN + A
...
Because I had a headache today I did not go to practice.
B
I have been so busy with my job for a while, therefore I have not had time to play tennis at all.
QUASI-POLITE + B
...
I heard that Yumi wants to become an English teacher because English is her forte.
QUASI-PLAIN + B
...
I heard that Yumi wants to become an English teacher because English is her forte.
NOUN-POLITE + A
...
Because Karen is Australian she speaks English.

NOUN-PLAIN + A
...
Here is Jokamachi so there are lots of old shops.
Replace the nal of a true adjective with a so it can be used adverbially (i.e. it gives you more information about the verb or another adjective). A
Please push it more strongly.
A
Hideki ate the pizza quickly.
B
I saw an awfully big yacht of over 100 feet.
(
NOUN + A
) please (give me such & such)
Excuse me, please (give me) the salt grilled sh.
B
Two tickets to Kyoto please.
C
Excuse me, please give me this camera that does not need lm. Yes (I understand), it is that digital camera isnt it?
) [MASU]
[TE]
give
is used when the person speaking is given something from someone else. GIVER (A superior) ( or ) RECIPIENT (speaker) ITEM
B
Mrs Tanaka gave me two tickets to tonights match at the Tokyo Dome.
B
Mr Matsuda taught me English.
for implicit comparisons in usage
and
Replace the nal of a true adjective with is joined to another adjective. A
It is a big and beautiful shop.
to mean and when it
B
In this area there was a small, good shop.
Hikaru is short and a little fat but Rikyu is tall and thin.
or
) about; approximately
TIME, DISTANCE, NUMBER + A

By train it takes about 20 minutes from Ogaki to Yoro.
B
When you leave the Rainbow Building youll be able to see the Matsumoto River straight away. Please go across that rivers bridge and walk west for about 20 minutes.
(
ITEM 1 ITEM 1 A
) [MASU]
ITEM 2 ITEM 2 ... ...
[TE]
compare
is often (but not always) used in the conditional tense.
Lets compare this cake with Mums cake.
B
If you compare Western cuisine with Japanese cuisine how does it differ?
[MASU]
[TE]
give
is used when the person speaking gets something from someone else. GIVER ( B
He gave me two tickets to tonights match at the Tokyo Dome.
or
) RECIPIENT [speaker]
ITEM
B
Gemma taught me English.
[also applies to but; however; even though
This term is used to join two contrasting (but related) ideas/sentences into one longer sentence.
VERB-POLITE + TRUE ADJ- POLITE + QUASI-POLITE + NOUN-POLITE + A
VERB-PLAIN + TRUE ADJ- PLAIN + QUASI-PLAIN + NOUN-PLAIN +
He is big but not so strong.
A
Even though today is Sunday I will work from 6 oclock until 12 oclock.
B
I didnt see that movie but I know that story.
C
I saw a number of computers Ive never seen until now but they are all quite expensive.
(or )( ) over here; this way; this side; this direction; this person; these people
is used when the speaker is showing (e.g. by gestures) a particular, person, place, side, way or direction. A
This is the Yoro telephone service.
B
This way is still under construction so no-one can enter.
C
These (people) are Mr and Mrs Anderson visiting from our sister city Adelaide.
) thing (abstract notion of thing); fact

can be used to mean matter (e.g. school matter is can be used as a noun in its own right to mean thing/s. )
When is used after some other grammatical forms, it will create a noun. When it follows a verb, it has the same effect as adding ~ing in English (e.g. run running; play playing). Just as with English, it is not correct to say, I like run. We must say, I like running. (TO MAKE A NOUN FROM VERB) A
I like to read books.
A
It is about something from over 60 years ago.
I heard that she wants to go to Japan to study and learn various things before she goes into her nal year of school.
[MASU]
[TE]
VERB-TA is used to say someone had the experience of having done something. VERB-TA+ A
I have climbed Mt Fuji.
B
He said he has never seen snow.
C
I have never once seen that many marine products until now.
[MASU] [TE]
can do (such & such)
is used to say you can do something (i.e. have the ability or opportunity to do something). VERB-DICT + A
Amy can speak Japanese.
A
You can play all day long.
B
From the windows of the bullet train one can enjoy the scenery.
Furthermore, because big trucks can travel on it as well, I think the towns industries will develop.
[MASU]
[TE]
to decide on
(such & such)

VERB-DICT + A
We decided on the sashimi.
C
Because our family has become six people we decided to buy a bigger car.
[MASU]
[TE]
(Such and such) has come about, been decided or been arranged already.
VERB-DICT + A
It has happened that Ill be going to Tokyo.
B
It has come about that I sell new cars not used cars.
C
Because Masao suddenly got ill it was decided that I would go anchor for the 400m relay race.
( ) this (such and such) [in the speakers (psychological) territory]

cannot be used to replace a noun. It must come before a noun to mean this such and such. NOUN A
Please give me these clothes.
B
Hey, do you always meet at this coffee shop?
C
There was a little good shop in this area!
) the other day; during this period of time

is used as any other time word.
A
I interviewed 25 year old Sayuri the other day. (Or, during this interval.)
B
The other day (or, During this period of time) I returned to my hometown and met an old friend.
C
On our way to a concert the other day we had a trafc accident at an intersection where there were no trafc lights.
) about; approximately (after a point in time)
APPROXIMATE TIME OF EVENT + A

I wonder what Rumi would be doing about now?
At just about this time last year Rina went to Melbourne in Australia.
like this; in this way; in this manner; so (such and such)

is used when the speaker is demonstrating/showing the manner or way something is done. A
A small sumo wrestler can throw such a big sumo wrestler like this.
B
Until now I have never seen such a wonderful picture as this.
Replace the nal of a true adjective with (e.g. high to height)

A
The height of Yoro waterfall is 30 metres.
to make a noun
B
Or This rock s weight is over 200 kg.
C
The length of the new bridge built recently in town is 250 metres long.
(
+ NOUN B
) highest; highest degree

NOUN ... ...
It was the very best birthday party that I have ever had before.
not only... but also; and as well as that...

by is used to indicate that there are other reasons than the one followed . ... ... ... ... ... ...
VERB-PLAIN + QUASI-PLAIN + Note: B
TRUE ADJ-PLAIN +
is also often used after the noun in these sentences.
Not only is Rumi clever but she also has a pretty face and is good at sport.
EXT
Not only is a city costly to live in, it is also busy all the time and is not relaxing, so if possible, I think I want to move to the country.
only; nothing but; no more than

WORD / PHRASE TO BE USED WITH ONLY + sentence (in the negative). A
I can hear nothing but the sound of water.
+ nal part to
B
Now one only wears a kimono for times of special celebrations.
The bilby is an animal that lives only in Australia and it looks a bit like a rabbit.
[MASU]
[TE]
[MASU]
[TE]
is used to mean that something is done to excess. It also conveys the meaning of too much. Added to particular verbs it means over-(ate/drank etc.). VERB-BASE + TRUE ADJ-BASE + QUASI + A
Rumi is too lively isnt she?
... ... ...
B
A bad point about Japanese peoples dietary habits is the use of too much salt.
T The T-shirt that James bought looks a bit too large.
(
NOUN + A
) a few; not many
There is not much greenery.
B
Because there are not many cars here it is quiet.
C
Compared with Japan, the population of Australia is small.
it is said that (such and such); I hear (such and such); they say (such and such)
VERB-PLAIN + TRUE ADJ-PLAIN + QUASI-PLAIN + NOUN-PLAIN + A
I hear that in the future Delphine wants to become a Japanese teacher.
B.
I hear that he is good at speaking but he is not so strong at writing.
I hear that long ago Japan had a lot of splendid natural areas and there were many Japanese cranes in a variety of places. appears; looks
is used to indicate that something appears (such and such) or looks (such and such). VERB-BASE + TRUE ADJ-BASE + QUASI + A
Kan appears to run fast.
B
The opposing team look strong.
C
The clothes Rumi is wearing look expensive.
(it is said)
that way; that side; that direction; that person; those people
Selecting over is usually made on the basis that the thing being referred to is in the listeners (psychological) territory, not the speakers. B
There are drinks on that table.
that
The word cannot be used to replace a noun. It must come before a noun to mean that such and such. [The reason for using over is usually that the item being described is in the listeners (psychological) territory, not the speakers.] A
Please give me those clothes.
is used as a connector between two sentences. It carries the meanings of: Then ...; And also ...; After that ...; And then ...; Following that ... A
Then after that there became fewer cranes.
B
And also, as you know Takahiro, in Tokyo it is difcult to own a car.
Today we went to the Opera House and then crossed the harbour bridge on foot.
is used as a connector between two sentences. It carries the meanings of: Well then...; Then...; If thats the case... A
Well, lets begin the meal. (Lit.: Well, lets partake.)
B
If thats the case, what is it better to eat this season?
C
Then, what part-time job are you doing now?
is used as a connector between two sentences. It carries the meanings of: So ...; At that; Therefore ...; That is how ...; Thats the reason ... A
So I made my own Homepage.
B
Hiroshi was injured in the middle of a match. Therefore I went into his position.
is used as a connector between two sentences. It carries the meanings of: In addition to that...; Besides...; Also...; Moreover... A
In addition to that, of course, I have English lessons at school.
B
Georginas home has a pool. Also, it has a tennis court.
like that; in that way; in that manner; so A

It was not that far. (It was not so far.)
B
This shops prices arent so expensive.
C
Dont be so disappointed. Apply again next year! The chance for studying abroad wont just be this year you know!
) after (such and such)...
is used to indicate that the second action in the sentence occurs after the rst action. VERB-TA + A
After we ate lunch we went to Kiyomizudera by bus.
B
After school nishes I must go to Juku and study.
After having a 3-day orientation, we went to Osaka with people from the Oceania Friendship Society.
) generally; approximately; about; just about

A
This waterfalls height is about 50 metres.
B
At the moment, there are approximately 30,000 people in this baseball stadium.
wish to do..., want to do...

is used by the speaker to say what he or she wants to do. VERB-BASE + A
I want to go to the Gold Coasts beautiful beaches.
B
Firstly, I want to enter (get into) a top-level university.
C
I want to sh while looking at the beautiful mountain scenery.
[MASU]
[TE]
When is added to a verb base, the speaker can express I think I would like to... VERB-BASE + A
I think that sometime I want to play baseball game at Koshien.
Therefore there are also times I think I want to return to the country and have a carefree lifestyle.
They are all thinking they would like to lose weight and have a slim gure like fashion models and singing idols do.
is used to indicate that someone is showing signs of wanting to do such and such... VERB-BASE + A
Hideki expresses that he wants to eat pizza.
B
Why is it that people want to go to the city?
Well, the truth is, Takahiro has come to hate country life and has expressed that he wants to move to Tokyo!
only
is used after the word it is quantifying. A
That person over there bought only one.
B
It is fun just looking even without buying.
(
and A
) maybe; perhaps
is often used with a probability ending such as .
I think that maybe Basho is the most famous.

You will probably learn a lot of Osaka dialect and eat lots of delicious food.
C
I think that maybe Tsukiji is the biggest sh market in the world.
) better to do so such & such
VERB-TA + is used when the speaker wants to give advice as to the better course of action or when indicating which of two actions would be the better. A
It would be better to give up smoking.
At the moment the cherry blossoms are in full bloom so it is better to go to Yoro ower viewing today or tomorrow!
must not; thats no good

A
That is no good. (That is unacceptable.)
B
My computer is old and useless.
C
Mayumi, you must not have a long telephone call.
C
You must not buy (anything) before you have seen our shops prices.
for the purpose of; in order to; so as to; for

NOUN + VERB-DICT + A
... ...
I am saving up money in order to take an overseas trip next time.
B
I bought you the computer for the purpose of study. It is not for games.
if...; when...
Verbs ending in A
When you come to Yoro Waterfall, by all means have (eat) the nabe.
mean if or when such & such happens.
B
When you have decided your order please let me know.
EXT
In winter if you catch a cold, make tamagozake and try (drink) it. Your body gets warmed up and you will soon get better. Verbs section
1)
is used to express that two actions, particularly opposites, happen over and over (like coming and going; sitting and standing etc.). can be used to mention just one or a few actions from a longer list of actions. (for example, I did some reading, went to the gym and swam each morning, among other things.) A form of the verb must be used at the end of the verbs in the form.
2)
A
On Sunday we do cleaning, laundry and so on.
A
Everyone was dancing, playing games and so on.
&
probably; maybe; I guess
or are known as tentative forms. This means the speaker is not entirely certain about something. is the informal style, whilst is the formal style. NOUN + VERB-PLAIN + TRUE ADJ-PLAIN + QUASI-PLAIN + B
You will probably learn Osaka dialect and eat lots of delicious food.
C
I guess you had many invitations from various fashion makers.
[MASU]
[TE]
&
) (
) nearby
can be used in a way similar to nouns that help explain the location of something or someone. If it is put in front of the noun it describes, then it needs to be followed by the particle . A
There is a good restaurant near the school.
B
As for spring, summer and autumn, everyday I go jogging to a nearby temple.
C
The curry and rice we ate at a nearby restaurant was cheap and delicious.
a short while; just a little; a minute; a little bit; just a small amount
A
Please listen for a short while.
B
At that, Ill try to interview the members of the Ishida family.
C
I do not like basketball so much. It is a little boring.
about; in regard to
(
A
) next
The next station is Tarui.
B
The next person is to please stand to the right side.
is a colloquial expression of
A
What does environmental protection mean?
C
That guy..., you know, James Chan from Australia, he is smart and also excels in sports, doesnt he?
intent; intention
A
I intend to study.
B
I intend to go and watch the Nagoya Sumo tournament.
C
Rumi intends to go shopping after she goes to the coffee shop.
and; so; because; therefore; then; next; but; however; though

Use the form of a verb at the end of one idea or sentence to link it to another related idea or sentence. The longer sentence will probably sound smoother than the two separate sentences. A
Midori went to school and met her friends.
B
On Saturday morning Kazuyuki did baseball practice and from 12 oclock played a match.
This particle follows the place where an action occurs/occurred, etc. A

Well then, lets meet at the Tokyo Dome.
B
You eat at fast food shops everyday, so it cannot be helped that you will put on weight.
This particle follows the means/tool/item, etc. used to accomplish something or do something. A
Rumi goes to work by subway everyday.
Little brother ate the rice with a spoon.

B
After that, we went by bus and boat to Miyajima.
C
As there is a cycling road, one can also go by bicycle.
and
Use after a NOUN or QUASI ADJECTIVE to link one idea to another. ... NOUN + QUASI + A
Mrs Yamada is Japanese and (she) is a Japanese (language) teacher.
A
Mrs Kimura is 80 years old and very healthy.
B
I like Japanese (national language), English and Social Studies, and I do not like Physical Education and Mathematics.
[MASU]
[TE]
does a favour for...
is used when the person speaking does a favour for someone else. It is also used to indicate that another person does a favour for someone else in their action.
Even though this is not necessary in English. The concept is important for sociocultural and linguistic reasons. Your teacher will be able to elaborate on this. GIVER ( A
Im going to show you how to make sukiyaki.
or
) RECEIVER
VERB-TE...
B
I lent my eraser and pencil to my neighbour Yumi.
C
I taught Emily how to write the kanji we learnt today.
, for implicit comparisons in usage
[MASU]
...is (in a place)...; exists; (as a result
of an action)
VERB-TE + used to show that something is in a particular state, place etc. as a result of an action that occurred. The particle is used, not . A
The application form was afxed to the notice board.
Once more I look at the crane gurines that have been placed on the top of the desk and I tried to think about the earths environment and the future.
[MASU]
[TE]
take something away;
take; carry away

NOUN + A
Grandmother took delicious things to the picnic.
[MASU]
[TE]
receive a
favour from...
is used when the speaker receives a favour from someone else. RECEIVER (speaker) ( or (or ) VERB-TE + A
We will have the direction of how to do greetings in Japanese. (Literal translation.)
) GIVER (a superior)
B
Today we will have the doctor tell us about the differences in dietary habits between Japan and other countries. can also be used for doctors.] [NB:
, for implicit comparisons in usage
[MASU]
am doing...; is doing...; are doing...;
is ...ing
VERB-TE + is used to mean that an action is taking place now. It can also be used to mean that an action is habitual (happens regularly like going to school). B
Are you doing surveys?
C
In autumn, everyday I jog as far as the nearby temple.
C
By the way Koichi, are you still (being) a journalist? (state of being)
[MASU]
is... (e.g. thin; is gone)
is used to say that something now is in state of being (e.g. being thin) A
My older brother is still asleep.
A
There is a woman who wears a kimono.
B
Female high school students hate the word the most. (progressive action) (being fat)
(
The verb
) [MASU] (
) [TE] (
means to put or to place something. means that someone gets something ready for later.
VERB-TE + A
I will make preparations for cooking.
Tomorrow we will go on camp so I have put the tent and sleeping bag in my bag (in preparation).
Olivia has bought many souvenirs (in preparation) to take to her Japanese host family.
since; after; from (a point in time)

VERB-TE + is used to show that one action occurs or is occurring after/since another action occurred.
After watching a rugby game in Australia, I came to like rugby.
A
Please write down the things you do from when you arise in the morning until when you go to school.
On the weekend, after I have played the basketball match, I am also studying Chinese language at a nearby school.
At rst I was a little perplexed but after I spoke a lot with my parents about this wonderful opportunity, I applied.
like; typical; concerning; similar in nature or sense (e.g. in the same way an English word like tradition becomes traditional). B
Historically, Hagi is a very interesting place.
C
It is only a temporary job so the future is a concern.
C
Takahiro and Kumiko live in a traditional architectural style of house.
as... as possible
A
Please write using as many kanji as possible.
B
While you are in Japan please use English as seldom as possible.
(
VERB-TE + A
)
is used to ask for someone to do something.
Everyone, please stand.
B
Everyone, please teach me various things.
C
Please, by all means take a look.
( does a favour for
[MASU]
[TE]
is used when the person speaking is given a favour from someone else. Even though this is not necessary in English, the concept is important for sociocultural and linguistic reasons in Japanese. Your teacher will be able to elaborate on this. GIVER (asuperior) ( VERB-TE + A
The teacher opened the door (for us).
or
) RECIPIENT (speaker )
The president of the Oceania Friendship Society introduced us to the host families.
Now, Mr and Mrs Anderson who are visiting from Adelaide will explain about Aboriginal art for us.
, , for implicit comparisons in usage
) [MASU]
[TE]
When is used with it means bring. Used with the TE FORM of some other verbs it can also convey the meaning that something has been brought about or has come about. VERB-TE + A
Did you bring Sachikos present?
B
The local people rejoiced very much and came to value the Japanese crane.
[MASU]
[TE]
does a favour for
is used when the person speaking receives a favour from someone else. Even though this is not necessary in English, the concept is important for sociocultural and linguistic reasons in Japanese. Your teacher will be able to elaborate on this. GIVER ( A
Olivia wrote it in English for me.
or
) RECIPIENT (speaker)
VERB-TE +
B
The older sister of the host family came to get me by car.
C
(He) wrote out the way to go to Yoro waterfalls for me on a piece of paper.
for implicit comparisons in usage

[MASU]
[TE]
The use of adds emphasis to the idea of something being completed. It primarily carries the meaning of totally in many contexts. Often, words such as totally or completely do not need to be said in the English equivalent. It can also be used to indicate that something occurs beyond ones control and cannot be changed, adding sense of regret or unfortunateness in having the situation. A
Places where bilbies live have decreased regrettably.
B
I lost my Shinkansen ticket unfortunately.
C
My younger brother completely ate up all of the cheesecake I had left aside (for later).
probably; maybe; I guess

or are known as tentative forms. This means the speaker is not entirely certain about something. is the informal style, whilst is the formal style. NOUN + VERB-PLAIN + TRUE ADJ-PLAIN + QUASI + (other tenses used with the quasi adjective need to put in plain style. For example... ) NOUN-PLAIN + (other tenses used with the nouns need to put in plain style. For example... ) A
Tomorrow will be snow(ing) and it will probably get cold.
B
You will probably learn Osaka dialect and eat lots of delicious food.
C
I guess you had many invitations from various fashion makers. (PLAIN
FORM OF
[MASU]
must not do...; dont do...
is used to prohibit someone from doing something. It is also often used by adults to admonish children. VERB-TE + A
Hideki, you mustnt just play games.
B
Mayumi, you mustnt have long telephone calls.
C
You must not drive the car without getting fathers permission.
dont...; you must not...

is used to prohibit someone from doing something for me. VERB-TE + A
You/We must not break the school rules.
B
Mayumi, you mustnt have long telephone calls.
C
You must not drive the car without getting fathers permission.
The construction VERB-TE + is used when the speaker says they would like someone to do something for them. A
I would like (you/someone) to open the door.
B
I would like (you/someone) to turn down the volume of the TV a little more.
C
I do not have money to pay at the moment so I would like you to wait until tomorrow.
[MASU]
[TE]
The construction VERB-TE + means to try (something), do and see how things go or do and see how one feels. In English, where you might just say try the sushi or try on these shoes or try rugby, in Japanese one uses relevant verbs for doing those things . So try sushi, would usually imply try eating sushi. Similarly, try rugby is like saying try playing rugby. A
While you are in Osaka, by all means try (eating) octopus dumplings.
B
At that, Ill try to interview members of the Ishida family.
C
Sometimes I try to speak in Japanese with tourists from Japan.
even though; despite; even considering; even if; no matter...

TRUE ADJVERB-TE + A
No matter where you go, people are people. Everyone is the same.
+ ...
...
B
Even if you make a mistake, dont worry too much.
T Even if it is a little large its alright so please give me the white T-shirt.
C
Even if they are clever, I do not like people with a bad character.
If they have a good character it doesnt matter if they arent so smart.
even...
NOUN + QUASI + A
Even children are worrying about the future.
any... (e.g. anywhere; anyone; anytime)

is used with an interrogative (like who, what, where) to mean anyone/anything/anywhere (etc). Where particles are used, they are put between the interrogative and the . A
As for Tokyo, anywhere has lots of people.
B
Ill go shing with anyone.
you may...; it is ne for you to...

VERB-TE + acceptable. A
You may eat.
is used to grant permission or agree that an action is
A
If you are back home by 9.30, you may go to the movies with your friend.
B
Customers, it is ne if you go and have a look at the shop next door.
[MASU]
[TE]
receive a favour
from...
VERB-TE + is used when the speaker receives a favour from someone else. Even though this is not necessary in English, the concept is important for sociocultural and linguistic reasons in Japanese. Your teacher will be able to elaborate on this. RECEIVER (speaker) A
(She) bought me a movie ticket.
or
GIVER
or
VERB-TE +
B
I wrote this speech by myself but I had my Japanese friend help me a little.
C
I cannot put on a kimono by myself, so I got Yumi to help me dress. , , for implicit comparisons in usage
[MASU]
[TE]
does a favour for
is used when the person speaking does a favour for an in-group subordinate (or a plant or animal). It is also used to say that another person does a favour for an in-group subordinate (or a plant or animal). GIVER ( A
I taught (them) the rules of baseball.
or
) RECEIVER (a subordinate)
VERBTE +
B
I bought octopus dumplings for my little brother at the stall at a festival.
C
Even though the room was dirty, no-one had cleaned it so I cleaned it (for them).
and
NOUN A
She bought a pencil and paper.
NOUN
Here I have a photograph of the station front I took 10 years ago and a photograph of the same place I took yesterday.
The problem is the balance between people working and people not working has collapsed.
This particle follows a person (or animal) someone does something/ goes somewhere with. A
Nobuhisa went to the baseball game with Rumi.
When used within the following patterns, when...
means if & when...; if...;
As opposed to... , the use of implies that the second part of the sentence is a natural consequence of the rst part of the sentence (preceding the ). VERB-DICT+ ... ...
VERB-PLAIN NEGATIVE+
TRUE ADJ+ QUASI + NOUN + B + +
... ... ...
If you push that green button you can do a copy.
A
If you do not take the medicine your cold will not get better.
B
, In winter when you are cold, if you eat wild boar hotpot your body warms up. & & verb section (for more on the conditional tense)
This particle follows a quote or thought or opinion when the appropriate verb is used (e.g. ). B
She says that she will go to Gifu Prefecture.
( ) [MASU] & such); says (such & such)

Said:
[TE]
to say that (such
THE THING THAT WAS SAID BY SOMEONE (PLAIN FORM) +
Said/was saying: THE THING THAT WAS BEING SAID BY SOMEONE (PLAIN FORM) + Says: THE THING THAT WAS SAID BY SOMEONE (PLAIN FORM) +
A
What did you say?
B
He said that he has not seen snow.
C
Our homeroom teacher was saying that through todays Sports Day lets consider physical and mental health.
[MASU]
[TE]
is referred to as...; is
called...; is known as...

NOUN + A
This is called a hyotan. ( (quotative ) means gourd)
In what way...?
A
How...?
In what way did you become an exchange student?
B
Kazuyuki, how do you swing a baseball bat?
C
Mutsumi, how did you learn English?
Why...? What is the reason for...? How...? In what way...?

Use A
How do you know my name?
to ask for reasons.
B
How is it that this haiku is so well known?
C
Kan, why is it that you dont put on weight?
) distant; ...a long way off; far away
can be used in a way similar to nouns that help explain the location of something or someone. If it is put in front of the noun it describes, then it needs to be followed by the particle . A
My best friend lives in a distant town.
( ) [MASU] to think; to feel; have the opinion that...

I think (such & such):
[TE]
THE OPINION (AN INCLUDED SENTENCE IN THE PLAIN FORM) + I think (such & such): THE OPINION (AN INCLUDED SENTENCE IN THE PLAIN FORM) + Your teacher will elaborate on the differences in usage between and . I thought (such & such): THE OPINION (AN INCLUDED SENTENCE IN THE PLAIN FORM) +
B
I think Tokyo is a very interesting place.
B
I think Tokyo is very interesting.
C
I thought that Tokyo really had a lot of people living in it.
( ) time; hour; occasion; when (something occurs/ occurred)

VERB-PLAIN + TRUE ADJ-PLAIN + QUASI + NOUN + + + ( ( ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) can be used ) )
The particle can be used to indicate at the time.... to indicate from the time.... also can be used after
A
I studied Japanese when I was a Junior High School student.
A
I have been studying Japanese since I was a Junior High School student.
James Chan moved to Perth, Australia when he was 2 years old.
B
In winter when you are cold, if you eat wild boar hotpot, your body warms up.
( ) a persons strength or strong point; something one is good at

Put A
I am good at Maths.
after something that a person is good at doing.
B
Mum, who is from Okinawa, is good at swimming.
C
Hanako, who was in Tasmania for a year, is good at English.
is used to mean at the point of ...having done (or doing) something. VERB-TA + ... VERB-TE + VERB-TE + A
We are in the middle of eating now.
+ ... + ...
My friend Yuki came to visit just as I had nished the homework.
by the way
This is a connector between two ideas (usually, where the second aspect is a change of topic of conversation). A
By the way, Fusae, next Saturday after training lets go shopping.
B
By the way, how is study?
By the way, today I met my best friend from my high school times.
( ) [MASU] from; to be different

A A B B
[TE]
differ
The verb is also sometimes used as a form of rebuttal or expression indicating disagreement.
A
Japanese cuisine is different from Western cuisine.
B
The way of teaching is also different from other universities.
anyhow; anyway; in any case

A
Anyhow, lets go to that cheap shop.
B
Anyway, everyone looked good.
which one? (from a group of three or more items)

A
Which are my shoes?
B/C
CD Which is the CD you bought in America?
[MASU] [TE] to split; to part; to divide into (e.g. groups); broke into e.g. (groups)
PERSON FROM WHOM ONE PARTS + A

Yoko parted from her boyfriend.
A
I parted from my friends in front of the school.
A, B,C At the school camp we broke into 3 groups, A, B and C.

After the 3-day orientation camp nished, I parted from everyone and went to my hosts place in Hokkaido alone.
without...; not having done...

VERB-PLAIN NEGATIVE + ... is used to link ideas to describe how the second part of the sentence is carried out without doing the rst part of the sentence. A
Eiji drinks it without putting in sugar.
C
Kazuyuki is playing baseball everyday without having gone to university.
Please dont...; Dont (do such and such)

This is one way of telling someone not to do something. VERB-PLAIN NEGATIVE + A
Please do not speak.
A
Dont overdo it.
B
By the way, dont forget to buy a new TV.
Background for next example: The following statement was made to the new exchange students at their orientation program in Tokyo. C
There are English teachers in the school you are all going to so please dont be concerned.
( better not to...

[EXPL]
) it is better not...; it would be
VERB-PLAIN NEGATIVE + is used to caution, warn or advise someone against doing something. Other forms that can be used with TRUE ADJ POSITIVE/TRUE ADJ NEGATIVE QUASI POSITIVE/QUASI NEGATIVE NOUN POSITIVE/NOUN NEGATIVE include:
A
It is better not to go by yourself.
B
That course is a slope for the experts so youd better not ski there.
C
You are better off not to overdo it when you have a cold and headache.
The pattern VERB-PLAIN NEGATIVE+ is used to say that something is done to prevent unwanted outcome. B
I wore a protector so as not to get injured even if I fell down while skateboarding.
while doing...
is used to mean that the same person is doing two things at the same time. That is, they do something (second part of sentence) while doing something else (rst part of sentence). VERBBASE + + second action (that occurs simultaneously and is done by the same subject). A
I read books while I am listening to music.
B
Dad, dont eat breakfast while you are reading the paper.
C
While I looked at the ornamental Japanese cranes on the desk, I thought.
must...; have to...

This is a way of telling other people what they must do. It is also used by the speaker about something he/she must do. A
You must be quiet in the classroom.
B
I have to put in my report to the teacher before tomorrow.
do (such and such)!

VERB BASE + A
Hurry up and get up. Its already 7:45!
B
Hideki, think more about your studies.
why...?
Use to ask for reasons. It can be put at the start of your sentence, or after the topic. A
Why do you study Japanese?
A
Why is it that people want to go to the city?
B
Why is Kan jogging everyday?
etc...; as well as...; and so on...; among other things...

A
Lets eat more vegetables, fruit and so on.
B
Strawberries, bamboo shoots and so on are really good for the body.
if it is the case that...; if ...

A
If (it is the case that) you are going, I will also go.
A
If that is the case, it is ne.
B
However, if its a Giants game, I want to go.
This particle follows the purpose for going somewhere. NOUN (as a purpose)+ ... ... VERB-BASE (as a purpose)+ A
I went to school for basketball practice.
B
We intend to go to watch this years (Sumo) wrestling tournament in Nagoya.
B
We went to the restaurant with our relatives to have dinner.
C
Yoko and Rumi and Chiaki all intend to go shopping after theyve been to the coffee shop.
is used after a QUASI so it can be used adverbially. QUASI + A

Olivia writes kanji beautifully.
...
In sentences where you are saying where something is, a common sentence pattern uses the particle ITEM PLACE PERSON PLACE PLACE ITEM PLACE PERSON
There are many other similar sentence patterns. A

There is a team photo in this room.
The particle A
can be used to mean to.
Amy sent a letter to her friend in New Zealand.
B
Mayumi went to Yoro waterfall with her family.
C
I often go to an Italian restaurant where the spaghetti is delicious.
When it follows a time word, the particle A

I eat breakfast at 6:30.
can be used to mean at, in or on.
[MASU]
[TE]
The verb is a verb where the particle person whom someone meets. A
Mitsuru met the new teacher.
is used to follow the
[MASU]
[TE]
is a verb where the particle which someone is late. A

Rumi was late for the train.
is used to follow the thing for
B
I hate being late for school.
C
The teacher said, Tomorrow is our excursion day, so please make sure not to be late in the morning.
VERB-BASE+ A
indicates something is difcult to do.
The English news is hard to understand.
C
Omochi is a little difcult to eat.
[MASU]
[TE]
is a verb where the particle someone lives. A

Where does Ai live?
is used to follow the place where
B
Mayumi lives in Ogaki.
Bilbies live in holes and are marsupials like the kangaroo, koala, wallaby and also wombats and so forth.
[MASU]
[TE]
is used after something that one decides upon. A

Ill have a hamburger. (Ive decided on the hamburger.)
B
Next holiday weve decided on (going to) Australia.
C
In order to conserve the environment, we decided to use solar powered electricity/lights.
(
PLACE A
That shop is near Harajuku.
B
I also went to New Zealand as it is near Australia.
C
All the rooms at the hotel nearest the ski slopes are booked out.
about; in regard to
A
Today well do study about Japanese culture.
B
I wonder what people will think about that thing?
C
Lets talk about the perplexing problem we have now.
( ) [MASU] work at, be employed at

is a verb where the particle which someone is employed. A
Dad works for a company.
[TE]
is used to follow the place at
B
After graduating university, my older sister has been working at a hospital.
C
The company where Mum is employed is in Tokyo.
:
to... ; for...; as far as...is concerned
THE PERSON (or group) CONCERNED + A
This photograph is very important to me.
...
B
For Japan from now on, the increase in freeter numbers will become a big societal problem.
C
To me, the essential thing now is to get into a top ranked university.
indicates a thing that is foremost in Japan. A

Mt Fuji is Japans foremost mountain.
B
Who is Japans richest?
C
Do you know where Japans biggest lake is?
is used to mean all throughout Japan. A

People throughout Japan know that song.
B
That television program has become a talking point (topic) throughout Japan.
according to...
is used when the speaker wants to give information he/she has gathered from some other source (such as the weather report, the news, a newspaper, a particular person and so on). A
According to the weather report, it will be raining tomorrow.
B
According to this mornings news, apparently there was a huge bushre yesterday.
C
According to my friend (my friends talk), Yoko is apparently going to move to Hiroshima.
This particle follows a question that is said (written) to get the listener (reader) to agree with the sentence. It is a question that is usually intended to receive a yes answer. The particle is a sentence nal particle. It is similar to the English practice of adding an ending like isnt it, arent they? wont they?.
A
The Yamanote line is very convenient isnt it?
B
This is delicious isnt it?
C
The computers I saw here today are all quite expensive arent they?
is an interjection so the speaker can nd out some facts from the listener.
is a soft way of marking a question. It is actually derived from a casual style of . VERB-PLAIN + TRUE ADJ-PLAIN + QUASI ADJ-PLAIN* + NOUN* + (see qualication below) must be (see qualication below)
[*Note: If the QUASI ADJ or NOUN is in the non-past form, used between it and the ] A
Is Chiaki also going?
B
C
What is the future for the Japanese crane?
This particle can be used to replace
after the subject of a clause.

B
This is a place that we would recommend to people who have an interest in pottery.
B
The apartment that Koichi lives in is a little small.
allows the speaker to change a verb so it can be used as a noun (phrase) in a sentence. It has much the same effect as adding ...ing to many verbs in English (e.g. It is incorrect to say I like swim. Instead, it is necessary to say I like swimming or I like to swim). In Japanese, adding the nominalizer has this effect. VERB-DICT + A
I like watching baseball.
...
B
Reading comics is fun.
one or ones
It is used instead of repeating the noun it is replacing. VERB-PLAIN + TRUE ADJ-PLAIN + NOUN + QUASI ADJ-PLAIN* + (see qualication below) must be used [*Note: If the QUASI ADJ is in the non-past form, between it and the ] B
I am looking for a cheap digital camera; would you have a good one?
B
Which is the cheapest (one) out of those digital cameras?
B
Yesterday (we) saw monkeys at the zoo. There was a very cute one.
C
My computer is old. I want a new one.
This particle follows a word that is to be made possessive. NOUN + A

My job is interesting.
...
A
The dogs name is Fred.
This particle is used in sentences based on positional relationships (i.e. showing where one thing is/occurs in relation to another thing.) A
There is a book on the desk.
This particle follows a NOUN so it describes another NOUN A

Lets go shopping after club practice.
is a connective between the rst part of the sentence (the reason or cause) and the second part of a sentence (the outcome or result). A
This bus is convenient as it goes to the park.
As a teacher from our school was selected as an Olympian, we were all terribly delighted.
(and its contracted form , ) are used to connect a statement with a situation. A statement that ends in [or its contracted form ] implies that the statement is an explanation of the situation. VERB-PLAIN + TRUE ADJ-PLAIN + QUASI ADJ*-PLAIN+ NOUN*+ or or or or (see qualication below) must be (see qualication below)
[*Note: If the QUASI ADJ or NOUN is in the non-past form, used between it and the ] A
I want to do one years study abroad, so I want to be able to speak English better.
A
Yoko parted from her boyfriend. (Here, the previous statement was that Yoko had gone to the movies by herself)
C
In terms of the land, air and water, Omiya-shi is better than Tokyo. (Here, the owner of a bonsai nursery in Omiya is explaining to a visitor why there are so many wonderful bonsai gardens in Omiya).
in spite of...
A
In spite of it raining, we went on a picnic.
Particle marks the topic of the sentence. (This often is the grammatical subject of the sentence too.) A
Hideki does not study much.
A
Mt Fuji is Japans tallest mountain.
A
Mayumi is talking to someone on the telephone.
B
This bus is convenient as it goes to the park .
B
He said that he has not seen snow.
Koichi has been writing a magazine article since last Friday but, at last, he nished writing it today.
has a range of uses including conveying the idea of just or nothing else but. A
Study without just playing games.
B
I sometimes get lonely because there is no-one else around but people whom I do not know.
is used to mean the rst time when someone did/does something. A

Gemma, this is probably your rst time in Japan, isnt it?
B
The rst time I skied I thought it was a very difcult sport.
C
Even though it was her rst time to eat eel, Kaitlin, who comes from Vancouver, was saying that it was very delicious.
VERB-BASE + A
The teacher began to speak in English.
B
From March this year they started to build a new bridge.
is used when the speaker has an expectation that something will happen or be a certain way. NOUN + VERB-PLAIN + TRUE ADJ- PLAIN + QUASI + A
I expect Rumi to come to this coffee shop before 11 oclock.
Cassie, whom it was expected would go on the student exchange to Japan with us, suddenly took ill and became unable to go.
EXT
We expect that agricultural productivity will increase.
This is a sufx put after a number to mean it is in a series of numbers. A

What number line is it?
B
From now the number 12 tour will begin.
Is a cardinal number sufx used to indicate a number in a series. A

Melbourne is second largest city in Australia.
B
The lakes name is Lake Inawashiro. It is the second largest lake in Japan.
(
A
) necessity; need
There is not much that I need.
B
When you do calligraphy, what kind of implements do you need?
C
When buying a car, a garage is necessary.
)
NUMERATOR (the
Fractions are expressed in the order of: DENOMINATOR (the bottom part of a fraction) top part of a fraction) A
1/3
A
1/4
C
If its a French newspaper, I can understand about one half.
This particle follows something to which an action is directed. It is commonly heard in the following pattern: PLACE A
I go to school by bicycle.
The word means should. However it often implies something that is a matter of personal conscience and obligation, felt by the speaker himself/herself. VERB-DICT + A
I think companies and countries should use more solar power.
...
B
Children should play outside more.
EXT
People who live in the city should commute by bus or train at least once a week without using their car in order to prevent air pollution.
is used to indicate one item over another in a comparison between two items. Its actual meaning is towards, so it is easy to compare it to the English expression that you lean towards one of two alternatives. It is frequently used in the following pattern of comparison: ITEM A B
Lately, compared with Freeters, NEETO are a problem.
ITEM B
...
C
In terms of the land, air and water, Omiya-shi is better than Tokyo.
) better (or better not)
(
B
) other
What kind of restaurants do you know besides this Italian restaurant?
is only used to describe what the speaker wants. It is not used to describe what a third party wants. It is used with nouns to indicate that the speaker wants a particular thing. It is not used to say one wants to do something. The following is a common sentence pattern using :
NOUN The word Follow the desires. A
. is a TRUE ADJECTIVE and can be used as such. links for further information about wants and
What do you want to have ?
A
I want a new car.
extent
, when used with a positive sentence ending, means to the extent of... When used with a conditional word (ending in ) it is used to mean such things as the more...then the more...). C
The more you use this cream, the clearer your skin will be.
...
extent
, when used with a negative sentence ending it commonly takes on the meaning of not as... as. B
I am not pretty to the extent Amy is. (Im not as pretty as Amy.)
) before; in front
(BEFORE) ( ) ) ) (BEFORE) (
VERB-DICT+ NOUN+ ( A
is generally required between NOUN and
Lets brush our teeth before we go to bed.
A
Lets meet in front of the station.
Before club practice last Saturday, I bought new sneakers.
B
Before you complain about my telephone, think about yourself.
I hear that she wants to do study abroad in Japan and learn various new things before she enters university.
rstly...
C
Firstly I want to enter a top rank university. And also I want to do one years study abroad. I want to speak English better.
is put after a place or time. It means until or as far as. A

He comes by catching the train from Sekigahara to Ogaki.
10 I study until 10 oclock.
it appears; it seems
This is used after a predicate. It is a colloquial style that means something appears to be or seems to be. This is used after PLAIN FORMS but it comes immediately after a NOUN or QUASI (when they are in the non-past tense)
A
It appears to be asleep.
B
According to Koichi, Tokyo lifestyle seems very busy.
C
By the way it seems that Laurens Japanese has become awfully good.
) [MASU]
[TE]
is the honoric way to say eat and drink. A

Would you like a little more to eat?
This particle follows a word to which the speaker wants to attach the meaning of too, also, as well. A
I too ate sushi. (implies someone else ate sushi other than the speaker)
A
I ate sushi as well. (implies as well as some other food)
A
Kan also loves Tokyo.
A
Kuni went skiing too.
Examples of the effect of adding (e.g. who, what, where etc.) everywhere A
to interrogatives
Is everywhere full of people during Golden Week?
whenever, always
A
What time do you always get up?
(no-one)
No-one lives in this old house.
(nothing)
Yuki ate nothing.
(none)
Kakuzo wants none of them. (Kakuzo does not want any of them)
(no matter what)
So, no matter what, you do not want to get an injection, do you?.
...
...
This particle, used after two nouns, means both Noun A and Noun B. A
During the bargain sale, clothes and accessories are both half price.
...
...
When used in a negative sentence, this particle, following one noun and another following used in close succession, means neither (such & such) nor (such & such). A
Neither Yoko nor Mika say they want to go to the baseball.
[MASU]
[VERB-TE]
This is a humble equivalent of
is used at the start of sentences or clauses where the speaker intends to use the conditional tense. So it is used with words like and verb endings such as... , ... and so on. A
If it is expensive we wont go.
B
If you have the time, lets go shing.
If I go to Japan I want to learn about Japanese culture, history and so on.
more
A
Do you want some more?
( ) thing (concrete - that is, it is something you can see, touch etc)
A
This is a nice thing isnt it?
B
What kinds of things are sold at Taruis morning markets?
C
The things that Chiaki brought from New Zealand are nice arent they?
[MASU]
[TE]
receive
or ) ITEM
is used when the speaker receives something from someone else. RECEIVER (SPEAKER) ( A
I received a ticket from Rumi.
or
) GIVER (
B
On my 12th birthday I received a computer for a present.
C
The things that I received for my birthday this year are the clothes I am now wearing.
for implicit comparison in use
This particle follows items that are being used as examples or representative of a longer list. It is similar to the use of and so on or etc or among other things. A
On top of Mitsurus desk there are pencils and pens and so on.
Naoko says she makes and eats Western cooking as well as Asian cooking, among other things, but she likes Japanese cuisine the most after all.
VERB-BASE+ makes the verb into an adjective which has the meaning of ...easy (to do such & such). A
This dish is easy to eat as the meat is tender.
B
The Yamanote line is convenient and easy to understand.
James has just begun baseball so please throw him an easier-to-hit ball.
[MASU]
[TE]
give
is used when the person speaking gives something to an in-group subordinate (or a plant or animal).It is also used to say that another person gives something to an in-group subordinate (or a plant or animal). GIVER ( or ) RECEIVER (A subordinate) ITEM
)
means bound for...
...
PLACE + A
...bound for Gifu-Hashima...(station)
This particle follows an assurance. A

Im ne now!
This particle follows a statement gently persuading someone to do something. B

Reiko, lets come back to this shop again!
This particle follows a statement emphasizing something. A

This is the best shop!
This form is used to mean in the same way or like. A

Being able to play for the Giants is like a dream.
/ / + NOUN take on the meaning of like this, like that, like that over there. C
If you have an ornamental crane like this in your house, it is said that good fortune will come to your home.
is used to mean that an action occurs so that, as a result, something else comes about. It means so that... or in order that.... THE INTENDED RESULT (VERB-DICT )+ BRING ABOUT THAT RESULT. THE ACTION TO
So that young people can study locally, I hear that (they) will build a splendid university here.
This pattern can also be used when the intended result is so that something does not happen. THE INTENDED RESULT (VERB-PLAIN NEGATIVE) + ... THE ACTION TO BRING ABOUT THAT RESULT. B
Takahiro jogs as far as a nearby temple everyday so that he does not become overweight.
can be used to tell someone a way that s/he will do something. PERSON THE REQUEST IS MEANT TO GO TO (VERB DICT OR PLAIN NEGATIVE) B
Please tell Nobuhisa to come home soon.
THE REQUEST
make sure that...

can be used as an expression to mean make sure you do such and such. A
From tomorrow I will make sure that I get up by 7 oclock every morning.
B
Please make sure you write a lot more kanji.
(
NOUN +
)
... ...
is used to state ones schedule or plans. VERB-PLAIN (usually DICT ) +

A
What is your schedule for tomorrow?
B
I plan to go to Akihabara with Reiko.
is used after something which is being compared to another thing. A

Amy is two years older than Gemma.
B
Do you think Carlee is better at Japanese than me?
C
In terms of the land, air and water, Omiya-shi is better than Tokyo.
The use of plural forms in Japanese is more limited than in English. Here are some sentences you can use plural forms using the sufx . (Another plural making device is the sufx , which one encounters in words like , meaning we.) A
We are going to Kyoto.
C
We arrange owers thinking about all sorts of these three elements.
C
They will go to Tokyo.
This is used after a predicate. It means something appears to be or seems to be follows PLAIN FORMS but it comes immediately after a NOUN or QUASI (when they are in the non-past tense).
A
It seems that person is Koichi.
B
It seems that Yoko will move.
is a particle primarily used by females. It is used to add mild emphasis to the sentence. B
Thats no good; it is too tight so it doesnt suit me!
)
is a counter for birds.
B
About 12 Japanese cranes were found at Kushiro, Hokkaido in 1924.
C
It looks like one of the cranes is looking up and the other one (bird) is asleep.
This particle follows the direct object of a sentence. That means it is used after the thing to which the subject does something. It is used with transitive verbs (basically the ones in English that are put straight before a noun, like eat apples, read the newspaper). A
I ate yakisoba and drank lemonade.
[MASU]
)
, descend
[TE]
alight, get off
The verb requires a case particle to be put after the place from which one gets down or the thing (e.g. car) from which one alights. A
I get off the train at Ogaki.
[MASU]
[TE]
The verb requires the case particle to be put after the place from which one exits, leaves (e.g. room, town, country) and graduates. The particle is also used to mark the place with other verbs of , , . motion, such as A
Kakuzo left the classroom early.
B
I leave the house at 7 oclock and go by foot to the station.
VERBS SECTION What to learn

When you add a new verb to your vocabulary it is a good idea to learn its TE FORM, its MASU FORM and its DICTIONARY FORM. It is also important to know to which group a verb belongs.
Verb groups
There are two major groups of verbs in Japanese. These are ICHIDAN and GODAN verbs. The codes [1] for ICHIDAN and [5] for GODAN appear with the verbs listed in the Obento Senior Student Book Word List. In addition to these verbs there are two verbs which are commonly referred to as the IRREGULAR VERBS. These are and .With this background, you should nd the following tables quite useful. However, this is not a denitive guide to verbs and it does not purport to cover all verb inections or information about other non-regular verbs in Japanese.
Terms used here

There are many different terms used for different parts of verbs. In this booklet, the term BASE will be used to mean the ~masu base. That is, it will mean the rst part of a verb when the verb is in the MASU FORM. It will not mean the range of different bases for GODAN verbs.
EXAMPLES USING BASE and ENDING
ICHIDAN VERBS METHOD EXAMPLE (JAPANESE) EXAMPLE (ENGLISH) GRAMMATICAL DETAILS
BASE+
...will eat; ...do Nonpast positive eat; ...eat. [POLITE FORM] ...will not eat...; Nonpast negative do not eat. [POLITE FORM] ...ate; ...did eat. Past positive [POLITE FORM]
BASE+
BASE+
METHOD
EXAMPLE (JAPANESE)
EXAMPLE (ENGLISH)
GRAMMATICAL DETAILS
BASE+ BASE+ BASE+
...did not eat. Lets eat. ...will eat; ...do eat; ...eat. ...will not eat; ...do not eat. ...ate; ...did eat. ...did not eat.
Past negative [POLITE FORM] Volitional [POLITE FORM] Non-past positive [PLAIN FORM] {DICTIONARY FORM} Non-past negative [PLAIN FORM] {NAI FORM} Past positive [PLAIN FORM] {TA FORM } Past negative [PLAIN FORM]
BASE+
BASE+
BASE+
BASE+
Lets eat. Volitional (when used in [PLAIN FORM] the predicate) ...if...eat... ...if...eat... ...if...eat... ...if...eat... ...if...not eat... ...if...not eat... ...if...not eat... ...if...not eat... ...can eat... ...can eat... Conditional conjunction (positive) Conditional conjunction (positive) Conditional conjunction (positive) Conditional form (positive) Conditional conjunction (negative) Conditional conjunction (negative) Conditional conjunction (negative) Conditional form (negative) Potential [POLITE FORM] Potential [PLAIN FORM]
BASE DICTIONARY FORM+ DICTIONARY FORM+
BASE+ BASE+ BASE+ BASE+ BASE+ BASE+ BASE+
The following hiragana chart has been included to assist in identifying which syllable is used when changing GODAN VERBS into their PLAIN forms.
[Please note : if you have to replace a syllable with the one from the A ROW & A COLUMN, in any of the methods given below, you must use not . (E.g. will change to )] A ROW I ROW U ROW E ROW O ROW
GODAN VERBS METHOD EXAMPLE (JAPANESE)
BASE+ BASE+ BASE+ BASE+ BASE+ Delete and the preceding syllable as shown. Replace with hiragana from the U ROW. Delete and the preceding syllable as shown. Replace with hiragana from A ROW and add Take the TE FORM and then change the nal (or if it is , change it to ). Delete and the preceding syllable as shown. Replace with hiragana from A ROW and add Delete and the preceding syllable as shown. Replace with hiragana from O ROW and add . FORM DICTIONARY FORM+ DICTIONARY FORM+ Delete and the preceding syllable as shown. Replace with hiragana from E ROW and add . Delete and the preceding syllable as shown. Replace with hiragana from A ROW and add Delete and the preceding syllable as shown. Replace with hiragana from A ROW and add . . . to
EXAMPLE (ENGLISH)
GRAMMATICAL DETAILS
...will drink; ...do drink; ...drink... ...will not drink; ...do not drink. ... drank; ...did drink. ...did not drink. Lets drink. ...will drink; ...do drink; ...drink. ...will not drink; ...do not drink. ... drank; ...did drink. ...did not drink... Lets drink... (when used in the predicate) ...if...drink... ...if...drink... ...if...drink... ...if...drink... ...if...not drink... ...if...not drink...
Non-past positive [POLITE FORM] Non-past negative [POLITE FORM] Past positive [POLITE FORM] Past negative [POLITE FORM] Volitional [POLITE FORM] Non-past positive [PLAIN FORM] {DICTIONARY FORM} Non-past negative [PLAIN FORM] {NAI FORM} Past positive [PLAIN FORM] {TA FORM } Past negative [PLAIN FORM] Volitional [PLAIN FORM] Conditional conjunction (positive) Conditional conjunction (positive) Conditional conjunction (positive) Conditional form (positive) Conditional conjunction (negative) Conditional conjunction (negative)
Delete and the preceding syllable as shown. Replace with hiragana from A ROW and add Delete and the preceding syllable as shown. Replace with hiragana from A ROW and add Replace hiragana preceding the from I ROW with the hiragana syllable form the E ROW. Delete and also delete the preceding syllable as shown. Replace with hiragana from E ROW and add
IRREGULAR VERBS [UNLIKE THE OTHER TABLES, THE FOLLOWING TABLE IS A SUMMARY OF THE VERBS (DO & COME)] verb to come (JAPANESE) verb to come (ENGLISH) verb to do (JAPANESE)
...will come; ...come. ...will not come; ...do not come. ...did come; ...came. ...did not come. Lets come. ...will come; ...come. ...will not come; ...do not come. ...did come; ...came. ...did not come. Lets come... (when used in the predicate) ...if...come. ...if...come. ...if...come. ...if...come. ...if...not come. ...if...not come. ...if...not come. ...if...not come. ...can come. ...can come.
...if...not drink... ...if...not drink... ...can drink... ...can drink...
Conditional conjunction (negative) Conditional form (negative) Potential [POLITE FORM] Potential [PLAIN FORM]
verb to do (ENGLISH)
GRAMMATICAL DETAILS
...will do; ... do. ...will not do; ...do not do. ...did (do). ...did not (do). Lets do. ...will do; ...do. ...will not do; ...do not (do). ...did (do). ...did not (do). Lets do... (when used in the predicate) ...if...do. ...if...do. ...if...do. ...if...do. ...if...not do. ...if...not do. ...if...not do. ...if...not do. ...can (do). ...can (do).
Non-past positive [POLITE FORM] Non-past negative [POLITE FORM] Past positive [POLITE FORM] Past negative [POLITE FORM] Volitional [POLITE FORM] Non-past positive [PLAIN FORM] {DICTIONARY FORM} Non-past negative [PLAIN FORM] {NAI FORM} Past positive [PLAIN FORM] {TA FORM } Past negative [PLAIN FORM] Volitional [PLAIN FORM] Conditional conjunction (positive) Conditional conjunction (positive) Conditional conjunction (positive) Conditional form (positive) Conditional conjunction (negative) Conditional conjunction (negative) Conditional conjunction (negative) Conditional form (negative) Potential [POLITE FORM] Potential [PLAIN FORM]
ADJECTIVES Adjective groups and terms used here.

There are two major groups of adjectives in Japanese. In this booklet the following terms will be used: TRUE ADJECTIVES (often called i-adjectives) and QUASI ADJECTIVES (often called na-adjectives).
TRUE ADJECTIVES METHOD EXAMPLE (JAPANESE)
TRUE ADJ + TRUE ADJ Take the TRUE ADJ then delete the nal and replace with ~ Take the TRUE ADJ then delete the nal and replace with ~ Take the TRUE ADJ then delete the nal and replace with ~ Take the TRUE ADJ then delete the nal and replace with ~ Take the TRUE ADJ then delete the nal and replace with ~ Take the TRUE ADJ then delete the nal and replace with ~ Take the TRUE ADJ then delete the nal and replace with ~
Take the TRUE ADJ then delete the nal and replace with ~ Take the TRUE ADJ then delete the nal and replace with ~
TRUE ADJECTIVES, if written in romaji, are usually those adjectives that end in ai, ii, ui, oi. QUASI ADJECTIVES (QUASI ) are those not included in the group above. You should nd the following tables quite useful. However, this is not a denitive guide to adjectives in Japanese and it does not purport to cover all adjective changes or information about other irregular adjectives.
EXAMPLE (ENGLISH) GRAMMATICAL DETAILS
It is cheap. It is cheap. It was cheap. It was cheap. It is not cheap. It is not cheap. It was not cheap. It was not cheap. It is cheap and... (requires another word here) It is cheap, therefore... (requires another word here) It is not cheap and... (requires another word here) It is not cheap, therefore... (requires another word here) ...cheaply...
Non-past positive [POLITE FORM] Non-past positive [PLAIN FORM] Past positive [POLITE FORM] Past positive [PLAIN FORM] Non-past negative [POLITE FORM] Non-past negative [PLAIN FORM] Past negative [POLITE FORM] Past negative [PLAIN FORM] Conjunctive positive Causal positive Conjunctive negative Causal negative
Adverbial form
Take the TRUE ADJ then delete the nal and replace with or or or Take the TRUE ADJ then delete the nal and replace with or or or or or or
QUASI ADJECTIVES METHOD EXAMPLE (JAPANESE)
QUASI ADJ QUASI ADJ QUASI ADJ QUASI ADJ QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ or or or
or
if ... cheap... if ... cheap... if ... cheap... if ... cheap... Conditional forms (positive)
if ... not cheap... if ... not cheap... if ... not cheap... if ... not cheap... Conditional forms (negative)
EXAMPLE (ENGLISH)
GRAMMATICAL DETAILS
It is quiet. It is quiet. It was quiet. It was quiet.
Non-past positive [POLITE FORM] Non-past positive [PLAIN FORM] Past positive [POLITE FORM] Past positive [PLAIN FORM]
It is not quiet.
Non-past negative [POLITE FORM]
It is not quiet.
Non-past negative [PLAIN FORM]
QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ QUASI ADJ QUASI ADJ QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ QUASI ADJ QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ or QUASI ADJ
USING WITH A QUASI ADJECTIVE
or or or
or ... ... ... or ... ... or ... ... or or
or or or
When a QUASI ADJECTIVE is used directly before the noun it modies (describes), must be attached to the QUASI ADJECTIVE.
Example:
I studied in a quiet library.

Compare this with:
The library is quiet.
It was not quiet.
Past negative [POLITE FORM]
It was not quiet. It is quiet and... It is quiet, therefore... It is not quiet and...
Past negative [PLAIN FORM] Conjunctive positive Causal positive Conjunctive negative
It is not quiet, therefore... ...quietly...
Causal negative Adverbial form
if ...quiet...
Conditional forms (positive)
if ...not quiet...
Conditional forms (negative)
NOUNS METHOD EXAMPLE (JAPANESE)
NOUN NOUN NOUN NOUN NOUN or NOUN or NOUN or NOUN NOUN or NOUN NOUN or NOUN or NOUN or NOUN NOUN or NOUN NOUN NOUN NOUN or NOUN + NOUN or NOUN or ... ... or ... or or or
or
or or or
or ... ... ...
EXAMPLE (ENGLISH)
GRAMMATICAL DETAILS
It is a library. It is a library. It was a library. It was a library.
Non-past positive [POLITE FORM] Non-past positive [PLAIN FORM] Past positive [POLITE FORM] Past positive [PLAIN FORM]
It is not a library.
Non-past negative [POLITE FORM]
It is not a library.
Non-past negative [PLAIN FORM]
It was not a library.
Past negative [POLITE FORM]
It was not a library. It is a library and... It is a library, therefore... It is not a library and...
Past negative [PLAIN FORM] Conjunctive positive Causal positive Conjunctive negative
It is not a library, therefore....
Causal negative
NOUNS
NOUN or NOUN or NOUN NOUN + or NOUN + or NOUN + or NOUN
or if...a library... or
Conditional forms (positive)
or or or if ...not a library... Conditional forms negative

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Senior

ABOUT THIS BOOKLET

How to use this booklet

What do the levels A, B, C and Ext mean on the example sentences?

What does the Go To symbol mean?

2 | Obento Senior Grammar Booklet

for implicit comparisons in usage.

) after; later; afterwards

that over there

4 | Obento Senior Grammar Booklet

Obento Senior Grammar Booklet | 5

of food and/or drink; to accept; to take

The expression is also customarily said at the start of a meal in Japan.

, for implicit comparisons in usage.

) number one; the most; the best; the ~est; rst

during; while (of an imprecise or unpredictable duration)

) lots of; many; numerous

There are lots of big events and concerts and so on.

Obento Senior Grammar Booklet | 7

) day before yesterday

) year before last

) the same (as)...; same; similar

) about the same

Hideki has become about the same height as his dad.

Obento Senior Grammar Booklet | 9

I think James or Amy will do the speech at Narita Airport.

some~ (E.g. something; sometime; somewhere; someone etc.)

It is usual to use the particle good at or poor at.

after something someone is

12 | Obento Senior Grammar Booklet

This particle is often used when describing attributes. SUBJECT/TOPIC A

BODY PART ETC.

Obento Senior Grammar Booklet | 13

whether or not; if... or not

... ... ... ...

fairly; quite a bit

) might; perhaps; maybe

That person may be famous.

from (a particular time)

from (a particular place)

so; therefore; since; because

Because I will go to Japan next year, I am studying Japanese everyday.

I am studying Japanese because Im going to Japan.

TRUE ADJ- POLITE + A

Because I had a headache today I did not go to practice.

TRUE ADJ- PLAIN + A

Because I had a headache today I did not go to practice.

Because Karen is Australian she speaks English.

Here is Jokamachi so there are lots of old shops.

) please (give me such & such)

Excuse me, please (give me) the salt grilled sh.

18 | Obento Senior Grammar Booklet

for implicit comparisons in usage

to mean and when it

TIME, DISTANCE, NUMBER + A

Obento Senior Grammar Booklet | 19

is often (but not always) used in the conditional tense.

Lets compare this cake with Mums cake.

[also applies to but; however; even though

20 | Obento Senior Grammar Booklet

VERB-POLITE + TRUE ADJ- POLITE + QUASI-POLITE + NOUN-POLITE + A

VERB-PLAIN + TRUE ADJ- PLAIN + QUASI-PLAIN + NOUN-PLAIN +

He is big but not so strong.